AFRICAN SCIENCE STARS ON THE MOVE IAU GA 2024 SPONSORS & EXHIBITORS AfAS: CELEBRATING 5 YEARS 06 07 08 10 12 15 16 17 20 22 FOREWORD
FEATURED ARTICLE: ASTRONOMY AS A TOOL FOR MENTAL HEALTH
FEATURED ARTICLE: RISING STAR ASTRONOMER
FEATURED ARTICLE: DR BRENDA NAMUMBA
SIYAKHULA FESTIVAL
PIONEERING AFRICAN ASTRONOMY
FEATURED ARTICLE: SARAO
“LETTER FROM THE EDITOR
32nd IAU General Assembly Makes Historic Debut on African Soil
We are excited to present our special edition of the 32nd General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) which will be hosted in Cape Town from 6–15 August 2024, the first time the prestigious event will be held in Africa.
The event will be a significant milestone for South Africa and the African continent, and will showcase the country’s growing presence in the field of astronomy and its contribution to the global scientific community.
In this edition, we explore what to expect, from important discussions on the key challenges in the field of astronomy and interesting exhibitions that will provide attendees with a comprehensive view of the current state and future of astronomy and related fields.
The IAU GA 2024 exhibition promises to be a melting pot of ideas and innovations that will provide an opportunity for attendees to connect, interact, and present their cutting-edge initiatives.
Africa boasts a rich astronomical heritage and stands as the cradle of pioneering minds in the field of science.
In this edition, we dive into the stories of these visionary trailblazers, sharing their vast knowledge and unwavering commitment to advancing science on the African continent.
How fortunate we are to have the privilege of engaging with some of the brightest minds in the field! We are looking forward to gaining insights into their perspectives and their solutions to some of Africa’s pressing challenges.
Siphokazi Vuso
Editor
African Science Stars team
Editor: Siphokazi Vuso
Graphic designer: Thinavhuyo Desmond Mudimeli
Contributing writers:
Dr Debra Elmegreen
Dr Charles Takalana
Moleboge Lekoloane
Marion West
Dr Sally Macfarlane
Duduzile Kubheka
Thembela Mantungwa
Kaoutar Saadi
Dr Joyful Mdhluli
Cailyn Scheepers
Prof. Jamal Mimouni
Nadine Sims
Science Communications Intern: Odirile Mamba
Stakeholder Manager: Lillian Assefa
General Manager: Mutshidzi Nelwamondo
Publisher: Madambi Rambuda
Subscriptions • info@sciencestars.co.za
Copyright 2024 African Science Stars (Pty) Ltd. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or any means, electronically or mechanically, without prior permission.
African Science Stars is published by Science Stars (Pty) Ltd
African Science Stars is an initiative under the African Astronomical Society and funded by the Department of Science, Technology and Innovation.
1 Bridgeway, Century City, Cape Town, South Africa, 7441
The International Astronomical Union, the worldwide organization of professional astronomers, is delighted to host its XXXII and General Assembly in Cape Town, the first on the African continent in our 105year history. The preparations, led by National Organizing Committee members from the IAU Office of Astronomy for Development (OAD) and the African Astronomical Society, have been underway since Africa’s selection was announced at the XXX the General Assembly in Vienna in 2018.
General Assemblies, held every three years, are opportunities to gather thousands of astronomers worldwide to discuss scientific results, foster international collaborations, and share astronomy with the public. They are also a tremendous opportunity to bring the world to Africa, and to showcase African science.
The rich history of astronomy in Africa began at least 7000 years ago, with a stone circle known as Nabta Playa that predates Stonehenge. International observational survey work was led by astronomers at Cape Town over two centuries ago. Pioneering research in Africa continues with the present-day South African Large Telescope at the South African Astronomical Observatory, the MeerKAT radio array as a precursor to the Square kilometre Array, the KELT and SuperWASP telescopes, and the H.E.S.S. gamma ray telescopes, among many others.
South Africa became an IAU National Member in 1922, shortly after the IAU’s founding. Other African National Members include Algeria, the Republic of Botswana, Egypt, Ethiopia, Morocco, Madagascar, Mozambique, and Nigeria. Africa plays a vital role in IAU activities. The OAD, headquartered in Cape Town, has engaged hundreds of thousands of people globally in projects that draw on the excitement of astronomy and apply its technologies through local programs to achieve UN Sustainable Development Goals. African countries have hosted several IAU Symposia, Workshops, and International Schools for Young Astronomers over the years. African astronomers have held many IAU leadership roles, including current Vice President Solomon Tessema from Ethiopia, past Vice President Renée Kraan-Korteweg from South Africa, and many others leading our scientific Divisions, Commissions, and Working Groups.
The General Assembly includes lectures from international prize laureates plus talks and posters, including many by early career astronomers. Symposia and Focus Meetings highlight many areas of astronomy. The sessions of the Offices for Development, Outreach, Education, Young Astronomers, the Centre for the Protection of the Sky, Working Groups, Division Days, Women in Astronomy and Young Astronomer Lunches, and public outreach events encompass all aspects of IAU activities.
These efforts further the goals laid out in our 2020-2030 Strategic-Plan; they include: coordinating research and disseminating astronomical knowledge, advocating for the inclusive progression of astronomy, positioning astronomy as a catalyst for development, actively involving the public in astronomical pursuits, and catalyzing the integration of astronomy into educational frameworks.
The full scope of astronomy in Africa parallels the goals of the IAU. This special edition of African Science Stars highlighting the remarkable accomplishments of African scientists is a perfect complement to this historic General Assembly.
Dr Debra Elmegreen
International Astronomical Union (IAU) President
By: Kevin Govender
A CELESTIAL GATHERING IN AFRICA
The International Astronomical Union (IAU) is the biggest astronomy meeting in the world. This will be the first time in the history of the International Astronomical Union that this triennial event will be held on the African continent (Cape Town, 6-15 August 2024) and also the first time ever that it will be openly accessible via online streaming. Over 3000 abstracts have been submitted and we expect to see at least 2 500 attendees in person, with several hundred joining virtually and many more members of the public following the open live streams. The 2024 event has also boldly sought to set new benchmarks in terms of how conferencing should be done and has adopted the core principles of accessibility, hybrid, Impact, and sustainability.
Accessibility
Open access: For the first time in the history of the International Astronomical Union (IAU), anyone anywhere in the world will be able to follow in real-time (or recordings) the talks at the IAU General Assembly. This is the world’s largest international astronomy meeting. It’s a field/subject that attracts millions of enthusiasts globally. Yet when we talk about science, it’s usually been behind closed doors. Numerous astronomers and students often face challenges accessing international conferences, even those on their doorstep. Therefore, the first IAU General Assembly in Africa will also be the first to be completely open to young astronomers, students, the public and school kids across the continent, and all around the world – a historic moment to bring the metaphorical ivory tower “down to earth”.
Hybrid: Acknowledging that physical presence is not always possible nor preferable, we have the option of virtual participation. This ensures that even if one cannot attend in person, one can still contribute meaningfully to discussions and share one’s perspectives. Embracing a blended approach that seamlessly integrates both in-person and virtual interactions, our conference transforms into a global space where individuals from any location can connect and learn collaboratively.
Family friendly: We recognise that it is sometimes difficult to balance conference attendance with childcare responsibilities. Several of us on the organising committee have young children and face these challenges regularly. To ensure that this meeting is accessible to parents who travel with their children, we have decided to allocate space in the conference venue where free childcare will be provided. This means that participants with minor children will be able to leave their kids in the childcare facility on-site with trained carers and attend their talks or meetings in the same building, freely able to check in with their little ones whenever they like or when they are needed. The only cost to the parent will be that children should be registered as accompanying minors for access to the conference venue.
Inclusive: The chosen venue has been designed to cater for the disabled, to ensure that the building is an inclusive venue for all visitors. The building incorporates international norms as defined by the Americans with Disabilities Act and the South African National Building Regulation Standards. As much as we try to ensure inclu-
sion in every way, we recognise that we have probably not thought of everything, and we welcome suggestions and input from participants to help us improve their experience at the IAU General Assembly.
Impact
Enhancing scientific research through global collaborations: the innovative and imaginative team behind the organisation of the event has been coming up with novel ways to enhance the networking (both in person and online) that is so essential for strong research collaborations. Recognising each other first as human beings, and embedding the African spirit of collaboration within all our interactions, we hope to ensure that an environment is created like no other to enhance scientific research collaborations and networking, whether at the conference venue itself, or any of the many visitor-friendly locations around Cape Town, or in the virtual spaces for all participants to engage in.
The IAU General Assembly will also include “unconference sessions” which will allow for talks to be proposed and voted upon at the event itself. Practically, it would mean that anyone attending the IAU GA (in person or online) will be able to propose a talk, workshop or discussion session and all the other attendees will have an opportunity to vote for their favourites. The proposals with the highest votes will be given a space in the venue to present their talk/workshop/discussion session. Unconference sessions are an excellent way for participants to take to a stage and present any work/topic that is new and/or of interest to the other participants.
Local economic development: In everything we do towards the organisation of this meeting, we ensure that there is as much local economic development as possible. This ranges from using local small businesses as suppliers to engaging communities that can provide goods or services directly to the delegates to turning the conference venue into a potential art gallery or market for limited periods during the conference. It is a principle of stimulating the local economy through conference attendance.
Outreach and education: Astronomy is a field that captures the imagination of people everywhere. With hundreds of astronomers descending onto the African continent, we want to ensure that there are opportunities for them to engage with schools and the general public about their science and potentially leave a lasting impact on the communities they visit. Our education and outreach team have a network of potential hosts across the continent who would be grateful to have conference attendees deliver talks or engage with children and the general public in their regions.
Changing how the world sees Africa: In a world where Africa has been historically looked down upon as a continent defined by suffering and a constant need for aid, we hope to demonstrate to the world the immense potential of the African people to rise above its very real challenges and contribute to human endeavour. By showing to the world that Africa can play a significant role in this field – that Africa can contribute, on par with any other region, to the furthering of human knowledge – maybe, just maybe, we will be able to change the way the world sees Africa and open up our future for greater connection and collaboration.
Sustainability
Conference venue: The venue was chosen partly because of its commitment to sustainability. The Cape Town International Convention Centre (CTICC) strives to support the events hosted there in a manner that benefits both society and the environment as a whole. It provides extensive guidelines to all conference organisers in terms of environmental sustainability, ranging from planning, procurement, energy efficiency, and waste minimisation to food choices. The venue also keeps track of its water, electricity and waste, and strives to reduce its environmental impact through engagement with the events it hosts.
Recognising our responsibility regarding travel: In light of the global climate crisis, it is crucial to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. For astronomers, travel to conferences and other meetings is a substantial contributor to their work-related GHG emissions. At the same time, our field relies on international collaboration and regular exchange at meetings. Those unable to participate in meetings physically (for example, due to a disability, caring responsibility, lack of funding, or strict border policies concerning specific nationalities) can be disadvantaged in terms of their career progression.
Therefore, we aim to provide a virtual attendance experience that is comparable to in-person attendance such that you don’t have to come to South Africa in person to participate at the meeting if you’re not able or willing to travel.
Making it worth the trip: We believe there are many ways to make the trip “worth it” (environmentally speaking). One of the most significant ways is to contribute to the capacity development of the local community. This can be in the form of contributions to growing science and astronomy capacity through lectures, workshops and collaborative engagements with local institutions.
Highlights
Scientific sessions: With more than 200 scientific sessions, the IAU General Assembly 2024 will undoubtedly be a very busy time. With invited discourses from Dr Bernie Fanaroff, Professor Natalie Batalha and Professor Joop Schaye, and Kavli, Shaw, Gruber and Nobel Prize winners, there will surely be something for everyone.
Innovative and Hybrid: All scientific sessions will be accessible to in-person and online participants. Both oral talks and posters can be presented and watched in person as well as online. We’re aiming for a rewarding virtual experience with an immersive online space for networking, remote presentations, remote posters, Q&A by video, mobile Zoom rooms (where someone walks the virtual participants around the venue), a live Zoom room in the exhibition hall where people in Cape Town can walk up to a screen and talk to virtual participants, etc.
Reinventing poster sessions: The poster sessions will aim to be truly hybrid. Each screen will display an A1 landscape poster in front of which the poster author can stand and meet people as they browse the posters in the traditional way. The significant difference, however, will be that each screen will also be a Zoom room with a camera and microphone. In this way, online participants can enter a specific poster’s Zoom room and interact with the poster author standing in front of the screen.
Open Access: For the first time, the IAU General Assembly will be open access. It means that anyone in the world will be able to follow
all the talks online, for free. We hope this model is adopted by other conferences so that we may inspire the next generation of scientists globally. The Open Access stream will offer passive participation in the conference.
Public Talk by astronaut Dr Sian Proctor: Join us for an unforgettable evening as Dr Sian Proctor, geoscience professor, Afrofuturism artist, and trailblazing astronaut from SpaceX Inspiration4, takes the stage at the Cape Town International Convention Centre on Wednesday 7 August at 19:30 SAST.
A live link to the International Space Station: Speak live to the astronauts on board the International Space Station (for about 10 minutes!). We are collaborating with the ‘Amateur Radio on the International Space Station’ (ARISS) group to connect live to astronauts in space via ham radio.
Side events: A large number of scientific meetings, workshops, hackathons are being planned as side events, in addition to the main scientific programme. They present opportunities for further engagement, learning and collaboration amongst researchers from across the world.
Unconference Sessions: In the exhibition area, there will also be a stage and seating for “Unconference sessions” which will allow for talks to be proposed and voted upon during the GA.
Pop-up radio station: In collaboration with a popular radio host, a popup radio station will be installed at the venue. This will allow conference participants to share their research with the broader public. The content will be streamed online and shared freely with community radio stations globally, recognising that community radio has by far the greatest reach in many parts of the world, and certainly in Africa.
Market: The pop-up market at the GA will be a vibrant marketplace that offers a platform for local makers, vendors, and crafters to showcase and sell their handmade goods and local innovative products to a global audience. The market not only provides a unique and authentic shopping experience for conference participants but also supports local entrepreneurs and will have a positive socio-economic impact, while highlighting the rich cultural heritage and artisanal talent in Cape Town and South Africa.
Technical Tours: South Africa has plenty of astronomy facilities that can be visited by conference participants before, during, and after the conference.
Social Events: Join us for our conference social events which aim to offer an enlightening and engaging experience in African culture. Prepare to unwind and have a fun-filled time. Apart from the usual receptions, there will be a cultural evening of song and storytelling; and we are also planning a talent night for participants “Astronomer’s Got Other Talents”.
Art exhibition: An art exhibition called Shared Skies from the Square Kilometre Array Organisation (SKAO) will be on display for the duration of the conference. This is an international indigenous art/astronomy exhibition that stems from a vision by the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) to bring together ‘under one sky’ Aboriginal Australian and South African artists in a collaborative exhibition celebrating humanity’s ancient cultural wisdom.
Meeting Pods: We understand that participants always need space for impromptu meetings and discussions with colleagues and potential collaborators. Meeting pods of varying sizes in the exhibition hall will be made available for booking by all participants.
You can explore the programme and sign up to engage here: https:// astronomy2024.org/outreach-and-education/.
TWHAT’S IN STORE AT
EXHIBITIONS AND SIDE EVENTS
By: Moleboge Lekoloane and Charles Takalana
he International Astronomical Union (IAU) General Assembly (GA) 2024, set to take place in Cape Town, South Africa, from August 6th to 15th, 2024, promises to be a landmark event in the field of astronomy. As the first IAU GA to be hosted on the African continent, it brings together a diverse international community of astronomers, researchers, and space enthusiasts. Alongside a robust scientific program, the event features an expansive exhibition and a variety of side events that highlight the latest advancements in astronomy and foster global collaboration.
The exhibitions at the IAU GA 2024, located in Hall 1A & 1B at the Cape Town International Convention Centre (CTICC), will be open throughout the conference. They promise to be a vibrant showcase of cutting-edge astronomical research, technology, and innovation. Leading astronomy projects, facilities, institutions, space agencies, and private companies will exhibit their work, providing attendees with a comprehensive view of the current state and future of astronomy and related fields.
Among the exhibition’s many highlights, the Square Kilometre Array Observatory (SKAO), a Platinum sponsor, stands out. SKAO will display the progress of the world’s largest radio telescope project, designed to explore the universe in unprecedented detail. The National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), a Silver sponsor, will present its pioneering research in optical, infrared, and radio astronomy, showcasing its contributions to the exploration of our universe and international collaborations.
We are also delighted to host NASA, which will feature updates on its various missions, including the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and other existing and upcoming astronomy space missions. Attendees can interact with NASA scientists and learn about future space missions that promise to expand our understanding of the cosmos. The South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), hosting a significant exhibition space, will highlight the MeerKAT telescope’s scientific achievements and its role in the SKA project. They will be joined by other African Astronomy facilities and organisations, including the African Astronomical Society (AfAS), the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO), NASSP, and others.
The European Southern Observatory (ESO) will present its work from the Southern Hemisphere, including the development of the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT), set to revolutionize observational astronomy. Similarly, the European Space Agency (ESA) will provide insights into its latest missions, including their involvement in the JWST and others, offering a glimpse into the future of space exploration.
The South African National Space Agency (SANSA) will also be exhibiting, emphasising the vital role of space science and technology in advancing our understanding of the universe and improving life on Earth. SANSA’s participation underscores the importance of na-
tional and international collaborations in the field of space science.
Publishing houses like Cambridge University Press and Springer Nature will also have a presence, showcasing their extensive range of academic publications and educational materials. Private companies such as Pyralink Aerospace and Mikulski Space Telescope will display innovative products and technologies, providing solutions for space exploration and astronomical research. The Inter-university Institute for Data Intensive Astronomy (IDIA) and the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) will present their ongoing research and contributions to data-intensive astronomy and interdisciplinary collaboration.
The IAU GA 2024 exhibition promises to be a melting pot of ideas and innovations. It will provide a platform for organisations to network, engage, and showcase their initiatives, products, and services to key decision-makers within the field. This unique opportunity will undoubtedly boost participating exhibitors’ business potential and profile to a diverse international audience. Many organisations have been eagerly awaiting this chance to present in Africa, and exhibition spaces are expected to be in high demand.
For exhibitors, the benefits are manifold. Not only will they have the opportunity to reach a highly targeted audience of around 2,500 delegates, including prominent leaders, scholars, and professionals from the international astronomy community, but they will also gain media profiling and a chance to contribute to the advancement of astronomy in Africa and globally. The exhibition hours, from 09:00 to 18:00, will maximize networking opportunities with participants, exhibitors, and visitors.
Understanding that participants always need space for impromptu meetings and discussions with colleagues and potential collaborators, meeting pods of varying sizes will be available for booking by all participants. These meeting pods in the exhibition hall will provide the perfect setting for spontaneous interactions and collaborative discussions.
The exhibition area will also feature a stage and seating for “Unconference sessions” which will hold discussions to be proposed and voted upon during the GA. Unconference sessions are an excellent way for participants to take to a stage and present any work or topic that is new and of interest to the other participants. This dynamic format ensures that the content is relevant and engaging, and driven by the interests and expertise of the attendees themselves.
We’re aiming for a rewarding virtual experience with an immersive online space for networking, remote presentations, remote posters, Q&A by video, mobile Zoom rooms (where someone walks the virtual participants around the venue), a live Zoom room in the exhibition hall where people in Cape Town can walk up to a screen and talk to virtual participants, etc. This hybrid approach ensures that those who cannot attend in person still have the opportunity to participate fully and engage with the global astronomy community.
Enhancing the Experience: Side Events
The IAU GA 2024 is not just about exhibitions and scientific presentations but also about fostering collaboration and engaging the broader community through various side events. These events are designed to provide additional networking opportunities, discussions on diverse topics within astronomy, and platforms for collaboration.
The ASTRO ACCEL Summit, taking place on August 4th and 5th, will be a significant event focused on advancing astronomy education, engagement, communication, and culture. As a network of networks, ASTRO ACCEL brings together researchers and practitioners from various domains to connect stakeholders and drive forward these crucial areas of research. This summit will provide a forum for discussing innovative strategies and future directions in these fields. The ASTRO ACCEL Summit aims to create a collaborative environment where ideas can be shared and partnerships formed, ensuring that the advancements in astronomy education and engagement continue to grow.
Another key event is Life in the Universe 2024, scheduled for August 5th and 6th. This conference combines topical work on the search for extraterrestrial life with research into the origins and evolution of life, cognition, and technology on Earth. Leading researchers will review key aspects of the search for life in the Solar System and the Universe, as well as microbial life on Earth and the evolution of hominids and intelligence. The conference also celebrates the centennial of the discovery of the Taung child fossil skull in South Africa and the fiftieth anniversary of the discovery of the Lucy fossil in East Africa, seminal discoveries confirming Africa as the cradle of humankind.
The Shared Skies Exhibition on August 5th celebrates the cultural and scientific heritage of astronomy across different societies. This exhibition will showcase the diverse ways in which various cultures have observed and understood the night sky. By highlighting the rich tapestry of astronomical traditions from around the world, the Shared Skies Exhibition aims to foster a deeper appreciation for the universal nature of astronomy and its significance in various cultures.
On August 7th, the MeerKAT/SARAO side event will highlight the scientific achievements of the MeerKAT telescope and its contributions to global radio astronomy. This event will provide an in-depth look at the groundbreaking research facilitated by MeerKAT and the broader impact of SARAO’s work through their HCD programmes. The evening will culminate in a public lecture aimed at engaging the broader public in astronomy, making the wonders of the universe accessible to everyone.
Open Access Encounters on August 7th will delve into the challenges and opportunities of open access publishing in astronomy. This panel discussion will address the impact of open access on research dissemination and scientific collaboration. As the push for open access gains momentum, this event will provide a critical platform for discussing how open access can democratize knowledge and foster greater collaboration within the scientific community.
The Global Coalition for Dark Skies event on August 8th will focus on efforts to combat light pollution and preserve dark skies for astronomical observations. Experts will share best practices and strategies for advocating for dark sky preservation. By bringing together stakeholders from around the world, the Global Coalition for Dark Skies aims to create a unified front in the fight against light pollution, ensuring that future generations can continue to enjoy the beauty of the night sky.
A special breakfast event will be hosted during the IAU-GA2024 and will provide an exclusive networking opportunity with leading astronomers, discussing current trends and future directions in the field. This intimate gathering will allow for meaningful conversations with some of the most influential figures in astronomy and science, fostering new connections and collaborations.
The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Science Session on August 8th will present the latest findings from the EHT project, which captured the first image of a black hole. Researchers will discuss the project’s future goals and scientific implications. This session promises to be a highlight of the conference, offering attendees a glimpse into the cutting-edge research that is reshaping our understanding of the universe.
On August 9th, the SKA Observatory event will delve into the scientific and technological advancements of the Square Kilometere Array, showcasing its potential to revolutionisze our understanding of the universe. This session will highlight the transformative impact of the SKA project and its role in pushing the boundaries of astronomical research.
The NASA – SSERVI Africa Node event on August 9th will highlight the potential for collaboration between the African Astronomical Society (AfAS) and NASA’s Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute (SSERVI). This session will also discuss community opportunities, emphasising the importance of collaborative research efforts and the benefits of such partnerships for African scientists in planetary science. By fostering these international collaborations, the NASA – SSERVI Africa Node aims to create a more inclusive and diverse scientific community.
The JWST Hands-On Workshop on the same day will provide practical experience with data from the James Webb Space Telescope, offering insights into data analysis techniques and the telescope’s scientific potential. This handson workshop will be an invaluable opportunity for participants to gain firsthand experience with one of the most advanced telescopes in operation today.
The IAU-GA 2024 also promises the convergence of the astronomy and space science communities, offering unparalleled opportunities for collaboration and knowledge exchange. By bringing together experts, researchers, and enthusiasts from around the world. This unity is crucial for addressing the complex challenges of space exploration and harnessing the full potential of scientific discoveries for the benefit of all humanity.
The importance of having the astronomy and space science communities come together cannot be overstated. These gatherings provide a platform for sharing the latest research findings, discussing new theories, and exploring innovative technologies. They also foster the development of professional networks that can lead to collaborative research projects, joint missions, and the sharing of resources. By working together, we can achieve more significant advancements in our understanding of the universe than any single entity could accomplish alone.
This year’s General Assembly is particularly significant as it is the first to be held on the African continent, symbolising the growing role of Africa in the global astronomical community. Africa has a rich astronomical heritage and is home to some of the most significant observational facilities in the world. Hosting the IAU-GA 2024 in Cape Town provides a unique opportunity to showcase these assets and demonstrate the continent’s contributions to the field.
As we gather in Cape Town, we will celebrate not only the scientific achievements but also the cultural heritage that enriches our understanding of the universe. The diverse perspectives and experiences that participants bring will undoubtedly lead to meaningful discussions and innovative ideas that push the boundaries of our knowledge.
We believe that the IAU-GA 2024 will be an enriching experience, combining a comprehensive exhibition with engaging side events. Attendees will have the opportunity to explore the latest advancements in astronomy, interact with leading scientists and researchers, and participate in discussions that will shape the future of the field.
Join us in Cape Town for an unforgettable journey, It’s time for Africa! Together, we will explore new frontiers, build lasting partnerships, and celebrate the rich tapestry of knowledge and culture that astronomy brings to our world. For more information and updates, visit the official IAU General Assembly 2024 website.
Pan-African STM Cinema Competition
MathematischNaturwissenschaftliche Fakultät
Institut für Physik
Theoretische Physik (Quantenfeldtheorie jenseits des Standardmodells und Stringtheorie)
Prof. Dr. Jan Plefka Sprecher GRK 2575 "Rethinking Quantum Field Theory"
Postanschrift: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin 10099 Berlin
Are you good at explaining concepts in a clear way?
Zum Großen Windkanal 2 Raum 1.227 12489 Berlin
Would you like to make short explainer videos in science / tech / math?
We are accepting entries for the 2024 Pan-African STM Cinema Competition
Submission deadline: 30 October, 2024
1000 euro prizes for the best explainer videos For details see https://www.pastmcc.com
With support of AIMS South Africa and AIMS Senegal
SANSA
APPLY NOW FOR A SANSA POSTGRADUATE BURSARY FOR THE 2025 ACADEMIC YEAR IN THE BELOW FIELDS
Earth Observation (Hons, MSc, PhD)
Remote sensing
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Earth system science with remote sensing
Earth observations in ecosystems accounting
Applications of remote sensing in environmental management including oceans and marine, agriculture and rangelands, water resource management, mineral resource and spatial planning, air quality and climate science
Engineering (MEng, MTech, MSc, PHD, DTech)
Software and software systems engineering
Aeronautical, aerospace, mechanical, material, process, electronic, mechatronic and computer engineering
Space, systems, antenna and RF engineering
Electromagnetic Compatibility
Digital signal processing, onboard earth observation
mission management, onboard data analysis and reaction, ground operations, earth observation and science data
analysis and reporting
Solar physics and space weather forecasting
Antarctic radar studies of atmospheric gravity waves
Multi-instrument studies of space weather
Multi-scale ionospheric physics, structure and dynamics
Ionospheric and radio propagation modelling
Theory of waves (solitons) in plasmas
Atmospheric radiation studies
Verification of space weather forecasting
Modelling geomagnetically induced currents in power systems
All SANSA divisions (Hons, MSc, PhD)
Computer science
Information systems
Software and systems engineering
Data science
Field of your choice related to key SANSA objectives
Space Weather impacts on global navigation satellite systems
Statistical analysis of ionospheric scintillation
Evaluation of the space weather near-real-time products
Applications for 2025 are NOW OPEN until 30 September 2024. All proposals must be submitted by 30 September and sent to students@sansa org za Please send updated proposals to students@sansa org za if you make changes after submission
Application and requirements can be found and submitted @ http://www sansa org za/bursaries Note that some stude nt projects may require the submission of an NRF bursary application as well as a SANSA application. All inquiries can be sent to grants@sansa.org.za | Only complete forms will be considered for selection.
Space Science (Hons, MSc, MPhil, PhD)
CAPE TOWN 2024 OUTREACH PROGRAMMES
By: Duduzile Kubheka and Dr Sally Macfarlane
TThe Outreach and Education committee for the International Astronomical Union (IAU) General Assembly (GA) and the African Astronomical Society is planning a suite of activities for students across the African continent before, during, and after the conference. An important factor of these projects is to build impactful and sustainable programmes, ensuring that the GA’s societal benefits will not end in August 2024.
During the conference, scientists are encouraged to participate in a variety of planned activities, including public lectures by astronomers, astronauts, and a Nobel Prize winner. Additional events include talks at local pubs and restaurants, a possible radio connection to the International Space Station, and even a hike. These activities provide unique and engaging platforms for scientists to interact with the public. Moreover, they offer astronomers and astronomy communicators the chance to form vital connections in new and sometimes unconventional settings, potentially leading to future collaborations. To highlight the fun and personable side of science and scientists, there will also be a talent show where astronomers are invited to sign up and showcase their talents to the public.
A cultural exchange evening featuring Indigenous knowledge will take centre stage to encourage knowledge exchange and deeper connections. This unique event will celebrate the rich tapestry of
cultures and their historical relationship with the skies through storytelling, music, dance, and poetry, providing captivating insight into the timeless wisdom of Indigenous traditions.
Additionally, a diverse and multi-layered education programme will be offered during the GA. Learners and teachers will be invited to the conference venue to encourage everyone, especially underrepresented groups in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), to engage with astronomy in new ways and be exposed to authentic experiences in science. Astronomers in attendance at the conference are encouraged to sign up to visit local classrooms and discuss their work, their careers, and the process of science. Scientists will also be able to engage with learners online in a series of virtual meet-ups throughout the conference.
During the GA, teacher training sessions will be held, focusing on specific content covered in their curricula. These sessions aim to help teachers better understand the material while providing guidance on the most effective teaching methods. Specific curriculum outcomes will be shared with participants to allow them to properly prepare and deliver accordingly.
As an exciting and innovative first for international astronomy conferences, Radio Astro will be an online pop-up radio station designed to leave a lasting legacy in the hearts and minds of Cape Town’s at-risk youth and listeners from vulnerable communities
across the developing world. The primary goal is to train aspiring science communicators to broadcast highlights from the GA in an accessible and conversational radio format, providing them with valuable on-the-job training. Moreover, this platform aims to ignite the dreams of the next generation of astronomers and space scientists, helping them realise that their aspirations are achievable.
After
The Cascade Outreach Project extends well beyond the GA, with students and young professionals from across Africa engaging in outreach and education activities within their local communities. This initiative promotes diversity, inclusivity, and relatable role modelling while training a new generation of scientists in communication and leadership skills.
The celebration of astronomy in Africa will continue throughout August as part of Africa Astro Month. This collaboration involves outreach professionals, amateur astronomers, and astronomy organisations across the continent, who will participate in additional astronomy outreach and education activities. Participants will also be able to visit organisations in other parts of Africa, volunteering and contributing to the outreach efforts.
Looking Forward
In modern times, it is no longer sufficient to continue to host massive global conferences as we have before. It is essential that “tried and trusted” methods make way for innovative and adaptable solutions if we are to ensure sustainable and meaningful impact for the benefit of all. Therefore, this year’s IAU GA, and by extension its outreach and education programme, has established three key pillars: worldwide impact, increased accessibility through open-access hybrid means, and eco-conscience sustainability. It is with these goals in mind that all of our outreach and education projects were devised.
As the first GA on the African continent, participants, learners, and the public alike will undergo a unique experience. Not only will they be able to engage in the typical offerings of a scientific conference and its outreach programme, but they will also get to experience a proudly African innovation: an event that is not afraid to push the limits. Indeed, participants will be able to gain a glimpse into the future of conferences, with a global impact that will be felt long after the conference doors are closed.
For more information and to get involved, please contact outreach@astronomy2024.org.
C ELEBRATI NG
YEARS OF A
f AS
By: Thembela Mantungwa
The idea of a Pan-African professional society of astronomers was hatched in 2008. It was easy to coordinate because there were already existing societies within the different regions of the continent as well as thriving astronomy in South Africa.
Even with the first launch enthusiasm AfAS needed resuscitation. As such during an Astronomy in Africa Business meeting held at the South African Astronomical Observatory in Cape Town, the African Astronomical Society was relaunched in March 2019. It was also at this meeting that a new African Astronomical Society constitution was adopted with a 3-year employment offer of a Secretariat by the South African government. South Africa currently hosts the Secretariat of AfAS with its offices at the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) in Cape Town.
The vision of AfAS is to establish a globally competitive and collaborative astronomy community within the continent to be the voice of astronomy in Africa while also contributing to addressing the continent’s challenges through the promotion and advancement of astronomy. The key aim is to develop human capacity using astronomy by connecting everyone to a vibrant and active AfAS. Most functions within the society are run by committees, among them is the science committee responsible for ensuring that seed grants and prizes to support astronomy projects by postgraduates and early career researchers are disbursed. Acquisition of skills that ensure competitiveness among young and emerging astronomers is of paramount importance, hence the science committee supports the Pan-African and Regional Astronomy schools. Furthermore, seeing the importance of sustainability,
the AfAS executive committee has adopted an Astronomy Schools Policy Framework. Naturally, the formation of the integrated system of observatories across the continent makes it easier to consolidate scientific opportunities, share telescope access, organise exchange programs, and coordinate outreach and capacity building.
Some parts of the continent have abundant astronomy activities, yet in some parts there is absolutely nothing but curiosity exists, our outreach programs are geared towards making astronomy accessible to the public, universities, and schools. In countries where astronomy has no footprint at all, the Global Outreach Projects integrates astronomy information into the curricula of science and thereafter raises awareness. Owing to the prohibitive cost of telescope equipment, the Portable and Affordable Radio Telescope is Schools (PAARTS) and Radio Astronomy produces and distributes low-cost, accessible portable do-it-yourself educational radio telescope packages with the sole purpose of inspiring the future generation of astronomers - the project targets mainly undergraduates. On the other hand, outreach and education advance astronomy knowledge by promoting its application in many projects, some of which include an ambassador program aiding in establishing a network of stakeholders and astronomy enthusiasts who participate in outreach activities and astronomy advocacy.
The Africa Astronomical Society is steeped in the understanding of representation, especially the issue of women in science, while some regions within the continent enjoy notable representation, others are still grappling with it. This is why the society has the African Network for Women in Astronomy (AfNWA) whose objective is connecting women within astronomy and other closely related fields. Their work extends to the recruitment of girls and women at all levels to ensure the development of science on the continent. In partnership with the International Science Programme at Uppsala University, AfNWA introduced awards that acknowledge and support women’s achievements in astronomy, and these awards are divided into two categories: early-career and senior-level astronomers. This year’s awards were handed over at the AfAS annual conference in Morocco.
Marking the strength and maturity of the society, this year’s annual AfAS conference was held in Morocco, a first since all the conferences were held in South Africa. This change of venue showcased the beauty and richness of the continent’s cultural diversity. According to the science committee, the quality of abstracts submitted for the conference is improving year on year and the topics are varied. The membership numbers are increasing as more astronomers are seeing value in having an astronomical society on the continent. The opening ceremony demonstrated the strong relationships the society enjoys with other international societies like the European Astronomical Society and the International Astronomical Union, as their presidents wished the society well for the week-long meeting. AfAS plans to expand its reach and collaborate with other societies worldwide. The sustainability of the African Astronomical Society programs relies on funding, the South African Department of Science and Innovation pledged its 6-year support for the society. Another significant milestone is the joint coordination of the two-weeklong International Astronomical Union General Assembly meeting that will be held in Cape Town in August, which will provide the AfAS members an opportunity to talk about their research as well as find collaborations with the international community.
SSIC 2024: CALL FOR POSTERS - DEADLINE 12 AUGUST
Space Science in Context (#SSiC2024) is back on 17–18 October! SSiC is an experimental virtual conference bringing together people interested in and who study outer space and/or its social contexts for an interactive event! Learn more here.
What: Alongside our panel sessions, SSiC aims to raise the profile of other research and activities happening in our community that foreground space science in social contexts. The purpose of the poster session is to share bite-sized insights from work that is happening that addresses our core focus: the contexts that space science happens in.
Who: The theme of SSiC 2024 is Justice in Action. We are interested in contributions that address this theme, whether it is specific scholarship, community activism, interventions, and other grassroots efforts. You can get an idea of the kinds of topics that were covered in SSiC 2023’s posters here.
Format: The goal of this part of SSiC 2024 is “bite-sized insights.” For this, we prefer a video (or audio) recording with at most 2 slides, and for 3 minutes duration maximum, but are open to other types of submissions. All posters must meet our poster accessibility guidelines. We also expect submissions and presenters to also comply with the SSiC 2024 code of conduct.
Accessibility: We are open to other formats of a similar content size - please email us if you have an idea at spacescienceincontext@ gmail.com. Please also email if you have any access concerns or questions.
Deadlines and timeline:
● Applications close: 12 August 2024
● Selected poster authors notified: 22 August 2024
● Poster submission deadline: 2 October 2024
● Posters and recordings available to participants: 9 October 2024
● Conference: 17–18 October 2024
Note: Poster display at Space Science in Context is based on acceptance of the abstract AND compliance with our access requirements for media. SSiC 2024 is an access-centered conference, and contributions are expected to be inclusive. We reserve the right to not host a poster that is accepted as an abstract if it does not meet our inclusion standards—or is too long—when finally submitted. If this is the case we will give the author the option to edit their submission between the 2nd October and the 9th October, but we cannot guarantee that it will be displayed following their revision.
DSI-NRF Funding for Postgraduate Students: 2025
The DSI and NRF have issued a call for NEW APPLICATIONS for Postgraduate Student Funding for the 2025 academic year*.
CRITERIA
• Minimum academic requirement: 65%.
• Students must be 30 and 32 years or younger for master’s and doctoral studies respectively in the year of application.
Full Cost of Study (FCS) funding will be awarded to South African citizens and Permanent Residents who are:
• financially needy (i.e. combined family household income is R350 000 or less per annum) or
• living with a disability or
• exceptional academic achievers.
Partial Cost of Study (PCS) funding will be awarded to 5% of international students, including South African citizens and Permanent Residents who could not be funded under FCS, but meet other minimum requirements for the NRF scholarship funding criteria.
CLOSING DATES FOR APPLICANTS:
• First-time Master's/Doctoral: 5 July 2024
• Master's and Doctoral Extension Support: 15 September 2024
HOW TO APPLY
1. Please apply only via the NRF Connect system: https://nrfconnect.nrf.ac.za/
2. Refer to the relevant Application and Funding Guide and Framework documents for each step as you complete the online application form (visit the ‘Details’ link).
3. Masters & PhD students who apply for DSI-NRF funding under NITheCS, please:
o quote UID code 65212 in your application.
o complete the NITheCS Tracking Form at https://forms.gle/U9CvaXAKzX3KbwuU6 when your application has been submitted, so NITheCS can follow up on your application.
GOT A QUERY?
Contact the Research or Postgraduate office at your university
https://bit.ly/4eMGAJE
THE 4TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE
OF THE AFRICAN ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
Marrakesh, Morocco – From April 14 to 20, 2024, the Faculty of Science Semlalia in Marrakech held the 4th Annual Conference of the African Astronomical Society (AfAS2024) for the first time in Morocco. The event was hosted by Cadi Ayyad University and the Oukaimeden Observatory, showcasing the remarkable progress in scientific research, outreach, communication, and education within African astronomy.
The conference aimed to foster collaboration among African nations and the global astronomical community, bringing together a diverse range of participants, including policymakers, funders, researchers, outreach officers, and educators. Through sharing a variety of studies and facilitating critical discussions, the AfAS-2024 conference served as a platform for advancing astronomy research across Africa.
The conference underscored the vital role of astronomy in science education and public engagement throughout Africa, highlighting recent advancements and the continent’s contributions to the global astronomical landscape.
Key objectives included promoting the integration of astronomy into regional and national science
policies, supporting the development of young scientists with an emphasis on inclusion and diversity, and facilitating collaborative research projects and educational initiatives. Additionally, the event aimed to prepare the African astronomy community for the International Astronomical Union (IAU) General Assembly in 2024 and its anticipated legacy thereafter.
AfAS-2024 brought together a wide range of participants from across Africa, integrating both in-person and virtual attendance. The event’s broad scope, encompassing scientific research, education, and outreach, underscored its commitment to advancing astronomy. The programme featured 260 abstracts, 150 participants in-person and 110 in virtual, 140 talks, 111 posters, and insights from distin-
guished invited speakers, covering a vast array of topics.
Specialized sessions and workshops offered platforms for in-depth discussions and knowledge exchange, while outreach activities engaged communities and showcased the work of astronomical clubs and associations, particularly in Morocco. Exhibitors highlighted ongoing projects and innovations, contributing to a vibrant atmosphere. A hackathon at Oukaimeden Observatory further demonstrated the event’s dedication to promoting creativity and problem-solving.
The conference included ten specialized sessions organized by AfAS sub-committees and partner projects, each addressing crucial aspects of astronomy:
The SKA Observatory session provided updates on telescope construction, science areas, and operational planning. The IAU-GA2024 session focused on preparing the African astronomy community for the upcoming General Assembly, with an emphasis on accessibility, impact, and sustainability. Africa-Europe Collaborations celebrated existing partnerships and planned future collaborations in research, education, policy development, and funding. Hackathons for Development explored how hackathons can address Africa’s development challenges, strengthen networks, and train new scientists.
The Community Interaction Management session tackled communication challenges within the African astronomy community and proposed engagement strategies. Stellar Physics Variables delved into advancements in stellar physics, focusing on variable stars and the upcoming RR Lyrae and Cepheid Conference. The Women in Astronomy session highlighted achievements and sought to increase support for women in African astronomy. Planetary Sciences covered recent developments and the aim to establish an African Planetary Sciences division within AfAS. Astronomy Education examined student engagement and effective educational practices in astronomy. The Space Debris and Satellites Tracking session emphasized the importance of space science and proposed establishing an African satellite observation network for space debris and tracking issues.
These sessions showcased critical advancements in African astronomy, highlighting strategic partnerships and progress in key areas.
The National Outreach Coordinator (NOC) Morocco, led by Dr Meriem Elyajouri, co-Chair of the AfAS-2024 LOC, organised a series of public engagement activities. These initiatives aligned with the International Astronomical Union’s Office of Astronomy for Outreach (IAU OAO) activities in Africa, showcasing Morocco’s outreach efforts on a global stage.
Exhibition spaces at the conference displayed the activities of various Moroccan associations, such as the Atlas Dark Sky Foundation, Marrakech Amateur Astronomy Association (3AM), SpaceBus Morocco, and the digital outreach initiative SpaceChat.
The Boujdour Astronomy Association and Sahara Astronomy Association represented southern Morocco, while the ATTARIK Foundation promoted their work on meteorites and planetary science. Numerous student clubs, including HEPAC Club, the Asif
Astronomy Club and Al Akhawayn University Astronomy Club, also participated.
Public engagement activities included stargazing sessions, workshops for school children, and public talks, enhancing the collaborative spirit of the conference. A major highlight was the Astronomy Street Show in Jemaa El Fna Square, attracting a wide audi-
ence. Naked-eye sky observations and constellation storytelling were conducted in multiple languages at Atlas Golf Marrakech, engaging participants of all ages.
A standout initiative was the SpaceBus Morocco programme for solidarity, designed to support earthquake-affected regions. This programme exemplified Morocco’s commitment to using astronomy as a tool for community support and rebuilding.
The AfAS-2024 conference in Marrakech was a resounding success, uniting over 700 attendees from diverse African nations and beyond. This gathering exemplifying the importance of strategic collaboration, innovative engagement, and community outreach. It significantly advanced African astronomy and enhanced its global standing. As the African astronomical community prepares for the IAU General Assembly in 2024, the achievements and partnerships forged at AfAS-2024 will undoubtedly leave a lasting legacy.
INNOVATING FOR IMPACT: TSOLO STORAGE SYSTEMS
Established in 2018, Tsolo Storage Systems is dedicated to locally revolutionising the petascale storage and high-performance computing sectors. Our mission is clear; to deliver cost-effective, locally designed systems that keep 70% of our spending within South Africa.
Pioneering Full-Stack Solutions
At Tsolo, we stand out as a full-stack systems developer, crafting custom hardware and intuitive user interfaces. This integrated approach enables us to respond to customer needs swiftly, offering competitive advantages through bespoke solutions.
Bridging Innovation and Commercialization
We play a crucial role in bridging government-funded intellectual property with commercial applications. Collaborations with SARAO have yielded cutting-edge solutions that are both affordable and ground-breaking, supporting both scientific research and commercial enterprise.
Advancing Storage Technologies
Our portfolio spans diverse storage projects—from flash and disk to tape. Beyond traditional solutions, we’re developing a rugged supercomputing platform designed for deployment outside conventional data centers.
Empowering Institutions and Communities
In partnership with the NRF, DSI, and other government bodies, Tsolo is spearheading a project to deploy distributed computing and storage infrastructure across historically disadvantaged institutions in South Africa and beyond. This initiative promises to be a catalyst for both educational and commercial advancements.
Staying Ahead in Technology
We’re committed to keeping pace with technological advancements and bringing affordable solutions to the South African market. In a landscape marked by rapid technological evolution, our focus on practical problem-solving ensures value-driven outcomes that empower our local community to compete globally.
At Tsolo Storage Systems, we’re not just about delivering the latest technology; we’re about delivering solutions that truly meet our customers’ needs. By prioritizing affordability and practicality, we aim to level the playing field internationally, despite significant economic disparities.
VISIONARY LEADER IN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION:
DR. PHIL MJWARA APPOINTED AS SOUTH
AFRICA’S AMBASSADOR EXTRAORDINAIRE TO UNESCO
By: Siphokazi Vuso
tutions to equip them with digital skills.”
“I believe that we are making some progress, but we still also have to work hard into getting more representation of black women professors in the STEM fields. That is something that still needs to be achieved,” he said.
Adding that in order to achieve this, there is a need to show the link between knowledge and inclusive growth in low and medium income countries.
“An uneven development across the world is not sustainable. One of the functions of UNESCO, amongst other things, is to use the lessons we have learned in South Africa to demonstrate that even a country with all the social problems we face can invest in science and use it as part of our growth trajectory.
As discussions progress within UNESCO, perhaps they can draw from South Africa’s experiences and those of other nations to share with other low and medium-income countries that are part of UNESCO, and also refine the tools for supporting development in low and medium-income countries,” he said.
Mjwara concluded that he believes that investing in science has the potential to be a catalyst for building the African continent.
“There is only one way; build the knowledge base, invest in science and let the scientists be the guidance of policies to drive this socio-economic agenda that we need for our continent,” he said.
Quote: “We are making some progress, but we still also have to work hard into getting more representation of black women professors in the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) fields. That is something that still needs to be achieved”
- Dr Phil Mjwara
Celebrating National
A TRIBUTE TO WOMEN IN ASTRONOMY
By Siphokazi Vuso and Mutshidzi Nelwamondo
ational Women’s Day in South Africa is a significant day that commemorates the historic 1956 women’s march to the Union Buildings in Pretoria to protest against the discriminatory pass laws. The march, led by women of different races and backgrounds, played a pivotal role in the struggle for women’s rights and equality in South Africa.This year, as we gather for the International Astronomical Union (IAU) General Assembly 2024, it is particularly poignant to reflect on the remarkable women who have shaped the field of astronomy and continue to push the boundaries of our cosmic understanding.
The Legacy of Women in Astronomy
Historically, women have made significant yet often under-recognised contributions to astronomy. From the pioneering work of Caroline Herschel, who discovered several comets in the late 18th century, to the groundbreaking research of Vera Rubin, whose observations provided crucial evidence for the existence of dark matter, women have played a pivotal role in expanding our knowledge of the universe. Women have made significant contributions to the field of astronomy throughout history, despite facing numerous challenges and barriers. The legacy of women in astronomy is a testament to their perseverance, passion for discovery, and dedication to advancing our understanding of the universe. Their efforts have not only advanced the field but have also paved the way for future generations of female astronomers.
Breaking Barriers
Despite these contributions, women in astronomy have faced numerous challenges. Gender biases and structural barriers have historically limited opportunities for
women in scientific fields. However, in recent decades, there has been significant progress. Programs aimed at promoting gender equity, such as mentorship opportunities, supportive networks, and policy changes, have begun to address these disparities. The rise of prominent female astronomers and their leadership roles within the IAU exemplify this positive shift.
Celebrating Contemporary Contributions
The IAU General Assembly 2024 serves as an excellent platform to celebrate the accomplishments of women in the field today. Leading astronomers like Sara Seager, who has made groundbreaking contributions to exoplanet research, and Priyamvada Natarajan, known for her work on dark matter and black holes, exemplify the ongoing impact of women in shaping modern astronomy.
Their research not only enhances our understanding of the universe but also inspires a new generation of women scientists. The increased visibility of these leaders helps to dismantle stereotypes and encourages young women to pursue careers in astronomy and related fields.
Looking Ahead: Future Prospects
As we honour women during the IAU General Assembly, it is crucial to continue supporting their contributions in the astronomy field. This includes promoting inclusive practices, providing equal opportunities, and ensuring that the contributions of female astronomers are recognised and celebrated. The ongoing commitment to gender equity will not only benefit individual scientists but also enrich the field as a whole, fostering a more diverse and innovative scientific community.
This Women’s Day is a time to reflect on the extraordinary achievements of women in astronomy and to commit to furthering gender equality in the field. As we gather at the IAU General Assembly, let us celebrate the progress made, acknowledge the challenges that remain, and reaffirm our dedication to supporting and empowering women in science. Their voices, perspectives, and discoveries are vital to unlocking the mysteries of the cosmos and inspiring future generations of astronomers.
OFFICE OF
ASTRONOMY FOR DEVELOPMENT: Astronomy for a Better World
By: Dr Joyful Mdhluli
Established in 2011, the International Astronomical Union’s Office of Astronomy for Development (IAUOAD) is a joint project of the IAU and the South African National Research Foundation (NRF), with the support of the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI). Hosted by the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) in Cape Town, the OAD leverages astronomy to address various societal challenges. Astronomy is utilized to tackle global issues and promote sustainable development across scientific, technological, social, cultural, economic, and environmental sectors.
To ensure a significant global impact, the OAD established 11 Regional Offices (ROADs) and Language Centres (LOADs) worldwide, each tailored to specific regional, cultural, or language needs. The OAD, with the help of the ROADs and LOADs, achieves its goals by strategically funding and coordinating projects, through the annual call for proposals, that use astronomy to address sustainable development challenges. Additionally, the OAD supports three flagship projects.
OAD Annual Call for Proposals:
The OAD annual call for proposals aims to support projects that use astronomy, space, and related topics to tackle challenges in
communities and regions to promote sustainable development and create a better society. The call is intended for small to medium projects, with an average grant amount of 5000 euros granted to each project annually. To ensure sustainability, projects are encouraged to seek additional funding from local institutions and other international bodies alongside the grant received from the OAD.
To date, the OAD has supported over 200 projects in more than 100 countries, with over 1 million euros allocated to these initiatives. In 2024, the OAD will support 12 projects worldwide, along with two additional multi-year ongoing projects selected in previous years. The 2024 annual call for proposals closed in April 2024, receiving 119 submissions that are currently under review for funding in 2025.
Astronomy for Development in Africa:
The Office of Astronomy for Development has regional offices, with three of the eleven based on the African continent: Ethiopia for the East Africa Region, Zambia for the Southern Africa Region, and Nigeria for the West Africa Region. A summary of the impact report indicates that the majority of the funded projects are located within Africa, with 39% in Sub-Saharan Africa. (Refer to the image - geographical image)
OAD Flagships:
The OAD flagship projects were established based on past project experiences, input from regional offices, consultations with development professionals, and an analysis of international trends related to the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Through thorough analysis and consultation with the OAD Steering Committee, three flagship projects were selected:
Flagship 1: Astronomy for Socio-economic Development focuses on using astronomical facilities like observatories and planetaria to stimulate socio-economic benefits for local communities in dark sky regions. Astrotourism is one of the initiatives under this flagship, with resources being developed for rural communities around observatories and existing tourism businesses.
Flagship 2: Astronomy for Mental Health aims to harness the inspirational potential of astronomy to improve mental health and wellbeing. Pilot projects include writing retreats in remote dark sky areas, online workshops for students, and art therapy involving astronomy concepts. The team is now creating resources for those interested in using astronomy for mental health.
Flagship 3: Astronomy Knowledge and Skills Development utilizes skills used in astronomy, such as programming, data handling, data analysis, and machine learning, to advance development
objectives. The Hack4Dev initiative, a collaboration with AfAS, IDIA, Ilifu, and DARA Big Data, is part of this flagship. A global call to train trainers to host hackathons was released in June, with training scheduled for October to ensure impact and sustainability.
OAD at the IAU-GA 2024:
The OAD will host a parallel session on Thursday, August 8, 2024, highlighting the work of the OAD office, regional and language offices, and funded projects. The session will also feature other development initiatives and interdisciplinary collaborations with experts from various fields. Additionally, members of the OAD team will present during other sessions at the General Assembly. We will also be part of the IAU Exhibition in collaboration with the other IAU Offices and Centre during the 2 weeks of the GA.
The Southern Africa Regional Office, hosted by Copperbelt University, will celebrate its 10th anniversary on August 8, 2024, during the International Astronomical Union’s General Assembly (IAU-GA 2024) in Cape Town, South Africa. Representatives from other regional and language offices, as well as the OAD office, will attend.
If you are interested in learning more about the OAD, please visit our website at www.astro4dev.org or reach out to us via email at info@astro4dev.org.
Astronomy as a Tool for Mental Health
By Cailyn Scheepers
Astronomy and mental health may seem like unrelated topics, but they can actually have a profound impact on each other. For centuries, humans have looked to the stars for guidance, comfort, and inspiration. The night sky has been a constant source of wonder, sparking imagination and curiosity. Yet, the mental health movement, as we know it today, is a relatively recent development, dating back only a few centuries.
Despite this difference in timeline, the connection between astronomy and mental health is undeniable. Research has proven that spending time in natural settings might improve mental health and lower stress levels. As for the link between mental health and astronomy, stars, planets, and the night sky are examples of astronomical spectacles that may have similar healing effects. Gazing at the magnificent universe can offer a soothing fascination that effortlessly holds attention and helps one recover from overstimulation.
In addition to this, gazing up at the stars can have a calming effect, reducing stress and anxiety. The vastness of space puts our problems into perspective, reminding us that our worries are but a small part of the grand scheme.
Overall, astronomy offers a unique opportunity to explore the wonders of the universe, while also enhancing our perspective on life, and cultivating a sense of peace and fulfillment, all of which contribute to improved mental well-being. The quiet contemplation of the night sky can provide a healthy distraction from the constant noise and stimulation of modern life. It encourages mindfulness, presence, and introspection – all essential for maintaining good mental health.
The sense of connection to something larger than ourselves can foster a sense of belonging, community, and purpose. Stargazing can be a shared experience, bringing people together in a collective sense of awe and wonder.
By embracing the beauty and mystery of the universe, we can find new ways to cope with the challenges of life, cultivate a deeper appreciation for existence, and nurture our mental well-being by providing opportunities for reflection, inspiration, and intellectual stimulation. Engaging with the wonders of the universe can promote a sense of curiosity, connection to the larger cosmos, and a profound appreciation for the beauty and complexity of the universe. Whether through stargazing, learning about celestial phenomena, or contemplating the mysteries of space, astronomy can contribute to mental well-being and personal enrichment of our lives.
Tips for Boosting Your Mental Wellbeing:
Taking care of your mental health is essential for living a happy and balanced life. Here are some tips to help you improve your mental wellbeing:
★ Connect with Nature: Spend time outdoors by going for a hike, camping under the stars, or simply taking a walk in a nearby park. If you can’t leave the city, bring nature indoors by watching a nature documentary, listening to ocean sounds, or displaying plants in your home.
★ Prioritize Physical Health: Drink plenty of water and be mindful of your diet. Regular physical activity reduces stress and improves mood. Find simple ways to stay active, like stretching at your desk, taking the stairs, or following along with online workout videos.
★ Learn and Express Yourself: Engage your mind with online courses, tutorials, or group classes on topics that interest you. Explore creative outlets like painting, drawing, writing, or playing music. Hobbies can help distract from worries, calm nerves, and foster a sense of accomplishment.
RISING STAR ASTRONOMER: dr. Charles Takalana
By: Thembela Mantungwa
Within the African astronomy community, Dr Charles Takalana is known as the head of the Secretariat for the African Astronomical Society– a Pan-African professional society for astronomers, whose main objective is to contribute to the vision of creating a globally competitive and collaborative astronomy community in Africa.
As an African astronomer, he is familiar with dark skies and astronomy infrastructures since most of his astronomy education was done in South Africa. Even with thriving astronomy research in the country and within the continent, the need for critical mass has never been lost on him, this is why his work at AfAS was so vital, especially around the issues of capacity building, hence he championed astronomy development programs to address these challenges.
He envisions an Africa with skilled young astronomers poised to utilise the astronomy infrastructure in the continent given that Africa is becoming the hub of astronomy, thanks to the African Integrated Observation System and the radio astronomy footprint in some African countries.
Dr Takalana obtained his PhD from the University of the Witwatersrand in 2020 and has worked for the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) while also being responsible for the Secretariat role at AfAS. In his capacity as Secretariat, he was influential in recruiting some of the committee chairs whose involvement he supported and encouraged in the immense work of ensuring AfAS runs smoothly. As a young person imagining his career in astronomy, curiosity about the origins of everything that surrounds us and the inner workings of the Universe became a fascination that led him to the world of science, research, and policy work which is how he ended up at AfAS and now at the Office of Astronomy for Development.
While astronomy is impenetrable to non-domain knowledge users, Dr Takalana thinks there are unintended societal benefits from astronomy, like its contributions to medical equipment and imaging techniques, and advancement in computing not to mention the birth of Wi-Fi, which is vital in keeping society connected. It is human curiosity that leads to scientific agility and ingenuity. It is not surprising that we now have Astro-tourism because of the enterprising nature of businesses that saw an opportunity to capitalise on dark skies and big telescope infrastructures. At the Department of Science and Innovation, he witnessed the conceptualisation of mega-science initiatives propelling longheld visions to reality demonstrating that South Africa is indeed a country
of imaginative people. Among those mega-science initiatives are the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) and most recently, the South Africa/Australia jointly won Square Kilometre Array (SKA) marking the biggest radio telescope in the world. The South African footprint extends to other African countries, like, Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, and Zambia.
As part of the Department of Science and Innovation capacity building, Dr Takalana was among the many who received funding from the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRF/SARAO) to pursue postgraduate studies. He also joined the Young Professional Development Program, a scheme by the Department of Science and Innovation to ensure the youth attain skills requisite for work while finishing their studies. Without these opportunities, he would not have found his calling to serve the African astronomy community, which he has served so diligently. His latest project even though he has moved on from AfAS is co-chairing the planning and organisation of the International Astronomical Union General Assembly which will be held in Cape Town in August 2024.
DR. BRENDA NAMUMBA
a trailblazer in the field of science, has made history by becoming the first woman to be awarded a PhD in Astrophysics in Zambia, marking a milestone in her passion for science which began from an early age.
Namumba, who has been recognized with numerous international awards for her outstanding contributions in science, said she moved to South Africa for postgraduate studies in Astrophysics in 2012.
“I was born in Zambia, and from an early age, I had a strong affinity for science. Growing up, I was always eager and curious to learn more. However, coming from a low-income family, my only hope of continuing my studies was through a scholarship. The lack of infrastructure, such as computers, meant that I lacked the prerequisite courses to compete for scholarships on an international level. After being rejected from four applications over two years, I received the National Space Science and Astrophysics Programme (NASSP) scholarship in 2012, and that is when my career journey as an astronomer became a reality,” she said.
Namumba said it was an honour to be recognised among trailblazing women in Astronomy in Africa.
“With so many hard-working women in Astronomy in Africa, receiving an email that I was nominated for and given this prestigious award brought me great joy. The award prompted me to reflect on my journey to where I am today in terms of my career. To me, this award holds significant importance as it made me realize the benefits of education and hard work. Through this award, I now have to share information on the advantages of pursuing astronomy as a career, as well as the benefits of education for girls,” she said.
Namumba, who hails from a family that defied societal gender norms, said she believes that women have the potential to thrive in the field of astronomy.
“I grew up in a family where gender roles perceived by society were not practiced. Each child was able to pursue their career based on their interests and abilities. With that mindset, I did not find it challenging to be one of the few women in class. Of course, along the way, I had to overcome comments from people who think that, as a woman, one is not good enough to excel in fields like astronomy.
My approach to such comments has always been to educate such people that women, just like men, can be anything they want to be as long as they follow their passion and work hard,” she said.
Namumba added that she was pleased that the number of girls and women in astronomy in Africa has increased significantly since she began her postgraduate studies.
“This is particularly evident when I attend meetings or conferences. It should be noted that there is a need to advocate for the benefits of education/STEM through astronomy in remote parts of many African countries. My dream is to ensure that every girl, in every corner of Africa, has access to quality education.”
Siyakhula -AFRICAN
MATHEMATICAL
SCIENCES
FESTIVAL IN MUIZENBERG, CAPE TOWN
The African Institute for Mathematical Sciences (AIMS) South Africa celebrated its 20th anniversary by hosting the Siyakhula Festival aimed at strengthening Mathematical Sciences throughout Africa.
This week-long event was held in Cape Town from 17th March – 22nd March. It brought together a diverse array of participants from the African and international mathematical sciences community, including representatives from universities, research institutions, government bodies, and the private sector. The event fostered collaboration, knowledge-sharing, and innovation in the realm of mathematical sciences, paving the way for continued advancements in the field across the continent.
“Mathematical Sciences are pivotal to Africa’s developments, and it’s growing! Siyakhula means ‘we are growing.’ The Festival is not just a gathering but a unique platform to share untold stories - stories of those visionaries, leaders, activists, supporters, and trailblazers who worked and still are working tirelessly to create and shape the future of the mathematics agenda in Africa for transformation and sustainable society— stories of those scientists who succeeded against the odds to become a beacon of hope and inspiration for millions of young people in Africa,” said Dr Rejoyce Gavhi-Molefe, AIMS House of Science Manager & Siyakhula Chair
“It is our view that, for Africa to become a frontier of growth and harness its youth potential, there must be growing recognition that Africa’s education programs must be reimagined to nurture the entrepreneurial spirit that benefits society. Because it serves to encourage the demographic potential of youth, higher education in Africa must first and foremost help to shape the continent’s future,” Nzimande said.
Chief of Staff at Zindi, Paul Kennedy, highlighted that only a limited number of universities in the African continent have incorporated a curriculum focused on teaching students how to effectively use AI technologies.
“I think if you compare the state of AI and Maths and Science to the rest of the world, the universities are not moving as fast in Africa as in Europe or the United States. They are not moving as fast to adopt a curriculum that reflects the working world. By that I mean, you can still learn Math and Statistics but only a few are teaching students how to use AI. That only comes at a later stage in their career. The outcome is that the students are coming out of these institutions slightly less competitive. This is why we are all working in different ways to build a community of data scientists and practitioners across the continent,” he said.
AIMS South Africa provides an extensive one-year Master’s programme in Mathematical Sciences. The programme has been instrumental in empowering numerous African academics, researchers, and entrepreneurs to thrive at the forefront of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines.
The Founder, Professor Neil Turok, said the conference also stood as a networking opportunity for those who attended.
“The conference was a big meeting place with everyone coming with the same motives of wanting to contribute and work together with young Africans doing high-level science. What we hope will come out of it is many collaborative initiatives. We want to see young Africans contributing at the highest levels and becoming leaders in science,” he said.
“If we leave on Friday night with new friends, collaborations, and inspiration, we will have succeeded,” said Professor Ulrich Paquet, the current Director of AIMS South Africa, in his welcoming address.
While speaking virtually at the event, Minister of Higher Education, Blade Nzimande pointed out that over the years, there has been an increase in mathematics and science academics in South Africa.
“Not only has the academic staff capacity grown, but it has also become more inclusive of Black academics where the percentage of black staff doubled from 31% in 2000 to 62% in 2020. This means that the field has managed to broaden its active publishing base through the inclusion of post-graduate students, post-doctoral fellows as well as visiting scholars.
AIMS Artificial Intelligence (AI) master’s student Anas Ahmed Abdou Awadalla said some of the key discussions during the conference were on the significance of the African AI community and the ways to integrate this technology effectively into society.
“The conference has been enriching, especially the insight from experts on how they view AI, and the future of AI in Africa. In the African framework, we do not have any blueprint to copy from because most of the current existing blueprints are Eurocentric. We are facing different challenges, and we need African-oriented solutions,” he said.
The festival also celebrated some important milestones; the 12th anniversary of the German Research Chairs Programme at AIMS and the South African Department of Science and Innovation and the National Research Foundation (DSI-NRF) Centre of Excellence in Mathematical and Statistical Sciences (CoE-MaSS) 10th anniversary. These anniversaries emphasised the deep collaboration and innovation encouraged by AIMS and its international partners.
One of the highlights of the festival was the launch of the groundbreaking, innovative new academic journal - the Journal of Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable Development (JAISD) on the last day of the festival. This pioneering journal is dedicated to exploring the role of artificial intelligence in fostering Sustainable Development Goals worldwide. AIMS South Africa will publish the journal, although the editorial board is worldwide.
At the closing session of the Siyakhula Festival, a new slogan was unveiled to lead AIMS into its next chapter - “In Africa’s Youth, the Future of Science’’. The slogan perfectly captures AIMS’s commitment to harnessing the potential of Africa’s youth to advance scientific discovery and innovation.
PIONEERING AFRICAN ASTRONOMY: Experiences, Impact, and Future Directions
Jamal Mimouni University of Constantine1 & CERIST, Algeria
Over the past three decades, my commitment to promoting astronomy across Africa has seen me crisscrossing the continent, conducting outreach to youth and participating in numerous conferences and workshops in over fifteen African countries. This engagement stems from a deep passion for Africa and a commitment to African unity, influenced by my admiration in my youth by
leaders like Patrice Lumumba, Kwame Nkrumah, and Malcolm X that I took among my heroes.
My involvement with AfAS began on the historical grounds of the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) in Cape Town in March 2019, where the foundation for a Pan-African astronomy community was laid
South Africa: A Powerhouse of Astronomy
South Africa’s contribution to global astronomy cannot be overstated. It is also thanks to the strong commitment of the South Africa government than AfAS is thriving. With facilities like the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) and the MeerKAT radio telescope a harbinger for the SKA which is poised to be the largest radiotelescope network in the world, South Africa is at the forefront of astronomical research. The roadshows have helped to integrate these world-class facilities with broader African initiatives, promoting a unified approach to astronomy on the continent and for which AfAS is taking the lead.
At left is the SALT monster optical instrument. At right is MeerKAT, a precursor of SKA with its remarkable imaging capabilities. Above is a MeerKAT picture in radio of the Galactic center super bubble with the bright spot near the center being the Sagittarius A* black hole.
Other countries are making great strides like Egypt, Ethiopia, Morocco, Ghana…
Introduction
As an astrophysicist and the past president of the African Astronomical Society (AfAS), my journey through Africa’s astronomy landscape has been marked by numerous initiatives aimed at promoting science education and outreach. These roadshows have played a pivotal role in inspiring young minds and fostering a robust scientific community across the continent. The upcoming IAU General Assembly 2024, to be held for the first time in Africa, underscores the growing significance of these efforts.
and at which I was elected as its first president. Over the years, AfAS has evolved into a professional body that actively engages with the astronomical community at large through high-level meetings, conferences, and outreach programs. The roadshows are an extension of this mission, bringing astronomy to the grassroots level.
My Engagement with African Astronomy and the Genesis of African Roadshows
Challenges and Opportunities
The blueprint under elaboration also aims to address challenges such as limited access to educational resources and infrastructure in many African countries. By collaborating with local institutions and leveraging international partnerships, the roadshows will successfully bring sophisticated astronomical tools and knowledge to underserved regions. This approach has been crucial in fostering a sense of ownership and pride in African scientific achievements. Yet much is to be done in this regard as many African countries, especially in French speaking Africa, have still no astronomy at any level.
of climate studies, at the University of Bamako
Astronomy for Scientific, Educational and Cultural Development
Astronomy offers a unique perspective on our place in the universe and serves as a powerful tool for education and science. It stimulates curiosity and critical thinking, which are crucial for intellectual and scientific development. In Africa, astronomy can inspire young generations to pursue careers in science and technology, strengthen scientific collaboration across the continent, and foster the sharing of knowledge.
Beyond professional training, we should foster an environment that encourages scientific curiosity through extensive public outreach. AfAS programs like the Affordable Mobile Planetaria and Amateur Radio Telescopes are attempting to make astronomy accessible to schools, colleges, and amateur astronomers. These initiatives demonstrate that with the right support, even modest resources can have a significant impact on science education.
Expanding Astronomy in Algeria
In my home country Algeria, I was instrumental in founding the Sirius Astronomy Association which has been a key player in promoting astronomy at both the African level and Middle East one. Sirius organizes annual festivals, outreach activities, and workshops, engaging thousands of young people and adults. This grassroots approach
has cultivated a widespread interest in astronomy, making the Sirius association a potential model for other African countries. It is through working hand in hands with colleagues at home and from the diaspora that we were able to launch in 2009 the first “Ecole Doctorale d’Astrophysique” (A kind of integrated PhD program). With the adoption
of LMD program by my country, it turned into a regular astronomy graduate program at Constantine University. This is matched with an ambitious program of setting up the first national Astronomical Observatory in the Aurès mountain range in Northern Algeria.
Laboratory
With High School students at Bamako, Mali
Meeting with the staff of the Faculty of Science of Monzon Polytechnic School, Monzon, Chad
Yet the task at hand is formidable as the disparities among the various countries are huge and some are going through dire socioeconomic conditions.
Recognition and Awards
My efforts in promoting scientific culture and education have been recognized with prestigious awards, the latest one being the Eurêka Prize in 2019 for science outreach. This award, given for contributions to the dissemination of scientific knowledge in the Mediterranean region, highlights the impact of our outreach efforts and the growing appreciation for African scientific achievements. Receiving this award alongside Prof. François Taddei that year, underscores the importance of our work in promoting science across different cultures and regions.
Latest Outreach Efforts
Recently, we led AfAS/OAD missions to five African countries with no astronomy at all, namely Chad and Niger in 2022, and the Democratic Republic of Congo (RDC) in 2023, followed by Mali and Guinea in 2024. In each of these countries, we visited universities and high level government officials, toured high school, and engaged with the general public to promote astronomy. These missions included public lectures, meetings, and media engagements, highlighting the importance of incorporating astronomy into educational curricula. Despite challenges such as limited access to electricity and political instability, these missions have sparked significant interest and laid the groundwork for an integrated African astronomy with no one left behind future astronomical activities. It is my ambition to pursue these AfAS high level outreach missions, in close collaboration with OAD and also a new actor in the field African Science Stars. We dubbed them Global Outreach (GO) as it straddles all the strata of the population: academic institutions as primary target, but also the various educational levels as well as the general public.
Conclusion
The African roadmap is becoming a transformative force in the continent’s scientific landscape. By promoting collaboration, education, and public engagement, these initiatives have not only advanced the field of astronomy but also contributed to the broader goal of scientific development in Africa. As we continue to expand these efforts, we look forward to a future where African astronomers play a fair role in global scientific discoveries. The IAU General Assembly 2024 will be a testament to the strides we African astronomers have made and the potential that lies ahead.
At the Guinean Academy of Sciences at Conakry
Lecture to physics students and Faculty members at Abdou Moumouni University of Niamey, Niger.
By: Duduzile Kubheka and
and Dr Sally Macfarlane
MeerKAT DISCOVERIES OF NEW MILLISECOND PULSARS in globular clusters in our Milky Way Galaxy
By: Marion West SARAO
Operated by SARAO, MeerKAT is the largest radio telescope in the Southern Hemisphere. It consists of an array of 64 radio telescopes, each 13-m in diameter, which are spread over an area of 8km in the arid Karoo region of South Africa. These 64 radio telescopes operate as a single instrument, effectively synthesising a single radio telescope, 8km in diameter. It will soon be expanded with an additional 20 dishes, bringing the total number of antennas up to 84 and becoming “MeerKAT+”. This will later be gradually integrated into the first phase of the SKAO project, whose construction will start this year and will continue until 2027. The first scientific observations of MeerKAT+ could begin as early as 2023 during the testing phases of the telescope.
A group of astronomers, led by the Italian National Institute of Astrophysics (INAF) and the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (MPIfR) in Bonn, Germany, discovered eight new millisecond pulsars located within dense clusters of stars, known as “globular clusters”, using South Africa’s MeerKAT radio telescope. Globular clusters typically reside in the extended stellar halos, or outer regions, of their home galaxies. They are stable, tightly gravitationally bound clusters of tens of thousands to millions of stars found in a wide variety of galaxies, including our own Milky Way. Nine globular clusters bound to our Milky Way Galaxy were sampled, and new millisecond pulsars were discovered in six of them. The observations were carried out on 28 April 2021 and used only about 40 of the MeerKAT 64 antennas. Due to this constraint and the fact that they focused only on the central regions of the globular clusters, these eight new millisecond pulsars are just the tip of the iceberg.
Alessandro Ridolfi, a post-doctoral research fellow at INAF and MPIfR, explained that five of these new pulsars orbit around another star, and one of these, named PSR J1823-3021G, is of particular interest. It has a highly elliptical orbit and a massive companion, which makes this system likely to be the result of an exchange of partners – a ‘close encounter’ with another star could have caused the original partner to be expelled and replaced by a new companion star.
Tasha Gautam, a doctoral researcher at the MPIfR in Bonn, explains that this specific pulsar could have a high mass, more than two times the mass of the Sun, or it could be the first confirmed system formed by a millisecond pulsar and a neutron star. If confirmed by current additional observations, this would make this millisecond pulsar a formidable laboratory for studying fundamental physics.
Millisecond pulsars are extremely compact stars mainly made up of neutrons. They are among the most extreme objects in the universe, with hundreds of thousands of times the mass of the Earth packed into a sphere with a diameter of about 24 km. They spin at a rate of hundreds of rotations per second, and as they spin, they emit a beam of radio waves that can be detected by the observer at every rotation, like a lighthouse beam. The formation of these objects is particularly enhanced in the star-rich environments at the centres of globular clusters.
The MeerKAT radio telescope is a huge technological step forward
for the research and study of pulsars in the southern sky. Andrea Possenti from INAF, who is the coordinator of pulsar observations in globular clusters for the MeerTIME collaboration, commented that in the next few years, MeerKAT is expected to find dozens of new millisecond pulsars. This should give an indication of the revolutionising effect the results of the advent of the mid-frequency antennas of the SKA Observatory will have in many fields of astrophysics, including the study of pulsars.
Ridolfi, Gautam and Possenti are members of the TRAnsients and PUlsars with MeerKAT (TRAPUM) collaboration, a Large Survey Proposal with a broad international collaboration of astronomers excited by the possibilities opened up by MeerKAT. For this particular work, they shared telescope time with a second Large Survey Proposal for MeerKAT, MeerTIME, which is using MeerKAT to study already known pulsars with unprecedented precision. MeerTIME is led by the Swinburne University of Technology and integrates several Australian institutions as well as INAF, the University of Manchester, MPIfR, NRAO and SARAO.
This work served as a testbed for the TRAPUM collaboration to better plan the fully-fledged globular cluster pulsar survey, which is currently underway and which makes use of all the current 64 dishes, thus further gaining in sensitivity. TRAPUM aims to increase the total known population of pulsars and also find “peculiar” ones to study (of which PSR J1823-3021G from the less sensitive survey is an example). The survey will broaden the search to many more globular clusters and will also search their outer regions. TRAPUM is one of the Large Survey Proposals running on MeerKAT and is an international collaboration led by the University of Manchester and the MPIfR, and includes institutions such as INAF, the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) and the SARAO. This project has so far discovered 156 pulsars, one-third of which have been found in globular clusters, including the globular cluster 47 Tucanae (47 Tuc), which has been searched for over 20 years and in which pulsars have been incrementally discovered since the mid-1990s.
One of the latest achievements of the TRAPUM project with MeerKAT, using all the current 64 dishes, is the discovery of 13 new millisecond pulsars in the globular cluster Omega Centauri (ω-Cen), which is the largest of the globular clusters bound to our Milky Way Galaxy. These findings were recently published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. The observations were carried out in two windows, of four hours each, on 21 and 26 March 2021. Among these new millisecond pulsars discovered, there are some which, like PSR J1823-3021G (discovered in the less sensitive survey discussed above), can provide laboratories for exploring fundamental physics and are suitable candidates for conducting research into gravitational waves. These could substantially assist with improving our understanding of the force of gravity.
The discovery of these 13 new millisecond pulsars in ω-Cen brings the total number of millisecond pulsars in this globular cluster to 18. Five were previously discovered using the Murriyang radio telescope at Parkes in Australia.
Globular clusters are expected to have 1000 times more pulsars per unit of stellar mass than our Milky Way’s Galactic Disc. The high density of stars all packed closely together in these clusters allows old neutron stars to acquire new, sun-like companions. The neutron star then pulls matter off its new companion star and, as a result, spins up to become a millisecond pulsar. These then become millisecond pulsar binaries with near-circular orbits and lowmass companions.
Another event expected to occur within globular clusters is the disruption of X-ray binary stars, resulting in a single pulsar that has effectively been recycled and thus spins more slowly than would be expected for its age. Thus, these pulsars appear younger than the Milky Way’s Galactic Centre pulsar population. A further event that can occur is that a pulsar picks up a much more massive companion (a white dwarf or a neutron star) becoming an “eccentric binary millisecond pulsar”, which are not typically found in our Milky Way’s Galactic Disc population. These eccentric binaries are excellent test beds for fundamental physics and gravity (eg. PSR J1823-3021G, discussed earlier). Pulsar populations in globular clusters may also go through more than one disruptive stellar encounter, resulting in pulsars being useful tracers of both the current dynamics and the previous evolution of the cluster in which they reside.
Seven of the 13 newly found millisecond pulsars in ω-Cen are in binary systems, and all except one have light companions. The TRAPUM team also re-detected all five previously known pulsars. Six of the new detections appear to be isolated pulsars, which are relatively weak when compared with the re-detections of the known pulsars. Four of these lie within the core radius of the cluster, while one is near the edge of the core, and yet another lies beyond the core, but still within the region where half of the entire light of the cluster is emitted. This suggests that the higher sensitivity of the MeerKAT may well have been crucial in their detection. Lead author of this most recent publication, W. Chen of MPIfR, further noted that among these, PSR J1326 −4728J has a period of 1.84 ms, making it the fastest spinning pulsar so far discovered in ω-Cen.
An X-ray source was found to be associated with PSR J1326−4728B (which is one of the previous detections made using the Parkes telescope). However, there are many X-ray sources in ω-Cen that are not yet known to be associated with pulsars. The team compared X-ray sources with the new radio pulsar discoveries and found that four of the new pulsars have nearby X-ray sources. However, a firm association cannot be confirmed until
the team has obtained more accurate positions from follow-up observations. Since it has now become known that ω-Cen hosts a large number of pulsars, it is likely that at least some of the X-ray emission from this cluster could come from pulsars.
These new discoveries shed greater light on the pulsar population in ω-Cen. Taking the characteristics of the previously known pulsars, plus those newly discovered, it appears that the pulsar population of ω-Cen is dominated by isolated millisecond pulsars, as the known isolated pulsars now represent 10 out of the total of 18.
However, it may be too early to draw firm conclusions on the proportion of isolated pulsars, since in ω-Cen, wide binary systems with orbital periods of tens or even hundreds of days, might be stable. This suggests that some of the pulsars that are apparently isolated might, with additional observations, be found to be part of wide binary systems. This is due to the fact that ω-Cen is the largest of all the globular clusters associated with our Milky Way, but has a relatively low stellar density when compared with the rest of the globular clusters in our Galaxy.
Another factor is that finding binaries in long observation windows is more difficult than finding isolated pulsars. This is due to sensitivity loss caused by the binary’s orbital motion, where the total observation time considered might be very close to the binary’s orbital period. The TRAPUM team analysed several stretches of data, culminating in the full 4-hour observation windows, which means that isolated pulsars may be overrepresented relative to short-period binaries.
The team also noted that all of the pulsars which are in binary systems (with only one exception) have very low mass companions, which is typical of what are called “black widow” systems. Black-widow pulsars are more easily formed in globular clusters, but their very high fraction in ω-Cen is surprising. However, since this is only the first and second time that pulsars have been detected in ω-Cen, the high fraction of black widow systems may be deceptive.
For normal millisecond pulsar binaries, with orbital periods of a few days, no orbits can be firmly determined as yet, since only two observation windows were used. Additional observations will be required. The team notes that in this regard, the 1-day orbits estimated for three of the new pulsars are preliminary, and that these binary millisecond pulsars may have more massive companions and longer orbital periods.
The team summarised the results in the following way: it does appear that a) the number of isolated millisecond pulsars is large, but this may represent an over-estimation of the pulsar population of the cluster, because they are easier to find and some of them may also be wide binary systems; b) the systems with short orbital periods may well be more numerous than the confirmed longer-period binaries, as their numbers are likely to be underestimated since this survey is less sensitive to these short-orbit binaries; c) the longer-period binaries might not be fully characterised yet, some of them could have larger orbital periods and more massive companions, but it is also possible that two of them may still have very light companions.
The team was nonetheless able to draw several firm conclusions from the data. Firstly, the fraction of black widow systems in ω-Cen is unusual. The only comparable globular cluster, where black widow binaries represent half of the total binary population (the globular cluster, M28) is very different from ω-Cen. It has a much denser core and almost all long-period binaries have been either disrupted or show significant eccentricities (or even possible signs of having undergone secondary exchange encounters). The black widows have survived in M28, since their very short orbital periods make them very difficult to perturb.
Secondly, the apparent population of millisecond pulsars in ω-Cen is surprisingly high for several reasons. ω-Cen has a low stellar density compared with other globular clusters, in particular, 47 Tuc. In ω-Cen, low-mass X-ray binaries and millisecond pulsar binaries should form at a rate ~7 times slower than they form in 47 Tuc. Both clusters were observed with MeerKAT and the 18 pulsars in ω- Cen are fully two-thirds of the 27 detected in 47 Tuc. This ratio is higher than expected, given that ω-Cen should have a lower pulsar formation rate than 47 Tuc. The unexpectedly high proportion of pulsars in ω-Cen is partly due to the searches in 47 Tuc having been carried out with only a single beam, using 44 antennas within the 1-km core of MeerKAT, not all 64 antennas and many hundreds of beams as in the search carried out for ω-Cen. This difference in sensitivity between the surveys.
The TRAPUM team notes that once binary systems have formed, and if they reside in a cluster where they are not very likely to be disturbed, they have a much greater chance of remaining in stable orbits. Due to ω-Cen’s low stellar density, the time delay between successive interactions between stars within the cluster is expected to be around 60 times longer in ω-Cen than in 47 Tuc. Yet, in spite of these selection effects, the TRAPUM team was able to firmly conclude that ω-Cen has a larger pulsar population than expected. This is due, in part, to its excess number of black widow systems, but may also be due to its over-abundance of isolated pulsars, especially when compared with abundances found in 47 Tuc. ω-Cen’s pulsar population was expected to have been (like 47 Tuc’s) similar to the millisecond pulsar population in the Galactic disc, which is dominated by binaries in an approximate ratio of four to one. Thus, it appears that the fraction of isolated pulsars in ω-Cen is larger than that in the Galactic disc. This could, however, also be due to selection effects and thus it may be that the pulsar population of ω-Cen actually is dominated by binaries.
Given the dynamical characteristics of ω-Cen, where there is a large pulsar population, but a low total stellar encounter rate (due to ω-Cen’s low stellar density) the team explained that it is very difficult to account for the small population of “millisecond pulsar-white dwarf systems” and long-period binaries found in this
cluster. This arises from the very real predominance of extremely tight binary systems found in ω-Cen. They concluded that, despite selection effects, ω-Cen has a larger pulsar population than expected, too many black widow systems and possibly too many isolated pulsars.
All of these unusual features cannot be explained by the generally accepted way of estimating the size of a given pulsar population and the expected rate of total stellar encounters, which have been successfully used to estimate pulsar populations in our Galaxy’s disc and in some of its associated globular clusters. The team concluded that since the properties of the pulsar populations of ω-Cen cannot be fully explained using these parameters, they must therefore depend on additional factors, such as the past evolutionary history of the cluster and potentially, to what extent the stars in the cluster contain elements heavier than hydrogen and helium.
In the specific case of ω-Cen, the team has put forward the idea that the past history of the system could very well be of paramount importance. For instance, ω-Cen could have been the nucleus of a dwarf galaxy that collided with our Milky Way and was stripped of most of its matter except its core. Alternatively, it may have formed from the merger of several different globular clusters. Such explanations are motivated by the fact that this specific globular cluster has multiple stellar populations, which have different distributions of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, as well as different ages. Given that the typical ages of millisecond pulsars are many giga-years, the dramatic events in the history of globular clusters such as ω-Cen would be of great importance in explaining the characteristics of their pulsar populations today.
The team notes that at least two other globular clusters in the Galaxy are known to have multiple stellar populations (Terzan 5 and NGC 1851) and are thus likely associated with dwarf galaxy systems, or the results of globular cluster mergers. Terzan 5 in particular, has three distinct stellar populations, while both clusters have very abundant pulsar populations, where between 40 and 50 percent are isolated pulsars. However, in contrast to ω-Cen, their cores are so dense that the orbital characteristics of their pulsar populations may have been significantly altered by exchange encounters. This is not the case for ω-Cen, where the low expected size of the pulsar population and the low expected stellar encounter rate per binary, imply that the orbital characteristics of the pulsar population have been preserved for a long time and should, therefore, reflect the earlier evolutionary history of the cluster. A detailed evaluation of these possibilities will only be possible after the pulsar population in ω-Cen has been better characterised. The ongoing discovery of new pulsars by TRAPUM using MeerKAT should assist with establishing the population of pulsars, both in the plane and the centre of our Milky Way galaxy, as well as in the globular clusters associated with it. TRAPUM http://www.trapum.org/ MeerTime http://www.meertime.org/
http://www.sarao.ac.za/
African Science Stars on
African Science Stars in Ethiopia
The African Science Stars team visited Ethiopia and distributed the Women in Science,Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) edition of the magazine at the Space Science and Geospatial Institute (SSGI).
AMT mobile planetarian Science Engagement
During their science engagement activities, the AMT mobile planetarium team visited St Barnabas Primary School in Windhoek, Namibia, and distributed the latest edition of African Science Stars.
Hanane Essamlali, a young enthusiast from Morocco, joins our movement as an ambassador, proudly representing and distributing the African Science Stars magazines. Her dedication embodies the spirit of our mission to inspire and empower the next generation of scientific leaders across Africa.
the move
African Science Stars team delivers Women in STEM edition to the Cape Town Science Centre
The African Science Stars team delivered the Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) edition to the Cape Town Science Centre. This initiative is a key part of the publication’s mission to promote STEM education and empower women in these fields.
African Science Stars in Morocco
African Science Stars visited Morocco to distribute the latest edition of our Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) magazine. This initiative highlights our dedication to spreading scientific knowledge and promoting innovation throughout the continent.
African Science Stars distributes publication in Morocco
In the rural heart of Morocco, Yassine Alagaddaa holds the latest edition of African Science Stars magazine. This distribution exemplifies our commitment to spreading scientific knowledge and fostering innovation across the continent.
