African Science Stars Issue 7

ISSUE 7

MEERKAT

MOROCCO

PHILIP

ANNIE MAUNDER MEDAL AWARDRECOGNISING EXCELLENCE IN ASTRONOMY EDUCATION

THE AFRICAN NETWORK FOR WOMEN IN ASTRONOMY (AFNWA)

PROMOTING ASTRONOMY IN GHANA

NASSP @ 20 - CELEBRATING ASTROPHYSICAL EXCELLENCE

GEO WEEK CAREERS

AFRICAN SCIENCE STARS ON THE GO

Editor • Nadine Sims

Graphic designer • Thinavhuyo Desmond Mudimeli

Contributing writers

• Dr Sally Macfarlane

• Dr Vanessa McBride

• Lusanda Tamesi

• Munira Hoosain

• Dr Naomi Asabre Frimpong

• Prof. James Chibueze

• Prof. Zouhair Benkhaldoun

Business Development Manager• Mutshidzi Nelwamondo

Chairman • Madambi Rambuda

Subscriptions • info@sciencestars.co.za Copyright

BURSARIES EVENTS

African Science Stars is published by Science Stars (Pty) Ltd

African Science Stars is an initiative under the African Astronomical Society and funded by the Department of Science and Innovation

1 Bridgeway, Century City, Cape Town, South Africa, 7441 +27 21 830 5240 info@sciencestars.co.za www.africansciencestars.com

CELEBRATING

African

WOMEN IN SCIENCE

As we commemorate International Women’s Day on March 8th, it is with great pride that we present the Women in Science edition of African Science Stars. This edition serves as a tribute to the remarkable contributions, groundbreaking research, and enduring legacy of African women in the field of science.

Throughout history, women have played a pivotal role in advancing scientific knowledge and shaping its trajectory. From ancient times to the present day, our intellect, creativity, and resilience have left an indelible mark on every facet of scientific inquiry, from medicine and engineering to astronomy and ecology.

In this edition, we shine a spotlight on the stories of African women who have defied the odds, shattered glass ceilings, and blazed a trail of excellence in the world of science.

From Munira Hoosain’s pioneering research in astrophysics (page 15) to the amazing work being done by Dr Naomi Asabre Frimpong in Ghana (page 33), the stories featured in this edition showcase the diverse talents and remarkable achievements of African women in science.

As we celebrate the achievements of these remarkable women, we also recognise the challenges and barriers they have overcome on their journey to success. From systemic inequality and gender bias to lack of access to resources and mentorship, African women continue to face obstacles in their pursuit of

excellence. Yet, despite these challenges, they persevere with courage, determination, and resilience, paving the way for a brighter and more inclusive future for science and society.

On this International Women’s Day, let us celebrate the achievements of African women in science and reaffirm our commitment to supporting and empowering them in their quest for knowledge, discovery, and innovation. Together, let us strive to create a world where every woman and girl has the opportunity to fulfill her potential and make her mark on the world.

We hope that the stories featured in this special edition will inspire and uplift you, and serve as a reminder of the immense talent, creativity, and ingenuity within the African scientific community.

Nadine Sims

Editor, African Science Stars

ADVOCATING GENDER EQUALITY

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When I finished my undergraduate degree I was one of just a handful of girls. At that time, I knew physics and astronomy was a “boys club” and working in the field meant being okay with annoying but pervasive sexist banter, or working crazy hours to ensure any time that I took out parenting didn’t reflect poorly on my research output. In fact, I prided myself on being able to “do it all” – a rather misguided 80s portrayal of the concept of gender equality. Only a decade later, it occurred to me that there was an alternative: what if the environment changed instead of me?

I am happy to report that the environment has changed significantly since in the last two decades. It’s a source of inspiration and joy to see many more women colleagues and graduate students in astronomy and physics. A changed environment has been a benefit to me, all the other women who work in physics and, I dare say, has made it a more collegial place for men too.

Despite these gains, still only a third of scientists globally are women, and according to a recent UNESCO report, that number decreases sharply at leadership level. A study by the International Science Council also finds that women are under-represented at the global leadership level. That’s why it’s important for women to nominate themselves and their peers to leadership positions within these organisations.

It’s through these leadership positions where both men and women can advocate for gender equality in our organisations and practices. And it’s through joining networks like the African Network for Women in Astronomy in Africa, that both men and women can understand some of the challenges of gender equality, and build the networks that are so significant to catalysing change.

International Women’s Day, on 8 March 2024, is an opportunity to look at the gains made towards equal rights and responsibilities, but it’s also a chance to imagine and work with renewed vigour towards an equitable scientific landscape.

Vanessa McBride, PhD

Science Director at the International Science Council

Malebese Audrey

Dikgale-Mahlakoana BORN FOR THE STARS

By Unathi Kondile

While many matric pupils are excited about their annual matric dance – what dress or suit they will wear, what car their parents can hire for them, who their date will be – there is one young girl who decided to skip her matric dance and attend the De Beers Maths and Science Summer Programme in Durban instead.

Her name is Malebese Audrey Dikgale.

“I have always been an empathetic person. As a child, it pained me to hear my parents say they did not have money whenever I asked for something. To avoid putting them on the spot during my matric dance year, I decided to take the free opportunity to attend the Maths and Science Summer Programme instead,” says the adult Audrey Dikgale-Mahlakoana, who is now a wife and proud mother of two boys, residing in Pretoria.

Audrey considers herself to have been an average student who got 60s and 70s in her matric year. Her subjects at the Taxila Secondary School, a previously Indian school in Nirvana, Polokwane, were Mathematics, Science, Geography, Business Economics, English and Afrikaans. She was an enthusiastic netball player and a fervent member of the debating club.

Born in the small village of Marobala in Limpopo, she later moved to Westernburg in Polokwane. At the time, her mother and father were training to be nurses, so she was raised by her grandmother who ran a crèche. Home was also her crèche.

LIKE MOST CHILDREN, HER DREAM WAS TO BECOME A DOCTOR.

“I always wanted to be a doctor. I never did get an opportunity or bursary to study a Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery, commonly known as an MBChB. However, I was fortunate enough to get an opportunity from Anglo Platinum Mines for mining exposure,” says Audrey.

In 2003, Anglo American Platinum offered a bursary programme that first took prospective students to onsite training and then to study. So, in the first year, Audrey was trained in underground and open-cast mines as a rock engineering trainee. “I wore overalls and boots daily, visited stoping areas and haulages to ensure that miners were adequately safe to work there, that mining rock was supported up to standard, and make recommendations where they were not up to standard.”

Following her Anglo stint underground, she went on to enroll at the University of Pretoria (UP) where she studied towards a BSc in engineering geology, which gave her the theoretical foundation for the work that she was doing at the mine, in terms of learning about minerals, types of rocks, engineering drawings, etc.

She struggled at UP. It got to a point where she even struggled to wake up. She was more of a maths and physics girl and the chemistry component of the degree was a big challenge for her. The adjustment from earning a buck to being a fulltime student also proved rather difficult for her.

“I hate chemistry!” she casually says, looking in the distance and thinking deeply. It was a dark time in her life. She eventually dropped out in the first year. Before doing so, she wrote a letter to her parents explaining that she had “failed” and would be going back home to Polokwane.

She regarded herself as a failure and was on the verge of giving up on life. To get out of the slump, she started doing small habitual things that took her mind off the misery of hopelessness. She started making and selling bunny chows from her father’s small shop in Ga-Dikgale. The shop was next to a school; she identified the opportunity to sell delicious bunny chows to school kids.

In 2006, after four months of being at home, she went back to university. This time, she enrolled for a BSc at the University of Limpopo and majored in her favourite subjects: physics and applied mathematics. Her mom made means to raise the registration fee and, due to her hard work, Audrey was later awarded an Eskom scholarship, which saw her through university. She also made some income working as a lab assistant for physics practicals.

Upon graduation, she applied for an internship at the Radio Frequency Planning Directorate at the Department of Communications in Pretoria.

“It’s all science; physics. In physics, we study frequencies and wavelengths. We do multiwavelength spectrum and all of that. So, it actually tied up well with my degree!”

The internship ended, and she found herself unemployed again in 2010. In July, the Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development roped her in to become a cadastral survey trainee. That was where she learned about land surveying, marking ERFs, drawing diagrams of ERFs, and what the deeds office does. She spent two years there.

She then got a call from a recruitment agent on behalf of the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which was called the Square Kilometre Array Africa back then, asking if she would be interested in becoming a telescope operator for them. She was flown to Cape Town, where she was introduced to Dr Lindsay Magnus, who later became her mentor and manager. Dr Lindsay helped shape the person that she is today not only with system-related training, but life lessons as well.

IN 2012, SHE MOVED TO CAPE TOWN TO BEGIN HER JOB AS A TELESCOPE OPERATOR FOR KAT 7.

“Those were the first dishes we worked on before the MeerKAT. In KAT 7, KAT stands for Karoo Array Telescope and 7 of the number of dishes there were. The seven dishes make a telescope,” she explains. She assisted in commissioning KAT 7 and was also the first black female telescope operator to operate the telescope.

In 2016, she was promoted to Telescope Operator Team Lead, where she trained young people to be telescope operators and documented procedures for easier controlling and monitoring of the system for the new operators. Audrey was there from when they had one dish until they had 64 dishes. She was there when President Cyril Ramaphosa visited the site with BRICS ministers to showcase her work. She moved the first MeerKAT dish for them on site. Many years later, she then became the acting Telescope Operations Manager for SARAO.

For a rural girl from Limpopo who has worked underground, on land, and in the sky because of science, her next career move would then make sense.

Audrey always harboured ambitions to one day become a deputy director or senior manager at the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI). She applied and sat in interviews with them on three occasions in the Astronomy Directorate. It was only after the third interview, which was conducted on her birthday, 7 February 2022, that she got her dream job – Deputy Director in Multiwavelength Astronomy. Proof of her “never give up” spirit!

“Multiwavelength means that I am not only working on one type of astronomy, but all types of wavelengths in astronomy, such as Optical, Radio and Gamma Rays. My job is to work on policies and strategies that support astronomy in South Africa and coordinate any astronomy activities in the country, continental and internationally.”

Audrey is also responsible for the Astro-Tourism strategy, which the Minister of Higher Education, Science and Innovation, Dr Blade Nzimande, spoke optimistically about at the opening of the MeerKAT @ 5 celebrations in Stellenbosch earlier this year. The Astro-Tourism strategy, a collaboration between the DSI and the Department of Tourism, is now going through the process of getting Cabinet approval and should come to fruition soon.

It has been a challenge transitioning from a technical environment to a more administrative/governance role, but Audrey is excited to learn about and understand how national government processes work, as well as have an influence on transformation by empowering previously disadvantaged individuals in this niche science area.

,,

Audrey’s message to young girls and women:

● Nobody is going to come and save you, so work hard, not for your teacher or manager, but for yourself. Leave your footprints in the sand through your work ethic, so that when you leave a place, you leave an indelible mark.

● Do not ever stop dreaming. You can become anything that you want to be. Do not be afraid to try, to fly.

● Always remain humble, humane and grateful for everything.

● You are not here by mistake; you matter. Love yourself and make your life count for something.

South African Women in Science Awards: Pioneering Women

In the sprawling landscape of astronomy in South Africa, two remarkable women stand out as shining stars, not only for their groundbreaking research but also for their unwavering dedication to advancing the frontiers of science. Munira Hoosain and Michelle Lochner, both hailing from Cape Town, South Africa, recently captured the spotlight as recipients of the prestigious South African Women in Science Awards (SAWISA). Their journey from students to accomplished researchers serves as a beacon of inspiration for aspiring scientists worldwide.

Hoosain’s path to scientific excellence began at the University of Cape Town (UCT), where she embarked on a journey of intellectual discovery. Armed with a deep-seated curiosity about the workings of the universe, Hoosain pursued her undergraduate degree in Physics and Astronomy at UCT, laying the foundation for a career dedicated to unravelling the mysteries of the cosmos.

Driven by a passion for understanding the fundamental principles that govern the universe, Hoosain continued her academic journey through the National Astrophysics and

Space Science Programme (NASSP) at UCT, where she completed her Honours and Masters degrees. It was during this time that Hoosain’s fascination with the cosmos blossomed into a full-fledged research endeavour, culminating in her current pursuit of a Ph.D. in Astronomy at UCT.

Hoosain’s research focuses on the study of hydrogen gas in galaxies, a pivotal component in our quest to comprehend the intricate tapestry of cosmic evolution. Leveraging data from cutting-edge telescopes like MeerKAT, Hoosain employs sophisticated techniques to measure the abundance of hydrogen gas in galaxies—a task essential for unravelling the mysteries of galaxy formation and evolution.

Her groundbreaking research has earned her the admiration and recognition of her peers, culminating in her recent accolade as a recipient of the DSI-Ndoni Mcunu Fellowship for Ph.D. students—a prestigious honour bestowed by the South African Women in Science Awards. Named in honour of the late Ndoni Mcunu, a trailblazing advocate for women in science, this serves as a testament to Hoosain’s remarkable contributions to her field.

Munira Hoosain receiving an award at the South African Women in Science Awards.

For Hoosain, this award represents more than just personal achievement; it is a symbol of hope and inspiration for aspiring scientists, particularly women of colour, who aspire to follow in her footsteps. With humility and gratitude, Hoosain acknowledges the pivotal role of her

mentors and colleagues in shaping her journey, expressing a heartfelt desire to pay it forward by serving as a role model and mentor to future generations of women in science.

Alongside Hoosain stands Michelle Lochner, another luminary in the field of astrophysics, whose journey parallels that of her colleague. Lochner’s path to scientific prominence began at UCT, where she pursued her undergraduate and postgraduate studies in astrophysics, laying the groundwork for a career dedicated to unravelling the mysteries of the universe. Like Hoosain, Lochner’s tireless dedication to

scientific inquiry has earned her the prestigious honour of being named a recipient of the South African Women in Science Awards—a testament to her enduring commitment to excellence in research.

As two of the brightest stars in the constellation of South African astrophysics, Hoosain and Lochner serve as beacons of inspiration for aspiring scientists around the world. Their remarkable journey from Cape Town to the forefront of astronomy research is a testament to the transformative power of passion, perseverance, and unwavering dedication to the pursuit of knowledge.

As they continue to push the boundaries of scientificdiscovery, Hoosain and Lochner exemplify the spirit of inquiry and the boundless potential that lies within each of us to unlock the secrets of the cosmos.

Chief Director of Astronomy at the Department of Science and Innovation, Takalani Nemaungani, Munira Hoosain and Dr Michelle Lochner, at the SAWISA.

Credit: SARAO

FINDING HI GAS IN GALAXIES LADUMA

By Munira Hoosain

Large telescopes help us answer the big questions about how our universe works. One of the questions that MeerKAT and the upcoming SKA telescope hopes to answer is understanding how galaxies turn hydrogen gas into stars. Stars are formed from massive clouds of cool, hydrogen gas, which requires galaxies to have large reservoirs of this gas at the right temperatures, that then collapse under gravity to form stars.

Neutral hydrogen gas is the simplest form of the element hydrogen. It is also the most abundant element in the universe and - unfortunately - is very difficult to measure in this form. ‘HI’ (pronounced H-one) gas emits faint radio light at a signature, 21cm wavelength, which helps astronomers identify it no matter how far away it is in the Universe. However, because it is so faint, we need large radio telescopes with many, many dishes and a large collecting area to collect as much as this 21 cm signal as possible.

As part of the ‘LADUMA’ survey on MeerKAT, we are trying to find HI in galaxies as far as 9 billion years in the Universe’s history. HI is the fuel that galaxies use to form stars, so this study will help us put together the picture of how galaxies acquired HI gas to keep their reservoirs full, how galaxies process this raw gas so that it’s the right temperature and turn it into stars.

My research with LADUMA uses data from the first part of the survey, looking at the total content of a large number of galaxies by adding up the faint signals from each individual galaxy until they are strong enough to measure as a collection. This helps me understand what types of galaxies have more hydrogen gas than others, to figure out what conditions are best for turning gas into stars and making galaxies shine with light.

PA WORKSHOP IN ADDIS ABABA MARKS MILESTONE FOR

FRICAN PLANETARIUM COMMUNITY

By Sally Macfarlane

African Planetarium Association (APA)

Chair

In a groundbreaking move for the African Planetarium Association (APA) and the broader African planetarium community, the APA bi-annual workshop made its debut in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, marking the first time it was held outside of South Africa.

The hybrid meeting took place from 11th to 12th November 2023 and was organised by the APA in collaboration with several esteemed partners, including the International Planetarium Society (IPS), the African Astronomical Society (AfAS), the East Africa Regional Office of Astronomy for Development (EA-ROAD), the Space Science and Geospatial Institute (SSGI), the Ministry of Innovation and Technology (MiNT) of Ethiopia, and the Ethiopian Space Science Society (ESSS). With participants hailing from diverse corners of the continent and beyond, the event served as a dynamic platform to tackle challenges and illuminate the critical role of planetariums in advancing education, outreach, and astro-tourism throughout Africa.

During the workshop, several engaging panel discussions, presentations, and group discussions were held, including welcomes by Dr Solomon Belay (Ethiopian Ministry of Innovation and Technology) and IPS president Mr Michael McConville.

Over the two days, experts from different corners of the globe, both physically present and virtually connected, shared their expertise on planetarium content development, technological advancements, and the challenges faced in building and maintaining planetariums in Africa. These sessions also provided participants with the important opportunity to identify the most pressing challenges currently affecting the African Planetarium community and to start brainstorming potential ways to effectively address these challenges.

Throughout the 2-day event, there was also a palpable sense of camaraderie and collaboration among participants. Networking sessions provided opportunities for attendees to forge new connections and partnerships, laying the groundwork for future collaborations in the field of astronomy and science communication.

Sally Macfarlane, APA Chair, at the biannual workshop in Addis Abba, Ethiopia.

Daniel Cunnama, addressing the crowd, at the APA workshop, in Ethiopia.

Indeed, a key aspect of the workshop was an exciting group visit to the largest planetarium in Africa: Ethiopia’s first-ever planetarium, located within the Ethiopian Science Museum. Here, attendees were treated to various full-dome clips, including that of locally-produced African films (‘Rising Star’ and ‘Sida Tsoatsoas’). This captivating experience underscored the importance of producing local content that has the exciting potential to not only educate but also foster a deeper appreciation for the African scientific and cultural landscape. In conclusion, the APA bi-annual workshop in Addis Ababa was an encouraging success, achieving its objectives of raising awareness, sharing knowledge, and fostering collaboration within the planetarium community in Africa. As attendees departed, they carried with them a renewed sense of purpose and a commitment to furthering the role of planetariums in advancing scientific education, outreach, and tourism across the continent. relate to different evolutionary phases of massive stars; developing innovative observational techniques; asteroseismology.

The CSR is an NWU centre of excellence that reflects the quality of the research done for about 60 years. We provide world-class training in the following fields:

● Heliospheric physics: understanding the physics of the mechanisms of the transport, modulation, and acceleration of Galactic cosmic rays and the anomalous component in the heliosphere, Galaxy, and beyond.

● Gamma-ray astronomy: studying the emission, propagation, and detection of high-energy gamma rays, particle acceleration; formation, collimation, acceleration, and propagation of astrophysical jets in galactic and extragalactic systems, including X-ray binaries, active galactic nuclei, and gamma-ray bursts.

● Pulsar physics: modelling of gamma-ray pulsar light curves and spectra, cosmic rays from pulsars, globular clusters; decade-long collaboration with NASA theoreticians.

● Stellar astronomy: addressing fundamental questions about astrophysical masers as they

● Cosmology and gravity: understanding the nature of gravity and its effect on cosmic origin and evolution.

● Radio- and optical astronomy: using telescopes such as SALT and MeerKAT to study steady, pulsating, or transient sources including the Sun, stars, molecular clouds, masers, and clusters of galaxies.

● Materials modelling: computational and experimental study of materials for space applications.

Our MSc and PhD students have the opportunity to become part of a team that includes world-renowned, as well as up-and-coming young researchers, and dedicated support personnel. Our alumni are highly regarded locally and internationally.

If you are a prospective staff member, postdoctoral fellow, or student, please join us in this exciting academic environment and our journey to understand the universe on all scales and wavelengths.

For more information, please visit us here: https:// natural-sciences.nwu.ac.za/space-research

A panel discussion at the APA workshop in Addis Ababa.

From left to right: Prof. Fulufhelo Nelwamondo, CEO of the National Research Foundation (NRF), Dr Blade Nzimande, Minister of Science and Innovation, Ms Pontsho Maruping, Managing Director of the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), Dr Phil Mjwara, Director General: Department of Science and Innovation.

MeerKAT marks FIVE years of success!

By Lusanda Tamesi

The MeerKAT @5 conference, held from the 20th to the 23rd of February 2024 at STIAS (Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study) in Stellenbosch, Cape Town, served as a significant gathering for scientists from both local and international spheres, alongside key stakeholders.

This collaborative event was pivotal in acknowledging and commemorating the contributions and milestones that led to the success of the MeerKAT project. With the overarching theme of “Celebrating transformational science, engineering, and human capacity development” the conference attracted over two hundred participants who eagerly congregated in the STIAS auditorium.

The event provided a valuable opportunity for face-toface interaction, fostering the exchange of experiences and insights related to the MeerKAT initiative.

Exposing the Rich history of Radio Astronomy in South Africa

Several momentous events in radio astronomy are linked to the narrative of how South Africa came to be known for its cosmos exploration. Minister of Science and Innovation, Dr Blade Nzimande took us down memory lane of the inception of the Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory (HartRAO), established initially as a NASA Deep Space Tracking Station in 1961 and later transformed into a radio telescope facility in 1975.

Nestled near Johannesburg, HartRAO has been instrumental in propelling forward the frontiers of radio astronomy research while fostering robust international collaborations.

“In 2012, the unveiling of the KAT-7 radio telescope array marked a significant juncture in South Africa’s scientific journey. This engineering marvel not only demonstrated the nation’s proficiency in crafting innovative technology but also served as a precursor to

the MeerKAT telescope, heralding a new era in radio astronomy,” said the Minister.

Nzimande also remarked, “The commissioning of KAT-7 is a testament to South Africa’s commitment to innovation and excellence in scientific research”.

After delving into the history of radio astronomy, the minister urged delegates to further engage in science tourism, emphasising how this deliberate choice is already showing substantial scientific benefits for astronomy in the country.

“MeerKAT is a realisation of this long-term strategic commitment. South Africa is increasingly becoming an attractive and dependable global science partner,” said the Nzimande.

The conference began with a formal panel discussion led by Dr Daan Du Toit from the Department of Science and Innovation. The panel included guests such as Dr Bernie Fanaroff, Prof. Patricia Whitlock, Dr George Nicolson, Dr Rob Adam, Dr Phil Mjwara, Prof. Philip Diamond, and Prof. Justin Jonas. Together, they discussed the origins of their work in astronomy, setting the tone for the engaging activities to follow, from poster sessions to inspiring speeches.

FUN FACTS ABOUT MEERKAT

 Over 260 research articles have been published using MeerKAT data.

 The MeerKAT team received the 2023 Group Achievement Award in Astronomy from the Royal Astronomical Societ in recognition of MeerKAT’s achievements.

 German Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, the Ital ian National Astrophysics Institute, and SARAO, the MeerKAT Extension project is expanding the capabilities of MeerKAT and preparing it for future contributions to SKAMid.

Morocco

THE OUKAIMEDEN OBSERVATORY SUCCESS STORY

By Zouhair Benkhaldoun Director Of Oukaimeden Observatory

The Genesis

Morocco currently holds a relatively advanced position in Africa in the development of astronomy, both at the professional and amateur levels.

In the late 1980s, a small group of astrophysicists formed within the National Centre for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST) in Rabat, the capital of Morocco. These young researchers shared a common thread: they had all been trained at some point in their careers at the University of Nice Sophia Antipolis and the Observatory of the Côte d’Azur, in France. This group benefited from a positive dynamic within this Moroccan institution, which aimed to equip the country with a full-time research centre, similar to the National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) in France or the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) in Spain.

These researchers then founded the Laboratory of Astronomy and Geophysics, known as “LAG”.

This foundational era, spanning a decade, marked significant milestones, including:

● Morocco’s membership in the International Astronomical Union.

● The installation of the first astronomical observation experiment at the Oukaimeden site.

● The initiation of the thematic qualification of astronomical sites.

● The completion of 3 doctoral degrees in Astrophysics.

For both structural and conjunctural reasons, this initiative continued and developed within Cadi Ayyad University in Marrakech.

The Validation / The Confirmation

The Laboratory of High Energy Physics and Astrophysics (LPHEA) emerged within the Faculty of Sciences Semlalia in 1999, albeit not without encountering resistance from the leadership of the physics department at the time, who aimed to restrict the proliferation of research entities within the department.

A decade later, in 2009, the laboratory attained

the top position within the department and was awarded the prize for the second-best research centre at Cadi Ayyad University. In the meantime, the LPHEA members worked on establishing master’s and doctoral programmes in Astrophysics, marking the first initiatives of their kind in Morocco and the broader North African region, excluding Egypt.

Furthermore, the laboratory supported the development of the Oukaimeden Astronomical Observatory, in the High Atlas Mountains of Morocco, leading the university authorities to formally recognise it as a research centre in 2009, following the inauguration of its facilities in 2007.

The liftoff / The Launch

The following decade (2010-2020) marked a period of elevation for the Oukaïmeden Observatory, affirming its position as one of Africa’s top research infrastructures in Astrophysics. During this time, the installation of at least 5 domes and numerous instruments underscored the dedication of the Observatory dedication to various research themes:

● Planetary Science and the study of small bodies in the solar system: MOSS Telescopes, TRAPPIST-Nord, and OWL (Optical Wide-field patroL-Network) telescopes, alongside meteorite detection cameras.

● Exoplanet research: Meade-16 Telescopes, TRAPPIST-Nord, and OWL (Optical Wide-field patroL-Network) telescopes

● Exploration of variable stars: Utilisation of the Herschel spectrometer mounted on the Meade-16 Telescope.

● Investigation of Space Weather: Implementation of the RENOIR Experiment (focusing on solar activity and its impact on planetary envi ronments), along with a dedicated GPS station.

● Advancement in Space Science: Deployment of the SWORM project antenna.

Scientific Achievements

Research work in Morocco is now very diverse, with recognised expertise in several areas of astrophysics. The LPHEA leads cutting-edge research in the following themes:

● QUALIFYING AND TESTING OF ASTRONOMICAL SITES

Over a few years, the LPHEA team has acquired expertise in astronomical site selection and site characterisation. This progress has been driven by both theoretical and experimental work, focusing on the modelling of seeing parameters in relation to local and wide-scale atmospheric conditions, such as external air temperature and its gradients. Additionally, the team enhanced its approach by deploying a variety of sky quality observation instruments, further improving our ability to assess and select optimal sites for astronomical observation.

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● POTENTIALLY HABITABLE EXOPLANETS

The Moroccan research group has developed skills in observing exoplanets, using advanced techniques: radial velocities, direct imaging, and especially transits. The transit method consists of observing the light variations of a star caused by the passage of a planet in front of it (similar to an eclipse).

Thanks to the facilities of the Oukaimeden Observatory, the LPHEA team has been able to carry out several observation campaigns that have validated the method. This project has particularly contributed to the discovery of the famous TRAPPIST-1 system consisting of 7 Earth-type rocky planets, three of which are located in the habitable zone of the host planet.

● HIGH ANGULAR RESOLUTION, INTERFEROMETRY

The LPHEA has rich experience in this area, which aims to obtain astronomical instruments with the best possible resolution, in order to spatially resolve details on the observed astronomical objects.

● SOLAR PHYSICS

The Sun is the source of the solar wind, a gas flow that reaches Earth at a speed of more than 500 km per second. Disturbances in the solar wind shake Earth’s magnetic field, introduce accelerated particles and energy into Earth’s radiation belt. Space Weather studies the effects of solar activity on Earth’s atmosphere. In addition to influencing Earth's climate, this

excess radiation can damage satellites and pose a threat to astronauts. Shaking Earth magnetic field can also cause current spikes in power lines, damaging large-scale electrical networks and causing significant economic damage.

● PLANETARY SCIENCES AND SMALL BODIES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

The research group has also specialised in the detection of lunar flashes. These works are part of the international context of preparation for lunar seismological missions that will use impacts as a seismic source. This axis has been successful with the detection of several impact flashes by the Moroccan team, and an article has been published following these discoveries.

A PhD was defended in September 2016 and this discipline is extending to the observation of Jupiter’s flash with the involvement of a PhD student from the University of Dakar.

The research group also works on the detection and tracking of meteorites. A collaboration project with a team from the Observatoire de Paris has allowed the installation of two meteor detection cameras at the Marrakech and Oukaimeden observatories. This network is in the process of expanding, thanks notably to the support of the French network FRIPON and an Australian team in contact with Hasnaa Chennaoui from the University of Casablanca (MOFID Network). A PhD was

defended in this theme, and two others are in progress.

The Moroccan research institute also participates in the detection and tracking of small bodies of the Solar System. These works have notably led to the discovery of four new comets, three near-Earth objects, and several new asteroids by the MOOS telescope. This field is also expected to develop significantly thanks to recent cooperation with the Korean Space Agency,

which has just installed a 50cm robotic telescope at the Oukaimeden site. In addition to small bodies of the solar system, this instrument is called to track satellite debris. The Moroccan research team is called to integrate this research program.

● VARIABLE STAR SPECTROSCOPY

Thanks to the development of the Oukaimeden Observatory, LPHEA researchers can use two telescopes, C14 and T500, operating entirely in remote control mode. These instruments allow for photometric and spectroscopic measurements of variable stars such as RR Lyrae type pulsating stars. The variation in the amplitude of pulsation of these stars, discovered in 1906 but still unexplained to this day, could reveal its mysteries thanks to observations at Oukaimeden. Other types of variable stars are also under study from this site.

● DARK SKY RESERVE

Since 2018, the LPHEA team has been involved in a project to create a Dark Sky Reserve (Atlas Dark Sky Reserve) around the Oukaimeden Observatory. The primary goal of this project is to preserve the quality of the sky in Oukaimeden, one of the best astronomical observation sites on the planet with several worldclass telescopes. Additionally, the team aims to protect and explore other sites within the reserve for the installation of large Moroccan or foreign ground-space telescopes. The reserve will serve as a natural laboratory for Cadi Ayyad University and its research laboratories for the observation and experimentation of new technologies, with a favourable impact on energy consumption related to public lighting. This field of research will open up perspectives in terms of rational lighting and will thus drive research, development, and innovation in this area, leading to a positive impact for Morocco and its international reputation.

THE SCIENCE COMMITTEE OF THE

AFRICAN ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY

By Prof. James Chibueze

The science committee of the African Astronomical Society (AfAS) is one of the key committees that orchestrates a symphony of activities aimed at fostering scientific inquiry, nurturing budding astronomers, and enhancing the astronomical community’s collective knowledge.

Central to its mission are the organisation of annual astronomical conferences, the bestowment of student awards and early career grants, the facilitation of research endeavours, and the provision of resources for astronomical observation

Annual Astronomical Conferences:

Uniting Minds Across the Cosmos

One of the cornerstone events overseen by the AfAS science committee is the annual astronomical conference, a gathering that brings together luminaries, enthusiasts, and students alike. These conferences serve as crucibles of collaboration, where cutting-edge research meets

passionate discourse, and where new horizons of understanding are revealed.

From keynote/invited lectures delivered by esteemed astrophysicists to interactive workshops exploring the latest advancements in observational techniques, these conferences provide a platform for the exchange of ideas, the forging of professional connections, and the cultivation of a shared enthusiasm for all things celestial.

Prof. James Chibueze at the 2023 AfAS conference.

Empowering the Next Generation:

Student Grants and Awards

Recognising the importance of nurturing the next generation of astronomers, the science committee dedicates resources to support students and early-career researchers. Through a range of grants and awards, promising minds are given the opportunity to pursue their research aspirations and contribute to the ever-expanding tapestry of astronomical knowledge. Whether it be funding for innovative research projects, travel grants to attend conferences, or scholarships to further academic pursuits, these initiatives aim to empower students and early-career scientists to reach for the stars and make their mark on the field of astronomy.

Supporting Research Groups:

Fuelling Discovery Beyond Boundaries

In collaboration with the wider astronomical community, the science committee provides support to research groups pursuing groundbreaking inquiries into the cosmos. By offering financial assistance, access to specialised equipment, and logistical support, these efforts enable research groups to push the boundaries of

our understanding and unravel the enigmas of the universe. From studying the origins of galaxies to probing the nature of dark matter, these research endeavours represent the collective pursuit of knowledge at its most ambitious and profound.

Refurbishing Telescopes:

Illuminating the Night Sky for All

Recognising the importance of access to quality equipment, the science committee oversees efforts to refurbish telescopes for the use of society members. One example of such an effort is the ROTSE telescope in Namibia.

Whether it be upgrading optics for enhanced clarity, implementing tracking systems for precise celestial navigation, or refurbishing observatories for optimal viewing conditions, these initiatives ensure that astronomers of all skill levels have the tools they need to explore the wonders of the night sky.

Through its tireless efforts to organise conferences, support students and researchers, and provide resources for observation, the committee fuels the collective journey of humanity as we seek to unlock the mysteries of the universe.

PROF. PHILIP DIAMOND AWARDED CBE FOR PIONEERING Contributions to Global Radio Astronomy

By Nadine Sims

Prof. Philip Diamond, a leading figure in the field of radio astronomy, has been honoured with the prestigious Commander of the British Empire (CBE) medal in recognition of his remarkable contributions to the advancement of global radio astronomy. The award acknowledges his visionary leadership and tireless efforts in spearheading the Square Kilometre Array Observatory (SKAO) project, a groundbreaking international endeavour poised to revolutionise our understanding of the universe.

For over a decade, Prof. Diamond has been at the forefront of the SKAO project, driving its development and overseeing its implementation across multiple countries. His dedication and expertise have been instrumental in shaping the ambitious goals and strategic direction of this transformative initiative.

The SKA project, hailed as one of the most ambitious scientific endeavours of the 21st century, aims to construct the world’s largest and most sensitive radio telescope. Once completed, the SKAO will enable astronomers to explore fundamental questions about the cosmos.

Under Prof. Diamond’s leadership, the SKAO has made significant strides. His unwavering

commitment to fostering collaboration among scientists, engineers, and policymakers from around the world has been pivotal in driving the project forward and ensuring its success.

The CBE medal bestowed upon Prof. Dimond serves as a testament to his outstanding achievements and exemplary leadership in the field of radio astronomy. It recognises not only his individual accomplishments but also the collective efforts of the global scientific community working towards a common goal of unlocking the mysteries of the universe.

In addition to his role in at SKAO, Prof. Diamond has made substantial contributions to the broader field of radio astronomy throughout his career. He has played a pivotal role in nurturing talent and fostering diversity within the scientific community, inspiring countless individuals to pursue careers in astronomy and related disciplines.

As Prof. Philip Diamond receives the CBE medal, it serves as a reminder of the profound impact that dedicated individuals can have on the advancement of human knowledge and understanding. His pioneering spirit and unwavering dedication to the pursuit of scientific excellence continue to inspire and shape the future of radio astronomy for generations to come.

ANNIE MAUNDER MEDAL AWARDED TO AMT NAMIBIA: Recognising Excellence in Astronomy Education

Africa Millimetre Telescope Namibia, a leading organisation dedicated to promoting astronomy education and outreach, has been honoured with the prestigious Annie Maunder Medal for its outstanding contributions to the field. The Annie Maunder Medal, named after the pioneering astronomer Annie Maunder, is awarded annually by the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) to individuals or groups who have significantly advanced the public understanding of astronomy or geophysics.

AMT Namibia’s innovative programmes and initiatives have made astronomy accessible to people of all ages and backgrounds, particularly in underserved communities. Through a combination of mobile planetarium shows, hands-on workshops, and community events, AMT Namibia has inspired a new generation of astronomers and fostered a greater appreciation for the wonders of the universe.

The organisation’s commitment to excellence in astronomy education has earned it widespread recognition and acclaim. AMT Namibia’s team of passionate educators and astronomers work tirelessly to engage students and the public through interactive learning experiences that spark curiosity and ignite a sense of wonder about the cosmos.

Receiving the Annie Maunder Medal is a testament to AMT Namibia’s dedication and impact in promoting science literacy and STEM education in Namibia and beyond. The medal serves as a symbol of the organisation’s commitment to excellence and its ongoing efforts to inspire, educate, and empower future generations of astronomers.

In accepting the award, representatives from AMT Namibia expressed their gratitude to the Royal Astronomical Society for the honour and reaffirmed their commitment to advancing astronomy education and outreach. They also highlighted the importance of collaboration and partnerships in expanding access to astronomy resources and opportunities for all.

As we look to the future, AMT Namibia’s recognition with the Annie Maunder Medal serves as a reminder of the transformative power of astronomy education in inspiring curiosity, fostering scientific literacy, and promoting a deeper understanding of our place in the universe. Through continued innovation and dedication, organisations like AMT Namibia willplay a vital role in shaping the next generation of astronomers and contributing to a brighter future for science and society alike.

The African Network for Women in Astronomy

(AFNWA)

Edited by: Somaya Saad, Salma Sylla Mbaye, Mirjana Povic, Priscilla Muheki, and Vanessa McBride

The African Network of Women in Astronomy (AfNWA) is an initiative that aims to connect women (or individuals who identify as such) working in astronomy and related fields in Africa. It was established in September 2020 as one of the committees of the African Astronomical Society (AfAS). With AfNWA we want to ensure the future participation of girls and women at all levels in the development of astronomy and science across Africa. Our main objectives are to improve the status of women in science in Africa and to use astronomy to inspire more girls to do Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM).

Introduction

According to the latest report of UNESCO and UN WOMEN, the number of women researchers in the world (both part-time and full-time) is on average < 30%. For most countries, this number is even lower when considering STEM fields. We are thereforefacing a significant gender gap in science. In Africa, most countries have female scientists below 25%, becoming much lower in the case of fundamental sciences. Many factors could be responsible for the low number of women scientists (e.g., poverty andpoor access to education, social constraints, cultual biases and believes, lack of female mentors and role models, etc.), however because of these difficulties we are missing out an enormous potential and talent that could benefit our society. We will never be able to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) without empowering girls and women

Astronomy and space sciences are currently undergoing significant development in Africa. Some of the indicators of this development are: a) new postgraduate (in Msc and PhD) programmes in astronomy throughout the continent, b) strong increase in the number of professional astronomers, c) significant development of infrastructure in observational astronomy, d) strong institutional development (e.g., with new research centres, space agencies, astronomy departments, etc.), e) foundation of the African Astronomical Society (AfAS) with different committees (science, education/outreach, AfNWA, etc.), f) creation of > 70 amateur astronomical societies across the continent, or even g) a change in political

commitment (e.g., foundation of the African Space Agency, development of new African Union policies and strategies, etc.).

However, these significant developments in astronomy are also facing many difficulties. Some of these difficulties are: most of the countries are starting from scratch with development in astronomy, that implies also limited number of qualified personnel to carry out all the activities and cover all the needs, lack of the scientific infrastructure, lack of (guaranteed long-term) funding and support from local governments, many difficulties on a daily basis with the lack (limitation) of basic facilities (uninterrupted power, internet, etc.), political instabilities, astronomy in Africa is not yet accessible to all, lack of information on the impact of astronomy and fundamental sciences on socio-economic development in Africa, etc.

With AfNWA we want to ensure the participation of women at all levels of these important new developments in astronomy in Africa for the benefit of society as a whole, and that through astronomy and women in astronomy we can inspire and empower many more girls to contribute in the future to the realisation of the UNSDGs.

AfNWA was publicly launched in January 2021, with strong support from AfAS, becoming one of its committees. The initiative started when in 2019, Prof. Mirjana Pović, received the Inspiring Science Award from the Nature Research in collaboration with Esteé Lauder, and decided to use the financial part of the award to create AfNWA. AfNWA was then initially established by Prof. Mirjana Pović (Space Science and Geospatial Institute in Ethiopia), Prof. Vanessa McBride (at that time Office of Astronomy for Development in South Africa, currently International Science Council in France), Dr. Priscilla Muheki (Mbarara University of Science and Technology in Uganda), Prof. Carolina Ödman-Govender (University of the Western Cape in South Africa), Prof. Somaya Saad (National Astronomy and Geophysics Research Institute for Research in Astronomy and Geophysics in Egypt), and Prof. Nana Ama Brown (University of Ghana in Ghana). Later on, Ms. Salma Sylla Mbaye (Cheikh Anta Diop University Cheikh Anta Diop in Senegal),

the first female PhD student in astronomy in Senegal, also joined the AfNWA Board. Today AfNWA has ~ 150 members from over 30 countries, with ~ 80%/20% of female/male members. Almost 80% of all member are young researchers, Masters and PhD students. This means that having AfNWA to offer the right support to all young researchers and to make sure that we do not lose them throughout their scientific career. In the future, with AfNWA we want to unite all women in astronomy in Africa.

AfNWA’s objectives:

Considering the last mentioned, the main objectives of AfNWA are:

- To strengthen and promote female participation in astronomy in Africa and create a strong network,

- To strengthen support and mentoring between senior and junior astronomers,

- To study and understand the main reasons why, across Africa, there are not more women and girls in science, and to explore ways to retain women in astronomy,

- To promote astronomy and science in general, among girls and young women and to inspire them to do science,

- To give more visibility to the work that women astronomers are doing in Africa, and that African women astronomers are doing around the world,

- To strengthen the research and leadership capacities of women astronomers, and

- To ensure female participation in current and future developments in astronomy and science in Africa and the world.

AfNWA's objectives cannot be achieved without the full support and participation of the entire society, and therefore participation of all community, independently on gender and geographical distribution, in AfNWA’s activities and vision are highly appreciated.

Main activities:

Since its establishment, immense work has been done to give visibility to AfNWA and to carry out different activities in line with our proposed objectives. Our main activities revolve around:

- The creation, maintenance, and growth of the

Network, through the creation of the AfNWA website and active email list, where we constantly share with the community different relevant news and opportunities.

- Organisation of online trainings and talks to improve the skills of our young researchers and Masters and PhD students (e.g., on how to prepare a CV, how to prepare a scientific presentation, on research proposal development, on the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) human capacity development activities, etc.).

- Since 2021, organising of the first AfNWA Awards for Women in Astronomy, for early-career and senior female astronomers, in collaboration with the International Science Programme and Uppsala University in Sweden. In 2021, the senior research award in astronomy was given to Prof. Reneé Kraan-Korteweg from South Africa and the early-career award to Dr. Marie Korsaga from Burkina Faso. In 2023, we renamed the early-career award into Prof.

Carolina Odman-Govender Early Career Award in tribute to our colleague and friend Prof. Carolina Odman-Govender, one of the AfNWA Board members and founders, who passed away in November 2022. Last year the prize went to Dr. Al-Shaimaa Saad from Egypt. For 2023, two awards will be given during thespecial session at the 4 th AfAS annual conference in Morocco at 15-25 April 2024.

- Giving visibility to women in astronomy and science in Africa through published annual reports, newsletters and articles, giving more than 20 talks, presentations at more than 10 conferences, participation in the Cosmic Savannah Podcast (episode 54), compilation of the first draft on women in astronomy in Africa that was presented on 8 th of March 2021, and organisation of special sessions

Dr. Marie Korsaga (left) 2021 Early-career Award, Prof. Renee Kraan-Korteweg (centre) 2021 Senior Award, and Dr.Al-Shaimaa Saad 2022 Prof. Carolina Odman-Govender Early Career Award.

on women in science and astronomy (e.g., during the AfAS annual conferences in 2023/22/21, Africa-Europe Summit Preview in 2021, East African Astronomical Society Conference in Tanzania in 2021).

- AfNWA outreach videos were prepared for promoting women in astronomy and science and are available through the YouTube channels and the AfNWA and AfAS websites.

- We are now working on the first edition of the book on Women Astronomers in Africa, which will be published at the next General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) to be held for the first time in Africa in 2024, in South Africa, from 6-15 of August.

Current AfNWA call for stories. Generated using Microsoft AI tools

- We support the education and outreach activities to promote science through astronomy and to inspire more girls to do STEM. Recently, in collaboration with the AfAS Education and Outreach Committee we launched a call for seed funding to support 13 projects across Africa focused on the use of astronomy and STEM to empower girls living in disadvantaged communities and difficult circumstances.

- We developed a list of AfNWA recommendations on improving a gender gap in science that were

presented to different stakeholders and at different international meetings.

To get more information about AfNWA and to become a member please visit: www.afnwa.org and/or www.africanastronomicalsociety.org/afnwa/.

Current AfNWA Board. From top to bottom and from right to left: Prof. Somaya Saad, Ms. Salma Sylla Mbaye, Dr. Priscilla Muheki, Prof. Mirjana Pović, and Prof. Vanessa McBride

The late Prof. Carolina Odman Govender. Image credit: Tony Sojka

in Ghana Through School Visits and Astro Clubs PROMOTING ASTRONOMY

Dr Naomi Asabre Frimpong

Since Ghana’s integration into the Square Kilometre Array-South Africa (SKA-SA) project in 2012, the nation has embarked on an ambitious journey, transforming its engagement with astronomy and space science. At the heart of this transformation is the Ghana Space Science and Technology Institute (GSSTI), which has been instrumental in pioneering Ghana’s advancements in these fields.

Despite encountering initial barriers such as limited astronomy education and training across educational levels, GSSTI’s steadfast vision has propelled Ghana into the global astronomy community. A landmark achievement was the commissioning of Ghana’s radio telescope, a pioneering step for the African VLBI Network (AVN), signifying a major leap in the country’s scientific pursuits.

The real catalyst for change has been the strategic collaboration between GSSTI and Promoting Astronomy in Ghana Through School Visits and Astro Clubs (PRAGSAC). This programme, which was started by alumni of the Development in Africa with Radio Astronomy (DARA) Project and is being supported by GSSTI and the Office of Astronomy for Development (OAD), has completely changed the way that the general public and the younger generation view and interact with astronomy and space science. By introducing school-based astronomy clubs and conducting outreach programs, PRAGSAC has cultivated a burgeoning interest in these sciences over the years.

These school astronomy clubs represent more than extracurricular activities; they are incubators for future astronomers, astrophysicists, and space scientists in Ghana. GSSTI’s dedication to this cause has facilitated the provision of essential resources, patron training, and the organisation of engaging events such as astronomy competitions and educational visits. Specifically targeting junior high students, these clubs offer an unparalleled opportunity to delve into the cos-

mos through interactive lectures and hands-on activities, enhancing students’ scientific literacy and problem-solving capabilities.

The success of the PRAGSAC projects in sustaining these clubs and fostering meaningful engagement with astronomy is notable. Regular visits by project members and bi-annual meetings with astronomers maintain students’ enthusiasm for the subject. To ensure the sustainability of these clubs, patrons, usually science teachers, undergo specialised training. This training equips them to deliver compelling astronomy lessons and conduct practical experiments, making club meetings both educational and enjoyable.

Since its inception, this initiative has successfully established astronomy clubs in over 23 schools across Ghana’s southern regions, engaging more than 1,227 club members aged between 13 and 16 years. Notably, over 40% of these members are girls, underscoring the initiative’s commitment to gender inclusivity. Activities such as educational trips to the Ghana Radio Astronomy Observatory (GRAO) and the first astronomy quiz competition have highlighted the students’ growing knowledge and passion for astronomy.

In alignment with International Women’s Day, the initiative’s efforts to promote gender inclusivity within the astronomy landscape deserve special mention. The PRAGSAC initiative has made significant strides in encouraging female participation in science, with half of the participating girls opting to pursue science in Senior High School. This focus on fostering a supportive environment for young women interested in astronomy seeks to dismantle traditional gender barriers and enhance women’s representation in the scientific community.

Looking forward, the expansion of astronomy clubs into senior high schools and universities is anticipated to deepen the roots of astronomy within Ghana’s educational system. This expansion is set to inspire more youth towards STEM

fields, preparing a generation that perceives astronomy not just as a subject but as a gateway to infinite possibilities. This vision is key to addressing the current human capacity gap in astronomy and space science in Ghana.

In summary, the PRAGSAC school astronomy clubs initiative has not only sparked a significant interest in astronomy among over 1,200 students but has also heralded a transformative era in Ghana’s educational landscape. The initiative’s achievements, such as the astronomy quiz and educational visits to GRAO, demonstrate a growing enthusiasm for astronomy.

As we acknowledge these milestones, it’s essential to recognise PRAGSAC’s enduring commitment to advancing higher education and nurturing a generation poised to make substantial contributions to global astronomy and science. This initiative represents more than an effort to pique interest; it’s a continuous journey towards a scientifically enlightened and inclusive future for Ghana.

First Astronomy Quiz held at GRAO, participants, patrons and staff of GSSTI and PRAGSAC members.

Astronomy club members on an Educational tour at GRAO, group picture.

Assessment of club members during club monitoring and evaluation sessions at Domiabra Methodist School in Kasoa a town in the Central Region.

Students looking through the telescope during the initial school visits and presentations.

Assessment of club members during club monitoring and evaluation sessions at St. Martha’s Catholic Basic B School in the Central Region.

Astronomy club members on Educational tour of GRAO.

GHANA

NASSP @ 20:

Celebrating Two Decades of Astronomical Excellence

In the realm of astronomy, where the mysteries of the cosmos beckon exploration, the National Astrophysics and Space Science Programme (NASSP) stands as a beacon of academic excellence. Recently, astronomers, researchers, and enthusiasts alike gathered to commemorate a significant milestone: the 20th anniversary of NASSP’s inception. The NASSP @ 20 symposium was a testament to the programme’s profound impact on astrophysical research and education, as well as its enduring commitment to advancing our understanding of the universe.

Hosted at the University of Cape Town (UCT), the symposium brought together luminaries from across the globe to reflect on the programme’s achievements and chart a course for its future. For two decades, NASSP has been at the forefront of nurturing talent, fostering collaboration, and pushing the boundaries of astrophysics and space science, having graduated more than 400 honours students.

NASSP traces its roots back to the turn of the millennium when it was established as a collaborative effort between several South African universities and research institutions. Its primary mission is to train the next generation of astrophysicists and space scientists while promoting research excellence in the field. Over the years, NASSP has evolved into a premier training programme.

The symposium kicked off with a retrospective look at NASSP’s evolution, highlighting key milestones, groundbreaking research endeavours, and the diverse array of individuals who have contributed to its success. From its humble beginnings to its current stature as a globally recognised centre of astrophysical research and education, NASSP’s journey has been nothing short of remarkable.

Throughout the symposium, participants had the opportunity to engage in a wide range of discussions and presentations covering various aspects of astrophysics, cosmology, and space science. From the latest advancements in observational techniques to theoretical breakthroughs in our understanding of the cosmos, the breadth and depth of topics explored underscored the vibrancy of research within the NASSP community.

One of the highlights of the event was a series of keynote addresses by Daya Reddy, UCT Vice Chancellor,. As well as alumni and lecturers who shared their insights into the future directions of astrophysics and the role that NASSP is poised to play in shaping the landscape of the field.

In addition, the symposium also featured networking opportunities aimed at fostering collaboration and knowledge exchange among attendees. From seasoned professors to students, participants had the chance to connect with peers, mentors, and potential collaborators.

Amongst the sponsors for the event was the Department of Science and Innovation, The South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO), South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO) and The South African National Space Agency (SANSA). The various nodes across the country were also sponsors, University of Cape Town (UCT), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) and North-West University (NWU).

As the symposium drew to a close, there was a

palpable sense of optimism and excitement about the future of NASSP and the role it will play in shaping future astronomers and space scientists. With its unwavering dedication to excellence, its commitment to diversity and inclusion, and its relentless pursuit of knowledge, NASSP is poised to continue making significant contributions to our understanding of the cosmos for decades to come.

The NASSP @ 20 symposium was a celebration of two decades of excellence, a testament to the programme’s enduring legacy, and a harbinger of even greater achievements yet to come. As we look to the future, let us be inspired by the spirit of inquiry, the pursuit of knowledge, and the boundless curiosity that define the fields of astrophysics and space science, and let us continue to reach for the stars in our quest to unravel the mysteries of the universe.

In celebration of their 20th anniversary, the team at NASSP are putting together a book and they encourage all students and graduates of the programme to fill out a questionnaire that can be found on their website.

ALL NASSP @ 20 CONFERENCE ATTENDEES, STANDING OUTSIDE THE SARAH BAARTMAN HALL, AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN (UCT).

GEO WEEK AND MINISTERIAL SUMMIT 2023:

Advancing Global Earth Observation Efforts

Cape Town recently hosted the annual Group on Earth Observations (GEO) Week and Ministerial Summit, drawing together leaders, policymakers, scientists, and experts from around the world to discuss the pivotal role of Earth obser vation in addressing global challenges. As the impacts of climate change become in creasingly evident, the need for comprehensive, accurate, and accessible Earth observa tion data has never been more urgent. Against this backdrop, the events in Cape Town served as a crucial platform for advancing col laboration and innovation in the field of Earth observation.

GEO Week: Fostering Collaboration and Innovation

GEO Week is an annual gathering that showcases the latest advancements in Earth observation technologies, applications, and research. Last year’s event in Cape Town featured a diverse array of sessions, workshops, and exhibitions highlighting the transformative power of Earth observation data across various sectors, including environmental monitoring, disaster management, agriculture, and public health.

One of the key themes that emerged during GEO Week was the importance of open data and international collaboration. With the GEO community comprising over 120 member countries, as well as numerous international organisations, academia, and industry partners, there is a wealth of expertise and resources that can be leveraged to address global challenges. By promoting data sharing, capacity building, and knowledge exchange, GEO Week fosters a collaborative environment where stakeholders can work together to harness the full potential of Earth observation for the benefit of humanity.

Ministerial Summit: Committing to Action

The Ministerial Summit, which took place as part of GEO Week, brought together government ministers and high-level officials to discuss policy priorities and commitments related to Earth observation. Against the backdrop of escalating climate change impacts and environmental degradation, the Summit provided a communities, Earth observation provides invaluable insights into the state of our planet and informs strategies for mitigation and adaptation.

One area of focus was the role of Earth observation in climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts. With the world facing increasingly severe weather events, rising temperatures, and disruptions to ecosystems, there is an urgent need to enhance our understanding of climate dynamics and develop effective response strategies. Earth observation data, combined with advanced analytics and modelling techniques, enables scientists and policymakers to monitor climate trends, assess risks, and implement targeted interventions to build resilience and reduce vulnerability.

Ministers and delegates at the GEO Week and Ministerial Summit.

Looking Ahead: A Call to Action

As GEO Week and the Ministerial Summit drew to a close, participants expressed a sense of urgency and determination to accelerate progress in Earth observation. The challenges facing our planet are vast and complex, but by harnessing the collective expertise and resources of the global community, we have the potential to effect meaningful change. In the months and years ahead, it will be crucial for governments, organisations, and stakeholders to translate the commitments made in Cape Town into concrete actions and outcomes. This includes investing

in the development and deployment of Earth observation technologies, strengthening international partnerships, and ensuring the accessibility and affordability of data for all users, particularly those in developing countries and underserved communities.

Ultimately, the success of GEO Week and the Ministerial Summit will be measured not only by the agreements reached and declarations signed but by the tangible impact of Earth observation on the ground. By harnessing the power of technology, collaboration, and innovation, we can build a more sustainable and resilient future for generations to come.

Members of the GEO Week and Ministerial Summit 2023 Youth Panel.

The Deputy Minister of Science and Innovation, Buti Manamela, and the lead GEO Co-Chair, Dr Mmboneni Muofhe.

Minister of Science and Innovation, Dr Blade Nzimande, as one of the panelists at the GEO Week and Ministerial Summit.

40 African Science Stars Issue 7 | www.africansciencestars.com CAREERS

BRINGING

What Is The Field About?

Earth Observation (EO) is the gathering of information about planet Earth’s physical, chemical, and biological systems. This field has always fascinated scientists during the years of Apollo missions in the 1960s. EO uses satellite imaging or remote sensing technology to offer information on land, marine habitats, and the atmosphere.

An example such as drones can be operated remotely or manually to capture photos of the Earth and deliver information to local decisionmakers. Satellites offer worldwide EO imagery, sometimes photographing the same location every day.

This is a career that requires you to have a strong background in mathematics, computer sciences, physical sciences, and geography from as early as grade 10 during your high school years.

Types Of Careers In Earth Observation:

Remote Sensing Specialist: Remote sensing professionals gather information about the physical properties of the Earth from faraway areas, generally using satellites and aircraft.

GIS Analyst: This uses mapping software to analyse spatial data and create digital maps.

Environmental Scientist: Encouraging enterprises, governments, and individuals to use natural resources responsibly and in a way that ensures their availability in the future.

Urban Planner: An urban planner plans sustainable cities by assessing issues such as population growth and transportation, to create lively urban environments that suit inhabitants’ demands.

Agriculture Specialist: An agriculture consultant advises on sustainable farming methods that will increase crop yields and support rural development.

Satellite Engineer: A satellite engineer designs and maintains satellites for communication and Earth observation, assuring their durability and performance.

Software Developer for EO applications: A software developer for EO applications develops and maintains software used to analyse satellite data, working with experts to improve data processing and analysis.

Skills:

• Proficiency in remote sensing techniques and GIS software

• Strong analytical and problem-solving skills

• Knowledge of programming languages (Python, R,etc.) may be advantageous

• Understanding of environmental science principles

• Ability to interpret and analyse satellite imagery

• Communication and teamwork skills

Education and Training:

Undergraduate degrees in environmental science, geography, geology, or related fields.

Consider pursuing a Bachelor of Science in Geomatics with a focus on Geoinformatics.

Bachelor of Science degree with a double major in GIS and another science or agricultural field. GIS is an essential part of numerous undergraduate and postgraduate programmes, including master's degrees. After earning your bachelor's degree, you can continue your education with a MSc, followed by a PhD degree.

Job Market:

A career in earth observation can be pursued in the various space agencies across the African continent and at institutions such as:

• Research institutions

• Private Companies

• Government agencies

• Environmental consulting firms

African Science Stars on the move

IAU 386 SYMPOSIUM IN ADDIS ABABA

The team was in Ethiopia at the IAU 386 symposium. The week-long event included scientific discussions, public lectures, and capacity-building activities. We also visited the Entoto Observatory in Ethiopia and distributed magazines to students at Berhan Guzo General Secondary School.

GEO WEEK AND MINISTERIAL SUMMIT 2023

African Science Stars attended the GEO Week and Ministerial Summit. GEO Week 2023 took place in Cape Town, South Africa. Organised by the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) and was hosted by the Department of Science and Innovation.

SARAO POSTGRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH CONFERENCE

The Human Capital development programme at the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO) hosted their 15 th postgraduate scholarship conference in Cape Town. The annual event brings together students, supervisors, radio astronomers and engineers.

SCIENCE FORUM SOUTH AFRICA

The team attended the Science Forum South Africa, in December 2023, in Pretoria at the CSIR ICC. The forum’s theme was “Igniting conversations about science - people, partnerships and priorities for the Decadal Plan”.

VISIT TO TANZANIA

The outreach team visited Zanzibar and distributed the magazine to students at a local school, Kibele Secondary School. The team then visited The Open University of Tanzania, in Dar es Salaam and distributed the magazine there too.

NASSP @ 20 SYMPOSIUM

The team attended the symposium, which celebrated the 20 years of great work being done by the National Astrophysics and Space Science Programme (NASSP). The two-day event took place at UCT and brought together previous and current students,

MEERKAT@5 CONFERENCE

The team is attended the MeerKAT@5 conference, which took place at STIAS in Stellenbosch, Cape Town. The keynote address was given by Dr Blade Nzimande and the event was filled with informative presentations and talks throughout.

Bursaries

WHO QUALIFIES FOR A BURSARY?

The requirements are different for each bursary program, and those requirements will be specified in each bursary listing, but here are some common requirements that are seen across most bursary programs:

 You must be either be in Matric or have completed Matric.

 You must have a strong academic record (in Matric and at tertiary level if currently studying)

– depending on your field of study, you may also be required to show strong academic results in Mathematics, Science, or languages.

 You must be studying or have applied to study at a recognised tertiary institution in Africa (including public and private institutes – TVET colleges, Universities, and Universities of Technology).

 You must be studying or have applied to study full-time (part-time studies and correspondence studies are sometimes also funded but most bursaries only cover full-time studies).

 You must be able to prove financial need.

Today, education is the key to unlocking a promising future. Financial constraints, however, prevent many aspiring students from pursuing further education. Bursaries represent a ray of hope. This financial help not only relieves the stress of tuition payments but also opens doors to opportunity for countless individuals.

HOW TO APPLY FOR A BURSARY?

Each bursary listing provides application instructions. Some require online submission, while others involve downloading forms for submission via email, fax, post, or in person, according to ZABursaries.

Students must submit supporting documents with their applications, including (but not limited to):

 A certified copy of your ID document or passport.

 A certified copy of your academic records (Matric latest results if currently in Matric, Matric certificate if completed Matric, full academic record if currently studying at tertiary level).

 Proof of tertiary application, registration, or acceptance (on the institution’s letterhead).

 A motivational letter explaining why you should be selected for the bursary award.

 Proof of household income showing financial need (this will include your parents/guardians’s proof of income or proof of unemployment).

 Proof of residence – this only applies if the bursary specifies that it only covers students

LIST OF BURSARIES

These bursaries, granted in South Africa, are not only limited to South African students; any eligible student in Africa can apply. Please note the below bursaries were extracted from the ZABursaries website.

 South African Society of Crop Production (SASCP) Bursary (closes on 17 March 2024)

 AIMS Google DeepMind Scholarship (closes on 29 March 2024)

 CACH Applications for 2024 (closes on 31 March 2024)

 Oppenheimer Memorial Trust (OMT) Scholarship (closes on 31 March 2024)

 Advance Africa Scholarship (no closing date – applications are accepted at any time)

This article does not cover all bursary alternatives, but interested readers could visit the ZABursaries website for more information. Good luck!

The Mauritian government is offering scholarships to qualified individuals for full-time, on-campus undergraduate and postgraduate study at public Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Mauritius wduring the academic year 2024, which begins in September 2024.

DEGREE LEVEL

 Diploma

 Bachelor’s

 Master’s

 PhD

WHO CAN APPLY?

GENERAL CRITERIA:

 Have an exceptional health and an impressive academic background.

 Candidates must have an interest in studying in Mauritius.

 Candidates must be available to study in Mauritius at the start of their academic program in September 2024.

 All applicants must meet the entry criteria for their selected study programme in Mauritius.

 All applicants must meet the minimum

academic requirement of 60% in physics, mathematics, and sometimes computer studies.

 All candidates must have proficiency in English.

 Not receive a scholarship from any other public source in Mauritius.

 Applicants must apply for full-time oncampus studies at a public Higher Education Institution in Mauritius for the 2024 academic year. They can either provide a conditional offer letter from the chosen institution or a receipt of the application fee payment when applying for the scholarship.

 Awardees should abide by the protocols set by Mauritian authorities for passengers traveling to Mauritius.

 Applicants must be prepared to undergo a medical check-up as per the Passport and Immigration Office requirements (http://passport.govmu.org), in any public hospital in Mauritius, and the test results shall be submitted to the Passport and Immigration Office, with a copy to the Ministry, not later than one month after arrival in Mauritius.

The OWSD Early Career Fellowship is offering a fellowship programme to women who have completed their Ph.D. studies in STEM globally. This prestigious award is at an offer of up to USD 50,000.

Below are some of the websites you should always visit for more bursary information:

- NRF websites - www.nrf.ac.za

- SANSA website - www.sansa.org.za

- CSIR website - www.csir.co.za

Events

In this article, we’ ll provide a brief overview of some of the most notable science and space-related events happening around the world, encouraging readers to remain informed and involved in the dynamic frontiers of human understanding.

- Newspace Africa Conference 2024

Newspace Africa Conference is a 4-day conference that will feature selected keynotes, interactive sessions, panel discussions, business pitches, B2B matchmaking, B2C matchmaing, and unique networking opportunities. The theme this year is ‘The role of space in closing Africa’s poverty gap’.

Where:

- The 4th annual conference of the Africa Astronomical Society

Talatona Convention Centre, Luanda, Angola

When:

2 – 5 April 2024

- The 32nd International Astronomical Union (IAU) General Assembly (GA) 2024

The National Organising Committee of the 32nd International Astronomical Union (IAU) General Assembly (GA) is excited to announce that registrations are now officially open for the IAU GA 2024. The IAU GA is an international gathering of astronomers that takes place every three years and lasts for 10 days. The 2024 IAU General Assembly marks a historic event as it will be the inaugural meeting in Africa in the organisation’s century-long history. Additionally, it will introduce an open-access framework, allowing individuals worldwide to remotely attend live presentations during the Assembly.

Where:

Cape Town, South Africa

When: 6 – 15 August 2024

The yearly African Astronomical Society conference seeks to further the goals of AfAS and its scientific agenda by emphasising research, outreach, communication, and educational efforts in astronomy across Africa. It also aims to foster collaboration among nations. This conference, co-hosted by Cadi Ayyad University and the Oukaimeden Observatory, will be jointly organised with contributions from AfAS committees and partners. Registration and opportunities for participation are currently available but will be closing shortly.

Where:

Marrakech, Morocco

When:

15 – 20 April 2024

- The International Astronomical Youth Camp (IAYC) 2024

The IAYC is a three-week long astronomy summer research camp aiming to promote the knowledge of astronomy and astronomyrelated sciences in a unique and international atmosphere. Participants from as young as 16 to 24 years come together from all over the world to live and work together on a project of their choosing. IAYC has a strong international character, and it also helps you carry out and design your small research project.

Application deadline: 17 March

Where:

Grenzweg 22,08248 Klingenthal, Germany

When: 4- 24 August 2024

W E A R E H I R I N G

Volunteer: Unemployed science, engineering and technology graduates required to to volunteer in the DSI's National Youth Service Programme. Volunteers will be based at the SANSA Science Centre in Hermanus

SANSA is an entity of the Department of Science & Innovation