VAŠ BREZPLAČNI IZVOD/YOUR PERSONAL COPY
Adria Airways In-Flight Magazine december, januar • December, January 2009/2010
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Alpe The Alps Urša Drofenik Sarajevo
Alpe, kot jih vidijo ptice • The Alps – A Bird’s-Eye View Izginjanje alpskih ledenikov • The Disappearance of Alpine Glaciers Alpska konvencija • The Alpine Convention Smučišča na sončni strani Alp • Ski Slopes on the Sunny Side of the Alps
Slovenska hiša demokracije • Slovenia’s House of Democracy Emo Celje Labod Iskra Montreal
Vsebina/Contents 32
Adrijina potnica/Adria Passenger
Urša Drofenik Urša Drofenik Mojca Šimenc
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Sarajevo
Vodič po sarajevskih kavarnah Guide to the Coffeehouses of Sarajevo Lidija Jularić
Janez Pukšič
Adria Airways In-Flight Magazine Revija Adria Airways In-Flight Magazine je namenjena potnikom na poletih z Adrio Airways. Adria In-flight Magazine is complimentary on Adria Airways flights.
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Izdajatelj/Published: Adria Airways, Slovenski letalski prevoznik, d.d. Adria Airways The Airline of Slovenia Kuzmičeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana Uredništvo / Editorial: Barbara Mihevc Bukovec Tel / Phone + 386 4 259 4541 E- mail: barbara.bukovec@adria.si Urednica / Edited by: Meta Krese Oglaševanje / Advertising: Alenka Dvoršak Tel / Phone + 386 4 259 4526 E- mail: alenka.dvorsak@adria.si Oblikovanje in AD /Design and AD: LUKS Studio Prevod /Translated by: Amidas Lektorica/Language editing: Vera Samohod Fotoliti /Lithography: Schwarz d.o.o. Tisk /Printed by: Schwarz d.o.o.
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Brezplačen izvod /Your personal copy
Alpe, kot jih vidijo ptice The Alps - A Bird's-Eye View Matevž Lenarčič
Izginjanje alpskih ledenikov The Disappearance of Alpine Glaciers Janez Bizjak
Alpska konvencija The Alpine Convention Janez Bizjak
Smučišča na sončni strani Alp Ski Slopes on the Sunny Side of the Alps Aleš Fevžer
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Parlament/Parliament
Slovenska hiša demokracije Slovenia's House of Democracy Borut Peršolja
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Slovenska obrt/Crafts in Slovenia
Emajlirana posoda Enamelled Cookware Saša Bojc
ISSN 1318-0789
Mnenja, izražena v tej publikaciji, so zgolj mnenja avtorjev ali intervjuvancev in ne odsevajo nujno stališč Adrie Airways. Razmnoževanje brez pisnega dovoljenja je prepovedano. Izdajatelj ne prevzema nikakršne odgovornosti za nenaročeno gradivo. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors or persons interviewed only and do not necessarily reflect the views of Adria Airways. Reproduction without written permission is prohibited. The publ isher accepts no responsibility for unsolicited material.
Alpe/The Alps
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Labod
Od Laboda do gospoda From a Swan to a Gentleman Lora Power
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Iskra
Iskra: neuvrščeno oblikovanje Iskra: Non-aligned Design Barbara Predan
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Montreal
Nasvidenje, Marianne So Long, Marianne Maruša Krese
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{ Adria Airways }
Adria Airways postaja polnopravna članica Star Alliancea
Z
druženje Star Alliance se je zaradi uvedbe
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nove strukture delovanja odločilo, da januarja 2010 odpravi kategorijo regionalnega
članstva. To odločitev so sprejeli zaradi svojih trenutnih širitvenih načrtov – oktobra se jim je namreč pridružil Continental Airlines, decembra 2009 bo to storil Brussels Airlines, prihodnje leto pa še Aegean Airlines (Grčija), Air India in TAM (Brazilija); obenem pa je bila odločitev sprejeta tudi zaradi spreminjajočih se potreb prevoznikov članov.
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dria Airways je regionalna članica mreže Star Alliance od leta 2004. Zaradi uvedbe nove strukture delovanja ter uspešnega vzdrževanja visokih standardov, ki jih določajo zahteve glede skladnosti s Star Allianceom, bodo Adria Airways in preostala dva regionalna člana združenja, Blue1 in Croatia Airlines, napredovali v polnopravne člane združenja Star Alliance. Ta sprememba bo najvidnejša pri trženju blagovne znamke, pri katerem se ne bo več uporabljal slogan »A Regional Star Alliance Member« (regionalna članica Star Alliancea). Adria Airways bo postopoma uvajala tradicionalno blagovno znamko Star Alliance, ki vključuje spremembo oznak na letališču in obvestilih, objavljenih med letom, ter logotip Star Alliancea, prikazanega na letalu. Poleg tega bodo vsi trije prevozniki dosegli večjo prepoznavnost svoje blagovne znamke, saj bodo njihovi logotipi v prihodnje vključeni v skupen seznam logotipov vseh prevoznikov, ki so člani združenja Star Alliance.
»Za Adrio Airways je velika čast in priznanje, da prehaja iz statusa regionalnega prevoznika v polnopravno članico Star Alliancea in se tako postavlja ob bok največjim letalskim družbam, kot so Lufthansa, Continental Airlines, THAI in druge,« je povedal mag. Tadej Tufek, predsednik uprave Adrie Airways. Združenje Star Alliance je bilo ustanovljeno maja 1997 z vizijo, da postane vodilno svetovno združenje letalskih prevoznikov za pogoste mednarodne potnike. Da bi ta cilj doseglo, si je ves čas prizadevalo čedalje bolje izpolnjevati zahteve mednarodnih potnikov. Združenje, ki se je od prvotnih petih povečalo na 25 članov, danes zagotavlja z 19.500 poleti dnevno in s 1071 destinacijami v 171 državah najobsežnejše omrežje med letalskimi združenji. Mreža Star Alliance zagotavlja hitre in ugodne povezave za vse potnike, ki morajo med posameznimi leti menjavati različne prevoznike, člane združenja Star Alliance. Ti potniki lahko opravijo na letališču, na katerem začenjajo svoje potovanje, enkratno prijavo za celotno potovanje do končnega cilja za kateri koli let, ki je v povezavi z leti drugih prevoznikov, članov združenja Star Alliance. Če se v zvezi z letom pojavijo kakšne nepravilnosti, pa posebni centri poskrbijo za tiste potnike (in prtljago), ki prestopajo na letala različnih prevoznikov, članov združenja Star Alliance. Taki centri trenutno delujejo na izbranih letališčih znotraj mreže, na primer v Frankfurtu, Muenchnu, Chicagu, Los Angelesu, Tokiu (Narita) in Bangkoku. Združenje Star Alliance zagotavlja pogostim potnikom vseh članic skupne ugodnosti, kot so priznavanje statusa, vstop v letališke salone ter zbiranje in uveljavljanje milj na letih vseh članic združenja Star Alliance.
Predsedniki uprav letalskih družb, članic Star Alliancea, 27. 11. 2009 v New Yorku ob slovesni pridružitvi Continental Airlinesa združenju. The CEOs of Star Alliance member airlines in New York on 27 November 2009 to welcome Continental Airlines into the Star Alliance.
Adria Airways Transitions to Full Star Alliance Membership
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tar Alliance has recently decided to adapt a new working structure, as part of which the current regional membership category will no longer exist as of January 2010. This decision was brought about in part by the current expansion plans— Continental Airlines having been integrated in October and Brussels Airlines is joining in December 2009, followed by Aegean Airlines (Greece), Air India and TAM (Brazil) next year – as well as by changing needs and requirements of existing member carriers. Adria Airways has been a regional member of the Star Alliance network since 15 December, 2004. As part of the new membership structure and having successfully maintained the high standards set forth by the Star Alliance, Adria Airways, along with the other two regional member carriers Blue1 and Croatia Airlines, are now transitioning to become full Star Alliance member carriers. The most visible signs of this change will be in branding, where the tag line “A Regional Star Alliance Member” will no longer be used. Adria Airways will progressively be rolling out the traditional Star Alliance brand. This includes changes to airport signage, in-flight announcements as well as the Star
Alliance logo displayed on aircraft. Moreover, all three carriers will be given more brand exposure, as their logos will in future be featured on the Star Alliance logo stack, which lists all member carriers. “Becoming a full member of Star Alliance is testament to the successful development of our airline, “ said President and CEO Tadej Tufek, M.Sc.” It is a great honour for Adria Airways to become an equal partner to airlines such as Continental Airlines, Lufthansa, THAI and others.” Star Alliance was founded in May 1997 on the vision of becoming the leading global airline alliance for the frequent international traveller. In order to achieve this, the alliance has been working at better meeting the requirements of the international traveller. Having grown from the original five to its current 25 member carriers, Star Alliance presently offers the most comprehensive network of any airline alliance, offering 19,500 daily flights, serving 1071 destinations in 171 countries. The Star Alliance network aims to provide fast and convenient connections for customers needing to transfer between flights of different Star Alliance member carriers. Through check-in from the originating airport is available for any itinerary involving a flight in conjunction with another Star Alliance flight. Special behind-the-scenes centres look after passengers and baggage transferring between Star Alliance member carriers, in case of flight irregularities. These centres are currently in operation at selected airports across the network, such as Frankfurt, Munich, Chicago, Los Angeles, Tokyo-Narita and Bangkok. Participants in any of the existing Star Alliance Frequent Flyer Programmes (FFP) can earn and redeem miles on any member carrier flight.
A
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( 44 )
Alpe The Alps
Fotografija: Matevž Lenarčič
( 45 )
Triglav
{ Alpe }
Alpe,
kot jih vidijo ptice ( 46 )
M
rači se že. Nekje za hrbtom slutim silhueto Julijskih Alp z značilno piramido Triglava. Zadaj na levi izginja temačen greben Karavank, za katerimi se že prižigajo lučke mest in naselij avstrijske Koroške. Spodaj bežijo nazobčani grebeni Kamniških Alp. Na levi Grintavec, Skuta, Planjava in pordela Ojstrica. Na desni utripa lučka na oddajniku Krvavec. Hribi so odeti v globok, novozapadli januarski sneg. Zimsko sonce je že Karavanke zašlo za grebeni Julijcev in se potopilo v zamegljeno Padsko nižino. Nebo je rdeče, rumeno, visoki cirusi so obarvani vijolično. Popoln mir je. Zvok motorja lahkega motorno-jadralnega letala se izgublja v prihajajoči noči. Najbrž ne moti nikogar, saj letim visoko nad gre-
Besedilo in fotografije: Matevž Lenarčič
beni. Tu in tam nagnem letalo v blag levi zavoj, da pogledam, če se za menoj dogajajo novi naravni čudeži. Popolnoma sem sproščen. Izklopim radijsko zvezo, tu zgoraj tako ali tako ne bom nikogar srečal. V slušalkah se prelivajo neskončni zvoki dobrih glasbenikov. Igrajo na strune spokojnega zadovoljstva. Odprem okno, nos približam k majhni odprtini, globoko vdihnem in ukradem molekule kisika iz drvečega toka mrzlega zraka. Z desno roko poiščem fotoaparat. Dvignem ga k levemu očesu. Počakam, da se v iskalu prikaže slika, ki mi je všeč. Pritisnem na sprožilec in mimogrede posnamem nekaj slik. Zadnja spominska kartica je polna.
( 47 )
Grintavec
{ Alpe }
{ Alpe }
D
( 48 )
olg dan je za menoj. Začne se v jutranjem mraku nekje v bližini Grenobla, v francoskih Alpah. Sonce zlati ledena pobočja in ledenike Mt. Blanca. Zevajoče razpoke so nežne in tople. Nič ostrega in nevarnega ni v podobah grebenov. Piha precej močan vzhodnik, vendar je na privetrnih straneh mirno. Ko letalo uide preko, preveč na zahod, se nemudoma znajde v nevidnem plesu zračnih vrtincev, ki ga premetavajo, tako kot vrtinči zadnji jesenski piš vetra z vonjem po snegu suh hrastov list. V daljavi se riše zašiljen rog italijanske Cervinie, ki postane za grebenom Hornli švicarski Matterhorn. Zgodaj je še in sonce še sveti v prepadno SV steno, kjer poteka slavna Scmidova smer – alpska klasika, ki sem jo vedno »šparal« za stara leta, dokler niso postala prestara, nepreplezana smer pa le ena izmed neizpolnjenih sanj. Višina 4.300 metrov. Mogoče je hiter vzpon in z njim pomanjkanje kisika vzrok za odrevenele prste, v katerih se sprehajajo bodičaste igle. Alpe so izjemen in nenavaden prostor. Vlečejo se od Ligurskega proti Tržaškemu zalivu. Na satelitskem posnetku predstavljajo nekakšen šiv, ki združuje Apeninski polotok z matično evropsko celino. Grebeni Alp se vrstijo v neskončnost. Velike višinske razlike med zelenimi dolinami in belimi vrhovi so vedno predstavljale oviro potujočim ljudstvom, prav tako premikajočim zračnim masam. Alpe ustvarjajo svoja ljudstva, običaje in svoje vreme, ki vpliva na rastje, življenje in razvoj. V nekaj urah preletim celotno verigo, dobim občutek loka, zdi se, da bi lahko z roko nežno potegnil preko njih, začutil vso njihovo ostrino, toplino in krhkost. Skale in ledeniki niso več trajni pomniki časa, temveč ranljiv košček našega planeta, za katerega smo močno odgovorni; žal pa mislimo, da smo močnejši od časa, trši od granita in pametnejši od zakonov narave. Nevednost, ki ji sledita ignoranca in sovraštvo, se odraža v rekah pločevine, v stotinah kilometrov jeklenih vrvi, v visokih dimnikih globokih dolin, oglatih stavbah na zaobljenih pašnikih, v salon-
Alpe so izjemen in nenavaden prostor. skih čevljih na smrtonosnih ledenikih, predvsem pa v miselnosti, da cilj opravičuje sredstva, da lahko slehernik že z nakupom vozovnice dojame veličino, neponovljivost, enkratnost prostora. Iluzija moči se razblinja v izginjajočih ledenikih, mitskih skalnih podorih, uničujočih plazovih, vesoljnih povodnjih. Alpe bodo ostale biser našega planeta, če jim ne bomo vzeli viharnih vrhov, tesnobnih sotesk, nepredvidljivih ledenikov, uničujočih sil, s katerimi se lahko otresejo vsakogar, ki si jih želi podrediti. Postale in ostale bodo povezovalni element prostora, kjer so nenapisani etični zakoni bivanja predmet vsakodnevnega življenja, in ne obrabljena tema filozofskih, literarnih ali političnih debat.
Karnijske Alpe/Carnic Alps
( 49 )
{ The Alps }
{ The Alps }
The Alps – A Bird's-Eye View Text and photography: Matevž Lenarčič
( 50 )
I
t is growing dark. Somewhere behind me I can sense the outline of the Julian Alps and the characteristic pyramid of Triglav. Back there on the left, the darkening ridge of the Karavanke is disappearing, and beyond it the lights of towns and villages in Austrian Carinthia are already coming on. Below me run the serrated ridges of the Kamnik Alps. On the left are Grintavec, Skuta, Planjava and Ojstrica glowing red. To the right, the light on the Krvavec transmitter is blinking. The mountains are covered in deep, freshly fallen January snow. The winter sun has already sunk behind the crests of the Julian Alps and descended into the fog-bound Po Valley. The sky is red and yellow and the high cirrus are violet. It is completely still. The sound of my motor glider’s engine is lost in the descending night. It is probably disturbing no-one, since I am flying high above the mountain crests. Now and then I put the aircraft into a gentle left turn, to see if there are any new natural wonders taking place behind me. I am completely relaxed. I switch off my radio, since I am not really going to encounter anyone up here. The infinite sounds of good musicians blend together in my headphones. They are playing on the strings of serene satisfaction. I open the window and put my nose to the small opening, inhaling deeply and stealing molecules of oxygen from the rushing flow of cold air. I feel for my camera with my right hand. I raise it to my left eye. I wait until an image I like comes into the viewfinder. I press the shutter and fire off a few shots. The last memory card is full. A long day is behind me. It started in the early morning dark somewhere near Grenoble in the French Alps. The sun was gilding the icy slopes and glaciers of Mont Blanc. The yawning crevasses were soft and warm. There was nothing sharp or dangerous even in the appearance of the crests. A strong east wind was blowing, but on the windward sides it was calm. When the aircraft slips beyond them, too far to the west, it suddenly finds itself in an invisible dance of whirling air currents that toss it about just like the last autumn gust of wind, bringing with it the smell of snow, whirls a dry oak leaf. In the distance is the sharpened horn of the Italian Cervino, which beyond the Hörnli ridge becomes the Swiss Matterhorn. It was still early and the sun was still lighting up the vertiginous northeast face, where the classic Schmid Krn
( 51 )
{ The Alps }
{ The Alps }
( 52 )
Route runs. I was always saving this route for when I was older, until the old unclimbed route became just one more unfulfilled dream. The altitude is 4,300 metres. Perhaps the rapid ascent and lack of oxygen are the reason for the pins and needles in my numb fingers. The Alps are an extraordinary and unusual environment. They stretch from the Ligurian Sea in the west to the Gulf of Trieste in the east. On satellite images they look like a kind of seam joining the Italian peninsula with the main European continent. Alpine ridges range off into infinity. The great differences in altitude between the green valleys and the white peaks have always represented a barrier to people travelling, and also for shifting air masses. The Alps create their own peoples, customs and their own weather, which affects flora, life and development. In just a few hours I fly along the entire chain of the Alps, which gives me a good sense of the arc they describe, and I almost feel I could run my hand over them, experiencing all of their sharpness, warmth and fragility. Rocks and glaciers are no longer enduring monuments of time, but a vulnerable little piece of our planet for which we bear an important responsibility; unfortunately, however, we think that we are stronger than time, harder than granite and wiser than the laws of nature. Ignorance, which is followed by arrogance and hatred, is reflected in rivers of metal, in hundreds of kilometres of steel boxes, in tall chimneys in deep valleys, in angular buildings on rounded pastures, in
The Alps are
an extraordinary and unusual environment. designer shoes on deadly glaciers, and especially in the belief that the end justifies the means, that each person can comprehend the greatness, the irreplaceable and unique nature of this environment simply by buying a ticket. The illusion of power evaporates in the disappearing glaciers, the mythical rock falls, the destructive avalanches, the apocalyptic floods. The Alps will remain a jewel of our planet if we do not remove their stormy peaks, shady ravines, unpredictable glaciers and their destructive forces, which can shake any person seeking to conquer them. They have become and will remain a linking element of a physical environment where the unwritten ethical rules of habitation are a subject of everyday life and not some worn-out topic of philosophical, literary or political debate.
A
Sant Moritz
( 53 )
{ The Alps }
{ Alpe }
( 54 )
Izginjanje alpskih ledenikov N
ajbrž še nobeni človeški generaciji pred nami ni bilo dano opazovati in spremljati tako hitre preobrazbe Alp in podnebnih sprememb, ki so v preteklosti trajale stoletja, danes pa le še desetletja. Ali je to privilegij ali pa kazen in opomin za naš slab odnos do lastnega življenjskega okolja?
L
et nad Alpami v sončnem vremenu in pogled z višine blizu 10.000 m na nebeško lepoto najvišjih evropskih gora je poseben privilegij. Vendar potniki, ki skozi letalska okna občudujejo Alpe, ne opazijo velikih sprememb na ledenem in snežnem površju. Ledeniki, simbol visokih gora, so najbolj opazni relikti večnega nastajanja in spreminjanja Alp. Toda ti simboli izginjajo. Z njimi izginja pomemben del alpske identitete. Pred 18.000 leti so še brusili in ustvarjali alpske doline, ob koncu zadnje večje ledene dobe pred 12.000 leti pa so se zaradi otoplitve začeli umikati iz podalpskih ravnin in dolin. Za prebivalce pod gorami so bili ledeniki dolga stoletja in tisočletja nedostopen ter nekoristen svet visoko zgoraj; začarano območje, kamor človek ni upal, ni mogel in ni smel zaiti. Svet legend o zlatih in kristalnih palačah ter davnih mestih globoko pod ledom. Tragedije pod plazovi zaradi podiranja in lomljenja ledenih blokov so ljudem vlivale strah in previdnost. Beseda ledenik nam je predstavljala nevidno premikanje navidezno negibne ledene reke, pokanje, grmenje
Besedilo: Janez Bizjak
Fotografije: Matevž Lenarčič
in podiranje težko predstavljivo velikih ledenih blokov ali serakov, široko zevajoče razpoke, varljivo pokrite s snegom, ter črno zelena brezna, ki so požirala površinske ledeniške vode. Znano je, da se polovica Evrope oskrbuje s pitno vodo iz ledenega in snežnega pokrova Alp. Voda, ki teče iz ledeniških trebuhov, je stara toliko kot led na prvih spodnjih plasteh, to je 12.000 let od zadnje ledene dobe. Pijemo zgodovino Alp. Kako dolgo še? Ledeniki se tanjšajo, krajšajo, izginjajo. Iz zgodovine poznamo velike civilizacije, ki so izumrle, ko jim je zaradi dramatičnih naravnih, predvsem podnebnih sprememb zmanjkalo vode. V ravninskih predelih Evrope tudi danes že primanjkuje vode. Ko je kritično, oskrbujejo ljudi v ogroženih krajih s plastenkami pitne vode, ki jo polnijo v Alpah. Kam bomo šli po vodo, če je tudi v Alpah ne bo več? Ledeniki so povsod po svetu najvidnejši in vsakomur razumljiv kazalec podnebnih (klimatskih) sprememb. V začetku šestdesetih let prejšnjega stoletja so bili videti večni in nespremenljivi. Nobenih zna-
( 55 )
Bernske alpe/Berner Alps
Otztalske Alpe/Ă–tztaler Alps
{ Alpe }
{ Alpe } kov še ni bilo, da jih čez petdeset let skoraj ne bo več, da se bodo zaradi nepričakovanih podnebnih sprememb skrčili do nerazpoznavnosti. Kdor je v tistih letih hodil po ledenikih Mer de Glace (Ledeno morje), Aletsch, Gorner, Pasterca, Morteratsch in takratne fotografije primerja s stanjem leta 2009, ne more verjeti šokantnim spremembam. Jeziki stanjšanih ledenikov so se pomaknili daleč nazaj in navzgor, nekdanje ogromne ledene mase so izginile v peščenih in skalnih nasipih ter v črni blatni prsti. Zdaj se poslavljajo še poslednji spomini iz davnine rojevanja Alp.
Znano je, da se polovica Evrope oskrbuje s pitno vodo iz ledenega in snežnega pokrova Alp. ( 56 ) Strokovnjaki so ugotovili, da smo v zadnjih 150 letih izgubili polovico ledenikov, in napovedujejo, da bodo čez 100 let vzhodne Alpe ter del zahodnih Alp brez njih. Otoplitve in porast povprečnih letnih temperatur povzročajo pospešeno taljenje ledenega pokrova in spreminjajo podobo Alp. Vedno več je in bo neurij, orkanskih vetrov, poplav, podorov ter zemeljskih plazov, ogrožena sta gorsko kmetijstvo in gospodarjenje z alpskimi gozdovi. Zimsko športni turizem nima na višini pod 1.500 do 2.000 m nobene perspektive; tudi umetno zasneževanje smučišč dolgoročno ne bo rešilo te pomembne gospodarske in rekreacijske dejavnosti. Zaradi varovanja izginjajočih ledenikov lahko na njih kmalu pričakujemo omejevanje ali celo prepoved smučanja. Kakšne so bile Alpe pred 12.000 leti in do katere višine so bile takrat doline pokrite z ledom, si lahko predstavljamo, kadar jesenske ali spomladanske megle prekrijejo doline in ko iz meglenega morja štrlijo le grebeni najvišjih gora. Zgornji rob meglenega pokrova je kot površje davnih ledenikov, ki se vračajo v sedanjost in se poigravajo s podobami prihodnosti. Zadnja ledena doba ni bila ne edina ne zadnja.
Gran Paradiso
( 57 )
{ The Alps }
{ The Alps }
The Disappearance
of Alpine Glaciers Text: Janez Bizjak
( 58 )
Photography: Matevž Lenarčič
I
t is very probable that no human generation before us has had the opportunity to observe and monitor such a rapid transformation of the Alps, and climate changes which once took centuries but now take mere decades. Is this a privilege or a punishment and an admonition for our poor attitude towards the environment we live in? A flight over the Alps in sunny weather and a view from an altitude of nearly 10,000 metres of the heavenly beauty of Europe’s highest mountains is a special privilege. But the passengers who admire the Alps through the windows of an aeroplane do not see the great changes on the ice-and-snow-covered surface. Glaciers, a symbol of high mountains, are the most visible relics of the eternal process of formation and change in the Alps. But these symbols are disappearing. With them, an important part of the Alpine identity is disappearing. Eighteen thou-
It is a well-known fact that half of Europe is supplied with drinking water from the ice and snow cover of the Alps. sand years ago they were still honing and creating Alpine valleys. At the end of the last great Ice Age – 12,000 years ago – they began to retreat from the sub-Alpine plains and valleys as a result of warming. For the people who lived below the mountains, glaciers were for long centuries and millennia an inaccessible and profitless world high above them; an enchanted area where human beings dared not and could not stray. A world of legends of gold and crystal palaces and ancient cities far below the ice. Tragedies beneath avalanches resulting from the collapse and fragmentation of blocks of ice filled people with fear and wariness. The word “glacier” represented for us the invisible movement of an appar-
ently immobile frozen river, the cracking, thundering and collapse of unimaginably huge blocks of ice or seracs, yawning crevasses deceptively covered by snow, and black-green chasms swallowing the glacial waters of the surface. It is a well-known fact that half of Europe is supplied with drinking water from the ice and snow cover of the Alps. The water flowing from the bellies of the glaciers is as old as the ice in the bottommost layers, formed 12,000 years ago in the last Ice Age. We are drinking the history of the Alps. But for how much longer? The glaciers are thinning, shrinking, disappearing. History tells of great civilisations that died out when they ran out of water as a result of dramatic natural changes, particularly climate changes. In lowland Europe water is already running short today. When the situation is critical, people in at-risk areas are supplied with drinking water in plastic bottles filled in the Alps. Where will we go for water when there is none left even in the Alps? All over the world, glaciers are the most visible and universally comprehensible indicator of climate change. In the early 1960s they seemed eternal and immutable. There were still no signs that fifty years later they would have almost disappeared, that as a result of unexpected climate changes they would have shrunk to the point of unrecognisability. Anyone who walked across the Mer de Glace (Ice Sea), Aletsch, Gorner, Pasterze and Morteratsch glaciers in those days and compares photographs from that time with the situation in 2009 will not believe the shocking changes that have taken place. The tongues of the thinned glaciers have moved far back and upwards, the formerly enormous masses of ice have disappeared in mounds of sand and rock and muddy black soil. Now even the last memories of the ancient time of the birth of the Alps are taking their leave. Experts have established that in the last 150 years we have lost half of the Alpine glaciers and predict that in another 100 years the Eastern Alps and part of the Western Alps will be entirely free of glaciers. Warming and the growth of average annual temperatures are causing an accelerated melting of the ice cover and changing the appearance of the Alps. The number of storms, hurricanes, floods, rockfalls and landslides is increasing and will continue to increase. Mountain farming and the management of Alpine forests are at risk. The prospects for winter sports at altitudes below 1,500 to 2,000 metres are nonexistent; even artificial snow-making machines in ski centres will not save this important economic and recreational activity in the long term. In order to protect the disappearing glaciers, we can expect a restriction or even a prohibition of skiing on them. We can get an impression of what the Alps were like 12,000 years ago, and the depth of the ice covering the valleys at that time, when autumnal or vernal mists fill the valleys and only the crests of the highest mountains are visible above a cloudlike sea. The upper edge of this cover of mist is like the surface of the ancient glaciers returning to the present and toying with images of the future. The last Ice Age was neither the only one nor the last one.
A
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Materhorn
Zillertalske Alpe/Zillertaler Alps
{ The Alps }
{ Alpe }
Alpska konvencija A
lpe, ki v 1.200 km dolgem in 300 km širokem loku delijo Evropo na dva dela, so poleg Sredozemlja največji ekosistem v Evropi. Zelo občutljiv in zelo ranljiv ekosistem, galerija neponovljivih naravnih in kulturnih fenomenov, biotske in krajinske raznovrstnosti, ki nimajo cene, ampak neskončno vrednost.
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Rosengarten
Besedilo: Janez Bizjak
Fotografije: Matevž Lenarčič
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Bohinjski hribi
{ Alpe }
{ The Alps }
I
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deja in volja po konkretnih ukrepih za varovanje Alp sta se rodili konec osemdesetih let prejšnjega stoletja zaradi demografskih problemov in odseljevanja, sprememb v gorskem kmetijstvu in gorskem gozdu, negativnih posledic množičnega turizma, vedno večjih prometnih obremenitev in zaradi spreminjanja identitete alpskega prostora. Alpsko konvencijo (AK), na začetku se je imenovala Konvencija o varstvu Alp, so ministri za okolje alpskih držav podpisali 7. novembra 1991 v Salzburgu. Pozneje sta jo podpisala še Monako in Evropska unija. Ohranitev izjemne naravne in kulturne raznovrstnosti, ukrepi za sožitje med varovanjem narave in razumnim gospodarjenjem z njenimi viri ter skupna odgovornost vseh osmih alpskih držav za Alpe kot življenjskega in gospodarskega prostora lokalnega prebivalstva so bili glavni cilji pobudnikov AK. Potrebne so bile spremembe mišljenja in vrednotenja: obzirnost do naravnega okolja, raba namesto izrabe ter zmernost in trajnostno koriščenje naravnih virov namesto brezobzirnega izkoriščanja. AK je zavezujoč mednarodni sporazum, za uresničevanje dogovorjenih ciljev in ukrepov pa je vsebinsko razdeljena na osem izvedbenih protokolov: na gorsko (hribovsko) kmetijstvo, urejanje prostora in trajnostni razvoj, varstvo narave in urejanje krajine, gorski gozd, turizem, promet, varstvo tal in energijo. Manjkata še protokola o varstvu voda in kulturi. Najvišji organ AK je Alpska konferenca, ki jo vsaki dve leti sklicujejo ministri za okolje, vmes se dvakrat letno sestaja Stalni odbor AK, vsaki dve leti pa ena od alpskih držav prevzema predsedovanje AK. Za usklajevanje dela ter strokovno in tehnično podporo izvajanja AK skrbi Stalni sekretariat AK s sedežem v Innsbrucku in izpostavo v Boznu/Bolzanu, vodi pa ga generalni sekretar AK. Uradni jeziki AK so angleščina, francoščina, italijanščina, nemščina in slovenščina. Alpe so življenjski prostor za več kot 30.000 različnih živalskih in 15.000 rastlinskih vrst, dom in življenjsko okolje za 14 milijonov prebivalcev ter vsakoletni izletniški in dopustniški cilj za 100 milijonov obiskovalcev. Žal postajajo tudi tržna niša različnih gradbenih špekulantov. Poleg naravovarstvenega, gospodarskega in ekološkega pomena imajo tudi izjemen kulturni pomen. Še pred 150 leti so bile Alpe simbol hude revščine, neusmiljenih življenjskih pogojev in eksodusov. Zato kulturo v Alpah upravičeno imenujemo kultura preživetja. Čeprav so jo ustvarjali različni narodi in v različnih jezikih, imajo ljudje v Alpah in njihova kultura svoje skupne značilnosti, svojo skupno identiteto, katere največje bogastvo je različnost. Spoštovanje, ohranjanje in podpiranje kulturne, jezikovne, arhitekturne in poselitvene raznolikosti, identitete in enakovrednosti posameznih kultur so bile v začetnih letih nastajanja AK prednostne usmeritve. Čudovit svet, imenovan Alpe, ni bil ustvarjen za odlagališče škodljivih idej, ki jih preganjajo iz urbaniziranih okolij, niti za poligon hrupnih prostočasnih norosti in norčevanja iz senzibilnega naravnega ravnovesja. V starih alpskih legendah je skrito preprosto sporočilo o soodvisnosti vsega živega, o naravnem redu in mejah dovoljenega. Tudi sporočilo o posledicah, kadar je človek zaradi objestnosti te meje prestopil. Ohranjanje Alp se začne in končuje s priznavanjem in spoštovanjem starega nenapisanega pravila, da ima vsako poseganje v alpski prostor tudi svoje meje.
AK se sooča z novimi strokovnimi izzivi: s klimatskimi spremembami, spreminjanjem Alp zaradi naravnih procesov in spreminjanjem krajinske identitete. Alpe so živ organizem. O tem nas opozarjajo potresi, skalni plazovi, poplave in uničujoči hudourniki, pod katerimi izginjajo gozdovi, ceste, stavbe in cela naselja. Pri uresničevanju ciljev iz posameznih protokolov AK nastaja vedno več tako imenovanih primerov dobrih praks. Zanimivo je, da je največ teh dobrih primerov nastalo v nerazvitih, pozabljenih in od velikih urbanih centrov zelo oddaljenih območjih, ki dokazujejo svojo presenetljivo vitalnost in voljo po novih izzivih.
The Alpine Convention Text: Janez Bizjak
T
Photography: Matevž Lenarčič
he Alps, which form an arc 1,200 kilometres long and 300 kilometres wide, divide Europe into two parts. After the Mediterranean, they are the largest ecosystem in Europe. A very sensitive and vulnerable ecosystem, a gallery of unparalleled natural and cultural phenomena, of biological and landscape diversity that is without price and yet of infinite value. The idea of concrete measures to protect the Alps, and the will to take such measures, came into being in the late 1980s as a result of demographic problems and emigration, changes in mountain farming and mountain forests, the negative consequences of mass tourism, the increasing impact of traffic and the changing identity of the Alpine area. The Alpine Convention (AC), originally known as the Convention on the Protection of the Alps, was signed by the environment ministers of the Alpine states in Salzburg on 7 November 1991. It was subsequently signed by Monaco and the European Union. The conservation of extraordinary natural and cultural diversity, measures for the coexistence of nature protection and the rational management of its resources, and the joint responsibility of all eight Alpine states for the Alps as the living and working environment of the indigenous population were the main objectives of the promoters of the Alpine Convention. A change of mentality and new criteria of evaluation were necessary: consideration for the natural environment, use rather than overuse, and moderation and the sustainable use of natural resources rather than reckless exploitation. The AC is a binding international agreement which, for the realisation of agreed objectives, is divided into eight protocols of implementation: mountain farming, spatial planning and sustainable development,
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Devoluy
conservation of nature and the countryside, mountain forests, tourism, transport, soil conservation and energy. The protocols on water management and culture have not yet been drafted. The highest body of the AC is the Alpine Conference, meetings of which are called every two years by environment ministers. The Permanent Committee of the AC meets twice a year and every two years one of the Alpine states assumes the presidency of the AC. Coordination of work and professional and technical support for the implementation of the AC is provided by the Permanent Secretariat of the AC, which has its seat in Innsbruck and a branch office in Bolzano/Bozen and is headed by the AC Secretary-General. The official languages of the AC are English, French, Italian, German and Slovene. The Alps are a habitat for over 30,000 different animal species and 15,000 plant species, a home and living environment for over 14 million inhabitants, and an annual excursion/holiday destination for 100 million visitors. Unfortunately they are also becoming a market niche for various building speculators. Besides their importance from the point of view of nature protection, the economy and the environment, they are also of outstanding cultural importance. A hundred and fifty years ago the Alps were a symbol of terrible poverty, harsh living conditions and exoduses. For this reason we can rightly call culture in the Alps a culture of survival. Although this culture has been created by different nations and in different languages, the people of the Alps and their culture have common characteristics and a common identity, the greatest richness of which is its diversity. Respecting, conserving and supporting cultural, linguistic, architectural and settlement diversity and the identity and equality of individual cul-
tures were the priority focuses in the early years of the creation of the AC. The wonderful world of the Alps was not created as a dumping-ground for harmful ideas banished from urban environments, nor as a playground for noisy leisure-time foolishness and making mockery of the sensitive natural balance. Old Alpine legends conceal a simple message about the co-dependence of every living thing, about natural order and the limits of what is allowed. And also a message about the consequences of arrogantly overstepping these limits. The conservation of the Alps starts and finishes with recognising and respecting the old unwritten rule that every intervention in the Alpine environment also has its limits. The AC is facing new professional challenges: climate change, changes to the Alps as a result of natural processes, and the changing identity of the landscape. The Alps are a living organism. We are reminded of this by earthquakes, landslides, floods and destructive torrents beneath which forests, roads, buildings and even settlements can disappear. In the realisation of the objectives from the individual protocols of the AC, an increasing number of examples of “good practices� are emerging. It is interesting that most of these good examples come from undeveloped, forgotten areas far removed from major urban centres that continue to demonstrate their surprising vitality and willingness to accept new challenges.
A
{ The Alps }
{ Alpe }
Smučišča
na sončni strani Alp I ( 64 )
nvesticije v naprave za umetno zasneževanje, nove
dekleta merijo na tekmah za Zlato lisico, so že več desetletij
žičnice in proge ter v infrastrukturo na slovenskih smu-
redna postaja belega cirkusa. Obe tekmovanji sta po številu
čiščih v zadnjih letih so omogočile smučanje na vseh
gledalcev med najbolj obiskanimi v sezoni, kar pravzaprav
koncih naše države. Po velikosti, površini ali nadmorski vi-
povečuje ugled naših smučarskih centrov, ki so poleg prog,
šini se ne morejo primerjati s tereni v Italiji, Avstriji ali Švici,
namenjenih zahtevnim smučarjem, znani tudi po turistični
vendar se iz leta v leto razvijajo v sodobne smučarske centre.
in družinski smučariji. Poleg tega sta tu še Rogla, pravo dru-
V Združenje slovenskih žičničarjev je včlanjeno 46 velikih,
žinsko smučišče, pa Mariborsko Pohorje, ki je po površini
srednjih in malih smučarskih centrov, med katerimi so naj-
največji slovenski smučarski center. Pohvali se lahko tudi z
bolj poznani: Kranjska Gora, Mariborsko Pohorje, Kanin,
najdaljšo osvetljeno progo v tem delu Evrope in s čudovitim
Vogel, Cerkno, Krvavec, Rogla in Kope, kjer je tudi dovolj
pogledom z vrha smučišča na drugo največje slovensko me-
hotelov, penzionov in apartmajev, da zadovoljijo še tako zah-
sto, Maribor. Štajerska gostoljubnost je znana daleč naokrog,
tevne goste. Kranjska Gora z moškimi alpskimi tekmami za
zato se veseli večeri nikoli ne končajo z zaključkom obrato-
svetovni pokal na Vitrancu in Mariborsko Pohorje, kjer se
vanja žičniških naprav.
Besedilo in fotografije: Aleš Fevžer
( 65 )
{ Alpe }
{ Alpe }
I
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zleti s krpljami, motornimi sankami ali konji, obisk igluja ali pa kopanje v termalnih bazenih po končani smuki so prava nagrada za vse, ki se odločijo preživeti dopust na slovenskih smučiščih. Za tiste s preveč energije je na voljo tudi nočna smuka v Kranjski Gori, na Starem vrhu pri Škofji Loki, na Bledu, Kopah, Rogli in Celjski koči. Slovenska smučišča gredo v korak s časom tudi na področju snežnih parkov, saj se je Krvavcu in Voglu predlani pridružila tudi Rogla z največjimi 'rampami' in skakalnicami pri nas, letos pa se odpira še nov snežni park v Kranjski Gori. Nekatera slovenska smučišča so tudi pravi raj za adrenalinske smučarje, ki iščejo naravne terene in svež pršič. Takšne pogoje za smučarijo najlažje najdejo na Voglu in Kaninu; slednji je z 2.300 metri najvišji smučarski center v Sloveniji. Naravnemu snegu na slovenski strani, ki omogoča smuko vse do začetka maja, se bo letos pridružil še umetni sneg na italijanski strani Nevejskega sedla, saj bo z letošnjo zimo začela obratovati sedežnica, ki bo povezovala Slovenijo in Italijo. Tako se bo vsak smučar sam odločil, kje in po kakšnem snegu bo smučal, saj bo umetni sneg na senčni strani omogočal vrhunsko smuko cel dan, svež pršič na sončni strani pa bo za vse uživače, ki bodo lahko med smučanjem uživali tudi v pogledih na Julijske Alpe, Triglav in celo na Jadransko morje. Za tiste, ki prihajajo v Slovenijo na krajši obisk z letalom, pa je najbolj zanimivo drugo največje slovensko smučišče na Krvavcu, ki je od mednarodnega letališča oddaljeno vsega sedem kilometrov. V bistvu si lahko iz letala že med pristajanjem ogledajo, kakšne so vremenske in snežne razmere.
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{ Alpe }
{ The Alps }
Ski Slopes
on the Sunny Side of the Alps Text and photography: Aleš Fevžer
I
( 68 )
nvestments in snow-making systems, new lifts, runs and other infrastructure in Slovenia’s ski areas in recent years have made skiing possible in every part of the country. They may not be able to compete in terms of size, surface area or height above sea level with ski areas in Italy, Austria or Switzerland, but they are developing from year to year into modern ski centres. Slovenia’s national association of aerial lift operators incorporates 46 large, medium-sized and small ski areas, the best known of which are Kranjska Gora, Mariborsko Pohorje, Kanin, Vogel, Cerkno, Krvavec, Rogla and Kope, where there are also sufficient hotels, guest houses and apartments to satisfy
even the most demanding guests. Kranjska Gora, which hosts men’s World Cup competitions on Vitranc, and Mariborsko Pohorje, where women compete for the Golden Fox trophy, have been regular stops for the “white circus” for several decades. Both competitions are among the best attended in the season in terms of spectator numbers, which actually increases the prestige of Slovenia’s ski centres. As well as runs designed for expert skiers, they also offer recreational and family skiing. Then there is Rogla, a real family ski centre. Mariborsko Pohorje, which is Slovenia’s largest ski centre in terms of area, can boast the longest floodlit ski run in this part of Europe and a wonderful view
of Slovenia’s second city from the top of the ski slopes. The Štajerska region is famous for its hospitality, so merry evenings never end when the lifts close down for the day. Excursions on snowshoes, snowmobiles or horses, a visit to an igloo or a bathe in a thermal pool after a day’s skiing are just some of the treats for all who choose to spend their holiday in one of Slovenia’s ski resorts. For those with too much energy, there is also night skiing in Kranjska Gora, Stari Vrh near Škofja Loka, Bled, Kope, Rogla and Celjska Koča. Slovenia’s ski areas are also in step with the times when it comes to snow parks, with Krvavec and Vogel being joined the year before
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last by Rogla, which has the biggest ramps and jumps in the country, while this year a new snow park is opening in Kranjska Gora. Some of Slovenia’s ski areas are also a real paradise for extreme skiers seeking natural runs and fresh powder. The easiest places to find fresh powder are Vogel and Kanin. The latter, at 2,300 metres above sea level, is the highest ski area in Slovenia. Natural snow on the Slovenian side, which allows skiing up until the beginning of May, will this year be joined by artificial snow on the Italian side of the Sella Nevea, when a chairlift linking Slovenia and Italy starts operating this winter. This will give every skier the choice of where to ski and on what type of snow. The
artificial snow on the shady side will allow top-class skiing throughout the whole day, while on the sunny side there is fresh powder for all and a chance to enjoy views of the Julian Alps, Mount Triglav and even the Adriatic Sea while you ski. For those arriving in Slovenia by air on a short visit, the most interesting ski centre is Krvavec, the country’s second largest, which is just seven kilometres from the international airport. What this means, essentially, is that you can check weather and snow conditions even as the plane is landing!
A
Slovenska hiša demokracije L
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jubljanska mestna oblast je leta 1939 razpisala javni natečaj za urbanistično ureditev širšega območja Kongresnega trga. Udeležili so se ga številni mladi arhitekti, med njimi tudi Edvard Ravnikar, ki je v svojem projektu nakazal idejo o upravnem središču mesta na območju današnjega Trga republike. Prostorska stiska in povojni zanos sta pospešila razmišljanje o novi lokaciji zakonodajnega organa. Katedrala svobode, projekt zgradbe slovenskega parlamenta, ki ga je leta 1949 izdelal arhitekt Jože Plečnik, je ostal neuresničen. Plečnikova Ljubljana, ki jo je zaznamovalo obdobje med obema svetovnima vojnama, je začenjala dobivati nov pečat.
Besedilo in fotografije: Borut Peršolja
( 71 )
{ Parlament }
D
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ela so se začela leta 1954 po načrtih projektanta – inženirja arhitekture Vinka Glanza –, projektanta statike – inženirja Alojzija Čigona – in projektanta komunalnih instalacij – Franca Kraigherja. Pohištveno opremo je projektiral inženir Serajnik, umetniška dela pa je prispevalo deset priznanih umetnikov. Za gradnjo je bilo izbrano splošno stavbno podjetje Tehnika iz Ljubljane. Dela na umetnem kamnu ter mizarska in ključavničarska dela je izvedlo štirideset državnih ter obrtniških podjetij in sedemindvajset zasebnih obrtniških mojstrov. Trinadstropna stavba obsega 2.200 m² površine. Otvoritev palače Ljudske skupščine je bila 19. februarja 1959. Slovenski poročevalec je naslednji dan zapisal: »Od vsega začetka je prevladovala zamisel zadovoljiti z novo stavbo v čim krajšem času in le začasno pereče potrebe za redno delo ljudske skupščine in njenih organov. Ta zamisel je tudi narekovala sedanjo lokacijo, ki je omejevala projektanta pri osnovnem idejnem projektu. Toda kasnejše korekture projekta, ko je bil že zgrajen osnovni betonski skelet, so povsem prešle prvotno zamišljeni provizorični okvir.« Čeprav je po redkih ohranjenih fotografskih in filmskih zapisih mogoče sklepati, da je nova skupščinska zgradba zbudila pozornost javnosti, pa so časopisna in druga poročila skromna. Tako značilne vznesenosti tistega časa ni bilo čutiti.
Preprostost zasnove skupščinske palače (gre za kvader) je omogočala tudi funkcionalno notranjo organizacijo prostorov. Pri gradnji so dosledno uporabljali kakovostno domače gradivo, od marmorja in kamna do lesa. Značilno je bogato obravnavanje stavbnih členov z različnimi profili, dragocenimi kamni in lesom ter s stensko poslikavo. Velika dvorana je imela 270 sedežev, na balkonu pa je bilo prostora za 120 ljudi. Dvorana, kjer danes zaseda Državni zbor, je bila prenovljena ob koncu leta 2000 po zasnovi arhitektk Sonje Miculinić, Albine Kindlhofer in Darje Valič. Barvne kombinacije in izbor materialov dajejo prostoru eleganco, lahkotnost in ubranost. V njej je 150 sedežev, ki se krožno spuščajo proti osrednjemu krogu. Mala dvorana ima 120 sedežev. Ta prostor se amfiteatralno spušča, na obeh straneh je balkon za novinarje in obiskovalce. Značilnost sten male dvorane je opuščanje ostrih kotov v korist zaobljenosti sten, tako da je arhitektura videti, kakor da bi bila modelirana. V letu 1991 in kasneje so Glanzovo zgradbo z več prehodi povezali s sosednjo zgradbo na Tomšičevi ulici. V preddverju velike dvorane izstopa freska »Zgodovina Slovencev od naselitve do danes«, ki jo je leta 1958 končal Slavko Pengov (dolga je 67,4 m in visoka 1,4 m). Vhodna vrata so iz hrastovine, stavba pa je obložena s ploščami kraškega koprivskega marmorja. Portal na pročelju sestavlja pet granitnih pilastrov. Kiparja Karel Putrih in Zdenko Kalin sta avtorja figur, ki simbolno prikazujejo resnično življenje: mir, blaginjo, družinsko srečo, otroško igro, šolstvo in gospodarstvo.
Umetniške stvaritve
ki lepšajo in bogatijo zgradbo Državnega zbora, so delo priznanih slovenskih umetnikov.
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{ Parliament }
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Slovenia's House of Democracy Text & Photography: Borut Peršolja
I
n 1939 the city authorities in Ljubljana announced a public competition for the regulation of the area around Congress Square. Several young architects took part in the competition, among them Edvard Ravnikar, whose project contained an idea for the administrative centre of the city in the area of today's Republic Square. Problems of space and post-war zeal speeded up deliberations over a new location for the legislative body. The “Cathedral of Freedom”, Jože Plečnik's 1949 design for a Slovenian parliament building, remained unrealised. Plečnik's Ljubljana, marked by the interwar period, was beginning to take on a new aspect.
Work began in 1954 to plans by architect Vinko Glanz, structural engineer Alojzij Čigon and utilities engineer Franc Kraigher. The furnishings and fittings were designed by Domicijan Serajnik and artworks were contributed by ten well-known artists. Tehnika, a general construction company from Ljubljana, was selected as the building contractor. Work in artificial stone, joinery and metalwork was carried out by forty state enterprises and craft enterprises and twenty-seven private master craftsmen. The three-storey building covers an area of 2,200 m2. The opening of the Palace of the People's Assembly took place on 19 February 1959. The following day Slovenski Poročevalec published the following report: “From the very beginning the principal idea was for the new building to satisfy, in the shortest time possible and on a merely temporary basis, urgent requirements for the regular work of the People's Assembly and its bodies. This idea was also behind the choice of the present location, which restricted the planner in the basic outline project. Later corrections to the project, however, once the basic concrete skeleton had already been built, totally ignored the originally conceived provisional framework.” Although it may be concluded from the few surviving photographs and items of contemporary footage that the new Assembly building attracted the attention of the public, newspaper and other written reports are few and far between. The rapturous enthusiasm characteristic of the period appears to have been absent.
Vinko Glanz Besedilo/Text: Nika Grabar
V
inko Glanz (rojen v Kotorju leta 1902, umrl v Ljubljani leta 1977) je manj znano ime slovenskega modernizma, kljub temu da je bil arhitekt z izjemno bogatim ustvarjalnim opu-
som. Večina njegovih del je nastajala po drugi svetovni vojni, v času korenitih družbenih sprememb, ki so arhitekturi narekovale nove vsebine in hkrati vplivale na njeno estetsko podobo. V nasprotju z
Foto: Arhitekturni muzej Ljubljana
njegovimi projekti javnega značaja, ki jih pogosto uvrščamo med slovenski funkcionalizem (Gimnazija Vič, Slovenija avto, Tehnika), Glanzovi protokolarni objekti (Vila Bled, Vila Podrožnik, Grad Brdo, skupščina) kažejo drugačen arhitekturni izraz. Glanz je po končanem študiju na ljubljanski Šoli za arhitekturo leta 1927 delal pri Plečniku in kmalu zatem, leta 1929, z njegovim priporočilom dobil prvo zaposlitev v Dubrovniku kot mestni arhitekt. Leta 1930 se je vrnil v Ljubljano, kjer se je zaposlil na Tehničnem oddelku Dravske banovine. Po vojni je deloval v okviru Slovenija projekta in Izvršnega sveta. Bil je izvrsten risar, udeleževal se je številnih arhitekturnih natečajev. Njegove rešitve temeljijo na čistih prostorih, zaznamuje pa jih izjemen občutek za detajl.
V
inko Glanz (born Kotor, 1902; died Ljubljana, 1977) is a lesser known member of the Slovene Modernist movement, despite the fact that his architectural oeuvre is
extraordinarily rich. The majority of his works date from the period following the Second World War, a time of radical social changes that dictated new contents for architecture and at the same time influenced its aesthetic image. Whereas his projects of a public nature are usually classified as examples of Slovene Functionalism (Gimnazija Vič, Slovenija Avto, Tehnika), Glanz's protocol buildings (Villa Bled, Villa Podrožnik, Brdo Castle, the People's Assembly)
Foto: Miloš Švabič/Muzej novejše zgodovine Ljubljana
show a different form of architectural expression. After completing his studies at the School of Architecture in Ljubljana in 1927, Glanz worked under Jože Plečnik and shortly afterwards, in 1929, took up a post – with Plečnik's recommendation – as municipal architect in Dubrovnik. In 1930 he returned to Ljubljana to take up a position in the Technical Department of the Drava Banovina. After the war he worked for Slovenija Projekt and the Executive Council. He was an excellent draughtsman and entered numerous architectural competitions. His solutions are based on pure spaces and are characterised by an outstanding sense of detail.
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{ Parliament }
The works of art
that embellish and enrich the National Assembly building are the work of well-known Slovene artists. ( 76 )
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The simplicity of design of the Assembly palace (it is a square block) also facilitated a functional internal organisation of the space. Consistent use was made during construction of high-quality local materials such as marble, stone and wood. The building is notable for its rich treatment of architectural elements with a variety of profiles, fine stones and woods, and murals. The Large Hall contained 270 seats, with space for 120 people in the gallery. This hall, where the National Assembly today meets, was renovated at the end of 2000 to a design by the architects Sonja Miculinić, Albina Kindlhofer and Darja Valič. The combination of colours and the choice of materials gives the space elegance, lightness and harmony. It contains 150 seats descending in a circle towards a central circle. The Small Hall has 120 seats. It has the form of an amphitheatre, with
D
rugo soboto v mesecu (razen v avgustu) je v Državnem zboru dan odprtih vrat in za obiskovalce praviloma ob 9., 10. in 11. uri organizirano vodenje po zgradbi. Organizirane skupine lahko Državni
galleries for journalists and visitors on either side of the hall. A characteristic of the walls in the Small Hall is the avoidance of sharp corners, giving the architecture a moulded appearance. Beginning in 1991, a number of accesses have been created connecting Glanz's building to the neighbouring building on Tomšičeva. The foyer of the Large Hall is dominated by a fresco representing “The History of the Slovenes from the Settlement of the Slavs to the Present Day”, completed in 1958 by Slavko Pengov (length, 67.4 metres, height, 1.4 metres). The entrance doors are of oak and the building is tiled with karst marble from Kopriva. The façade contains a portal consisting of five granite pillars. The sculptors Karel Putrih and Zdenko Kalin created the figures that symbolically represent aspects of real life: peace, prosperity, family happiness, children's games, education and industry.
A
T
he National Assembly opens its doors to visitors on the second Saturday of every month (except August). Guided tours of the building are available, generally at 9.00 am, 10.00 am and 11.00 am.
zbor obiščejo tudi vsak delavnik po predhodnem dogovoru s Službo za od-
Organised groups can also visit the National Assembly on weekdays by prior
nose z javnostmi (soj@dz-rs.si).
arrangement with the Public Relations Office (soj@dz-rs.si).
Zasedanjem Državnega zbora lahko z balkona velike dvorane prisostvuje
Anyone may attend a session of the National Assembly from the gallery of
vsakdo. Ob prihodu v poslopje Državnega zbora se mora obiskovalec prija-
the Large Hall. On arrival at the National Assembly building, visitors must
viti na recepciji in spoštovati hišni red.
report to Reception. Internal rules must be observed.
V času parlamentarnih počitnic od 15. julija do 1. septembra ni ogledov Državnega zbora.
During the parliamentary recess from 15 July to 1 September there are no visits to the National Assembly.