Periodization in Sports: Theoretical Basis

Periodization in Sports: Theoretical Basis

Adriano Vretaros Strength and Conditioning Coach São Paulo – BRAZIL avretaros@gmail.com

Periodization in Sports: Historic and Origins ●

Greece *** (Egypt and China)

●

Military Training and Sportive Games

●

Flavius Philostratus (AD 170-245)

●

TETRAS (three days training cycle for a day of rest)

(Mesquita, 2013)

Periodization in Sports: Definition ●

Periodization: divided in periods (time division planning)

●

Scientific and Systematic Process

●

Both: short and long term planning

●

PERIODIZATION:¨ is a method that uses the cycling of training characteristics (endurance, strength, power, etc) in order to build up particular characteristics desired in an athlete ¨ (Painter, 2009)

Periodization in Sports: Concepts ●

●

●

Methodological rules of the organization of the training process Pedagogical Principles of Training Law of continuity, gradualness, dynamic waves of loads, etc

●

Process of morpho-functional expertise

●

Sports Mastery (Verkhoshanski, 2001)

Classification of Types of Sports ●

●

Pure Strength Sports (Powerlifting, Strongman, etc) Complex Coordination Sports (Artistic Skating, Synchronized Swimming, etc)

●

Strength\Speed Sports (Throwing, Jumps in Track and Field, etc)

●

Target Sports (Archery, Shot with Pistol, etc)

●

Conduction Sports (Riding, Motorcycling, etc)

●

Cyclic Sports (Swimming, Triathlon, Marathon, etc)

●

Sports Games (Soccer, Volleyball, Tennis, Hockey, etc)

●

Combat Sports (Wrestling, Judo, Taekwondo, etc)

●

Sports Combined (Biathlon, Decathlon, etc) ( Adapted from Zakharov, 1992)

Periodization in Sports: Evolution ●

●

●

Pre-scientific Conception Scientific Conception: Mechanistic and Technology Scientific Conception: Systemicecological (Carravetta, 2012)

Types of Periodization in Sports 1) Classical Model

7) Selective Charges

2) Pendulum Model

8) ATR Model

3) Structural Model

9) Periodization Tactic

4) Model Block

10) Reverse Periodization

5) Model Bondarchuck

11) Periodization Undulatory

6) Model Bompa

12) Structural Bells

Periodization in Sports: Classic Model ●

~ 1950-1960

●

Author: Matveev

●

Biological Laws – Olympic Cycle

●

Three periods: Preparatory, Competitive and Transition

●

Undulatory variations

●

Competitive period: PEAKS (Matveev, 1997)

Periodization in Sports: Pendulum Model ●

Restoration of working capacity: It is most effective when it is not passive rest but contrasting activity

●

Sequence Microcycles: Basic and Regulation

●

Pendulum Principle: Rhythmic alternation of contrasting microcycles (Farto, 2002 ; Pereira, 2009)

Periodization in Sports: Structural Model ●

Author: Tschiene

●

Explosive Force Modalities

●

Maintaining a high intensity level

●

Dynamic Loads: Waves – frequent changes and small intense (Alves, 2010)

Periodization in Sports: Model Block ●

Author: Verkhoshanski

●

Sports: strength characteristics

●

Concentrated Loads: unidirectional loads

●

BLOCK A: Special Physical Preparation

●

BLOCK B: Technique – Tactical Preparation

●

BLOCK C: Competition

●

Retarded effect of training (Oliveira, 2007 ; Alves, 2010)

Periodization in Sports: Bondarchuck Model ●

●

●

●

Author: Bondarchuck General Preparation: Deleted – except as a means of recovery Specific Preparation: Transfer to competitive moves Function of the physical form curve of each athlete

(Alves, 2010)

Periodization in Sports: Bompa Model ●

Author: Bompa

●

Modalities of Strength, Power, Speed, and Endurance

●

Bioenergetics Specificity

●

Special Character Training

●

Training Model

●

Macro and Microcycles

(Bompa & Haff, 2012)

Periodization in Sports: Selective Charges ●

Author: Gomes

●

Initially used in football (Soccer)

●

Speed Capabilities

●

Alternation of capacity each month

(Gomes, 2002)

Periodization in Sports: ATR Model ●

Authors: Issurin and Kaverin

●

Variation Verkhoshanski

●

Periods:

Accumulation Transformation Realization (Alves, 2010 ; Issurin, 2010)

Periodization in Sports: Periodization Tactic ●

Author: Vitor Frade

●

Methodology training for football (Soccer)

●

Collective Sports Games (Team Sports)

●

Contexts: Technical and Tactical situations

●

●

Transfer of fractual organization to the training process and game Game Model: ensure complexity (Pivetti, 2012 ; Borges, 2014)

Periodization in Sports: Reverse Periodization ● ●

●

Author: (???)

Studied in Strength Training\ Weight Training ¨Starting with high-intensity \ low-volume and gradually increasing volume and reducing intensity¨ (Arroyo-Toledo et alii, 2012)

Periodization in Sports: Periodization Undulatory ●

Authors: (???)

●

Nonlinear periodization more flexible

●

Studied in Strength Training

●

Diverse stimuli load

●

Greater number of Peaks

●

Variations: Volume vs Intensity – Fitness Gains (Fleck & Kraemer, 2009)

Periodization in Sports: Structural Bells ●

Author: Forteza

●

Adjustment of the ¨pendulum structure¨

●

Distinction between general and specific loads

●

Predominance of special loads

●

During the season various macrocycles

(Forteza, 2006 ; Pereira, 2009)

Analytical Division of Periodization ●

Macrocycle

●

Mesocycle

●

Microcycle

●

Training Unit

Macrocycle ●

Multi-annual Plan

●

Yearly

●

Semiannual (6 months)

●

04 months or Sub-divisions

●

Periods: Preparatory (G\S) Precompetitive Competitive Transition

Mesocycle ●

Monthly

●

Or 2-10 weeks

●

Types: Incorporation Basic Stabilizer Control Precompetitive Competitive Recuperative

Microcycle ●

~1 week

●

Types: Incorporation Ordinary Shock Precompetitive Competitive Recuperative

Training Unit â—?

Session: 1) Introductory: a- General Warm-up b- Specific Warm-up 2) Fundamental: c- Main Goal 3)End: d- Return to Homeostasis e- Recovery

Macro-Meso-Microcycles

MACROCYCLE MESOCYCLE micr

micr

micr

micr

MESOCYCLE micr

micr

micr

PP PP PP

MESOCYCLE

micr

micr

micr

micr

CP CP

T CP

PP PP

micr

MESOCYCLE micr

micr

T CP CP

T T

micr

micr

Principles Master Training ●

Biological Individuality

●

Adaptation

●

Overload

●

Progressivity

●

Interdependence Volume-Intensity

●

Specificity

●

Concurrency

●

Trainability

●

Continuity

Principle of Biological Individuality

Genotype

+

Phenotype

Principle Adaptation â—?

Hans Selye

â—?

General Adaptations Syndrome 1) Alarm Phase 2) Reaction Phase 3) Resistance Phase 4) Development Phase 5) Exhaustion Phase 6) Supercompensation

Principle of Overload ●

Functional changes in the athlete´s body: 1) Acute Adaptation 2) Chronic Adaptation

●

Stimulus: Stressful Load Maintenance Load Recuperative Load

Principle of Progressivity ●

●

Gradual Application of Loads Respect the Specific Periods of Adaptations

1) Increase of the weekly frequency 2) Increase in the volume and\or intensity 3) Specific exercises increasingly 4) New training methods

(Badillo & Ayestarán, 2001)

Principle of Interdependence Volume-Intensity ●

VOLUME (Quantity)

●

INTENSITY (Quality)

●

DENSITY

Volume

Intensity

Volume

Intensity

Principle of Specificity â—?

Sport Particularities: 1) Bioenergetic 2) Morpho-functional 3) Biomechanical 4) Training Methods

Principle of Concurrency â—?

Different Capabilities Biomotor

â—?

Sequential Loads Heterogeneous (Antagonist): (Antagonist) Aerobic Training # Strength Training Flexibility Training # Strength Training Aerobic Training # Speed Training Aerobic Training # Speed-endurance Training Aerobic Training # Agility Training Strength Training # Coordination Training and others

Principle of Trainability Elite Athlete (slow)

(greater)

Young Athlete

Principle of Continuity SESSION 01

Mesocycle 01

SESSION 02

SESSION 03

Microcycle 01

Microcycle 02

Mesocycle 02

Mesocycle 03

Macrocycle 01

Macrocycle 02

Microcycle 03

Macrocycle 03

Periodization in Sports: Terminology European Terminology

Preparation Phase

Competitive Phase

Season Transition (Active Rest)

Traditional American Terminology

Pre-Season

In-Season

Off-Season

American Strength\Power Terminology

Hypertrophy + Strength\Power

Peaking

Active Rest

(Adapted from Lorenz et alii, 2010)

Aspects of Athlete Preparation ●

Physical Preparation

●

Technical Preparation

●

Tactical Preparation

●

Psychological Preparation (Moral e Volitional)

●

Theoretical Preparation

(Forteza, 1999)

Periodization in Sports: Plateau Theory 35 30

30

30

25 20

20

20

15 10 5 0

Preparatory Period (G\S) Competiti ve PP(G\S)

Transition

Competitive Period

T

Periodization in Sports Theory of Peaks - I â—?

Quantity of Peaks 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Block 01

Block 02

Block 03

Block 04

Periodization in Sports: Theory of Peaks - II â—?

Magnitude of the Peaks 80

90

70

80 70

60

60

50

50

40

40

30

30

20

20

10

10

0

0

Block 01

Block 02

Block 03

Block 04

Adequacy of Periodization Models â—?

Meta-analysis

Model

Verkhoshanski

Matveev

Bompa

ATR

Forteza

IADEQ

2,88

3,44

2,66

1,96

2,25

Concept

Good

Very Good

Good

Regulate

Regulate

Model

Verkhoshaski

Matveev

Bompa

ATR

Forteza

IADEQ

0,57

1,13

0,34

-0,37

-0,07

Concept

Moderate

Great

Moderate

Small

Small

(Dantas et alii, 2011)

Periodization in Jiu-Jitsu (Domingues & Ferrari, 2011) December January

February

March

April

May

June

July

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Competit Training

Competit Training

Comp A

Comp B

Main Comp

I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 N 0 1 2 I Step A Step B Step C B Step C T I 12 07 04 02 06 A weeks weeks weeks w weeks L A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 C B2 C T E S T S

28 days 01 test

28 days 01 test

27 days 01 test

24 24 28 days days days 01 01 test 01 test (Author??? test

13d 1t

42 days 01 test

Periodization for Female Gymnastics Periodization Models

Types of Exercises

------------

Fundamental Basic

Directed

Special

Level 01

64,58%

29,16%

6,26%

Level 02

50,0%

43,75%

6,26%

Level 03

43,75%

45,83%

10,42%

Level 04

29,17%

45,83%

25,0%

Level 05

22,91%

50,0%

27,09%

Level 06

6,25%

37,50%

56,25%

(Lacordia et alii, 2006)

Periodization in Soccer U-15: Distribution of Loads â—?

Traditional Periodization P1

P2

P3

P4

Physical

54%

31%

43%

18%

Technique

28%

37%

30%

38%

Tactic

18%

32%

27%

44%

Total Hours

59,4

45,7

41,6

65,1

Number of Microcycles

7

6

5

9

Mean Hours\ Microcycle

8,5

7,6

8,3

7,3

Mean Hours\ Session

1,7

1,5

1,7

1,5

(Alves et alii, 2009)

Periodization Used in Beach Volleyball Between 1999-2008 Year

PERIODIZATION

Year

PERIODIZATION

1999

Matveev

2006a

Block

2000

Matveev

2006b

Tschiene

2001

Matveev

2007a

Tschiene

2002

Matveev

2007b

Matveev

2003a

Matveev

2008a

Tschiene

2003b

Block

2008b

Block

2004

Block

2008c

Nonlinear

2005

Tactic

2008d

Matveev

(Adapted from Marques Junior, 2009)

Strength Periodization in the First Division Handball - I ●

Training Units – Preparatory Period – Teams

PP-Teams

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

AF

RF

Monday

1

--

1

1

1

1

1

1

07

87,5%

Tuesday

--

1

--

1

1

1

1

--

05

62,5%

Wednesday

1

--

1

--

1

--

--

1

04

50,0%

Thursday

--

1

1

--

1

1

1

--

05

62,5%

Friday

1

1

--

--

1

--

--

1

04

50,0%

Saturday

--

--

1

--

1

--

--

--

02

25,0%

Total

03

03

04

02

06

03

03

03

---

3,4+\1,2

(Adapted from Costa de Freitas, 1999)

Strength Periodization in the First Division Handball - II ●

Training Units – Competitive Period – Teams

CP - Teams

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

AF

RF

Monday

--

1

1

1

1

--

1

1

06

75,0%

Tuesday

1

1

1

--

--

1

1

1

06

75,0%

Wednesday

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

1

01

12,5%

Thursday

--

--

--

--

--

1

--

--

01

12,5%

Friday

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

00

0%

Saturday

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

00

0%

Total

01

02

02

01

01

02

02

03

---

1,8+\0,9

(Adapted from Costa de Freitas, 1999)

Periodization of Professional Soccer Players - I Type of Training

Session Length

Weekly Frequency

WF - Variation

---

---

T1 - T2

T2 - T3

T1-T2 to T2-T3

Recovery

30 minutes

4

2

-50%

Aerobic

60 minutes

4

2

-50%

Specific Soccer

30 minutes

2

4

+100%

Specific Speed

40 minutes

2

4

+100%

Tactical

30 minutes

2

4

+100%

Technique

40 minutes

2

4

+100%

Friendly Match

60 minutes

3

3

0%

Recreative

60 minutes

1

1

0%

(Ramos da Silva et alii, 2006)

Periodization of Professional Soccer Players - II MONTHS

DURATION (minutes)

Intensity %HR max Training Sessions

January

3287

76,89

February

1829

80,05

March

1062

73,01

April

1761

82,26

May

2575

80,24

June

2100

80,98

July

1680

81,32

August

2175

78,04

September

1425

71,31

October

2085

79,86

November

1955

81,39

Mean

1994+\-586,15

79,40+\-2,62

(Oaks & Simali-Garcia, 2013)

Periodization of Professional Soccer Players - III Five Championships in the Season ANNUAL SEASON

REGENERATIVE TRAINING

PHYSICAL TRAINING

Technical-Tactical Training

1 game per week at 17 weeks

17 training units

17 training units

85 training units

2 games per week at 25 weeks

50 training units

TOTAL: 42 weeks Mean of 67 games

Total: 67 training units

75 training units ---Total: 17 training units

Total: 160 training units

(Carravetta, 2012)

Periodization of Professional Soccer Players - IV Three Championships in the Season ANNUAL SEASON

REGENERATIVE TRAINING

PHYSICAL TRAINING

Technical-Tactical Training

1 game per week at 28 weeks

28 training units

56 training units

112 training units

2 games per week at 14 weeks

28 training units

TOTAL: 42 weeks and 56 games

Total: 56 training units

70 training units ---Total: 56 training units

Total: 182 training units

(Carravetta, 2012)

Selective Loads Periodization in Basketball (Adapted from Mazon et alii, 2015) Microcycles

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Total days of training

6

7

6

6

7

6

7

6

7

6

Number of sessions

12

13

11

12

12

12

13

11

12

12

Training time (min)

920

960

900

900

900

920

960

900

900

920

Official games

1

1

2

2

2

1

1

2

2

1

Technical and tactical

7

8

7

7

7

7

8

7

7

7

Strength Weight training exercise

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

Resistance running

1

1

1

1

1

--

1

--

1

--

Multi-jumps

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

Jumps with weight

--

--

--

1

1

1

1

--

--

--

Depth jumps

1

1

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

Speed Maximal accelerations

--

--

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

Flexibility Dynamic stretching

1

1

--

--(Mazon -1 et

--

1

-- 2015) 1 alii,

Periodization Block in Taekwondo Goal of workload â—?

Block

Approximate Accumulation Transmutation duration per Week Week Session (min) Sessions Sessions Periodization

Realization Week Sessions

Recovery

15

6

6

6

Aerobic resist

30

6

2

0

Strength

30

4

2

0

Resist to force

20

0

4

1

Power

30

0

6

2

Speed

30

1

3

6

Flexibility

20

6

6

6

Basic technique

60

6

3

2

Specific techniq

60

1

6

6

Combat tactics

30

1

3

4

Combat scenario

30

0

4

3

Free fight

30

3

3

4

(Adapted from Carazo-Vargas et alii, 2015)

Reverse Periodization in Swimming GROUPS

Weeks 1-4

Weeks 5-8

Weeks 9-12

Weeks 12-14

Traditional Periodization

LIT (5-6x800m)

ThT (10-12x 200m)

HIT (5x25m) ThT (3x200m)

HIT (5x25m) ThT (3x200m)

Period

General Endurance 30Km\week

Specific Endurance 26Km\week

Competitive 20Km\week

Taper 10Km\week

Reverse Periodization

(6-16x10m)

UST (6x20m)

HIT (5x25m) ThT (3x200m)

HIT (5x25m) ThT (3x200m)

Period

Tethered Training 12km\week

Ultra-short training 16Km\week

Competitive 20km\week

Taper 10km\week

TESTS

T1

T2

T3

T4

(Adapted from Arroyo-Toledo et alii, 2013)

T5

Periodization on Aerobic Performance in Rugby Variable (n=24)

ET1

ET2

SIT1

SIT2

Protocol

40-60 min running

30min running x 2-4rep, 20min rest

30s x 8-12rep, 2,5 min rest

30s x 10-15 rep 1,5 min rest

Training Intensity

5x per week

5x per week

5x per week

5x per week

Training Intensity

45% VO2peak

65-75%VO2peak (~4mM LT)

All out maximal effort

All out supramaximal effort

Weekly Training

~8h

~4-8h

~7h

~7h

Training Session

7 days

21 days

14 days

14 days

(Ke-tien, 2012)

Periodization in Powerlifting Meso

Micro

No Ser

No Rep

ID

% 1RM

CT (Rep\MHT)

Meso 1

4

10

6

3-5 min

65%

240

Meso 2

4

8

4

3-5 min

75%

128

Meso 3

4 2

6 6

4 2

3-5 min 3-5 min

80% 90%

96 ---

Meso 4

1 1

6 4

1 4

3-5 min 3-5 min

95% 70%

34 ---

Mean +\- SD

3+\-2

7+\-2

4+\-2

---

80+\-11

124+\-86

(Adapted from JoĂŁo et alii, 2014)

Periodization in Tennis - I ●

Periodization of Strength (Nonlinear or Undulating) Group Periodization Undulating

Group Nonperiodized

Monday

4-to 6RM – Training Loads

8-to10RM – Training Loads

Wednesday

8-to 10RM – Training Loads

8-to 10 RM – Training Loads

Friday

12-to 15RM – Training Loads

8-to 10RM – Training Loads

(Kraemer et alii, 2003)

Periodization in Tennis - II ●

Statistical Periodization Conditioning

●

Monitoring Parameters: a) training\recovery (11 items) b) performance readiness (24 items) c) game performance (10 items)

●

Using a 5-point scale

●

Fluctuation Factors of Conditioning (training achievement, recovery achievement, sleep, specific training, fatigue, physiological needs, and physical training)

(Kinugasa et alii, 2002)

Periodization in Baseball (Ebben et alii, 2005) ●

Survey of the practices of MLB – S&C Coaches

●

18 of 21 (85,7%) of coaches follow a Periodization Model

Higher-order themes

Number of Responses

Select raw data representing responses to this question

Season\specified cycle length

9

In-season: April-October(6mo). Out-of-season: October-November(1mo). Off-season: NovemberFebruary(3mo). Pre-season: February-April(2mo)

Adaptations\phases

4

Hypertrophy: October-November(6-8wk). Strength: November-December(4wk). Power: DecemberJanuary(2-3wk)

Seasonal with adaptations\phases

4

Base strength\endurance: October-November(34wk). Hypertrophy\Strength: NovemberDecember(4-6wk). Power: January(4wk). Preseason: February-March(4-6wk)

No answer

4

(Ebben et alii, 2005)

Periodization in Sports: Problems Solution Direction of Training

Loads

Methods

(Adapted from Forteza, 2000)

Training Session Recovery ●

PHASES: Recovery (restoration) Restoration (supercompensation) Stabilization (adaptation)

●

Recovery Methods: 1) Synchronic 2) Primary Restitution 3) Secondary Restitution 4) Restitution of overtraining (Gutiérrez & Castillo apud Borin et alii, 2007)

Periodization in Sports: Practical Applications ●

1) Study the characteristics sports modality

●

2) Analyze the sporting calendar (SEASON)

●

3) Prioritize competitions

●

4) Select the model of periodization

●

5) Adequacy of periodization to your calendar

●

6) Control the training loads\recovery

●

7) Control the competitive results

●

8) If necessary: re-adequacy model of periodization

●

9) Plan a multi-year periodization

References - I ●

●

●

●

●

Alves, DM et alii Alterações na aptidão física de atletas de futebol ao longo de um macrociclo de treinamento. Revista Brasileira de Ciência e Movimento, v.17, n.03, p.54-60; 2009 Alves, FJ Modelos de periodização. Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes, año15, n.148, septiember de 2010 Arroyo-Toledo et alii Comparison between traditional and reverse periodization: swimming performance and specific strength values. International of Swimming Kinetics, v.02, n.01, p.87-96; 2013 Badillo, JJ & Ayestarán, EG Fundamentos do treinamento de força. 2o. Edição, Artmed, Porto Alegre; 2001 Benda, RN & Greco, PJ Iniciação Esportiva Universal. Editora UFMG; 2001

References - II ●

●

●

●

●

●

Bompa, TO & Haff, GG Periodização. 5a. Edição, Phorte, São Paulo; 2012 Borges, PH et alii Contribuições da periodização tática para o desenvolvimento de uma identidade coletiva em equipes de futebol.

Cinergis, v.15, n.02, p.81-86; 2014 Borin, JP et alii Preparação Desportiva: aspectos do controle da carga de treinamento nos jogos coletivos. Revista da Educação Física\UEM, v.18, n.01, p.97-105; 2007

Carazo-Vargas, P et alii Periodization model for Costa Rican taekwondo athletes. Strength and Conditioning Journal, v.32, n.03, p.74-83; 2015

Carravetta, E Futebol: a formação de times competitivos. Ed Sulina, Porto Alegre; 2012 Costa de Freitas, RJ Treino de força em andebol. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade do Porto; 1999

References - III ●

●

●

●

Dantas, EHM et alii Adequabilidade dos principais modelos de periodização do treinamento esportivo . Revista Brasileira de Ciências do Esporte,v.33, n.02, p.483-494; 2011 Domingues, AR & Ferrari, HG Proposta para preparação física especial para lutas de jiu-jitsu aplicando o modelo de treinamento de cargas concentradas. Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes, año16, n.158, julio de 2011 Ebben, WP et alii Strength and conditioning practices of Major League Baseball strength and conditioning coaches. Journal Strength and Conditioning Research, v.19, n.03, p.538-546; 2005 Fleck, SJ & Kraemer, WJ Otimizando o treinamento de força: programas de periodização não-linear. Manole, São Paulo; 2009

References - IV ●

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Farto, ER Estrutura e planificação do treinamento desportivo.

Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes, año08, n.48, mayo de 2002 Forteza, A Las direcciones del entrenamiento deportivo - I. Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes, año04, n.17, deciember de 1999 Forteza, A Las direcciones del entrenamiento deportivo - II. Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes, año05, n.27, noviember de 2000 Forteza, A Treinamento Desportivo: carga, estrutura e planejamento. Phorte, São Paulo; 2006 Gomes, AC Treinamento Desportivo: estruturação e periodização.

Artmed, Porto Alegre; 2002 Issurin, VB New horizons for the methodology and physiology of training period. Sports Medicine, v.40, n.03, p.189-206; 2010

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João, GA et alii Effect of 16 weeks of periodized resistance training on strength gains of powerlifting athletes. Journal of Exercise Physiology on line, v.17, n.03, p.102-109; 2014 Ke-Tien, Y Effects of cardiovascular endurance training periodization on aerobic performance and stress modulation in rugby athletes. Life Science Journal, v.09, n.02, p.1218-1225; 2012 Kinuga, T et alii Statistical evaluation of conditioning for an elite collegiate tennis player using a single-case design. Journal Strength and Conditioning Research, v.16, n.03, p.466-471; 2002 Kraemer, WJ et alii Physiological changes with periodized resistance training in women tennis players. Medicine Science Sports Exercise, v.35, n.01, p.157-168; 2003

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Lacordia, RC et alii Proposta de modelos de periodização de treinamento para níveis de aprendizado em ginástica olímpica feminina. Arquivos em Movimento, v.02, n.01, janeiro\junho; 2006 Lorenz, DS et alii Periodization current review and suggested implementation for athletic rehabilitation. Sports Health, v.02, n.06, p.509-518; 2010 Lussac, RMP Os princípios do treinamento esportivo: conceitos, definições, possíveis aplicações e um possível novo olhar.

Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes, año13, n.121; 2008 Marques Junior, NK O efeito da periodização em um atleta do voleibol na areia – 1999 a 2008. Movimento & Percepção, v.10, n.15, p.54-94; 2009

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Matveev, LP Treino Desportivo: metodologia e planejamento.

Phorte, São Paulo; 1997 Mesquita, F Modelos de periodização: uma abordagem aos modelos tradicionais e contemporâneos. Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes, año18, n.187, diciembre de 2013 Mazon, JH et alii Study of heart rate variability and stress markers in basketball players submitted to selective loads periodization system. American Journal of Sports Science, v,03, n.03, p.46-51; 2015 Oakis, L & Simali-Garcia, E Periodização no futebol: análise dos componentes de treinamento durante um macrociclo de equipe profissional. Revista Brasileira de Futsal e Futebol, v.05, n.17, p.171-179; 2013

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Oliveira, PR Periodização contemporânea do treinamento desportivo. Phorte, São Paulo; 2007 Painter, KB A practical comparison between traditional periodization and daily-undulated weight training among collegiate track and field athletes – Thesis – Masters (2009) Pereira, B et alii Modelos de periodização: uma breve revisão.

Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes, año14, n.138, noviember de 2009 Pivetti, BMF Periodização Tática. Phorte, São Paulo; 2012 Platonov, VN Tratado Geral de Treinamento Desportivo.

Phorte, São Paulo; 2008 Pereira, B & Souza Junior, TP Dimensões Biológicas do Treinamento Físico. Phorte, São Paulo; 2003

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Ramos da Silva, AS et alii Comportamento das concentrações séricas e urinárias de creatinina e uréia ao longo de uma periodização desenvolvida em futebolistas profissionais: relações com a taxa de filtração glomerular. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Esportiva, v.12, n.06, novembro\dezembro; 2006 Tourinho Filho, H & Barbanti, VJ A periodização do treinamento desportivo: histórico e perspectivas atuais. Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes, año14, n.142, marzo de 2010 Tubino, MJG & Moreira, SB Metodologia Científica do Treinamento Desportivo. Shape, Rio de Janeiro; 2003 Verkhoshanski, YV Para uma teoria e metodologia científica do treinamento esportivo. A crise da concepção da periodização do treinamento no esporte de alto nível. Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes, año06, n.32, marzo de 2001

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