ADJECTIVES ADALBER BARBOSA R. DESARROLLO TALLER. Los adjetivos son las cualidades, las cosas buenas o malas que decimos de los objetos, las personas y los animales. En inglés los adjetivos son invariables, es decir NUNCA se les agrega S para el plural y se escriben de igual forma para el femenino y el masculino. El orden en la oración va de dos formas pero por lo general el adjetivo siempre se escribe antes del sustantivo. 1. Después del verbo.
Cuando el adjetivo esta después del verbo, se escribe igual que en español, no se hace ningún cambio: El perro es lindo….. The dog is beautiful Los perros son lindos….. The dogs are beautiful Note que el adjetivo lindo (beautiful) se escribió igual en las 2 oraciones aunque una estaba en singular y la otra en plural. La forma de saber si una oración en inglés está escrita en singular o en plural es mirando su sustantivo y su verbo. 2. Antes del verbo
Cuando el adjetivo se encuentra antes del verbo, este se debe escribir ANTES del sustantivo: Pasos en español: El perro negro es peligroso El negro perro es peligroso The black dog is dangerous (Aquí es donde decimos: “Ahhh es que esos gringos hablan al revés” Lo que pasa es que en inglés primero se describe como es el objeto y al final se menciona el objeto como tal.) Aunque se encuentren varios adjetivos describiendo al sustantivo, todos deben escribirse antes de este: La casa vieja, amarilla y fea está en la esquina The old, yellow and ugly house is on the corner. (No pueden ir más de 3 adjetivos antes del sustantivo)
Para tener en cuenta ORDEN DE LOS ADJETIVOS EN INGLÉS El orden de los adjetivos en inglés es el siguiente: opinión > tamaño > resto de cualidades > edad > color > nacionalidad > material.
1. Opinión: lovely, charming, beautiful, etc… 2. Tamaño: huge, massive, tiny, big, small, huge, great, medium... (excepto "little" que iría en el mismo lugar que los que expresan edad) 3. Resto de cualidades: warm, soft, bright, sporty, dirty, strong, etc… 4. Edad: young, old, new, adult, 200-years-old, little, etc… 5. Color: blue, orange, red, etc… 6. Nacionalidad / origen: Spanish, Swiss, German, Russian, European etc… 7. Material: wooden, metallic, plastic, etc… Write in English: a) Los tomates rojos están deliciosos Red tomatoes are delicious b) La niña alta, delgada y elegante es una modelo The tall, slim and stylish girl is a model c) El vestido es corto y feo The dress is short and ugly. d) La alumna nueva, bonita e inteligente es mi compañera The new , beautiful and intelligent student is my partner e) Los juguetes son pequeños y peligrosos The toys are small and dangerous
NOUNS : SUSTANTIVOS Las cosas, las personas, los animales son sustantivos Todo lo que nos rodea es sustantivo, podemos nombrarlos en forma singular o en plural. El plural funciona como en español; a unas palabras les agregamos S y ya queda en plural, a otras les agregamos ES y queda en plural, por ejemplo casa en plural queda casas, le agregamos s al final. Arbol para que quede en plural se le agrega ES: arboles, En ingles pasa lo mismo, a unas palabras se les agrega S y a otras ES, Hay que seguir unas reglas: Rule #1
The plural of nouns is usually formed by adding - s to a singular noun. lamp lamps cat cats fork forks flower flowers pen pens Exercise: Write the plural of each of these nouns chair __chairs___ star__stars_______ farm __farms_____ storm ___storms____ door___doors___ Rock___rocks____ owner __owners___paper ___papers_____ cup ___cups_____ Rule #2 Nouns ending in s, z, x, sh, and ch form the plural by adding - es. moss mosses buzz buzzes box boxes dishes church churches
dish
Exercise: Write the plural of each of these nouns dress __dresses______ brush ___brushes_____ wish___wishes_______ class ___classes______ fox __foxes_______ cross ____crosses______ bush ____bushes____ ax ____axes________
hex ___hexes____ bench __benches____ grass ___grasses_____
Rule #3 Nouns ending in - y preceded by a consonant is formed into a plural by changing - y to ies. Examples: lady ladies city cities army armies Exercise: Write the plural of the following words fly ___flies_____ baby ____babies______ pony _____ponies_____ Injury ___injuries_____ cherry ___cherries______ lady ___ladies___ beauty ___beauties_____ story ____stories_____ History __histories_____ berry ___berries_______ city __cities______ sky __skies____ duty __duties____ theory __theories___ Rule #4 Nouns ending in y preceded by a vowel form their plurals by adding - s. Example: boy boys day days monkey monkeys Exercise: Write the plural of the following words day ____days___ toy ____toys____ essay ___essays____ Turkey __turkeys____ chimney __chimneys____ play __plays_________ joy ___joys__ valley __valleys___ Alley __alleys________ volley ___volleys_____ Rule #5 Most nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant is formed into a plural by adding es. Example: hero heroes grotto grottoes
Exercise: Write the plural of the following words motto __mottoes____ calico __calicoes__ Buffalo _buffaloes_ hero __heroes__ potato __potatoes____ cargo ___cargoes__ Volcano __volcanoes__ grotto ___grottoes____ mosquito* _mosquitos___________ tomato _tomatoes__ halo* ___halos_____ tornado* __tornados___ buffalo* _buffalos__ portico* __porticos__ *may add - s or - es Special Note: Most nouns ending in o preceded by a vowel is formed into a plural by adding - s. Example: folio folios cameo cameos studio studios portfolio portfolios Rule #6 Some nouns ending in f or fe are made plural by changing f or fe to - ves. Example: beef beeves wife wives Exercise: Write the plural of the following words calf __calves____ self _selves_____ leaf __leaves__ Sheaf ___shaves___ life __lives______ loaf __loaves____ shelf ___shelves____ half __halves_____ wolf __wolves____ knife ___knives_____ elf __elves______ half __halves____ thief __thieves_____ wife __wives_____ gulf __gulves_____ chief ___chieves____ proof __prooves____ Turf __turves_____ The following form their plurals by adding - s. chief chiefs fife fifes mischief mischiefs grief griefs kerchief kerchiefs safe safes
hoof hoofs
roof roofs
IRREGULAR PLURALS Man men foot feet mouse mice woman women tooth teeth child children ox oxen goose geese A estos sustantivos se les cambia una de sus letras para el plural
COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
OBJECTIVE: To recognize the difference in use between the countable and uncountable nouns. NOUNS ARE DIVIDED IN: countable and uncountable. Countable nouns are things you can count. For example: three pears
one pear two pears Countable Nouns: Can be used in Singular and Plural. For example: Singular Plural A hat
An apple
hats
apples
Uncountable nouns are things you see as a whole, things you cannot count. Uncountable nouns have only one form. For example: Water jelly NOTE: money is considered as an uncountable noun. Example: I don´t have money. Susan has much money.
WORDS USED Some any a few little
a a little
1. a Ketchup 2. an Peach 3. .a little Hair 4. a few Mangoes 5. a Pie 6. Pop Corns 7. a Candy
an
a lot of
chicken
much
many
few
8. lot Salt 9. any Strawberry 10. much Money 11. little Cucumber 12. a few Cookies 13. any Mayonnaise 14. lot Cake 15. sara eats much Potatos 16. an Bread 17. Some Eggs you eat 18. A Oil Nouns that can be Countable and Uncountable Sometimes, the same noun can be countable and uncountable, often with a change of meaning. Countable
Uncountable
There are two hairs in my coffee!
hair
I don't have much hair.
There are two lights in our bedroom.
light
Close the curtain. There's too much light!
noise
It's difficult to work when there is too much noise.
Have you got a paper to read? (= newspaper)
paper
I want to draw a picture. Have you got some paper?
Our house has seven rooms.
room
Is there room for me to sit here?
We had a great time at the party.
time
Have you got time for a coffee?
Macbeth is one of Shakespeare's greatest works.
work
Shhhhh! I thought I heard a noise.
I have no money. I need work!