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TOURIST DESTINATION

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Table of Contents Introduction................................................................................................................................................3 Task 1 Understand the scope of key UK and worldwide tourist destination ............................................3 a. Analysis of main tourist destinations ................................................................................................3 i) The average expenditure in UK compared with Europe and Asia ....................................................3 ii) Implications of the differences of Tourist Arrivals and Tourist Receipts in countries .....................4 b. Statistical analysis of tourism destination trends and prediction of future trends of UK .................6 Task 2 Understand the cultural, social and physical features of tourist destinations.................................6 a. Exploring UK appeals to tourists ......................................................................................................6 (i) Analysis of cultural, social and physical features of different tourist destinations .........................6 (ii) Explanation about important elements that make appeal of each destinations .............................8 (b) Comparison of the features of selected tourist destination with a developing tourist destination. .9 Task 3 Understand how the characteristics of destinations affect their appeal to tourists.......................10 3.1 Appeal of these destinations in terms of the types of tourists visiting them.................................10 3.2 Negative and positive effect of the following characteristics to the appeal of the tourist destinations..........................................................................................................................................11 Task 4 Understand the impacts of change on the travel and tourism sector............................................12 4.1 Impact of changes on the travel and tourism.................................................................................12 4.2 Discussion of the potential for responsible tourism to enhance the host community in the three issues and identification of measures .................................................................................................13 Conclusion...............................................................................................................................................13 References ...............................................................................................................................................15

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INTRODUCTION Travel and tourism has been getting more attention and recognition from the government bodies because of the contribution it gives to the economic development. In the contemporary scenario, travel and tourism industry has adopted different methods and techniques for the purpose of promoting all the integrated services to the customers and business clients (Lee and Chang, 2008). The present research study has been made with an attempt to analyze the scenario of tourism in most of the developed and developing countries in past 2–3 years and along with the same, comparison has been made regarding the cultural, social and physical attributes of major tourist destinations. Tourism destinations are getting populous because they give numerous services to the clients integrated with cultural and heritage aspects of a particular place. Moreover, in the present research report, researcher has also discussed the impact of economic, physical and political facets on tourism functions. Lastly, researcher has stated the impacts of changes on travel and tourism sector along with several reasons for which travel companies implement changes in the business entity.

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TASK 1 UNDERSTAND THE SCOPE OF KEY UK AND WORLDWIDE TOURIST DESTINATION

a. Analysis of main tourist destinations i) The average expenditure in UK compared with Europe and Asia It has been observed that living standard of people at UK has been improved from last many years and this makes the country relatively developed in all sectors. Considering the tourism sector, the numbers of visitors have been augmenting because people are spending more in travel and tourism services. France, Italy and Spain are the chief destinations of UK where people prefer to visit the most as compared to other countries (Goeldner and Ritchie, 2006). Increased number of visitors increases the level of income and at the same time it aids to make the country more developed and competent from others. As per the frequency of visitors, it is evident that in the year 2014, large numbers of people have visited the country. While on the other hand, in the year 2013, 31.1 million visitors came to the country and the degree of visitors increased to 32.6 million in the year 2014. Thus, from the data, it is clear that popularity of destinations of UK have been rising. This aids the economy to enhance the standard of living, education level and other service sectors. Hence, this assists UK to serve more leisure services to the end users.

From the given data, it is also clear that number of visitors in UK are more as compared to China, Mexico and Thailand; however considering the table, it can be seen that number of visitors in UK were fewer in the year 2014 as compared to China and Mexico (Lanza and Pigliaru, 2007).

Alongside, London, Edinburgh, British Museum, Flamingo Land in Yorkshire and other museums are the major destinations of UK that persuades international tourists as well towards UK tourism. More than 6 million people have visited National Gallery and British Museum in the year 2013; therefore it can be said that these are the major and populous destinations of UK tourism.

International

International

Change (2013

tourism

tourism

to 2014 (%)

Rank

Country

arrivals

arrivals

1

France

(2014) 83.7 million

(2013) 83.6 million

.1

2

United States

74.8 million

70.0 million

6.8

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3

Spain

65.0 million

60.7 million

7.1

4

China

55.6 million

55.7 million

-.1

5

Italy

48.6 million

47.7 million

1.8

6

Turkey

39.8 million

37.8 million

5.3

7

Germany

33.0 million

31.5 million

4.6

8

United

32.6 million

31.1 million

5.0

Kingdom 9

Russia

29.8 million

28.4 million

5.3

10

Mexico

29.1 million

24.2 million

20.5

Table 1: International Tourist Arrivals in 2014 ii) Implications of the differences of Tourist Arrivals and Tourist Receipts in countries The income level of a country generally increases when people are able to spend income and resources for travel and tourism services. Hence, UK earns more money and receipts during the time period when the numbers of tourists are more and as a result, the overall brand value of the country get increased.

Difference of Tourist Arrivals and Tourist Receipts International

International

tourism

tourism

Change (2013

Country

receipts

receipts

to 2014 (%)

1

United States

US$(2014) 177.2 billion

US$(2013) 172.9 billion

2.5

2

Spain

65.2 billion

62.6 billion

4.2

Rank

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3

China

56.9 billion

51.7 billion

10.2

4

France

55.4 billion

56.7 billion

-2.3

5

Macao

50.8 billion

51.8 billion

-1.9

6

Italy

45.5 billion

43.9 billion

3.7

7

United

45.3 billion

41.0 billion

10.3

Kingdom 8

Germany

43.3 billion

41.3 billion

5

9

Thailand

38.4 billion

41.8 billion

-8.0

10

Hongkong

38.4 billion

38.9 billion

-1.4

Table 2: International Tourism Receipts 

France: Apparently, France is one of the most populous tourist destinations because visitors from all around the world prefer to visit the place due to its beauty and historical aspects (Alegre and Pou, 2006). Every year more than 12 million people visit the destination and this frequency has been increasing from last 3 years to 2014 as in the same year 55.4 million people visited the destination. Hence, comparing the number of visitors in 2013 and 2014, there is a change of -2.3% in tourist receipts.



Turkey: In the year 2013, 37.8 million tourists have visited the country; however the ratio has been increased to 39.8 million in the year 2014; thus this shows the change of 5.3% in tourist receipts. Turkey is also another popular destination which is evident from the augmented number of visitors.



Thailand: The frequency of visitors were more in Thailand in the year 2013 (41.8 million) and in 2014, 38.4 million people have visited the destination which reflects change in -8% in the tourist receipts (Ayuso, 2007).



HongKong: Comparing the number of visitors in the year 2013 and 2014, it can be said that there is change of -1.4% in the tourist’s receipts.

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b. Statistical analysis of tourism destination trends and prediction of future trends of UK

Years

Number of Visitors (m)

Spend £(bn)

Average

Average

spends per

nights per

visit

visit

International balance of payments £ (bn)

2003

24.715

£11.855

£480

8.2

-£16.697

2004

27.755

£13.047

£470

8.2

-£17.238

2005

29.97

£14.248

£475

8.3

-£17.906

2006

32.713

£16.002

£489

8.4

-£18.409

2007

32.778

£15.960

£487

7.7

-£19.053

2008

31.888

£16.32

£512

7.7

-£20.515

2009

29.889

£16.592

£555

7.7

-£15.102

2010

29.803

£16.899

£567

7.6

-£14.921

2011

30.798

£17.998

£584

7.6

-£13.703

2012

31.084

£18.640

£600

7.4

-£13.810

2013

32.692

£21.258

£650

7.5

-£13.252

2014

34.377

£21.849

£636

7.7

-£13.688

Table 3: Trends in Tourism of UK over the last 10 years Considering the trends of tourism of last ten years, it is apparent that in some years number of visitors has increased and in some of the years, number of visitors has reduced as well. The number of visitors (24.715 million) in the year 2003 was fewer; however this ratio has been increased in the next subsequent years. It is noteworthy that only two long- haul markets (USA and Australia) appeared to be at the top ten places and on the other hand, all the top ten markets measured in terms of value are developed rather than emerging markets for international tourism. Besides this, Britain is expected to have a tourism industry worth over £257 million by next 5 years and this is also expected to increase 10% in GDP aspects which could further support 4 million jobs in the nation.

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TASK 2 UNDERSTAND THE CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL FEATURES OF TOURIST DESTINATIONS

a. Exploring UK appeals to tourists (i) Analysis of cultural, social and physical features of different tourist destinations Tourist destinations

UK

Italy

Russia

Cultural

There are several places

Italy is considered the

Rich cultural heritage

in England that are of

second largest tourist

and great natural variety

historical interest in

earner and the second

place makes Russia

which city of

most visited country in

most popular among all

Manchester is the

the world afterwards

the other destinations.

second most visited city

France because people

Moscow and Saint

in England after

visit the destination on

Petersburg featured

London.

higher extent. In the

museums and other

year 47.5 million people ornate churches are the visited Italy due to its

impressive fortifications

cultural and heritage

of the destination.

aspects (Cultural tourism: how Arts Council England helps the North enhance its appeal, 2014). Italy has been blessed with masterful artists and architects and the chief places depict Byzantine and Romanesque style which shows the importance of legendary work. The geographic TOLL-FREE NO: +61 879057034 WHATSAPP NO: +61 424715655

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distribution of cultural supply is very wide and more than 9% of municipalities host cultural and historical goods of some interest.

Social

Tourism plays a

People mainly visit Italy

Russia is a country of

significant part in the

for its rich art, cuisine,

numerous and greatly

economic life of

history, fashion and

varied cultural and

England. England has

culture. People prefer to

historic sites. A wide

long history and

travel the place because

variety of incredible

pervasive culture spread of the priceless ancient

travel destination is

all around the world and

monuments and

available within the

English language and

attractive monuments.

European part of Russia

colonialism made

Further, Italy also

and that is most likely

England a popular

contains more World

by the customers all

destination.

Heritage Sites than any

around the world.

other country in the world (Choi and Sirakaya, 2006).

Physical

England is also populous for unique

Italy has over 30

Tourism in Russia has

airports in all the major seen rapid growth since

natural environment and

cities and towns and it

the last Soviet times and

it has significant eco-

run flights for domestic

then as a popular

tourism industries as

passengers as well;

international tourist

well (Dann and

hence it is clear that

destination as well. Rich

Liebman Parrinello,

networking and

palaces and parks of

2009). In the year 2014,

connectivity aspects of

extreme beauty are

more than 17,404,000

the country are

found in the former

overseas visitors have

effective.

imperial residences in

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visited London due to

attractive places of

physical attractions of

Russia.

Italy.

(ii) Explanation about important elements that make appeal of each destinations Appealing elements of UK, Italy and Russia: 

UK's Culture: Beauty as well as cultural factors of UK is highly popular and both the factors appeals tourists on higher extent. Most of the museums (Victoria and Albert Museum, British museum and Science museum) beguile the clients to visit the country because that provides information and education about new and innovative things. Sports activities are also popular in chief destinations of UK and this makes the country worldwide different with that to others.



Beauty of Italy: Italy is populous among people because it provides the best experience of natural beauty and scenes. Paris and Cannes in France are the major and glamorous cities where more than 85 million tourists visited in the year 2013. The remarkable gardens are a list of the over two hundred gardens in the French ministry of culture (Fons, Fierro and y Patiño, 2011).

Tourism significantly contributes to the balance of payments and this enhances the overall profitability factor of the country.



Beaches and natural beauty of Russia: Tourism in Russia is a major contributor to the national economic life and it also contributes 6.5% in the GDP factor. Russia has held strong position in world's tourism; thus it is called as the second most visited country in the world after France.

The mild climate during the whole year and sandy beaches has been attracting tourists from Northern Europe for decades.

(b) Comparison of the features of selected tourist destination with a developing tourist destination Tourist destination

Leading Destination UK

Developing Destination China

Cultural values and historical

UK is one of those destinations

Tourism of China has greatly

facets of UK

that celebrate numerous festivals

expanded over the last few

so as to showcase the concern

decades since the beginning of

towards cultural values and

reform and opening (Goeldner

norms. As apparent there are

and Ritchie, 2006). In the year

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different museums in UK that

2006, China received about 49.7

persuades the visitors to visit the million international visitors and country for more than one

this made the country fourth

purpose. UK tourism is also

most visited place. Chinese food

beneficial due to music, cultural

and music are the two major

facets and food varieties.

aspects that appeals customers highly.

Social facets

Physical facets

UK always make sure that needs

Chinese culture is far different

of the visitors are fulfilled and

with that to other countries and

for the same, the country delivers

the country get attention from

prominent services in all areas

customers because of the peace

(Laing and Roberts, 2005).

and meditation aspects

Flora and fauna are the chief

Transport facilities in China have

aspects for which people prefer

been improved a lot and this

to visit the country. Another

appeals the customers as well.

important factor that increases

Moreover, China is adopting new

tourism of UK is better

technologies and devices which

transportation and

help the country to develop new

communication services.

products in electronic area.

TASK 3 UNDERSTAND HOW THE CHARACTERISTICS OF DESTINATIONS AFFECT THEIR APPEAL TO TOURISTS

3.1 Appeal of these destinations in terms of the types of tourists visiting them In this contest, the appeal of tourist destinations is termed as most crucial element that influences visitors from all over the world. In addition to that all kinds’ tourism activities are mainly associated with the three basic elements such as tourist’s guests, host society as well as the environment. All these factors in the integrated manner affect the tourism demand. The development of Tourism in particular area is greatly depending upon its characteristics. Encompassing various aspects, tourism planning has been addressed a highly complex process and it must be carried out with a TOLL-FREE NO: +61 879057034 WHATSAPP NO: +61 424715655

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systematic manner.

In this context, Typology is termed as an effective tool and approach through which an appropriate plan for tourism development at particular location is developed by identifying the different patterns related to demands of tourism related services such as the special effects (Lanza and Pigliaru, 2007). In the process, detail evaluation of the intensity of the tourist visits is also carried out which is highly influenced by certain or unique characteristics of the destination and the effect of the environment. The approach of Plog's typology is applied for comparison of the different scenarios that influence the appeal of the tourism demand in the leading tourist’s destinations along with the emerging destinations of the world. In this typology, the tourists are categorized with reference to personality traits along with their behavior. In this context, tourists range is determined between two extremes psychometric and all centric. Between these two lies the midcentury who that are possessing the attributes and features of both the types in proportional manner. 

Psychocentric: It includes such individuals who have the conservative approach win selection of an appropriate tourist destinations falls under this category. These kinds of individuals select those places which are safe and have the tendency to revisit that particular place again these individuals are also considered as repeaters. Psychocentric people always want to visit a particular destination that posses several beautiful destinations, spectacular views as well as that place must give the pleasure of nature's lap (Laws, 2011). In this context, countries such as US and UK are greatly influencing visitor from all over the world with the help of their natural wonders, historic landmarks along with several entertainment venues. Various international events have been addressed as the major attractions of these nations that play important role in order to influence visitor from all over to participate in wide range of gatherings from around the Globe, the festival and carnivals that are known for its hugeness and glamour. In addition to that wide range of the amusement parks, the magnificent museums and galleries have been acted as an important element of appeal of tourist destination. On the other hand, the new emerging destinations like Nepal and Myanmar are attracting visitors from all over the world with their beauty scenic and the spectacular views of the mountains along with waterfalls.



Allocentric: It includes those people who are always want to visit new places so as these individual are termed as the allocentric tourists (Lee and Chang, 2008). They always consider

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such tourist destination which offers more adventure and thrill during tourism. In this context different countries like Nepal is influenced visitors from all over the world with the flowing rivers that plays significant role for managing water sports activities such as river rafting to the adventure lovers. In addition to that the country is surrounded by mountains so as it also offers various activities related to adventure tourism that includes mountaineering and trekking. In this context, France is not being selected as destination for tourism by all centric tourists because this country is popular for its archaeological in the form of colossal monuments, museum along with Georgian architecture. 

Midcentric: The people are having characteristics of both type of personality. These kinds of individuals’ selects destinations for visiting that provide them the several unique memories and fun with the combination of adventure and entertainment (Liu and Wall, 2006). In this context, India is identified as great destination where an individual can address rick culture and great archaeological destination like palaces and forts along with adventure tourism related to river rafting, trekking etc. India is enriched with sparkling beauty of islands, mountains and the cultural heritage sites that plays important role to attract visitors from all over the world.

3.2 Negative and positive effect of the following characteristics to the appeal of the tourist destinations There are various factors that appeals the customers towards tourism in both positive and negative aspects and a few are discussed in the below mentioned section. 

Economic: Economic condition of UK is stable enough and this helps the country to invest resources in different aspects. Hence, most of the resources are invested in travel and tourism sector and this allows the country to earn more foreign exchange from varied countries. Further, USA is also popular in the same way as the economy is developed; hence resources are adequately invested in improving the service sector of the nation (Mayor and Tol, 2007).



Physical: People visit Nepal because the place is popular for better transportation and networking facilities. Nepal has good infrastructure; but it lacks in delivering different utilities which is one of the chief reason, some people do not prefer to visit the country. Communication channels are somewhere also weak which creates issues related to connectivity. On the other hand, USA has improved its communication chain and this assists the country to connect with varied other countries as well.

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

Social factors: Burma and Nepal both are developing countries and both are trying new methods and ways to improve the level of poverty. Quality and standard of life of people needs to be improved so that economy of Nepal can grow. Issues related to health have been increasing in Burma; therefore most of the visitors do not prefer to visit the place. On the other hand, literacy rate of UK and USA are high and more opportunities of employment are available in these countries; hence sometimes people prefer to travel subsequent place so that they can these opportunities (Stronza, 2009).



Political: In UK, tourism industry has been considered a source of maintaining political stability because the activities involved in tourism attracts international bodies to conduct many events at the same place. One of the apparent examples is London Olympics Games as afterwards the event; more than 5 million visitors have visited the country.

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TASK 4 UNDERSTAND THE IMPACTS OF CHANGE ON THE TRAVEL AND TOURISM SECTOR

4.1 Impact of changes on the travel and tourism 

Natural disasters earthquake in Nepal (2015): The April 2015 Nepal earthquake killed more than 9000 people and it has destroyed almost all the places of Nepal. This has a direct impact on tourism industry and as a result, economics of Nepal affected. Health and safety issues also generated at the subsequent destination; however because of this natural disaster, the overall economy of Nepal got affected (Nepal earthquake: a disaster that shows quakes don't kill people, buildings do, 2015). Hence, in order to improve the economic condition of Nepal, government has spent huge resources; still tourism sector is affected the most.



Terrorism in Tunisian beach (2015): Gunman Seifeddine Rezgui killed 38 people at the Tunisian resort of Sousse and it was also the deadliest attack in the history of Tunisia. Hotels were targeted in attacks to undermine tourism because they were considered “brothels” by the ISIS (Terror on the beach, 2015).



World disease- outbreak of swine flu in India (2015): The large scale outbreak of infectious diseases has threatened the economic and regional stability of India and due to improper response on the epidemic; so many people died (Timothy, 2011). It is an apparent fact that every year international visitors visit India especially in the winter season; however due to swine flu epidemic, the ratio of tourists got reduced. Till February2015, swine flu had claimed more than 500 lives including a few visitors from different countries.

4.2 Discussion of the potential for responsible tourism to enhance the host community in the three issues and identification of measures 

Immediately after the terrorist attack on Tunisia beach, the flight JAF5017 came to redirect the Brussels. Further British Tour operator Thomson also announced that the flights to Tunisia will be canceled so as to safeguard people from the terror attack. House of Commons also observed a minute of silence so as to remember the victims (Toney, 2000).



Community hubs as well as different schools are a priority for reconstruction after the earthquake in Nepal because the government wants to give children a step back into normal life.

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families to return to work or participate in further reconstruction. Support is also provided to the residents from international agencies. ï‚·

In order to protect people from swine flu disease, government has made safety provisions because it spreads widely and commonly in polluted and populated areas. Further campaigns are also organized so that to make the public aware about the precautionary aspects and also about the epidemic (Waterton, 2010).

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CONCLUSION Summing up the above study, it has been found out that there has been significant variation addressed among tourism related activities of people. Traditionally, it is identified as a movement of people which is carried out mainly for holy purposes at the pilgrimages. In the contemporary era, it has been addressed as a recreation which is scheduled from informal ways to the planned and organized tours and trips. Further, there are several factors playing important role in order to influence the demand of tourism related services at any destination.

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Dann, G. M. and Liebman Parrinello, G., 2009. The sociology of tourism: European origins and developments. (12). Emerald Group Publishing Ltd. Fons, M. V. S., Fierro, J. A. M. and y PatiĂąo, M. G., 2011. Rural tourism: A sustainable alternative. Applied Energy. 88(2). pp. 551-557.

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Laws, E., 2011. Tourist Destination Governance: Practice, Theory and Issues. CABI. Lee, C. C. and Chang, C. P., 2008. Tourism development and economic growth: A closer look at panels. Tourism management. 29(1). pp. 180-192.

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Mayor, K. and Tol, R. S., 2007. The impact of the UK aviation tax on carbon dioxide emissions and visitor numbers. Transport Policy. 14(6). pp. 507-513.

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Available through:<http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/apr/30/nepal-earthquake-disasterbuilding-collapse-resilience-kathmandu>. [Accessed on 30th January 2016].

Stronza, A., 2009. Collaboration theory and tourism practice in protected areas: stakeholders, structuring and sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 17(2). Pp. 169-189.

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