A four-part article focusing on Women’s Safety and Welfare within the Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Industry.
INTRODUCING SILC’S FEMALE LEADS
Meeting Louise Beale and Lucy Bethell - two of the leading voices in SiLC
NET ZERO – ROLLING DYNAMIC COMPACTION
Increasing the focus on methods of reusing on-site material
March 2025
Matthew Baldwin provides a deep-dive analysis of available ground models
Welcome to the March issue of the AGS Magazine.
International Womens Day is celebrated on 8th March and this months magazine has a number of articles focussing on Women’s safety and wellbeing. We’ve come a long way since I started in the industry when safety boots were not made in my size, but we still have some way to go. We also feature an article introducing SiLC’s female leads and their experience as women working in the industry.
Also in this edition, is an article on Ground models which describes the purpose and process for constructing a ground model in accordance with the requirements of EC7; Rose Ashmore takes a look at Net Zero – Rolling Dynamic Compaction and David Hutchinson from the Loss Prevention Working Group looks at the issue of Professional Indemnity Insurance which was raised as an issue in a recent survey of members.
We have several events coming up, in April we are holding
an ‘Effective Procurement of Ground Investigations’ webinar and in May we have our Annual Conference, an in-person event. This year's Annual conference theme is ‘The Future’ with a poster competition for Early Careers on the topic of Workplace Innovations. After the event we will be holding a networking reception and I hope you will be able to join us.
We are always on the lookout for additional, informative content for the magazine, so if you have an opinion piece, a case study, a technical article or a wider issue that you think the geotechnical and geoenvironmental public would find beneficial, please do get in touch.
We would be interested in your feedback on the magazine and our future plans. Please contact ags@ags.org.uk if you have any comments.
The Association of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Specialists (AGS) is a not-for-profit trade association established to improve the profile and quality of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering. The membership comprises UK organisations and individuals having a common interest in the business of ground investigation, geotechnics, geoenvironmental engineering, engineering geology, geochemistry, hydrogeology, and other related disciplines.
EDITORIAL BOARD
Vivien Dent, AGS Chair
Sally Hudson, Coffey Geotechnics
Caroline Kratz, Forum Court Associates (FCA)
Katie Kennedy, FCA
Julian Lovell, Equipe Group
Calum Spires, Equipe Group
David Entwisle, BGS
Chris Vincett, Retired
Lauren Hunt, Arcadis
Adam Latimer, Ian Farmer Associates
Dimitris Xirouchakis, Structural Soils
Emma Anderson, HaskoningDHV UK
EDITORIAL STORY
To submit an article for inclusion in the AGS Magazine, please contact the AGS on 020 8658 8212 or ags@ags.org.uk. Please note that articles should act as opinion pieces and not directly advertise a company. The AGS is under no obligation to feature articles or events received.
CONTACT US
Association of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Specialists Forum Court, The Alexander Centre, 15-17 Preston Street, Faversham, Kent, ME13 8NZ
ags@ags.org.uk
020 8658 8212
Vivien Dent AGS Chair
Association of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Specialists
@agsgeotech www.ags.org.uk
PAGE 28
COVER STORY
PAGE 18
A four-part article focusing on Women’s Safety & Welfare within the geo-industries.
AGS ANNUAL CONFERENCE
PAGE 12
Finding methods of reusing on-site material has become a significant issue over recent years. Ground improvement techniques are increasingly being used to cut the amount of site-generated waste. One such ground improvement technique is Rolling Dynamic Compaction (RDC).
The latest update on the upcoming AGS Annual Conference, taking place on 1st May 2025
INTRODUCING SILC’S FEMALE LEADS
PAGE 26
Meeting Louise Beale and Lucy Bethell - two of the leading voices in SiLC
GROUND MODELS
PAGE 34
Matthew Baldwin provides a deep-dive analysis of available ground models
MORE INSIDE
PAGE 4
News in Short: Incl. Publication Updates
PAGE 10
Geotechnica 2025
Platinum Sponsor update
PAGE 42
Standards Update February 2025
Article contributed by David Hutchinson (AGS Loss Prevention Working Group)
The AGS Loss Prevention Working Group last year undertook a survey of members requesting comments on their recent and current commercial, contractual and legal issues which have been affecting or have affected their organisations in the past 12 months. 17 comments were received which covered a variety of topics. One of the most significant areas of concern for responding members related to Professional Indemnity Insurance (PII).
The main concerns were regarding the requests for levels of Professional Indemnity cover which exceeded the level of risks for the work undertaken, and the difficulty some members had in obtaining insurance at an economic rate. It appears that where cover five or more years ago may have been readily obtainable at £10m for each and every claim, it now is more like £5m in the aggregate. There is a view that since the Grenfell Tower disaster previous levels of cover are no longer available in the construction
industry, of which geotechnical work is a part.
Over the years the AGS has published a number of documents on Professional Indemnity Insurance which are still relevant to this issue, namely “A Client's Guide to Professional Indemnity Insurance (2006)”, “Glossary of Useful Professional Indemnity Insurance Phrases (2014)”, “LPA 28 - The consequences of a hard insurance market on existing collateral warranties (2003)”, and “LPG 016 Checklist for Professional Indemnity Insurance (updated 2022)”. While the information in these documents can help members to navigate their way through the issues around PII, and to help them inform their clients about the purpose of PII, the main issue appears to be changes in the insurance market.
Griffiths and Armour regularly review the conditions in the insurance market. The comment below is based on the June 2024 article “What’s happening in the PI insurance market? Current conditions and long term change” from their on-line Knowledge Centre.
In the first half of 2024 the insurance market experienced a ‘levelling off’, and the outlook for the market was more positive than previously. Whilst certain sectors remain particularly challenging, and individual renewals will obviously be influenced by risk and claims profile, it feels like the market has entered a
period of relative stability.
While there are fewer firms finding themselves being unable to secure insurance protection, affordability remains a real problem and the significant differences in the cover insurers are prepared to provide has left many firms, often unknowingly, carrying a higher degree of uninsured exposure. To counter this companies should tackle underlying risk by adopting a long-term, sustainable approach and being careful in balancing contractual risk and the desire to maintain work load for the business. There is experience of increased limits of indemnity required being driven by costs and inflation.
At a wider level, the introduction of the Building Safety Act in the UK creates potential uncertainty around exposures on both historic and future projects, with recurring issues such as joint and several liability, continuing to fuel a complete imbalance of risk and reward for the consultancy sector.
However, the changes G&A are now seeing in the insurance market are more about the usual ‘market cycle’ and the ebb and flow of capital than any fundamental change in underlying risk.
It is recommended that firms should start planning early for their own PI insurance renewal, and should:
Î start the process 2 to 3 months in advance of renewal;
Î establish clear goals and timelines at the outset;
Î provide a clear overview of their practice and their approach to managing risk;
Î outline lessons learned from claims or issues that have arisen in the past; and
Î work closely and engage positively with their broker/insurer.
Accredited to ISO17025 and MCERTS, we don’t compromise on quality. We use our industry-leading experience to ensure the highest standard is set every time. Contact us on 01613684921 or ask@envlab.co.uk
The AGS Early Careers Poster Competition is returning for a second year, this time with a new theme of workplace innovations.
This year, we’d like to see examples of innovations in your line of work designed into a captivating and eye-catching poster. Examples could include using remote sensing, incorporating Artificial Intelligence into projects, adopting innovative ground investigation techniques or practicing unique innovations in digital technology.
The poster should be colourful, eye-catching and aim to inspire businesses to become more innovative.
The winner will receive a Selfridges hamper worth approximately £100, free entry to attend the Annual Conference and Networking Reception on Thursday 1st May in London, plus have their poster and an accompanying article printed in AGS Magazine, which reaches over 6,500 industry professionals 6 times a year. All posters submitted will be displayed at the Annual Conference.
To enter, email your A4 poster alongside your full name and Company to ags@ags.org.uk. Entry closes on Friday 11th April at 9pm.
For full details and entry information visit: www.ags.org.uk/2025/01/ags-early-careers-poster-competition-2025
The AGS Early Careers Poster Competition is returning for a second year, this time with a new theme of workplace innovations.
This year, we’d like to see examples of innovations in your line of work designed into a captivating and eye-catching poster. Examples could include using remote sensing, incorporating Artificial Intelligence into projects, adopting innovative ground investigation techniques or practicing unique innovations in digital technology.
The poster should be colourful, eye-catching and aim to inspire businesses to become more innovative.
The winner will receive a Selfridges hamper worth approximately £100, free entry to attend the Annual Conference and Networking Reception on Thursday 1st May in London, plus have their poster and an accompanying article printed in AGS Magazine, which reaches over 6,600 industry professionals 6 times a year.
All posters submitted will be printed and displayed at the Annual Conference.
To enter, email your A4 poster alongside your full name and company to ags@ags.org.uk.
Entry closes on Friday 11th April at 9pm.
For full details of the competition and T&Cs please click here.
Posters should be submitted in a high resolution (300dpi), A4 format and can be created by any means, from drawing by hand, utilising photography, to computer-generated artwork.
Entrants should have no more than 10 years industry experience.
Please note that all submitted posters will be printed and displayed at the AGS Annual Conference.
To enter, please email your poster alongside your full name and company to Caroline Kratz at ags@ags.org.uk with the subject title ‘AGS Poster Competition’. The deadline for entries is Friday 11th April at 9pm.
The Annual Conference is the flagship event in the AGS’ calendar. Taking place on 1st May 2025 at One Great George Street in London, the event will see over 240 geotechnical and geoenvironmental professionals in attendance.
This year’s Annual Conference has an overarching theme of the future.
For further information and to register click HERE or email ags@ags.org.uk
Date: Thursday 27th March 2025
Time: 9.30am - 1pm
Price: Tickets are £72 for SiLC Members, £32.40 for Retired SiLC Members, and £111.60 for Non SiLCs. For Affiliate Schemes the rate is £70 per ticket, with Local Authority & Other Public Sectors, Jobseeking/Graduates and Students welcome to register free of charge. All prices include VAT.
The SiLC Annual Forum 2025 will take place virtually on Thursday 27th March 9.30am –1pm.
Chaired by Louise Beale Chair of the SiLC PTP (SLR Consulting) This half day event will bring together industry professionals for an exciting programme of presentations and discussions.
Divided into three sessions, this year’s special anniversary event programme has been developed to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the formation of SiLC. The topics in the first session will focus on how SiLCs work, including risk communication, dealing with sites in the media and an overview of the media
perspective in relation to land condition.
The second session will look at current hot topics including updates on climate change risk assessment and materials reuse. The session will end with an interactive panel discussion on how brownfield development can support growth, with views on planning, the grey belt, circular land use and the SDGs to enable land condition professionals to promote competence and technical expertise within the industry.
Finally the last session will look to the future for land condition practitioners, covering topics including AI, big data and innovative PFAS remediation.
This will be an inspiring and informative event, with a diverse range of speakers and presentations. We hope you will join us to mark 25 years of SiLC!
To Register, click HERE. All bookings must be paid in full by Thursday 20th March to be accepted.
[webinar] Sustainability – Practical Steps for AGS Members
[webinar] Effective Procurement of Ground Investigations
Wednesday 9th April
11:00 – 13:00
FOC for AGS members / £50 (plus VAT) for nonmembers.
Click here for full information and to register.
Thursday 12th June
11:00 – 13:00
FOC for AGS members / £50 (ex VAT) for nonmembers.
Click here to register.
AGS Annual Conference
Thursday 1st May
One Great George Street, London
AGS member companies are entitled to a limited number of complimentary tickets. Additional tickets are priced at £115 for AGS members, and £185 for non-members (ex VAT).
Click here for details and to register.
[webinar] Trial Pitting; Controlling the Risks
Wednesday 24th September
11:00 – 13:00
FOC for AGS members / £50 (plus VAT) for nonmembers.
To register your interest and for sponsorship opportunities email ags@ags.org.uk
AGS Data Conference 2025
Thursday 4th December
Thinktank Birmingham Science Museum
To register your interest and for sponsorship opportunities email ags@ags.org.uk
The organisers of Geotechnica 2025, Equipe Group, are delighted to announce confirmation of a Platinum Sponsor for the event - Borehole Solutions.
A growing force within the land drilling sector, Borehole Solutions have been regular attendees at Geotechnica in the past, but this year are upping the ante with Platinum Sponsorship and exclusive sponsorship of the Geotechnica Networking Dinner.
The focus of the Borehole Solutions outdoor stand at Geotechnica 2025 will be a live demonstration of their market leading sonic drilling capabilities. This means AGS members attending Geotechnica 2025 will have the opportunity to see a live sonic drilling demonstration to further their knowledge and understanding of the drilling practice.
"We are currently engaged in a Knowledge Transfer Partnership (KTP) with Leeds Beckett University that involves research into the full technical capability of sonic drilling. We firmly believe sonic drilling is market leading, both in terms of speed of drilling, but also in terms of quality sampling for ground investigation."
explains John Rodgman, Managing Director of Borehole Solutions Group. "At Geotechnica 2025, we want to demonstrate our capabilities to AGS members, and show the rest of the UK market what we can offer. We want to make a statement of intent and in the UK land drilling industry, there is no bigger statement than being a headline, Platinum Sponsor of an event like Geotechnica."
"At Equipe, we have a great, long running
working relationship with Borehole Solutions. They have always supported Geotechnica and have sponsored the event on a number of occasions. However, the step to being a headline, Platinum Sponsor is incredibly exciting for both of us." continues Calum Spires, Operations Director at Equipe Group and Head Organiser for Geotechnica 2025. " One of the four core tenets of Geotechnica is promotion - we created the event to help companies get their name, brand and services in front of as many sets of eyes as possible. That is exactly what we want to help Borehole Solutions do as Platinum Sponsors, particularly focussing on their sonic drilling offerings. We cannot wait to see what they bring to the table in July."
Equipe Group has confirmed that sponsorship opportunities are still available at all levels. Sponsors benefit from extensive branding and engagement opportunities, enabling them to connect with geotechnical professionals and decision-makers in a focused environment. In addition to sponsorship, almost 50% of exhibition space has already been snapped up. Geotechnica 2025 offers exhibitors a platform to present their services and solutions to a targeted audience, fostering collaboration and business development within the geotechnical community.
To support the Association of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Specialists (AGS), Equipe Group is offering AGS members an exclusive
10% discount on all sponsorship and exhibition packages. This initiative reflects the organisers’ commitment to fostering connections and opportunities within the professional geotechnical network.
Geotechnica 2025 will once again bring together a diverse range of participants from across the geotechnical sector, making it a cornerstone
event for professionals seeking to exchange knowledge, network, and explore the latest industry innovations.
If you are interested in exhibiting at or sponsoring the event, email info@geotechnica. co.uk to find out more information, or visit www.geotechnica.co.uk.
The top three downloaded AGS publications in last month:
1. Bitesize Guide – Foundation Selection
2. Bitesize Guide – EC7 Next Generation 10 – Slopes, Cuttings, and Embankments
3. Bitesize Guide – EC7 Next Generation 09 – Stiffness, Compressibility and Consolidation
Recent AGS publications available on the AGS website:
• Bitesize Guide – EC7 Next Generation 12 – Ground Properties
• Bitesize Guide – EC7 Next Generation 13 – Grouted Anchor Geotechnical Design
• Use of AGS Logos
To download the publications for free; click here.
The Association of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Specialists (AGS) is a notfor-profit trade association established to improve the profile and quality of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering.
In the last couple of years, the AGS have generated a surplus. To ensure this surplus is used, we created ‘The AGS Development Fund’, for the exclusive use of industry initiatives. This fund will be augmented annually and drawn down as required to fund projects which will benefit our members and industry. A steering committee has been established from across the AGS working groups and this committee will manage and allocate funding, following approvals from the Executive Committee.
To date, funding has been allocated to the AGS Early Career Video, revision of the Blue Book (Effective Site Investigation), AGS soakaway project and participation in the Geoprofessional Business Association Conference.
We are reaching out to our membership for ideas and proposals for projects. If you have a potential project, or would like to see something researched / funded, please contact the AGS by e-mailing ags@ags.org.uk, with details for the steering group to consider.
Applications will be considered every 6 months in January and July. The next deadline for applications is 4th July 2025.
The Development Fund pot is finite and once funding has been allocated, the fund will close until such time there are further funds.
Where funding is provided for a project, there will be a requirement to provide an output after the project, potentially a presentation and or AGS magazine article.
We look forward to receiving your suggestions.
Date: Thursday 1st May 2025
Time: 09:15 – 20:30
Location: One Great George Street, London
The AGS Annual Conference 2025 is taking place on Thursday 1st May at One Great George Street in Westminster, London.
Delivery at the Environment Agency), this full day, CPD event will feature a series of expert speakers from across the geotechnical and geoenvironmental sector, each presenting on a topic with an overarching theme of The Future.
The conference will also include short reports from each of the AGS Working Group Leaders and showcase all entries from the AGS Early
Specialist: Green Growth and
Chaired by Vivien Dent (AGS Chair and Technical
The day will conclude with a networking reception for attendees where drinks and canapes will be served.
Confirmed speakers for the conference include:
Î Leading from the Fringes – A Journey From Fear to Courage
Dipalee Jukes, Co-Founder and Co-CEO at Ground & Water
Î Sustainability From the Ground Up
Jonathan Atkinson, Technical Director at Cl:AIRE and Member of Land Condition Community at IES
Î Unlocking the Value of Ground Investigation Data: The Common Ground Project and BGS Data Delivery
Stephanie Bricker, Head of Urban Geoscience and Spatial Planning at British Geological Survey
Î Advancing Geotechnical Monitoring: The Expanding Role of Satellite InSAR in Risk Management
Dr Jennifer Scoular, Head of Product at SatSense
Î The Use Surface Wave Stiffness Data for Stiffness in Geotechnical Design
Luke Wilkinson, Principal GeoEnvironmental Engineer at Soils, Chris Milne, Transportation Technical Lead –Geotechnics at Murphy Group and James Blyth, Director at SoilSafe
Î Delivering Social Value on Ground Engineering Projects
Lin Harrington, Social Value Lead at WSP and Jess Kinchington, Associate at WSP
Î Generative AI in Ground Engineering – The Good, The Bad, and the Average Ben Gilson, Associate at Arup
AGS Member companies and Honorary Members are entitled to a limited number of complimentary tickets. For details, please visit the AGS website. Additional tickets are priced at £115 for AGS Members, and £185 for NonMembers (ex VAT).
Students and retired AGS Members may attend the conference for £25 (ex VAT). To secure a ticket at this rate, please email ags@ags.org.uk
For further information on the event, or to register your attendance, please click HERE.
This event is sponsored by Soil Engineering, Igne, Eijkelkamp Fraste UK, Pebble Geo, SOCOTEC, Brimstone, Groundsure, Equipe, Huesker, Envirolab, BAM Ritchies, In Situ Site Investigation, AFITEXINOV UK, Geosense, Geotechnical Engineering, Landmark Geodata, i2 Analytical and Dr Sauer & Partners. SPONSORED BY
On Wednesday 29th January 2025, the AGS held a webinar on A Client’s Guide to Cone Penetration Tests. The webinar was chaired by Emma Bell (Senior Geotechnical Engineer at SOCOTEC Ltd) and featured presentations from Darren Ward (Managing Director, In Situ Site Investigation), Suleyman Bilge Parlak (Senior Geotechnical Engineer, Fugro GB Limited) and Saeed Askarian (Principal Geotechnical Engineer, Royal HaskoningDHV).
The presenters introduced the AGS Clients Guide to Cone Penetration Tests (CPTs), highlighting what CPTs are and the general requirements of
CPT when specifying. The webinar also included case studies and personal practical experience from the presenters, and gave an introduction to the concepts and terminology surrounding CPTs.
Thank you to SOCOTEC for sponsoring the webinar.
The webinar replay is free for AGS members and £50 + VAT for non-members. For more information, please click here.
Date: 9th April 2025 *new date*
Time: 11:30 – 13:30
Price: Registration is FOC for AGS Members and £50 for Non-Members. Prices exclude VAT.
Chaired by Julian Lovell, Managing Director, Equipe Group, this virtual event will take place on Wednesday 9th April 2025 between 11:0013.05, and will be free to attend for members of the Association of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Specialists.
In 2025 ICE Publishing will publish what will be a key reference document for the industry. Authored by the AGS in collaboration with the BGA and BDA, Effective Procurement of Ground Investigations is a client’s best practice guide to procuring good quality ground investigations to ensure that ground related and other risks are suitably and sufficiently assessed and that the required data is obtained to meet the project objectives.
This webinar will highlight that procurement of any size or type of investigation should follow a structured process, looking at:
Î Planning
Î Risk assessment
Î Choosing a suitable procurement approach
Î Adopting fair and appropriate conditions of contract
Î Development of a clear and concise specification
This webinar will also highlight key messages for clients including the importance of:
Î Adequate ground investigations
Î Creating the right team
Î Fair allocation of risk
Î Early contractor involvement
Î Collaboration and flexibility
Clients often underestimate the potential cost of not assessing and managing ground related risks and that inadequate or poor ground investigations can result in serious delays and additional costs to projects. This guide is aimed at clients but will also be a useful tool for ground practitioners when promoting best practice. The guidance explains that clients who fairly allocate risks, obtain a more value for money ground investigation, and the webinar will demonstrate the value of adequate and timely ground investigation in the reduction of risk for the project and client.
Join our expert speakers, Matthew Baldwin (Independent Consultant), Neil Parry (Director, Geotechnical Engineering), Dr Phil Smith (Associate Director, Geotechnical Consulting Group) Adam Latimer (Operations Director, Ian Farmer Associates (1998) Limited), and Simon Baxter (Business Development & Marketing Manager, Soil Engineering Geoservices) where they will be presenting on the planning, identifying and managing risk, procurement approaches and much more in this insightful webinar.
To register for the event, or for further information please click HERE.
Date: 12th June 2025
Time: 11.00 – 13.00
Price: Registration is FOC for AGS Members and £50 for Non-Members. Prices exclude VAT.
Join webinar chair, Alison Nicholson (Geoenvironmental Associate Director, Buro Happold) and our expert speakers as they share practical steps for AGS members to embed sustainable practices into their work and operations. This webinar is aimed at all AGS members including those who want to influence their company sustainability policy.
The webinar will also launch the AGS Sustainability Charter, a framework for members to embed sustainable practices into their operations, while respecting and complementing existing commitments made under other sustainability initiatives. By joining this Charter, AGS members pledge to take practical, relevant, and achievable steps towards
advancing the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This will enable all AGS members, regardless of size or focus, to contribute meaningfully to the collective goal of a more sustainable industry. Through these efforts, AGS members will not only reduce the negative impact they have on the environment but also lead by example, driving positive change throughout the industry and beyond.
To register for the event, or for further information, please click here.
We have both Headline and Associate Sponsorship packages available for companies who wish to have a presence during the live webinar and recording. Prices start from just £150 for AGS Members. For package details please email ags@ags.org.uk
I’m proud to release the below four-part article focusing on Women’s Safety and Welfare within the Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Industry. The article coincides with International Women’s Day (IWD) – celebrated annually on the 8th March – so we want to raise awareness of ongoing issues Women encounter, what’s being done and what we can do to be more inclusive. I’ve been lucky to be supported in this article by four incredible women covering different aspects of the topic. If you would like to contact any of the writers, their emails have been included in their biography section.
Bradley Falcus, Principal Administrator, Central Alliance
Articles contributed by Hollie Taylor (Amey), Katherine Evans (Bold As Brass), Charity Rose (AtkinsRealis) and Sarah Wilsher (Sarah Wilsher Training).
Hollie Taylor, an Engineer at Amey, is working to ensure that Women’s PPE is a workplace essential in Amey and subsequently, the wider community. Her work has been celebrated at the GE Awards and Inspiring Women in Construction & Engineering Awards in 2024. In this article Hollie will cover the topic of the importance of Women’s PPE in Construction and Engineering. Contact: hollie.taylor@amey.co.uk
The conversation around workplace safety has evolved to include a critical aspect that was often overlooked: the need for personal protective equipment (PPE) designed specifically for women. As more women are encouraged to enter construction and engineering fields, the demand for PPE that fits and protects them adequately has become increasingly urgent. This article explores why women’s PPE is crucial for ensuring safety, comfort, and equality in these industries.
“ One of the primary reasons women’s PPE is essential is the significant difference in body shapes and sizes between men and women. Standard PPE is typically designed based on male body dimensions, which can lead to ill-fitting equipment for women.
One of the primary reasons women’s PPE is essential is the significant difference in body shapes and sizes between men and women. Standard PPE is typically designed based on male body dimensions, which can lead to ill-fitting equipment for women. For instance, oversized gloves can reduce dexterity, loose helmets can impair vision, and baggy coveralls can become tripping hazards.
Comfort is a critical factor in ensuring that workers consistently use their PPE. Illfitting equipment can cause discomfort, leading to workers removing or adjusting their PPE, which compromises their safety. Women-specific PPE is designed to accommodate the unique anatomical features of women, such as narrower shoulders, shorter torso lengths, and different hand shapes. By providing PPE that fits well and is comfortable, employers can enhance compliance with safety protocols, ensuring that all workers are adequately protected at all times.
The availability of women’s PPE is also a matter of equality and inclusion. When women are provided with PPE that does not fit properly, it sends a message that their safety and comfort are not as important as their male counterparts. By investing in women’s PPE, employers demonstrate their commitment to creating an inclusive work environment where all employees are valued and their safety is prioritized. This can improve morale, job satisfaction, and retention rates among female employees. Within Amey, we wanted to truly understand our employees’ needs, so we decided to go straight to the source. We asked our female employees for their feedback on how well our current suppliers’ PPE fits and their thoughts on the availability of women-specific options. Additionally, we inquired about how different stages of their menstrual health cycle might affect the fit of their PPE.
“ Women-specific PPE is designed to accommodate the unique anatomical features of women...
Reviewing the feedback generated from the survey identified specific areas of focus for our Suppliers. Primary focus was for increased range and fit. This led to the initiation of working groups to help the suppliers trial their existing PPE ranges. Collaborative work like this is important for the industry to ensure adequate PPE is provided that meets the unique requirements of women, ensuring that all workers are safe, comfortable, and valued. By doing so, we can create a safer and more inclusive work environment for everyone.
Katherine Evans, a chartered geologist with an extensive technical mining background, is dedicated to raising awareness and helping businesses to improve equity for women in construction, engineering and mining. Katherine is the founder of Bold as Brass, a tribe of likeminded women and allies fighting for gender equality in and out of the workplace. Katherine shares her take on psychosocial safety of women in the industry covering taboo topics, usually not discussed. Contact: katherine@bold-as-brass.com
Unless you’ve hyper focused the building blocks of the skills shortage problem, you may not have reached this conclusion - businesses are still creating workplace environments and career trajectories to serve outdated traditional workforces made up entirely of average sized, average weight, non-religious, able bodied, heterosexual, cis-gender, Caucasian, males of full health with short back and sides – in reality, a very small demographic of people to have ever existed.
I hold an unpopular opinionI don’t believe it’s on purpose; I have far too much faith in people for that, but I’ve experienced enough humanimposed trauma to know outliers exist so don’t wish to downplay anyone’s pain. I don’t believe the decision makers of industry,
on the whole, intentionally push aside people of already marginalised communities for the better of their own, but I do believe the demographic of decision makers is not diverse enough to understand how their decisions affect all people.
It’s so important to realise this isn’t only a gender issue, but because women make up 51% of the population, fixing this issue would result in a chunky change. To rectify it though we need to get real, we need to acknowledge, understand, and work with not dismiss intersections. Not all women are treated equally, not all women are the same, not all women were assigned female at birth, and not all men are without uteruses. If you just muttered woke, awesome, I feel seen.
Femininity isn’t fragility, being masculine isn’t toxic; vulnerability is the result of other’s wishing to take advantage; sharing a vehicle with someone you don’t know can be both dangerous and terrifying, even if you work for the same company; hotels aren’t universally safe.
“ It’s so important to realise this isn’t only a gender issue, but because women make up 51% of the population, fixing this issue would result in a chunky change.
Black women are four times more likely than white women to die during childbirth in the UK because of the racist society we live in; 1 in 5 birthing parents in the UK experiences birth trauma, I’m one of them; a second-, third-, or fourth-degree tear may change a birthing parent’s ability to poo forever; 40% of women and 10% of men suffer with incontinence.
Period blood isn’t just blood, it’s made up of stem cells, the type that can change into any other cell in the human body – how amazing is that?; males have a testosterone cycle that repeat each day and a their own menopause, it’s called andropause; studies have found 200,000 bacteria per square inch on public toilet floors; bacteria on hands when changing period products can be pushed into the vaginal cavity where it can multiply and result in sepsis, or release toxins that can lead to toxic shock syndrome, both of which kill people.
The hips exit the female pelvis at a higher angle than the male, making the weight distribution and pressure on the knees different to that experienced by males, and also increasing the likelihood of knee injury in females. The female foot is narrower than the male, female toes point outwards whereas male toes point inwards.
The female foot, generally, has a higher instep and higher arch than the male, although my husband’s is far more arched than mine – we are still natural beings with multiple variations; diabetic people shouldn’t wear waterproof footwear because the fabrics cause sweat to stay inside the shoe; male ankles, generally are wider than the female so male fit boots don’t tie tight enough around a female ankle and that can result in the foot completely lifting out, or rubbing leading to laceration of the skin, or tripping because of the inability to balance on a moving surface - being the boot itself, aka. anti-safety safety equipment.
There is so much more to assessing risk than using our own experiences and our personal perceptions of reality. But we can do this. Consult with your teammates who are members of marginalised communities and apply their thoughts around safety to what has always been, as well as going down a rabbit hole of research on how gender is affected by intersections, because you don’t want to be that person who forces someone else to relive trauma for the purpose of your education.
Charity Rose is an Engineering Geologist based in the Ground Engineering and Tunnelling sector of AtkinsRealis. Charity has a record of advancing the provision of welfare facilities for all on site, challenging HSE to ensure that adequate facilities for Women are enshrined in legislation and pushing employers to follow the guidance provided. Charity has kindly shared with us what employers and individuals can do to be inclusive of all on site.
Contact: Charity.Rose@atkinsrealis.com
As mentioned in Katherine’s article, the UK’s engineering and construction sector is currently facing a shortage of skilled workers. Despite efforts to encourage a culture of equality and inclusion across the industry, women remain underrepresented, accounting for only 13 % of construction workers.
As mentioned in Katherine’s article, the UK’s engineering and construction sector is currently facing a shortage of skilled workers. Despite efforts to encourage a culture of equality and inclusion across the industry, women remain underrepresented, accounting for only 13 % of construction workers.
When it comes to culture, a diverse workforce is integral to creating an improved sense of community, increased worker engagement, and creating role models. It is important to retain women already working in the industry as well as recruiting more. A total of 47% of female constructions workers have never worked with a female manager, and it is difficult to be what you can’t see. There is a strong business case for a diverse workforce. Companies in the top quartile for gender diversity are 15% more likely to have financial returns above industry medians.
A barrier women state as stopping them
progressing or continuing working within the construction sector is a lack of access to appropriate welfare facilities. Women commonly complain that welfare units are locked from the outside, lack sanitary disposal facilities or are used as storage facilities for cleaning products such as brooms, mops and toilet rolls!
The majority of people believe they are ‘doing the right thing’ by keeping toilets
“ The majority of people believe they are ‘doing the right thing’ by keeping toilets locked. However, this is not the case as a locked toilet is not accessible.
locked. However, this is not the case as a locked toilet is not accessible. Having to find and ask a colleague for a key a further adds to a woman’s mental load. Additionally, it is not possible to “hold back” menstrual flow and being unable to change period products promptly in a clean space increases the risk of health conditions such as toxic shock syndrome. A total of 89%
of people who menstruate have experienced stress or anxiety at work because of their period.
Improving welfare and access to welfare will go a long way in helping women to be safer and feel more welcome in the workplace. But what makes welfare ‘suitable and sufficient’?
In November 2022, HSE published the Construction Welfare Standards which state the basic expectations for compliance with Schedule 2 of the CDM Regulations. The document clarifies that a toilet facility is deemed suitable and sufficient if there is a means to dispose of sanitary waste. Sanitary disposal facilities are inexpensive with the average cost of a serviced sanitary bin was less than £10 in 2023. The publication will hopefully encourage employees to ask for changes to be implemented as well as remind employers of their legal responsibilities.
empowering women to feel confident and comfortable on-site. Period packs can be viewed similar to first aid kits and can be taken to site by all individuals. AtkinsRealis have been trialling period packs and found them to be useful for people who menstruate as well as people who have incontinence or are diabetic and need somewhere to dispose of sharps.
• Employers: Menstruation and/or Menopause Accreditation is a formal achievement which demonstrates that companies are changing the lived experience for employees through their polices and a cultural shift.
“ Improving welfare and access to welfare will go a long way in helping women to be safer and feel more welcome in the workplace.
In addition to following regulations, there are several actions employers and individuals can take to show they support women when it comes to welfare. A few suggestions include: Employers: Purchasing period products (such as tampons, and pads) and leave them in toilets to be used by employees. There are several period product companies which offer a subscription service but buying products from a local supermarket can be efficient for small businesses.
• Employers: Issuing Period packs. Despite recent clarification of regulations, change does take time. Employers can help individuals who menstruate by providing them with ‘Period Packs’. These are waterproof make up sized bags which include sanitary disposal bags, period products, tissues and hand sanitiser,
• Individuals: Raise the issue internally. Talking about menstruation is difficult and can make people feel uncomfortable. However, the law is clear that sanitary disposal facilities are an essential part of welfare facilities and the few minutes it takes to pen an email could save hours of stress and embarrassment for you and/or your colleagues. Do not suffer in silence. If you want to connect with people in the industry who might have experienced similar issues then the ‘Bold as Brass Network’ and the ‘Bold as Brass Allies Group’ on LinkedIn are great places to start. If raising issues with your employer is unsuccessful then I encourage you to complain anonymously to HSE directly.
• Individuals: Be an ally. You do not have to be a person who menstruates to help improve welfare on construction sites. Reach out to your colleagues and ask if there is anything you can do to support them and call out unsafe behaviours. Additionally, if working on a site where toilets are not gender specific check to see if there are disposal facilities present – if not raise it with the appropriate party.
Sarah Wilsher is a licensed Transformational Coach, Trainer, and Speaker specialising in Midlife, Menopause, and Menstrual Health. As a licensed Menopause Champion with the Menopause Experts Group, she is passionate about breaking the taboo surrounding these topics and creating lasting, positive change in the workplace and beyond.
With a 25-year career in the professional clothing industry, Sarah collaborates with workwear designers to ensure garments are designed with menopause and menstrual health in mind—prioritising safety, comfort, and inclusivity. She delivers tailored programs to raise awareness which are outlined at the end of this article. Contact: sarah@sarahwilsher.com
Menopause is a natural biological transition marking the end of a woman's reproductive years. Defined as 12 consecutive months without a period, it typically occurs between 45 and 55, with an average age of 51 in the UK. However, factors like genetics, surgery, or medical conditions can lead to early menopause or Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI), affecting 1% of women under 40 and 10-15% before age 45.
Perimenopause, the years leading up to menopause, is often the most symptomatic phase. Fluctuating oestrogen and progesterone levels impact everything from brain function and body temperature to collagen production, bone strength, and heart health. The decline of oestrogen can lead to skin and muscle loss of elasticity, increased fracture risk, and heightened fatigue. Meanwhile, reduced progesterone can cause anxiety, brain fog, and cognitive difficulties, all of which can affect workplace performance.
Menopause is not solely an age-related transition. Symptoms may impact the health, safety, and well-being of colleagues who don’t fit the stereotypical age of 50+. Understanding the 34 most common symptoms—including memory lapses, mood swings, fatigue, and loss of concentration—is crucial in fostering a supportive work environment.
Cognitive changes, such as memory lapses and difficulty concentrating, can affect job performance and decision-making. For women where precision and safety are paramount, these symptoms can lead to increased stress and a sense of uncertainty. Providing resources like training refreshers, peer support groups, and flexible work arrangements can help manage these challenges. Additionally, fostering a workplace culture that values open communication and understanding can alleviate the stigma surrounding cognitive symptoms.
Night sweats and heart palpitations can significantly disrupt sleep patterns, leading to fatigue and decreased productivity. This can translate to slower reaction times, reduced focus, and a higher risk of accidents. Employers can mitigate these risks by offering flexible schedules, ensuring adequate break times, and promoting access to health and wellness programs. Simple accommodations like a quieter rest area or access to hydration stations can also help people manage fatigue during demanding workdays.
Workwear is often designed with a onesize-fits-all approach, failing to account for the unique needs of a diverse workforce, and for people who menstruate or will experience menopause. Symptoms like hot flashes and bloating can make traditional uniforms uncomfortable and even unsafe, especially when working outdoors or in hightemperature environments. Employers can address this by collaborating with designers to create menopause-friendly garments— lightweight, breathable fabrics and adjustable
fits can make a significant difference. Incorporating comfort panels and gussets in darker colours not only makes sensitive areas more comfortable, but removes the anxiety around leakage from heavy periods or stress incontinence. Incorporating PPE that aligns with these needs ensures both comfort and compliance with safety standards. I am proud of my involvement in the research and development of Inclusive PPE and am encouraged by the improved availability to suit a much more diverse workforce.
Hormonal fluctuations during menopause can cause mood swings, irritability, and emotional vulnerability. These changes can strain both personal and professional relationships, making it harder for women to navigate their roles effectively. Additionally, menopause often coincides with other life transitions, such as caring for aging parents or experiencing an empty nest, compounding the emotional strain. Educating colleagues about menopause through workshops or awareness campaigns can foster empathy and understanding, creating a more supportive environment. This inclusivity not only benefits those experiencing menopause but also strengthens team cohesion and morale.
Supporting people throughout the menopause transition isn’t just an ethical choice—it’s a smart business decision. Workplaces that embrace menopause-friendly policies tend to see higher employee satisfaction and retention rates, improved morale, and enhanced productivity. For the geotechnical and geoenvironmental sectors, where
skilled labour is in high demand, retaining experienced workers is crucial. Moreover, fostering an inclusive culture signals to prospective employees that the company values diversity and well-being, making it an employer of choice.
Employers within the industry can take actionable steps to support menopausal women, ensuring their safety, wellbeing, and career progression:
1. Conduct Training and Awareness Programs: Educate employees at all levels about menopause to foster empathy and understanding. A variety of Lunch and Learn programs, Menopause Champion Training and Educational Resources are available from Sarah Wilsher Coaching Ltd – www.sarahwilsher.com
2. Redesign Workwear: Collaborate with designers to create comfortable, menopause-friendly uniforms and PPE.
3. Implement Flexible Policies: Allow for flexible scheduling, modified duties, and access to quiet spaces.
4. Promote Open Communication: Encourage a culture where women feel comfortable discussing their needs and seeking accommodations.
By addressing the unique challenges of menopause, employers can empower women to thrive in their roles, ensuring a safer, more inclusive, and productive workforce. Menopause is not a barrier—it’s a phase of life that, with the right support, can be navigated with confidence and resilience.
Louise Beale is Chair of the Specialist in Land Condition (SiLC) Professional and Technical Panel that runs the scheme. She is a geologist who has worked in environmental consultancy as a land quality specialist for 30 years. She recently had a change in career direction and currently manages the integration of acquired businesses into SLR Consulting. Taking on the SiLC Chair and a new career direction after many years of providing consultancy advice to clients was a big change that she wouldn’t have taken without the encouragement and support of her peers. Learning new skills, applying her experience in a different context and interacting with a whole new set of people has given her a new lease of life and passion for her career.
Lucy Bethell is a Technical Director in the Contaminated Land and Remediation Team at Mott MacDonald with over twenty years’ experience in land contamination projects. She is also a working parent of two primary school age children, a school Governor, a CIWEM and SiLC Affiliate Mentor and involved in various groups within CIWEM, as well as her role as the SiLC PTP Deputy Chair. She is passionate about technical excellence, supporting colleagues and all things environmental! She works part time and during her career has had a sabbatical to go travelling and two breaks for maternity leave.
Both Louise and Lucy’s experience as woman working in the brownfield industry has been largely positive.
Lucy has had some brilliant opportunities for interesting and notable roles on projects, some of which she only got due to her SiLC accreditation. She has had some fantastic female role models and very valuable women specific training which taught her a lot. She has also been supported in taking a technical career route as this is what fulfils her – my ikigai. However, she has seen and experienced some negative aspects including borderline harassment, which she didn’t fully recognise at the time, but was supported through intervention by male allies. “It does sometimes feel like we aren't doing enough in terms of the environment, supporting others and also outdated, unacceptable behaviour by some in the brownfield sector”. But, as an eternal optimist this gives her the drive to get involved in trying to improve things. She is a firm believer in the strength that diversity brings to a team and therefore tries to support women and other underrepresented groups in our industry.
Louise’s early career was always an equal mix of men and women who worked hard and socialised together under a strong leader. “He was all about doing the right thing, doing it well, and enjoying your work while you did it. He really motivated and encouraged us to be one big team. I think everything I know about leading and managing people, l learned from him.” After having children Louise led a team as part of a job share. “It worked brilliantly. We complemented each other so well – we were better than the sum of our parts. I’m a lot better in the mornings, she was better in the evenings. I’m more ‘big picture’, while she had a lot more attention to detail.” Louise believes that having a family means you learn to work
differently. Rather than doing whatever hours it takes to get the job done you become much more efficient.
Two of the biggest work challenges Louise has experienced were managing the menopause and overcoming a career plateau. Mental and physical menopause symptoms are numerous and it can take a long time to understand why you feel as you do. Loss of confidence and the wish for an easy life mean you just take a back seat. Awareness raising and support networks provided by her company have helped. She hopes that in the future with the right support women 15 or 25 years into their career wont even notice a blip and more leadership roles will be filled by them.
Lousie and Lucy both value the extra voluntary roles in industry that they do on top of their day jobs. They relish the opportunity to work with a brilliant range of people, get involved in a wide range of initiatives, support and encourage technical excellence and career development and try to shape and improve our sector. They are always curious to see what is going on in the industry and hope they can give something back to an industry that they are proud to be a part of.
Louise: Believe in yourself and try something new as you never know what you might learn and the boost you might get in a different environment. Find an ally who will encourage and support you and be an ally to others.
Lucy: It’s not always easy to find the time and I have a habit of overcommitting but the phrase I try to remember is “you can do anything, but you can't do everything”.
Article contributed by Rose Ashmore (Senior Geotechnical Engineer at CampbellReith)
Tconstruction industry is one of the largest contributors to carbon emissions across the globe and is under growing pressure to find solutions to more sustainable development. A large proportion of the carbon cost is created by the vast quantities of construction waste being produced, with it making up one third of all global waste. In addition to the excavation, transportation, and disposal of waste to landfill having a high carbon cost, the disposal of waste soils also produces a need for replacement material. This results in
unnecessary pressure on the supply of finite natural resources and can have substantial financial implications to developers and contractors.
Finding methods of reusing on-site material has therefore become a significant issue over recent years both in the UK and globally. Ground improvement techniques are increasingly being used to cut the amount of site-generated waste, ultimately reducing both the carbon and financial costs of construction projects. Continuous advancements of these methods in recent years are further helping the industry work towards a ‘Net Carbon Zero’ future.
One such ground improvement technique is Rolling Dynamic Compaction (RDC), also known as High Energy Impact Compaction.
RDC works similarly to conventional roller compaction where a load is applied to the surface using weighted drums. The weight of the drum compacts the underlying soil increasing the strength and bearing capacity of the ground. Where RDC differs from more conventional methods is the use of noncircular drums (typically with 3, 4 or 5 sides); as the drum passes over the ground and reaches the pinnacle of the drum it then ‘falls’. The periodic impact of the drum on the ground surface dynamically loads the near surface soils but also compacts the deeper underlying soils by inducing pressure waves deep into the ground.
Dynamic compaction using non-circular drums provides several advantages over traditional circular drums:
• The dynamic loading compacts the ground to much greater depths. Where circular drums would be expected to achieve compaction to depths of around 0.5m, RDC
can achieve compaction to depths in excess of 1m and, in favourable conditions, can reach up to 4m below the surface.
• The use of RDC in large earthwork projects allows the material to be placed in thicker layers, reducing the number of layers required and thus saving time and reducing vehicle movements. Thicker lifts also allows the use of larger maximum particle sizes, reducing the need for processing site-won material.
• In addition to achieving compaction to greater depths, RDC drums can often be towed at higher speeds (10-12km/h) comparable to conventional rollers (4-5km/h). This allows an area to be compacted significantly quicker when applying RDC.
Typically, the ground being treated is split into strips and passed over a set number of times at a set speed to achieve a required strength. Advancements in the plant now enables the response of the ground to the compactive
effort from the drum to be recorded with each rotation. Via a digital display in the cab, the plant operator is provided with the Surface Stiffness Modulus in real time along with their position using GPS. The energy of compaction can then be automatically adjusted by altering the position of the two internal counter-rotating weights to vary the drum vibrations.
This continuous feed of information to the operator allows them to confirm if the specification has been achieved or whether further passes of the RDC roller are required. These technological advancements have led to more efficient coverage of sites and can produce more consistent results across large areas.
“ This continuous feed of information to the operator allows them to confirm if the specification has been achieved or whether further passes of the RDC roller are required.
reclamation, compaction of non-engineered fill (i.e. historical landfill sites or quarry restoration with poorly engineered backfill), improving mining haul roads and tailing dams and in agriculture to help reduce water loss.
RDC is most suited for large open sites that require significant areas of ground improvement. In recent years it has been utilised on a range of projects such as land
A significant advantage of this ground improvement technique is that it can be carried out without the need to disturb or handle the ground, which, in the case of a former landfill site, could contain significant contamination or poorly graded backfill soils. The use of RDC (often in conjunction with other ground improvement methods) allows the material to remain in-situ, reducing the risk of exposing contaminants to the environment, construction workers and future site users. Methods such as RDC (that remove or significantly reduce the need to handle or disturb waste) offer a practical solution to designers and clients as it provides a potential way to eliminate, so far as is reasonably practicable, foreseeable risks to the health and safety of site users as is required with the CDM 2015 regulations. Of course, the
potential impact from potentially contaminated soils on controlled waters and the wider environment would need to be assessed and mitigated, as required.
RDC can also be applied to site where a thin mantle of weak soil with poor bearing characteristics overlies more competent ground. The use of RDC on these sites may allow the foundations to be placed at shallower depths, reducing the amount of excavation undertaken and decreasing the quantity of concrete required. However, the long-term consolidation and creep settlement of the compacted soils need to be understood and included in the design of building foundations along with external areas such as pavements and landscaping. The potential for differential settlement between buildings founded on deeper, competent soils (e.g., piled structures) and external areas also needs to be carefully considered in the design.
to compact the top 3m to 4m of ground. The plant outputs clearly show the increase in the Surface Stiffness Modulus (Evib) across the treated ground. The outputs, which are presented on a digital display in realtime in the cab to the machine operator, clearly highlight areas that may require additional passes. These outputs can then be verified with in-situ testing and may be used in reporting to confirm that the works specification requirements have been met.
As with all ground improvement techniques, the effectiveness of RDC treatment is dependent on the ground conditions. RDC is best suited to granular soils, where excess pore water pressure is rapidly dissipated, although can still be applied to less permeable clays and silts in certain conditions. RDC is generally not considered to be suitable where the ground comprises soft clays or high organic content material, such as peat, or where high groundwater is present.
“ Predicting the depth of compaction achieved can also be problematic, especially where there is significant variability within the compacted soils.
The figure below shows the improvement achieved across a former landfill using RDC
Predicting the depth of compaction achieved can also be problematic, especially where there is significant variability within the compacted soils. The depth of improvement can be variable and the factors affecting this are not fully understood. Methods for assessing the depth of influence often include comparing in-situ test results undertaken pre- and post- compaction. However, the reliability of the data can be dependent on the quality of the testing and the interpretation of the results. It is advisable to carry out initial trials on a section of the proposed works to understand the performance of the chosen compaction method and to finalise the compaction
methodology, plant-type, etc. for the wider works.
The RDC plant measures ‘refusal compaction’ at the moisture content of the in-situ material at the time of compaction; should a material be significantly drier than the optimum moisture content during the compaction it may reach refusal, however, if then later inundated with water, collapse settlement may occur. To prevent this, conventional compaction compliance testing is often required to show that the material being compacted is near to optimum moisture content.
RDC can be an effective method of ground improvement and has been successfully applied to numerous sites in recent years. It can reduce the amount of plant movement and off-site soil disposal required for a project and can improve the bearing characteristics of the ground so that a more economical foundation solutions may be considered. Advancements in technology are working to address some of the limitations of the technique. Overall, the
application of ground improvement techniques such as RDC, can be used across the industry to help work towards a ‘Net Carbon Zero’ future.
Avsar, S., Bakker, M., Bartholomeeusen, G. and Vanmechelen, J. (2006). Six Sigma Quality Improvement of Compaction at the New Doha International Airport Project. Terra et Aqua no. 106.
Scott, B., Jaksa, M. and Mitchell, P. (2019). Depth of influence of rolling dynamic compaction. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement, pp.1–10.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/ heatherfarmbrough/2023/10/04/why-andhow-construction-companies-can-movetowards-net-zero/?sh=64a714b325b3
https://www.bbc.com/future/ article/20211215-the-buildings-made-fromrubbish#:~:text=Roughly%20half%20of%20 the%20raw,the%20world's%20carbon%20 dioxide%20emissions.
CONTACT
SOCOTEC UK
Sarah Valentine Business Unit Director sarah.valentine@socotec.co.uk
0845 603 2112
We are a leading Ground Investigation contractor, capable of carrying out bespoke services including specialist field testing and consultancy.
Our expert field operations backed up by UKAS accredited analytical testing and proven technical support draw on over 80 years’ experience in delivering high quality ground investigation services to help our clients to minimise ground related uncertainty and risk, as well as maximising efficiencies.
We provide a complete, integrated package of services, covering the whole project lifecycle from the prebuild phase through to site investigation, design, construction and the built stages.
As part of this service, we accurately investigate, test and advise on ground, geological and structural conditions. This includes the risks they pose, as well as identifying potential environmental impacts. Our reports then deliver the information required to create cost effective and safe solutions.
Our specialist services Include:
› High Pressure Dilatometer (HPD)
› Self Boring Pressuremeter (SBP)
› Cone Pressuremeter (CPM)
› Flat (Marchetti) Dilatometer (DMT)
› Cone Penetration Testing
› In Situ Testing and Monitoring
› Drilling and Sampling
Our Infrastructure Division is also equipped to provide related services, ensuring a seamless and efficient experience by keeping everything within the same team, such as:
› Remote monitoring
› Materials testing
› Structural & Pavement investigations
› Environmental consultancy
› Foundation testing
Most geotechnical engineers and other practitioners in the geotechnical community will be aware of the second generation of Eurocode 7. Parts 1 and 2 of this three-part document have now been published, with part 3 due for publication in April 2025
One aspect of the new code is the promotion of the use of ground models as part of the geotechnical design process. Whilst there is nothing new about ground models, (indeed practitioners have been using them for several decades in the UK), their elevation to being a requisite part of the design process is new.
This article describes the purpose and process for constructing a ground model in accordance with the requirements of EC7 and mirrors a presentation given by the author at the recent EC7 seminar in Paris. Much of the content of this article also forms part of a much more detailed paper written by Eurocode 7 Task Group C2 to support EC7 Part 2 in relation to the use of ground models. This more detailed paper is titled ‘Assembling the Ground Model and the derived values’ and will be published by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission.
EC7 Part 1: Clause 3.1.6.6 gives the following definition: Ground Model is a site-specific outline of the disposition and character of the ground and groundwater based on results from ground investigations and other available data.
EC7 Part 2: 4.1, further states that: A Ground Model shall comprise the geological, hydrogeological, and geotechnical conditions at the site, based on the ground investigation results.
These definitions offer a clear distinction between a Ground Model and a Geological Model.
Fookes (1997) describes a geological model as ‘a representation of the geology of a particular location’
Figure 1 (above) shows a simple geological model, that could be constructed by reference to geological maps and other desk study data. This model however provides no information on groundwater, structural loadings or the geotechnical units. In contrast, Figure 2 illustrates a simple ground model that includes all these key factors that will influence design. In attempting to find a Ground Model that all European colleagues could agree on, the task group decided not to follow the work of
the International Association of Engineering Geologists (IAEG) commission 25 publication No. 1: Guidelines for the development and application of engineering geological models on projects. IAEG developed the concept of ‘An Engineering Geological Model’ (EGM). This is defined as ‘the interpretation and assessment of the engineering geological conditions and allows the interaction of these conditions with the proposed project to be evaluated, so that appropriate engineering decisions can be made.’
as proposed by TG C2 is subtly different.
What is the purpose of the GM?
“ Ground Models must be in a form that can be understood by all geoprofessionals.
The Ground Model is a verbal/graphical/ schematic tool and is a process that is used to advance knowledge of the ground and groundwater characteristics within the zone of influence of the structure (or structures) and to help identify the corresponding risks.
With the EC7 Ground Model being linked to a specific structure / structures, its construction
Ground Models must be in a form that can be understood by all geoprofessionals. Any Ground Model must consider the Zone of Influence (ZOI), since they are intrinsically linked, and the ZOI should be defined at the
Engineering quality control
Site analysis and planning
Environmental impact assessment
Infrastructure development
Cost and timeline reduction
Visualization
Communication
same time as the Ground Model is first considered. The relationship between Ground Model and ZOI is explained and developed as an important concept within EC7 Part2. Table 1 provides the key contributions that the Ground Model makes to the design process.
Ground models are a fundamental tool for identifying critical ground risks and parameters.
Help engineers and developers make informed decisions about design and construction.
Help assess the potential environmental impacts of a project.
Help design roads, drainage systems, and other utilities.
Help identify potential issues early in the planning process, which can reduce project costs and timelines.
Allow us to visualize the ground beneath our feet without the need for training in complex geological techniques.
Help communicate information to others.
“ The relationship between Ground Model and ZOI is explained and developed as an important concept within EC7 Part2.
To reinforce the purpose and usability, there are some ‘shall’ clauses in Part 2 of EC7.
1. Variability and uncertainty of geological, hydrogeological and geotechnical conditions and properties shall be included in the Ground Model.
2. The detail and the extent of the Ground Model shall be consistent with the Geotechnical Category and the zone of influence.
3. The Ground Model shall be progressively developed and updated based on potential new information.
4. The Ground Model shall reference the derived values of ground properties for encountered geotechnical units.
5. The Ground Model should be documented in the Ground Investigation Report
6. As an alternative to 5, the Ground Model may be documented in the GDR
These clauses set out some important rules for the rationale for and construction of the Ground Model and provide the basis for all Ground Models, regardless of size and complexity.
The Ground Model is not a box ticking exercise! The process of constructing a Ground Model forces us to think about the ground & groundwater and how they will interact with the structures we are building.
However simple or complex we decide to make the Ground Model, it must reflect all the potential ground and ground water issues It is also vital to link the Ground Model to the zone of influence of the structure (or structures) being considered. This is perhaps
one of the most important aspects of the process of Ground Model construction, but unfortunately it is often not done and leads to errors / omissions in the data that is captured.
The process of identifying the ZOI must consider all possible impacts and influences of natural features and man-made structures both on the site and surrounding the site. The Ground Model cannot be of a lesser size than the ZOI if all possible influences are to be considered. Guidance on linking the Ground Model to ZOI in the form of examples is given in the paper prepared by Task Group C2 and this will be published shortly as an accompaniment to EC7 Part 2.
Why is the ZOI linking to the Ground Model so important? We need to understand what impact our structure(s) will have on the adjacent ground and on any existing adjacent properties. Dewatering, ground freezing, or the
placement of long soil nails, anchors, or rock bolts, etc., that extend into the surrounding ground, could all impact on the ground or adjacent structures.
Similarly, large bodies of water (reservoirs, lakes, etc.), areas of contamination or other hazardous ground, existing structures with deep piled foundations adjacent to our site, may impact the site, insofar as the existing pile group ZOI may overlap with that of the proposed structures. Similarly, activities with cyclic loadings may have to be considered if they would impact the proposed structures.
Figure 3 shows an example of how an initial estimation of zone of influence (blue line), fails to take into account all the possible site constraints relating to existing structures both manmade and natural, that are present on surrounding land, (red line).
THOUGHT PROCESS
KEY STAGES IN EC7 FOR DEVELOPING AND UPDATING GROUND MODEL
INITIAL PROJECT INCEPTION APPOINT KEY PROFESSIONALS
GATHER INITIAL GROUND AND GROUNDWATER DATA FROM EXISTING DATA DESK STUDY
SITE VISIT TO UNDERSTAND TOPOGRAHY AND SITE ISSUES
GATHER PHYSICAL GROUND AND GROUNDWATER DATA (Initial Phase)
OBTAIN MORE DETAILED PHYSICAL GROUND AND GROUNDWATER DATA (Second Design Phase)
SITE INSPECTION
FIELD AND LAB TESTING
FIELD AND LAB TESTING (Advanced)
ANALYSIS & UNDERSTANDING OF LONGTERM GROUND AND GROUNDWATER BEHAVIOUR MONITORING
PRODUCE A GM THAT CAN BE UNDERSTOOD BY EVERYONE ???? VERIFIED GROUND MODEL
Table 2: Typical thought process for the construction of a ground model
Inputs for the Ground Model will be acquired over a period of time, because the model is ‘live’ throughout the construction process and is all about data acquisition. This period will depend on the complexity of both the ground and groundwater conditions within the area under consideration, and the construction itself.
Within each key input stage, the Ground Model should be formed of both the known and anticipated geological, geomechanical, hydrogeological and geotechnical conditions at, under, and around the site, i.e., in the Zone of Influence. As noted previously the ZOI should be ascertained
“ Within each key input stage, the Ground Model should be formed of both the known and anticipated geological, geomechanical, hydrogeological and geotechnical conditions at, under, and around the site...
at an early stage during the life of the project but may change in scope as proposals for structure(s) are refined/changed. It is stressed that an accurate understanding of the ZOI is key to ensuring that all inputs that may be relevant to the Ground Model are considered.
What are the key ‘natural’ input bases?
Geological conditions including, but not limited to the description of the site geomorphology, the lithology of the geotechnical units, the potential presence and level of a geometrical and physical properties and orientation of discontinuities and weathered zones, the rock mass classification.
Aspect of the Model Overview Model Systemic Model
Cross-section spacing
Density of investigation points
Detailed Model
Several hundred m 50-150m <50m
< 1 per km2
Commonly 5-20 per km2
Depth of investigation points ?? ??
According to EN 1997-3
According to EN 1997-3
Geophysical methods Rapdi general 'scans' Focussed analysis N/A
Statigraphical level
Major Groups and Formations only
Formation and Members; big lenses, artificial ground (Reclaimed areas, filled areas, ... with thickness >1m)
Members and thin individual beds and lenses; artificial ground
Table 3: Extract from a table on guidance on inputs for different scales of Ground Model
• Geomechanical (preliminary assessments of in situ stresses, elastic properties and rock strength?)
• Hydrological conditions address surface, groundwater and piezometric levels, including their potential variations with time and the presence of other fluids or gases affecting the site.
Geotechnical characteristics of the geotechnical units.
• Seismological assessment for the wider area needs to be undertaken at an early stage
“ Based on an initial understanding of the ground and groundwater, the project, and the type of construction, some initial assumptions regarding the size and complexity of the Ground Model may be constructed.
Based on an initial understanding of the ground and groundwater, the project, and the type of construction, some initial assumptions regarding the size and complexity of the Ground Model may be constructed. Three levels of complexity may be considered: general/ overview, systematic and detailed. These will help inform the type and quantity of input parameters for the Ground Model. Table 3 provides an extract of a more detailed table contained with the JRC supporting document, that provides such guidance. It should be noted that one or more types
of Ground Model may be required. It may be necessary for example to have a general ‘overview’ model for the project, as well as one or more systematic / detailed models to illustrate different structures or parts of structures. Such requirements are likely to become clear as the project proceeds.
The guidance paper provides input considerations for each stage.
It is important to recognise that there are other nongeological and groundwater related inputs that may need to be considered. These include but not limited to:
• Historical use of ground
• Existing structures / remaining substructures
The historical use of the land is more generally examined as part of the desk study (old historical charts or maps, aerial photography, etc.) to prepare an investigation strategy.
However, the site visit can give vital information and / or clues on the former site use. For example, surface depressions, voids, discoloured soils, artificial soil and rock
exposures can all point to human activity on the site, both at surface and possibly at depth. It is common, particularly in urban areas, for new construction projects to take place on sites or areas of land where there has been previous building. Often, such previous structures can be dated within the past 200
years, but there are occasions when much older structures are present.
In all cases careful consideration of available maps and plans should be undertaken to ascertain the likely extent of such structures, both at ground level and also with respect to buried elements of the original buildings.
Consideration should be given to hidden infrastructure, e.g., cables, pipes, tunnels, and potential archaeological finds, (see figures 5 and 6). At a more detailed level, having identified that historic structures might impact on the new structures, it may be possible to access foundation records. Old timber piles if not identified, can still present problems for
Figure 8: Principle of defining the zone of influence according to the type of structure.LeftStructures, Right - ZOI for individual structures.
new construction, as shown in Figure 7.
Once more information regarding the types of structures and their associated foundations is known, more specific inputs for the Ground Model can be considered. In particular, values associated with specific foundation types should be considered as should cases where foundations will interact with adjacent foundations. An example of this is shown in Figure 8.
The formalisation of the requirement to produce a Ground Model as part of every ground investigation is a key element of the redrafted Eurocode 7. It has been recognised as the best method of documenting all the known ground and groundwater information that is gathered during the life of a project. The main ‘takeaways’ from the whole process of Ground Model construction are:
• Ground Model process can be as simple / or as complicated as you want!
It is vital to consider the Zone of Influence!!
• It is not meant to be an onerous task
• BUT.. If process of constructing the Ground Model is done properly, you will identify potential risks
• You will help to eliminate unwanted surprises in the design process
A good Ground Model provides an excellent method of disseminating data to all geoprofessionals
The full paper that will be published by the European Commission’s JRC will provide more in-depth guidance on assembling the Ground Model and it is recommended that this should be read in conjunction with Eurocode 7 part 2.
Î BS EN 1997‑1:2024 Eurocode 7 — Geotechnical design Part 1: General rules
Î BS EN 1997‑2:2024 Eurocode 7 — Geotechnical design Part 2: Ground properties
Î Fookes, P.G. (1997). Geology for Engineers: The Geological Model, Prediction and Performance. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology. Volume 30.
Î De.Freitas, M.H (2021). Future development of Ground Models. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology. Volume 54.
Î International Association of Engineering Geology and the Environment (IAEG), IAEG commission 25 Publication No. 1 2022.” Guidelines for the development and application of engineering geological models on projects.
Î Nottingham City Council Archives. Historic maps. A map of the Mansfield Road caves (undated).
Î Przewłócki, Jarosław & Dardzinska, I & Swinianski, J. (2005). Review of historical buildings' foundations. Géotechnique. 55. 363 372. 10.1680/ geot.55.5.363.66017.
Further information is also available from the AGS via the following link:
Bitesize Guide – EC7 Next Generation 01 – Geotechnical Unit, Ground Models and Geotechnical Design Models – what are these, what do they cover and who is responsible?
BS EN 1997-1:2024
BS EN 1997-2:2024
BS ISO 8259:2024
BS ISO 11277:2020+A1:2024
Eurocode 7 - Geotechnical design – General Rules Will A1:
Eurocode 7 - Geotechnical design – Ground properties Will course
Soil quality – Bioaccessibility of organic and inorganic pollutants from contaminated soil and soil-like material New Complements
Soil quality – Determination of particle size distribution in mineral soil material – Method by sieving and sedimentation Replaces
BS ISO 13536:2024 Soil quality – Determination of the potential cation exchange capacity and exchangeable cations using barium chloride solution buffered at pH = 8.1 Replaces
BS ISO 17126:2024
Soil quality – Determination of the effects of pollutants on soil flora – Screening test for emergence of lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa L.)
BS EN ISO 23611-2:2024 Soil quality – Sampling soil invertebrates – Part 2: Sampling and extraction of micro-arthropods (Collembola and Acarina)
BS EN ISO 23611-5:2024 Soil quality — Sampling of soil invertebrates — Part 5: Sampling and extraction of soil macroinvertebrates Replaces
(a) This table is derived from the work programmes of BSI Technical Committees EH/4-Soil quality and B/526/3-Ground investigation
CEN EN 1997-3 Eurocode 7 - Geotechnical design – Geotechnical structures Will
ISO/WD 18674-6 (for CD consultation)
CEN prEN, ISO DIS 18674-7
CEN FprEN, ISO FDIS 22476-16
Geotechnical investigation and testing -Geotechnical monitoring by field instrumentation — Part 6: Measurement of settlement: Hydraulic settlement systems New
Geotechnical investigation and testing – Geotechnical monitoring by field instrumentation – Part 7: Measurement of strains: Strain gauges
Geotechnical investigation and testing – Field testing –Part 16: Borehole shear test -
BS 10175 (revision) Investigation of potentially contaminated sites – Code of practice
ISO DIS 7303 Soil quality - Simplified method for oral bioaccessability of metal(oids) in soils New 17924
ISO FDIS 11074
CEN prEN 11074
CEN prEN/ISO DIS 16703
Soil quality - Vocabulary EN
Environmental soil matrices – Determination of hydrocarbon content in the range C10 to C40 by gas chromatography.
ISO DIS 17505 Adoption of: [BS] EN 17505:2023 - Soil and waste characterization – Temperature dependent differentiation of total carbon (TOC400, ROC, TIC900) as an ISO standard
ISO DIS 18400-105 Soil quality – Sampling – Part 105: Packaging, transport, storage and preservation of samples Will
ISO DIS/CEN prEN 18227
ISO TS 18718
Environmental solid matrices – Determination of elemental composition by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry Will 15309:2007
Assessment of soil functions and related ecosystem services: definitions, descriptions and conceptual framework
ISO TS 18721 Assessment of soil functions: indicators and methods New
ISO FDIS 24212 Soil quality - Remediation techniques applied at contaminated sites New
Will partially replace BS EN 1997-1: 2004 + A1: 2013 in due course
Will replace BS EN 1997-2: 2007 in due course
New Standard Complements BS ISO 17924
Replaces BS ISO 11277:2020
Replaces BS ISO 13536:1995
Replaces ISO 17126:2005
New standard
Replaces BS EN ISO 23611-5:2013
Published September 2024
Published September 2024
Published August 2024 + corrigendum January 2025
Published July 2024
Published November 2024
Published November 2024
Published May 2024
Published September 2024
investigation and ground testing. Copies of draft standards (e.g. CD, DIS, prEN) are usually available for review and comment via AGS.
“GEOTECHNICAL” STANDARDS – In preparation
Will partially replace BS EN 1997-1: 2004 Progressing to FprEN
New standard Comment period ended 8 April 2024
comment period ended 15 March 2024
Comment period ended 19 November 2023
Publication expected April 2025. National Annexes for the three standards are being prepared.
New standard - Will complement BS ISO 17924 – see also ISO CD 8529 Comment period ended 21 November 2024
ISO 11074:2015+A1:2020 Proceeding to FDIS
New standard Comment period ended 31 October 2024
New standard Comment period ended 31 October 2024
Will replace BS ISO 18400-105:2017 Comment period ended 26 September 2024
Will replace BS ISO 18227:2014 & BS EN 15309:2007
New standard
New standard
Comment period ended 20 November 2024
Proceeding to DIS Will be Technical Specification (TS)
Proceeding to DIS Will be Technical Specification (TS)
New standard Comment period ended 1 August 2024
Equipe Training's specialist geotechnical training courses are delivered both in person at our dedicated training facility just outside of Banbury, Oxfordshire, and also online via Zoom!
Available upcoming dates are provided below:
Î 18th March 2025- Professor David Norbury’s Rock Description Workshop
Î 9th April 2025 (ONLINE) - Basic Foundation Design
Î 10th April 2025 (ONLINE) - Earthworks Design & Construction
Î 15th April 2025- Professor David Norbury’s Soil Description Workshop
Î 14th May 2025 - Understanding and Scheduling Geotechnical Laboratory Tests
Î 15th May 2025 (ONLINE) - Mastering the AGS Data Format
Î 10th June 2025 - Contaminated Land Investigations and Risk Assessment
Î 11th June 2025 - Planning for Effective Ground Investigations
Î 12th June 2025 - Further Foundation Design
Î 19th June 2025 - Professor David Norbury’s Chalk Description Workshop
Î 19th June 2025 (ONLINE) - Slope Stability Design
Places on these courses can be booked online here, or via contacting Equipe on
(0)1295 670990 or info@equipegroup.com
Equipe Training and their health and safety training partners RPA Safety Services and EB Safety
Solutions are delighted to announce their collection of specialist health and safety courses for the geotechnical market have resumed being delivered in person, as well as being delivered online where required.
These courses are approved and certified by the Institution of Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH) and meet the requirements of UK Health and Safety regulations for working on geotechnical and land drilling sites. Upcoming dates include:
Î 27th March 2025 - IOSH Avoiding Danger from Underground Services
Î 8th – 10th April 2025 - IOSH Safe Supervision of Geotechnical Sites
Î 24th April 2025- Safe Working on Geotechnical Sites
Î 30th April 2025 (ONLINE) - Managing and working with Asbestos Risk in Ground Investigation
Places on these courses can be booked online here, or via contacting Equipe on +44 (0)1295 670990 or info@equipegroup.com
Tailored geotechnical courses delivered on your schedule. Designed to keep your team sharp while minimizing downtime and expenses. Regular open courses delivered from our dedicated training facility, or bespoke courses delivered at your site or offices. Whenever, wherever - Equipe can fulfill your training needs.
Health and Safety Courses
Delivered in partnership with RPA Safety Services
IOSH Safe Supervision of Geotechnical Sites (3 Days)
Learn in detail how to keep yourself and your on-site operatives safe in the fieldthe geotechnical industry’s SSSTS equivalent
IOSH Avoiding Danger from Underground Services
In accordance with the requirements and guidance set out within HSG47
Safe Working on Geotechnical Sites
The ultimate one-day introduction to safety on geotechnical projects
Other Health and Safety Courses
Delivered in partnership with EB Safety Solutions
MARGI - Managing & working with Asbestos Risk in Ground Investigation
A comprehensive guidance to deal with asbestos in a ground engineering environment, including full adherence to CAR 2012
Geotechnical Courses
Prof. David Norbury’s Soil Description Workshop
Providing a detailed approach to soil description practices and techniques
Prof. David Norbury’s Rock Description Workshop
Providing a detailed approach to rock description practices and techniques
Understanding & Scheduling Geotechnical Laboratory Tests
Detailed overview of processes involved in efficiently scheduling Geotechnical Laboratory Testing
Contaminated Land Invesigations & Risk Assessment
How to prioritising safety and efficiency on contaminated sites
Planning for Effective Ground Investigations
Understand objectives and provide crystal clear specifications
Basic Foundation Design
Shallow foundation overview for geotechnical practitioners and engineers
Further Foundation Design
Complex & deep pile foundations for geotechnical practitioners and engineers
Earthworks Design and Construction
A general overview of materials sourcing / selection for design & construction
Slope Stability Design
Comprehensive overview for geotechnical practitioners and engineers
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