Handball: Conditioning for Players

Handball: Conditioning for Players

Adriano Vretaros Strength and Conditioning Coach

2020 São Paulo – BRAZIL avretaros@gmail.com

Handball: Conditioning for Players Characteristics - I

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Olympic Team Ball Sport Intermittent and Acyclic

● ●

Invasion and Evasion Game ●

Intense Body Contact ●

Open Motor Activity

2

Handball: Conditioning for Players Characteristics - II ●

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2 periods of 30 minutes each

●

(Half Time Break: 10 minutes) ●

GAME COURT: ●

40m x 20m ●

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GAME:

BALL:

MALE Players: Circumference: 58-60cm – Weight: 425-475g

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FEMALE Players: Circumference: 54-56cm – Weight: 325-400g

3

Handball: Conditioning for Players Characteristics - III

â—?

DISPLACEMENTS: 1)- Cyclic 2)- Acyclic 3)- With Ball 4)- Without Ball

4

Handball: Conditioning for Players Characteristics - IV â—?

MOVEMENTS:

1)- Running 2)- Jumping 3)- Sprinting 4)- Arm Throwing 5)- Hitting 6)- Blocking 7)- Pushing 8)- Passing 9)- Tackling 10)- Catching

5

Handball: Conditioning for Players Bioenergetic Systems ATP-PC ***

80%

10%

Anaerobic Lactic

Aerobic

10%

(Bompa & Haff, 2012)

6

Handball: Conditioning for Players Travelled Distance - I 2000 – 6000 meters

Position on the Field

Tactical Offensive and\or Defensive

Team Characteristics

Game Situation

(Cardinale, 2006)

7

Handball: Conditioning for Players Travelled Distance - II

POSITION

DISTANCE (m)

Left Wing

3557

Right Wing

4083

Left Back

3464

Right Back

2857

Pivot

3531

(Adapted from Cardinale, 2006)

8

Handball: Conditioning for Players Travelled Distance - III

Attack

Frontal (m) 117,0

Lateral (m) 7,0

Diagonal (m) 59,0

Back (m) 67,0

Defense

102,0

67,0

75,0

81,0

Attackdefense Transition DefenseAttack Transition

51,0

3,0

7,0

13,0

52,0

2,0

7,0

5,0

(Adapted from Mais, 1989)

9

Handball: Conditioning for Players Motor Actions in Matches 485 High-Intensity Movements in 60 minutes 190 Rhythm Variations 279 Change of Directions 16 Jumps

(Adapted from Cardinale, 2006)

10

Handball: Conditioning for Players Anthropometric Profile - I â—?

IMPORTANCE:

1)- Individual Players 2)- Tactical Position 3)- Skills Performance 4)- Game Style 5)- Competition Level 6)- And Other 11

Handball: Conditioning for Players Anthropometric Profile - II â—?

MALE Players

TEAM

AGE (years)

Height (cm)

Weight (kg)

Body Fat (%)

England

20,0

174,2

77,5

13,4

China

25,0

190,0

85,4

9,6

Japan

26,0

185,4

80,6

9,2

Korea

25,0

184,6

85,4

11,2

Kwait

26,0

181,6

87,6

12,9

Saudi

25,0

182,1

75,8

10,3

(Adapted from Hasan et al, 2007)

12

Handball: Conditioning for Players Anthropometric Profile - III â—?

FEMALE Players (n=20)

AGE (years-old)

BODY MASS (Kg)

HEIGHT (cm)

WINGSPAN (cm)

Mean

18,1

64,86

170,23

168,84

MIN

15

53

160,00

159,00

MAX

25

79

180,00

179,00

(Adapted from Vargas et al, 2010) 13

Handball: Conditioning for Players Anthropometric Profile - IV â—?

n=130 ELITE FEMALE Spanish Handball Players CENTER

BACK

WING

PIVOT

Goalkeeper

Age (yearsold) Years of Practice

27,94

25,40

24,85

25,68

26,47

15,79

15,18

14,38

14,44

15,32

Weight (Kg)

65,65

71,13

61,23

74,65

69,27

Height (cm)

169,95

174,19

164,59

176,19

174,96

(Adapted from Vila et al, 2011)

14

Handball: Conditioning for Players Anthropometric Profile - V â—?

SOMATOTYPE:

PLAYERS

Endomorph

Mesomorph

Ectomorph

FEMALE

3,87

3,43

2,50

MALE

3,25

4,68

6,43

(Pelegrini & Silva, 2006 ; Vargas et al, 2010) 15

Handball: Conditioning for Players Physical Conditioning GENERAL Physical Preparation

SPECIFIC Physical Preparation

INDIVIDUALIZED by Tactical Position

Team STYLE of PLAY

16

Handball: Conditioning for Players Athletic Condition Technical Domain

Collective

Tactical Domain

Physical Domain

Athletic Condition in Handball

Individual

Psychological Domain

17

Handball: Conditioning for Players Types of Training Technical

Physical

Technical-physical

Tactical

Technical-tactical

Technical-tactical-physical 18

Handball: Conditioning for Players Biomotor Capabilities COORDENATIVE

CONDITIONING

COORDINATION ENDURANCE - ATP-PC - Anaerobic Lactic - Aerobic

TRANSFER TO:

- Eye-hand - Eye-foot - Laterality - Anticipatory Timing - Precision

STRENGTH - Hypertropy - Maximal Strength - Power Endurance - Maximal Power

FLEXIBILITY - Mobility - Elasticity AGILITY

SPEED -Reaction - Displacement - Movement

- Simple -Spatial - Temporal - Universal

SPECIFIC SKILLS - Ball Control - Passing - Dribbling - Running - Jumping - Shooting - Etc

19

Handball: Conditioning for Players Fitness Assessment - I ●

●

●

Anthropometry: Body Mass, Height, Wingspan, Body Fat, Somatotype, etc Metabolic Profile: VO2max, RAST, Wingate Test, etc Neuromuscular Profile: 1RM BP, 1RM SQ, CMJ, SJ, DJ, BJ, UHJ, UVJ, MBT, Isokinetic Testing, etc

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Speed: 5, 10, 15, 20 an 25 meters

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Agility: T-Test, Pro-Agility, Shuttle-Run, etc

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Flexibility: Goniometric Assessment, etc

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Movement Quality: FMS, YBT, SEBT, etc 20

Handball: Conditioning for Players Fitness Assessment - II

Biochemical Tests

● ●

Medical Cardiac Evaluation ●

Medical Injury Evaluation ● ● ●

Dental Evaluation

Nutrition Evaluation Psychological Profile ●

And Other 21

Handball: Conditioning for Players Fitness Assessment - III

A)- Periodicity B)- Structural Resources C)- Staff Resources D)- Forms of Analysis

22

Handball: Conditioning for Players Fitness Assessment - IV

1)- Validity

2)- Reliability 3)- Accuracy 4)- Precision 23

Handball: Conditioning for Players Endurance - I

ANAEROBIC System

ATP-PC (jumps, short sprints, etc) LACTIC (long sprints, average displacements, etc)

AEROBIC System

Recovery (walking, standing, etc) 24

Handball: Conditioning for Players Endurance - II Physiological Demand

Effort-Pause Relationship: ~1:1 ~2:1 (Alexander & Boreskie, 1989 ; Moreno, 1996)

25

Handball: Conditioning for Players Endurance - III VO2max – Male Elite Players

VO2max

(ml\Kg\min-1)

TOTAL

Wing Pivots Players

57,0 +\-4,1

58,3 +\-3,5

56,2 +\-5,8

Backcourt Players

Goalkeepers

57,0 +\-4,5

55,1 +\-2,7

Adapted from Michalsik et al, 2015 26

Handball: Conditioning for Players Endurance - IV â—?

HEART RATE and LACTATE during matches

- 80 to 90% of HRmax - 9 to 12 mM.L-1

(Alves et al, 2008) 27

Handball: Conditioning for Players Endurance - V â—?

VOLUME during matches

Backs

Wings

Pivots

Goalkeepers

Standing\ Walking

57%

58%

62%

86%

Jogging

25%

23%

25%

11%

Run

14%

14%

10%

2%

Sprints

3%

4%

2%

0,5%

(Adapted from Sibila et al, 2004)

28

Handball: Conditioning for Players Endurance - VI â—?

Game-Based Handball Training vs. High-Intensity Interval Training

*** (p<0,05) ***

GBHT PRE

GBHT POST

HIIT PRE

HIIT POST

RSA-best (s)

6,19 +\-0,41

5,96 +\-0,31

6,27 +\-0,42

6,05 +\-0,37

RSA-mean (s)

6,48 +\-0,40

6,18 +\-0,35

6,52 +\-0,42

6,30 +\-0,36

RSA-dec (%)

4,10 +\-1,59

3,14 +\-0,92

3,43 +\-1,25

3,34 +\-1,03

Intermittent Endurance Index (iEI)

-14,5 +\-5,1

-11,9 +\-3,8

-13,8 +\-2,6

-17,4 +\-5,3

(Adapted from Buchheit et al, 2009)

29

Handball: Conditioning for Players Endurance - VII ●

Anaerobic Power - Wingate Arm Test – n=11 players *** p<0,05 ***

T-01

T-02

Absolute Power (W)

615,9 +\-104,1 6,63 +\-1,07 6,27 +\-1,35 57,98 +\-4,39

627,3 +\-120,3 7,02 +\-1,31 5,64 +\-1,03 *** 58,97 +\-3,49

Relative Power (W\kg) Maximum Power Time (s) Fatigue (%)

(Adapted from Souza et al, 2006) 30

Handball: Conditioning for Players Strength - I

● ●

Hipertrophy

Maximal Strength ●

●

Power

Power Endurance

31

Handball: Conditioning for Players Strength - II

ABSOLUTE Strength

RELATIVE Strength

- Moving a external force (opponent, ball, etc)

- Carrying bodyweight (accelerations, decelerations, jumps, landing, change-of-direction, etc) 32

Handball: Conditioning for Players Strength - III GENERAL Strength

HANDBALL TRAINING

SPECIFIC Strength 33

Handball: Conditioning for Players Strength - IV

● ● ● ●

Weight Training

Plyometric Training Ballistic Exercises

Sports-Specific Force-Based Actions

34

Handball: Conditioning for Players Strength - V â&#x2014;?

HIPERTROPHY Hipertrophy in HANDBALL

- Increased Muscle Strength; - Improve Strength of Tendons and Ligaments; - Increase Cross-Sectional Area; - Lean Mass Increase; - Body Fat Reduction; - Improves Balance and Functional Capacity; - Etc

(Adapted from Perreira, 2016 ; Hermassi et al, 2010) 35

Handball: Conditioning for Players Strength - VI â&#x2014;?

Maximal Strength

MAXIMAL STRENGTH in HANDBALL

- Improved Neuromuscular Activation; - Intra and Intermuscular Coordination; - Concentric, Eccentric and Isometric Strength; - Precondition for Power Training; - Etc 36

Handball: Conditioning for Players Strength - VII â&#x2014;?

A

Maximal Strength

POWER (Maximum Maximorum Force)

(Zatsiorsky & Kraemer, 2008)

37

Handball: Conditioning for Players Strength - VIII HIPERTROPHY and MAXIMAL STRENGTH RPE

Repetitions in Reserve (RIR)

10,0

Maximum Effort

9,5

No Further Repetitions But Could Increase Load

9,0

01 Repetition Remaining

8,5

01-02 Repetitions Remaining

8,0

02 Repetitions Remaining

7,5

02-03 Repetitions Remaining

7,0

03 Repetitions Remaining

5,0 - 6,0

04-06 Repetitions Remaining

3,0 - 4,0

Light Effort

1,0 - 2,0

Little to No Effort

(Adapted from Zourdos et al, 2016)

38

Handball: Conditioning for Players Strength - IX n=26 elite male handball players – weeks AGE: 20,0+\-0,6 years-old n=26 male players – Program: 10 (02 sessions per week) PROTOCOL: Heavy Resistance Training (HR) – at 80-95% of 1RM (2 exercises – pull-over and bench ●

●

press – 1-3 repetitions per set, 3-6 sets per exercise, with 3-4 min rest between sets). Moderate Resistance Training (MR) – at 55-75% of 1RM (2 exercises – pull-over and bench press – 3-6 repetitions per set, 2-4 sets per exercise, with 1-1,30 min rest between sets) DURATION: 10-weeks – 2 times per week

Heavy Resistance vs. Moderate Resistance Training

# p<0,01

$ p<0,001

(Adapted from Hermassi et al, 2010)

39

Handball: Conditioning for Players Power - I â&#x2014;?

S Neuronal

Motor Unit Synchronization

Adaptation POWER PRODUCTION P=F.V\t

Increases in Neural Activation

(Adapted from Plummer et al, 2019)

40

Handball: Conditioning for Players Power - II Optimum Power Load

Squat Jump Height

(Adapted from Loturco et al, 2015 )

41

Handball: Conditioning for Players Power - III - Relationship Between Force and Speed

- Muscle Contraction Speed

POWER ENDURANCE:

- Fast Force Maintenance ***

- Activated Muscle Contraction Force

(Adapted from Vretaros, 2008)

42

Handball: Conditioning for Players Power - IV ●

●

n=16 Team Handball Players

TRAINING: 12 weeks (T-1 to T2) and DETRAINING: 7 weeks (T-3) T-1

T-2

T-3

T-1 – T-2

T-1 -T-3

T-2 -T-3

CMJ (cm)

36,82 +\-4,8

40,55 +\-5,09

41,62 +\-5,6

p<0,001

p<0,001

p<0,05

CMJ 20Kg (cm) CMJ 40Kg (cm)

25,41 +\-3,5

29,40 +\-4,4

30,69 +\-3,7

p<0,001

p<0,001

p<0,05

18,86 +\-3,1

21,49 +\-2,9

23,34 +\-3,5

p<0,001

p<0,001

p<0,001

(Adapted from Marques & Gonzáles-Badillo, 2006)

43

Handball: Conditioning for Players Power - V ●

n=11 Female Players U-21 – One Season February

April

May

June

July

November

Horizontal Triple Jump (m)

5,60

5,37

5,36

5,65

5,63

5,97

3 kg Med Ball Throw (m)

2,98

2,84

2,90

3,10

2,84

3,34

(Adapted from Dechechi et al, 2010)

44

Handball: Conditioning for Players Power - VI How do French Handball Coaches Build their Training Programs to Improve Ball-Throwing Velocity?

Power and Velocity Output: Concentric and Plyometric Training Muscle Contractions Ball Velocity: Shoulder Internal Rotation, Elbow Extension, Abdominal Oblique Muscles

(Adapted from Debanne & Laffaye, 2013)

45

Handball: Conditioning for Players Power - VII â&#x2014;?

Relationship: Throwing Velocity and The Concentric- Only Bench Press Exercise

- 1RM Bench Press (r=0,637, p=0,14) - Peak Power 36Kg (r=0,586, p=0,028) - Peak Power 46Kg (r=0,582, p=0,029)

- Peak Bar Velocity 26Kg (r=0,563, p=0,036) -Peak Bar Velocity 36Kg (r=0,625, p=0,017)

(Adapted from Marques et al, 2007)

46

Handball: Conditioning for Players Power - VIII â&#x2014;?

Effect of Core Training on Throwing Velocity (10 weeks) SITUATION

PRE (km\h)

POST (km\h)

p

ES

7 meters

76,1

80,0

0,001

0,371

7 meters + GK

75,5

79,4

0,001

0,473

9 meters

77,8

80,8

0,005

0,292

9 meters + GK

77,2

79,6

0,05

0,213

9 meters 3 steps

81,8

85,7

0,001

0,387

9 meters 3 steps + GK

83,4

86,5

0,001

0,320

9 meters jump

80,4

83,6

0,001

0,324

9 meters jump + GK

79,9

83,8

0,005

0,301

(Adapted from Manchado et al, 2007)

47

Handball: Conditioning for Players Speed - I

●

REACTION (visual, auditory, kinesthetic)

●

MOVEMENT (isolated actions)

●

DISPLACEMENT (spatial)

48

Handball: Conditioning for Players Speed - II REACTION:

- React a opponent's dribble - React to pass - Etc

MOVEMENT: - Pass - Shooting - Jump - Etc

SPEED ENDURANCE

DISPLACEMENT: - Marking - Sprints -Etc

49

Handball: Conditioning for Players Speed - III

INTERACTION

NEURAL System

Efferent and Afferent Responses

SPEED in Handball Handbal

- Technique - Coordination - Maximum Stregth - Power - Muscular Elasticity

MUSCULAR System

50

Handball: Conditioning for Players Speed - IV â&#x2014;?

Norwegian National Team Athletes 10m (s)

20m (s)

30m (s)

40m (s)

Male Players

2,03 +\-0,04

3,27 +\-0,07

4,43 +\-0,10

5,58 +\-0,14

Female Players

2,15 +\-0,07

3,50 +\-0,13

4,77 +\-0,18

6,03 +\-0,24

(Adapted from Haugen et al, 2019)

51

Handball: Conditioning for Players Speed - V â&#x2014;?

n=16 male elite players â&#x20AC;&#x201C; National Handball Superleague *** p<0,001 ***

Without a Ball

With a Ball

5m sprint (s)

1,06

1,08

10m sprint (s)

1,80

1,90

20m sprint (s)

3,18

3,36

(Adapted from Pavlovic et al, 2018)

52

Handball: Conditioning for Players Speed - VI â&#x2014;?

Sprint Mechanical Outputs in Norwegian National Teams Maximal Horizontal Force (N.Kg-1)

VO (m.s-1)

Maximal Horizontal Power (W.Kg-1)

ForceVelocity Slope

Ratio of Force

Index of Force

MALE Players

8,4 +\-0,4

9,1 +\-0,4

19,0 +\-1,1

-0,92 +\-0,06

46,9 +\-1,1

-8,5 +\-0,6

FEMALE Players

7,8 +\-0,5

8,2 +\-0,4

16,0 +\-1,6

-0,94 +\-0,04

43,8 +\-1,8

-8,9 +\-0,4

(Adapted from Haugen et al, 2019)

53

Handball: Conditioning for Players Agility - I ●

Simple (spatial and temporal certainty and preplanned movement)

●

Spatial (spatial uncertainty and preplanned movement)

●

Temporal (temporal uncertainty and preplanned movement)

●

Universal (total unpredictability and improvised movement) 54

Handball: Conditioning for Players Agility - II Physiological Capacities

Biomechanical Abilities

MULTI-DIRECTIONAL NATURE

Advanced Cognitive Strategies

(Adapted from Wheeler, 2009)

55

Handball: Conditioning for Players Agility - III n=20 Youth Players - Three Different Types of Training Protocols (Resistance Training, Plyometric Training and Complex Training)

Agility T-Test

*** p<0,05 ***

Time (seconds)

â&#x2014;?

RT PT CT

PRE-Test

POST-Test

(Adapted from Parnow et al, 2016)

56

Handball: Conditioning for Players Flexibility - I ELASTIC Components

ELASTICITY

FLEXIBILITY

MOBILITY

PLASTIC Components

(Dantas, 1999 ; Achour Junior, 2004 ; Boyle, 2015)

57

Handball: Conditioning for Players Flexibility - II Global Active Stretching – n=33 players (male and female) Side Step Test – 08 sessions of GAS – 40 minutes *** p<0,05 ***

Points

●

PRE POST

FEMALE Treatment

FEMALE Control

MALE Treatment

MALE Control

(Adapted from Silva et al, 2018)

58

Handball: Conditioning for Players Flexibility - III n=21 elite female players – AGE: – 14,0 to 18,0 years-old n=21 elite female players Gleunoumeral Joint STATIC STRETCHING: static stretching of the gleunoumeral joint in the dominant limb. ●

DYNAMIC WARM-UP: dynamic exercises performed on dominant and non-dominant limbs.

MED BALL THROW: the athlete throws a 2kg ball. HANDBALL THROWING TEST: the athlete throws an official ball at a distance of 7 meters from the goal.

*** p≤0,05 ***

(Adapted from Mascarin et al, 2015)

59

Handball: Conditioning for Players Coordination - I Different Skills

Orientation Spatiotemporal

Eye-hand Eye-foot

Different Situations Decisionmaking Process Precision

HANDBALL COORDINATION

Multisegments

Laterality Anticipatory Timing

60

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention - I How to Manage Sports Injuries?

CORRECTIVE Platform

PREDICTIVE Platform

PREVENTIVE Platform

(Vretaros, 2018)

61

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention - II â&#x2014;?

CORRECTIVE Platform:

- Cycle Injury-correction - Urgent Decision-making - Programmed decision- making

62

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention - III â&#x2014;?

PREVENTIVE Platform:

- Plan of Action - Continuous Monitoring - Improvement Recurring

63

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention - IV â&#x2014;?

PREDICTIVE Platform: - Simple Calculations - Quick Interpretation - Simple Inferences

- Heuristic

- Black Swan Logic

- Different Thought - Avoiding Errors Magnitude Unexpected - Non-linear Interpretations

- Logarithmic Engineering

- Complex Calculations - Artificial Intelligence

(Adapted from Vretaros, 2018)

64

Handball: Conditioning for Players Types of Injuries CHRONIC Injuries

INTRINSIC Factors

ACUTE Injuries

EXTRINSIC Factors 65

Handball: Conditioning for Players Mechanisms of Injuries

●

n=2,227 competitives matches - Video-Analysis ●

Seasons: 2010 - 2013 ●

●

25,1 % - Indirect Contact ●

●

56,8 % - Contact

18,1 % - Non-Contact

63,8 % - During Attacking Play

(Luig et al, 2018)

66

Handball: Conditioning for Players Causes of Injuries - Contact with Opponent – 31% - 53% - Contact with Ball – 14% - 18% - Contact with Team Member - 3%

- Running – 28% - 33% - Shooting – 25% - 31%

(Andersson, 2018)

67

Handball: Conditioning for Players Top Injury Locations Male Players versus Female Players (%)

(Adapted from Luig et al, 2011)

68

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Ankle - I A ANKLE INJURIES (non-contact) â&#x2014;?

LANDING SITUATIONS

One-leg Landing from a Jump Shot

Side-step Cutting

(Adapted from Bere et al, 2018)

69

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Ankle - II â&#x2014;?

Ankle Proprioception: Poor Balance vs. Normal Balance *** Pattern of Cocontraction of Ankle Plantarflexors and Dorsiflexors ***

(Adapted from Han et al, 2015)

70

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Ankle - III â&#x2014;?

n=16 Teams of European Young Female Players

Group WITH Ankle Disc

Traumatic Injuries: - 2,4 per 1000 hours of Match - 0,2 per 1000 hours of Practice

PROTOCOL: Program combining the use of ankle disc with functional strength training

Group WITHOUT Ankle Disc

Traumatic Injuries: - 6,9 per 1000 hours of Match - 0,6 per 1000 hours of Practice

(Adapted from Wedderkopp et al, 2003)

71

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Knee - I ACLâ&#x2014;? Injuries A (non-contact) MALE Players

Medium Risk

FEMALE Players

High Risk ~ 2-3 times higher

"approximately 80% of the injuries occur in a plant and cut situation or in a landing after a jump shot" (Adapted from Myklebust et al, 2003 ; Prodomos et al, 200772; Brophy et al, 2015)

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Knee - II ●

ACL – Injury Mechanisms - Videotape (n=20 cases) FEMALE Players ●

12 Seasons (1988-2000)

ACTIVITY \ CASES

Speed

Flexion

Tibia Rotation

Valgus

Weight Distribution in Leg Injured (%)

Contact

Plant-and-Cut (12)

Moderate to High

5 to 20

5 to -15

5 to 20

90 to 100

No and Indirect

One-Leg Landing (04)

High to Very High

15 to 25

5 to 15

10 to 15

100

No and Indirect

Deceleration (02)

Moderate to High

20 to 25

10

10

100

No and Indirect

Running (01)

High

20

10

10

100

Indirect

Collision (01)

---

---

---

---

---

Direct

(Adapted from Olsen et al, 2004)

73

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Knee - III ●

ACL - PREVENTIVE PROGRAM - FEMALE Players – ●

03 Seasons (1998-2001) MATCH Injuries

MATCH Injuries

TRAINING Injuries

TRAINING Injuries

Season

All Divisions

Elite Division

All Divisions

Elite Division

1998-1999

23

11

06

02

1999-2000

17

04

06

02

2000-2001

14

05

03

00

(Adapted from Myklebust et al, 2003)

74

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Hip - I â&#x2014;?

RECTUS ABDOMINIS Muscle Injuries *** MAIN INJURY MECHANISM: *** Eccentric contraction during specific movement of throwing with the contralateral arm

(Adapted from Balius et al, 2011)

75

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Spine - I HANDBALL TRAINING ● &a SPINE

SPINAL LOADS

Quality of POSTURE 76

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Spine - II â&#x2014;?

POSTURE - n=125 players versus n=135 non-training individuals

POSTURE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Young Female Players - a inclination of the thoracolumbar segment - a greater forward tilt of the torso - a correct pelvic alignment in the frontal plane - pelvis and scapulas asymmetries in the transverse plane

(Adapted from Grabara, 2014)

77

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Spine - III ●

“Posturometer-S” – Antero-Posterior Shape Analysis Kyphotic Types: 75,0% - handball players 61,5% - volleyball players SPORT

n

α Angle – Inclination of the Upperthoracic Segment

β Angle – Inclination of the ThoracicLumbar Segment

γ Angle – Inclination of the Lumbarsacral Segment

Handball

16

Volleyball

12

14,9° +\-5,81 15,2° +\-4,26

8,5° +\-3,12 11,3° +\-1,92

7,7° +\-4,16 10,3° +\-3,91

(Adapted from Lichota et al, 2011)

78

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Spine - IV

Prevalence of LBP (%)

●

Low Back Pain in FEMALE Elite Players * During the previous 12 months *

(Adapted from Tuna˚s et al, 2014 )

79

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Shoulder - I SHOULDER INJURIES: ~17% - 28% (one season)

High Volume Throwing

Overhead Athletes

** Reduced Velocity and Accuracy of the Throw ** ** Dominant Arm **

(Clarsen et al, 2014 ; Andersson et al, 2016)

80

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Shoulder - II â&#x2014;?

The Biomechanics of the Throwing Lead Foot Contact

Wind-Up

Stride

Maximal External Rotation

Arm Cocking

Arm Acceleration

Release

Maximal Internal Rotation

Arm Deceleraton

FollowThough

(Adapted from Van Den Tillaar, 2005 )

81

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Shoulder - III FUNCTIONAL ADAPTATIONS: - Osseus Tissue - Soft Tissue Decrease Internal Rotation ROM Increase External Rotation ROM Decrease External Rotation Strength Scapular Dyskinesis

(Fieseler et al, 2018)

82

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Shoulder - IV Shoulder Pain and Dysfunction in Throwers:

- Tendon Pathology; - Subacromial and Internal Impingement; - Glenoid Labrum Injuries; - Glenohumeral Joint Instability; - Acromioclavicular Joint Dysfunction - Etc

(Clarsen et al, 2014)

83

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Shoulder - V n=206 players in the Norwegian Elite Handball League ISOMETRIC STRENGTH - Pain Free Test: Internal Rotation (n=193) External Rotation (n=178) Abduction (n=182) - Painfull Test: Internal Rotation (n=0) External Rotation (n=15) Abduction (n=05)

RANGE OF MOTION

SCAPULAR CONTROL

- Pain Free Test: Internal Rotation (n=194) External Rotation (n=194)

- Pain Free Test: Flexion (n=205) Abduction (n=205)

- Painfull Test: Internal Rotation (n=0) External Rotation (n=0)

- Painfull Test; Flexion (n=01) Abduction (n=01)

(Adapted from Clarsen et al, 2014)

84

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Shoulder - VI HANDBALL PLAYERS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SHOULDER PROBLEMS:

- Reduced External Rotation Strength; - Reduced Total ROM; - Scapular Dyskinesis; - Imbalanced Muscular Profile (IR\ER); - Reduced Glenohumeral Joint ROM - Anterior Shoulder Dislocations - SLAP Lesion - Reduced Kinetic Chain Function (?)

- Limited Thoracic Mobility (?)

(Adapted from Clarsen et al, 2014 ; Edouard et al, 2013 ; Andersson et al, 2016)

85

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Shoulder - VII PREVENTIVE PROGRAM:

- Quality of Movement - Work Total Rotation Motion; - External Rotation Strength; - Stability and Control Scapular; - Thoracic Mobility; - Good Posture; - Core Stability; - Strength Balance between ER \ IR; - Control of Training Volume of Throwers; -And other

(Adapted from Authors Collection)

86

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Elbow - I Shoulder

Elbow

~ 48,000 throws each season - Eccentric Loads (initiate arm acceleration)

OVERUSE INJURIES

(Bere et al, 2018)

87

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Elbow - II DOMINANT ELBOW Hypertrophy "Handball Goalie's Elbow"

Pain and Disability

Repeated Hyperextension Traumas

Bilateral differences in the thickness of the flexor-pronator tendon, extensor tendon, triceps tendon, and medial collateral ligament

Repetitive Valgus Forces

(Adapted from Popovic et al, 2001 ; Tyrdal et al, 1996)

88

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Elbow - III ●

ULTRASOUND IMAGE – Tendon and Ligament Thickness n=40 professional male handball players. AGE: 25,75 years-old PROTOCOL: a bilateral comparative examination via ultrasound image. *** p<0,0001 ***

Thickness

(Adapted from Popovic et al, 2001)

89

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Wrist\Hand - I Wrist + Hand INJURIES

Thumb and Pinkie

Impact during a Block

Catching the Ball

*** 61,4% *** One-to-One Situations

â&#x20AC;&#x153; The thumb stabilizes the ball and the pinkie locks it into positionâ&#x20AC;?

Goalkeeper: Forced Dorsiflexion during Catching

(Adapted from Pesquer & Chick, 2018)

90

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Wrist\Hand - II Wrist + Hand TYPES OF INJURIES - Bone

- Ligaments

- Joints

- Tendons

- Scaphoid or Triquetrum Fractures - Scapholunate ligament, triangular fibrocartilage complex ligament, ulnar collateral ligament of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb - Capsuloligamentous structures and the volar plate of the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints

- Flexor and extensor tendon tears of the fingers

(Adapted from Pesquer & Chick, 2018)

91

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Head - I Maxillofacial Injuries

Nasal Fractures

Dental Injuries

Facial Lacerations 92

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Head - II â&#x2014;?

n=112 handball players (28 females and 84 males) DENTAL TRAUMA (n)

93

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Head - III TYPES OF DENTAL INJURIES

94

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Head - IV

n=138 Handball Athletes - 12% Nasal Bone Fractures - 57% Head and Neck Injuries - 32% Do Not Use Mouthguards - 68% Had Hear of Mouthguards - 4,5% Made Use of this Protection Device

(Gialain et al, 2014)

95

Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Head - V Head Injuries in Handball

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The most frequent cause of injuries are impacts with other players or with the groundâ&#x20AC;?

(Sane, 1988 ; Gialain et al, 2014)

MAIN Preventive Strategy: The Use of Mouthguards.

96

Handball: Conditioning for Players Goalkeeper - I ●

MOVEMENTS: 1)- Lateral 2)- Diagonal 3)- Front

●

STIMULUS: 1)- Visual 2)- Auditory 3)- Kinesthetic 4)- Decision Making (Adapted from Dumitru, 2010)

97

Handball: Conditioning for Players Goalkeeper - II â&#x2014;?

MALE Goalkeeper - Anthropometry

STUDY

Profile

Age

(years-old)

Height (cm)

Body Mass (Kg)

Body Fat (%)

Hasan et al, 2007

Asiatics\ Male

25,0 +\-1,9

186,5 +\-0,04

80,8 +\-7,0

10,5 +\-3,3

Glaner, 1999

Pan American\ Male

23,8 +\-4,7

182,9 +\-7,0

82,8 +\-9,6

14,9 +\-4,3

98

Handball: Conditioning for Players Goalkeeper - III â&#x2014;?

FEMALE Goalkeeper - Anthropometry

STUDY

Profile

Age

(years-old)

Height (cm)

Body Mass (Kg)

Body Fat (%)

Vila et al, 2011

Spanish\ Female

26,4 +\-5,9

174,9 +\-6,3

69,2 +\-7,6

---

Becerra et al, 2018

Spanish Beach\ Female

22,9 +\-4,05

167,8 +\-4,4

61,04 +\-3,9

14,4 +\-3,0

99

Handball: Conditioning for Players Goalkeeper - IV a)- The LAST Defense b)- The FIRST Defender c)- The FIRST Attacker d)- The LAST Attacker (Dumitru, 2010)

100

Handball: Conditioning for Players Goalkeeper - V â&#x2014;?

PHYSICAL CONDITIONING:

a)- Endurance (atp-cp, anaerobic lactic, aerobic) b)- Strength (hipertrophy, maximal) c)- Power (maximal, endurance) d)- Speed (reaction, displacement, movement) e)- Flexibility \ Mobility f)- Hand-Eye Coordination g)- Eye-Foot Coordination 101

Handball: Conditioning for Players Goalkeeper - VI ●

EFFECTIVENESS OF REACTION TIME (n=10, 09 weeks – 3 times per week – 100 shootings per goalkeeper) Av-01

Av-02

Av-03

Av-04

Av-05

TOTAL

PRE Test

46,2%

47,4%

23,8%

36,9%

20,3%

33,9%

POST Test

55,7%

65,1%

25,5%

46,0%

29,5%

43,2%

(Adapted from Sá & Dias, 2019)

102

Handball: Conditioning for Players Goalkeeper - VII â&#x2014;?

VISUAL AND AUDITORY REACTION TIME

n=05 players

VISUAL Reaction Time 0,246

AUDITORY Reaction Time 0,212

Years of Practice

Standard Deviation

0,052

0,052

4,08

Coefficient of Variation (%)

18,97

24,43

49,83

Mean (s)

8,2

(Adapted from Souza et al,, 2010) 103

Handball: Conditioning for Players Periodization - I Off-Season Off-Season Pre-Season

Season

What MODEL of periodization?

104

Handball: Conditioning for Players Periodization - II Linear

Structural Bells

Reverse

Conjugate

MODELS Of Periodization

Selective Loads

Blocks

Pendulous

Tactical 105

Handball: Conditioning for Players Periodization - III MACROcycle

MESOcycle

MICROcycle

Training UNIT

106

Handball: Conditioning for Players Periodization - IV

Professional Level

70 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 100 matches a year\season

(Laver et al, 2018)

107

Handball: Conditioning for Players Periodization - V

Norway Elite Division Players

PRACTICE: 5 to 10 times per week Each session: +\-1,5h

PLAY: 60 to 80 matches per season

(Adapted from Andersson, 2018)

108

Handball: Conditioning for Players Periodization - VI ACTIVITY *** (p<0.05)

â&#x2014;?

MALE a (n=168)

FEMALE (n=161)

Handball Training (minutes)

402 (381 to 423) ***

355 (339 to 370)

Match Play (minutes)

35 (32 to 39)

34 (31 to 38)

Strength Training (minutes)

106 (96 to 116)

93 (85 to 101)

(Adapted from Andersson, 2017)

109

Handball: Conditioning for Players Fatigue - I PERIFERIC: - Cardiovascular - Metabolic - Neuromuscular FATIGUE in HANDBALL

CENTRAL: - CNS 110

Handball: Conditioning for Players Fatigue - II

VISIBLE Fatigue

HIDDEN Fatigue

RISK of Overreaching Non-Functional

RISK of Overtraining

(Adapted from Platonov, 2008)

111

Handball: Conditioning for Players Fatigue - III - Psychological

- Physiological

FATIGUE SYMPTOMS

- Immunological - Biochemists 112

Handball: Conditioning for Players Detraining - I - Body Composition

- Maximal Strength

- Speed

- VO2max DETRAINING in HANDBALL

-???

- ???

- Power

- Agility 113

Handball: Conditioning for Players Circadian Rhythm - I n= Diurnal Variations inâ&#x2014;? Physical Performance *** p<0,001 ** EFFECT SIZE: ZZTWB= -1,17 5SWB= -1,34 10SWB= -1,40 20SWB= -1,40 SJ= 0,73

(Adapted from Pavlovic et al, 2018)

114

Handball: Conditioning for Players Nutrition - I MACRO Nutrients

- Carbohydrates - Proteins - Fats

- Water - Vitamins - Mineral Salts MICRO Nutrients 115

Handball: Conditioning for Players Nutrition - II BODY COMPOSITION:

- Monitor Training and Nutrition Effectiveness; - Young Athletes: changes during their growth spurts (height and weight); - Check the impact of lean muscle mass on power performance; - Body Fat; - Other 116

Handball: Conditioning for Players Nutrition - III â&#x2014;?

Creatine Supplementation (20g.d-1 during 5 days) p<0,001

Kg

1RM Half Squat

PLACEBO

CREATINE

(Adapted from Izquierdo et al, 2002)

117

Handball: Conditioning for Players Nutrition - IV ●

n=16 Youth Players – HYDRATION

Number of Athletes

Types of Fluids Ingested Refrigerant Pre During er t a W

e e c c i i c i u u J n J l l to a a r o i Is tr tu s a N du n I

Post da o S

er h t O

(Mendes et al, 2016)

118

Handball: Conditioning for Players Recovery & Regeneration - I ACTIVE Resources

Recovery & Regeneration

PASSIVE Resources 119

Handball: Conditioning for Players Recovery & Regeneration - II Nutrition

Electrostimulation

Thermotherapy

Acupuncture

Cryotherapy

Cupping Therapy

Compression Garment Hyperoxia Therapy

Slowdown Active

Massage

Compression Garment

And More 120