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UNIT 12 AQUACULTURE
TRUE/FALSE
1. Several species of fish migrate from their freshwater place of birth to saltwater.
ANS: T PTS: 1
2. As the concentration of salts in water rises, the electrical conductivity reading falls.
ANS: F PTS: 1
3. Steelhead trout can live on both sides of the saltwater gradient.
ANS: T PTS: 1
4. Catfish farming represents one of the fastest-growing aquaculture industries in the United States.
ANS: T PTS: 1
5. Rainbow trout require excellent (meaning low) levels of dissolved oxygen.
ANS: F PTS: 1
6. The Aquaculture Research Center limits itself to research.
ANS: F PTS: 1
7. Research in aquaculture involves commercial finfish and shellfish.
ANS: T PTS: 1
8. Water hardness is measured by chemical analysis and is expressed as ppm salt.
ANS: F PTS: 1
9. The concentration of dissolved oxygen (oxygen in water) depends on the temperature and pressure of the water and the concentration of atmospheric oxygen.
ANS: T PTS: 1
10. Rain contains large amounts of salt.
ANS: F PTS: 1
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Frogs and turtles are examples of:
a. amphibians
b. crustaceans
ANS: A PTS: 1
c. salmonids
d. equines
2. Mobile aquatic organisms that grow into nonmobile adults are:
a. zooplankton
b. larvae
ANS: B PTS: 1
c. plankton
d. salmonids
3. Freshwater wetlands, such as marshes, ponds, and streams, are generated by:
a. ice and snow
b. snow
ANS: C PTS: 1
4. Salinity is the measurement of _____ in water.
a. mineral content
b. salt
ANS: A PTS: 1
c. rainwater
d. wind, rainwater, and snow
c. organic solids
d. debris
5. One method of measuring salinity in water is to gauge the:
a. amount of oxygen
b. electrical conductivity
ANS: B PTS: 1
c. amount of dissolved oxygen
d. levels of calcium
6. Measurements of salinity (freshwater to saltwater) usually range from 0 to:
a. 12 ppt
b. 14 ppt
ANS: C PTS: 1
c. 32 ppt
d. 100 ppt
7. Two challenges facing the aquaculture industry are:
a. obtaining access to pure water and returning water to streams and lakes without polluting them
b. allowing fish to remain wild and still domesticate them to survive in human-made environments
c. eliminating diseases associated with close-confinement living environments and maintaining those environments
d. finding markets for products and finding qualified people to work in the industry
ANS: A PTS: 1
8. As productive land becomes scarce among the global resources, food production will become more concentrated on which environment?
a. inland river
b. coastal
ANS: D PTS: 1
c. tropical
d. ocean
9. The aquatic food chain acquires its initial energy from:
a. aquatic plants
b. algae
ANS: D PTS: 1
c. oxygenated water
d. the sun
10. Which term describes water that is a mixture of freshwater and saltwater and fluctuates with the tide, flow of the rivers, and weather conditions?
a. gradient
b. brackish
c. concentrated
d. turbid
ANS: B PTS: 1
COMPLETION
1. Fish production areas that occur in nature without human intervention are considered ____________________ fisheries.
ANS: natural
PTS: 1
2. A simple method for estimating pond turbidity makes use of a white ____________________ that is lowered into the water.
ANS: Secchi disc
PTS: 1
3. Over time, the evaporation of water into the atmosphere increases the concentration of nutrients until the ____________________, or mineral content, of the water is high.
ANS: salinity
PTS: 1
4. Accumulation of water on land and its flow into the oceans generates a(n) ____________________, or measurable change over time or distance, in salinity.
ANS: gradient
PTS: 1
5. ____________________ in water is caused by the presence of suspended matter.
ANS: Turbidity
PTS: 1
6. ____________________ is the process by which water moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.
ANS: Osmosis
PTS: 1
MATCHING
Match the following terms with the correct definitions.
a. gradient
b. crustaceans
c. harvest of energy through sun
1. lay eggs
2. photosynthesis
3. absorb oxygen
4. measurable change
5. aquatic organisms with exoskeletons
1. ANS: E PTS: 1
2. ANS: C PTS: 1
3. ANS: D PTS: 1
4. ANS: A PTS: 1
5. ANS: B PTS: 1
d. gills
e. spawn
Match the following terms with the correct definitions.
a. salinity
b. molt
c. pH
6. replacing of exoskeleton
7. measure of acidity or alkalinity
8. measure of total mineral solids in water
9. stabilizes rapid shifts in pH
10. causes adverse effects on growth
6. ANS: B PTS: 1
7. ANS: C PTS: 1
8. ANS: A PTS: 1
9. ANS: E PTS: 1
10. ANS: D PTS: 1
SHORT ANSWER
d. toxin
e. buffer
1. In terms of water quality, what does TAN stand for?
ANS: TAN stands for total ammonial nitrogen.
PTS: 1
2. Using an example, describe the aquatic food chain.
ANS:
The aquatic environment constantly changes to maintain a balance of organisms that function in the food chain or system. A simple illustration is the makeup of a freshwater pond. The food chain is fueled by sunlight. Green plants and algae use this energy to grow and use nutrients they absorb from the water. These plants are eaten by fish and other animals, which then become prey of larger animals (fish, reptiles, and others) and sometimes humans. These large animals return nutrients to the water as waste, or carrion, that is reabsorbed by plants for growth. The maintenance of this food chain supports life.
PTS: 1
3. What is salinity, and how is it measured?
ANS:
Salinity is the measurement of total mineral solids in water. It is measured by either electrical conductivity (ohms/cm) or calculated against known standards and converted to parts per thousand (ppt). As the concentration of salts rises, the conductivity reading becomes greater.
PTS: 1
4. Describe cage culture.
ANS:
Cage culture can be designed for both natural waters and newly constructed ponds. Aquaculturists have a better idea of growth rates and can adjust feeding ratios more economically. Some growers have reported problems when a pond rolls over (i.e., changes in water quality occur suddenly during certain weather conditions, bringing the less oxygenated water from the lower levels of a pond or lake to the surface). Fish in cages are unable to move and can be stressed or killed. In this intensive production system, the aquaculturist must ensure adequate nutrition, disease control, predator control, and physical maintenance. The young stock must be legally caught from natural waters or produced in controlled hatcheries. Successful operations include the production of Atlantic salmon off the coast of Norway, Nova Scotia, and Maine. Hybrids of striped bass have been cultured in cages in Maryland and California. Trout have been cultured in net pens suspended in mountain streams and ponds.
PTS: 1
5. What are the duties of an aquaculturist?
ANS:
An aquaculturist is a person trained in production of plants and animals in water environments. He or she must understand where and how organisms live, eat, grow, and reproduce in water.
PTS: 1
6. What is aquaculture?
ANS:
Aquaculture is the management of the aquatic environment to increase the harvest of usable plant and animal products.
PTS: 1