A-Gram

Ioreword Analytics has become an indispensable part of the business in the contemporary

business

world

as

Peter

Sondergaard

said

st

“Information is the new oil of the 21 century and analytics is the combustion engine.” Analytics and analytical skills hold paramount importance for both businesses and managers. Analytics provides a competitive advantage to the businesses and is a skill gaining mainstream value due to an increasingly thinner margin for decision errors. We, at IIM Amritsar, constantly strive to inculcate a holistic outlook in handling businesses while molding tomorrow’s leaders.

ABC- The Analytics and Business Computing Club of IIM Amritsar, with its zealous coordinators and the systematic guidance of Prof. Madhu, has been performing an excellent job of exposing our budding managers to the basics of analytics through different initiatives. It is with great pleasure that I present to you all, ‘A-Gram 1.0’ the first iteration of an annual magazine. The vision of this magazine is to stay atop the various analytical trends and evolutions due to analytics across the domain of management.

I would like to take this opportunity to thank all those involved in the conception of this first issue for their valuable contribution. I am positive that the initiatives like these will go a long way in offering a unique perspective and deep insights regarding the growing field of analytics and the management field, which will help managers to lead in the new age of business.

Professor Nagarajan Ramamoorthy Director, IIM Amritsar

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Gatle of Conuenus 01

ML and AI in Cybersecurity

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02

Edge Computing: Cloud Computing Future Relies on the Edge

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Influence of Data Amidst Pandemic

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Automated ML and AI

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Deluged by Data

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About US

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Club Activities

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Our Team

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Crossword

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FACULTY ARTICLE

MJ and AI hn Cytersecvrhuy automatically improve through experience. It relies on working with datasets, examining, and comparing the data to find common patterns and explore nuances. The best real-life example would be Spotify or Netflix recommendations.

They are models designed that analyses the songs you listen to, look for some audio statistics (genre, tempo, dance-ability, etc.), automate, MADHU JAGLAN ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR IT AND COMPUTATIONAL SYSTEMS IIM AMRITSAR AI (Artificial Intelligence), is the science and engineering of making things smart, that is the human tasks performed by machines. AI includes a considerable measure of technology advances that we know.

The best real-life AI examples are Human-AI interaction gadgets by Google Home, Alexa, and Siri. These are intelligent assistants that enhance our abilities as humans and professionals and make us more and more productive. With tech-

and generate a recommender system to suggest music.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are being heralded as how to unravel a good range of problems in several industries and applications, like reducing street traffic, improving online shopping, making life easier with voice-activated digital assistants, and more.

Cybersecurity refers to the body of technologies, processes, and practices designed to guard networks, devices, programs, and data from attack, damage, or unauthorized access. Cybersecurity can also be mentioned as information technology security.

nology changing every day, AI is a moving tar-

But what we fail to realize is that AI and ML

get and its definitions change with the develop-

cannot solve all the problems and the industry

ment of technology.

of cybersecurity needs to set record straight, un-

ML (Machine Learning), is the study of comput-

like the existing hype around AI and ML.

er algorithms that allow computer programs to

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The industry must separate what's real from

of its imperfections to make it a reliable system.

what's simply hype when it involves AI/ML in

The AI software creates a classy model of the

cybersecurity. An important key issue that en-

user’s face by identifying key correlations and

terprises need to be aware of is that AI/ML is

patterns. The AI software architecture also can

not able to tell you why something happened.

add different lighting conditions and catch up

Understanding why may be a key component of

on changes like getting a replacement hairstyle,

cybersecurity, especially because it relates to se-

growing facial hair, wearing a hat, etc.

curity incident investigations and analysis.

As technology evolves, even the attackers are

Organizations should be able to detect a cyber-

enhancing their attack methods, tools, and tech-

attack in advance, to thwart whatever, the ad-

niques to exploit individuals and organizations.

versaries are attempting to achieve. Machine

AI-ML often aims to detect and stop the attacks

learning has proven to be extremely useful when

before it takes place. As AI sees more advance-

it involves detecting cyber threats supported by

ment, it might be interesting to understand how

analyzing data and identifying a threat before it

it might be both a boon and a bane to cybersecu-

exploits a vulnerability in your information sys-

rity and society in general.

tems.

Overall, AI/ML, when used properly can play an

Machine Learning enables computers to use and

important role in assisting security teams by in-

adapt algorithms supported by the info received,

forming them, and thus in making more timely

learning from it, and understanding the result-

and accurate decisions about security threats and

ant improvements required. In a cybersecurity

incidents. But, understanding why something

context, this may mean that machine learning is

happened – is something that AI/ML cannot do

enabling the pc to predict threats and observe

and is a key difference between humans and AI/

any anomalies with tons more accuracy than any

ML systems.

human can.

Passwords are the only barriers between cybercriminals and our accounts. They have always been a very fragile control when it comes to security.

AI is being used by developers to enhance biometric authentication. They are trying to get rid

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Edge Compvuhng: Clovd Compvuhng Ivuvre Helhes on uge Edge Introduction Edge Computing refers to a mechanism which allows computation to be performed at the edge of the network. The data processing takes place on downstream data on behalf of the cloud services and upstream data on behalf of the IoT devices. The IoT devices, counting to millions ABHISHEK SINGH PGPEX-VLM IIM CALCUTTA

in numbers, generate an enormous amount of data during their operations and require significant computing power. Hence there is a need for

Image 1.1: Attractive Opportunities in Cloud Computing Market (Source: Markets and Markets)

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local processing of data through the Edge com-

have turned sceptical post the pandemic in capi-

puting method.

tal investments on hosting data on-premises.

An Edge device can be referred to as a compu-

The changed strategy has even led to the adop-

ting intermediary along the path between the data sources and the remote data servers and efficiently most of the computation task before

tion of hybrid cloud services, where enterprises having their existing infrastructure are encouraged to reap the benefits of on-premises and

data transmission operation to the servers. The

cloud infrastructure.

Data Cloud Ecosystem can benefit significantly

How does EDGE Computing work?

with the mass adoption of the Edge computing

The vast physical distance between the IoT de-

devices in the years to come. Edge Computing obtained a market value of $3.91 Billion in 2019, with a growth forecast of 14.2 % CAGR for period 2020-28.

vises, and cloud computing data centres poses many challenges to the Cloud Computing Ecosystem. This model of operations works well for

The Cloud Computing Market & the Impact of COVID-19 We reside in a connected world today due to the advent of cloud computing technology. Availability of scalable infrastructures, as well as advanced processing devices developed to support cloud services led to the rise of Software as a Service (SaaS) applications such as Google, Twitter & Facebook. The increase in internet penetration has accelerated the growth of the cloud computing industry. An industry forecast indicates market growth from current $371.4 Billion to $832.1 Billion at a CAGR of 17.5% during the period 2020-24.

The journey of cloud technology adoption has been fueled by enterprises which have adopted the Work from the Home initiative for sustainable business operations. Also, the companies

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Image 1.2: Cloud Computing Market Ecosystem (Source: Markets and Markets)

many applications such as web browsing and email, which are tolerant of network packet loss, latency, and jitter typical of cloud computing.

For those applications that need predictable net-

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work reliability, security, and low-latency data

tionally, business-critical industrial, retail, and

processing, the edge computing model offers an

IoT applications use edge computing for hosting

answer. Edge computing provides data pro-

purposes. Also, the unique position of edge

cessing geographically close to assets such as

computing allows the operation of other fea-

sensors, actuators, IoT objects, and humans.

tures such as IoT security and VNFs. The Edge

Colocation reduces distances, latency, and in

devices can assume the role of a miniaturized

many cases, solution complexity that results in a

private cloud in the years to come.

better outcome for customers and end-users.

Edge video analytics processing can eliminate the need to stream video data to cloud-based service, thus reducing the network load.

The devices in Edge computing serve as Data consumers and also Data producers. The Edge may request service from the cloud and also perform the computing tasks from the cloud. Edge devices can perform data storage, computing offloading, processing and distribution of re-

Features of EDGE Computing The need for Edge Computing arose because of an increasing trend in the production of data at the edge of the network, wherein cloud computing is not always an efficient medium to process the data. Another bottleneck of Cloud computing is the speed of data transportation, which further affects the network bandwidth during data transmission.

quest and service from cloud to the user. An Edge device works on the principle of customized design to meet the user requirement in terms of reliability, security and privacy protection.

Since edge resources are typically in a private network, customers may also choose edge computing due to factors such as having added control of data privacy and the reliability of mission -critical applications. Another benefit of edge computing is that local processing can significantly reduce the WAN (Wide Area Network) traffic, which can be a significant factor when WAN connectivity is costly or sparse. Conven-

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Image 1.4: Stakeholder Mapping for Edge Computing (Source: Network World)

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Advantages and Limitations of EDGE Computing

discarding of even the essential data in a quest to

Edge computing, when used in the supplement

terprises are facing challenges in terms of logis-

to Artificial Intelligence, can lead to significant

tics of deployment and management of EDGE

advantages for the data processing mechanism.

computing devices as they must predominantly

Thus the IoT devices can filter out and transfer

have the plug and play feature for mass-market

only the relevant information to the cloud.

penetration and ease of access for end-users.

Therefore there is potential exploitation of network bandwidth due to traditional cloud computing with remote servers.

The geographically distributed cloud servers led to another problem, which is data latency. Data Latency results in a brief delay in data processing during transmission and receiving of signals. At the same time, this issue may be acceptable for specific household IoT devices where a delayed response is not that substantially harmful. But in the case of specific critical applications as the self -driving cars, the data may lead to catastrophic failures as an autonomous vehicle cannot transmit data from sensors to the cloud, and then wait for the instructions what to do next.

reduce bandwidth and reduce latency. Also, en-

Future of EDGE Computing As estimated by leading research firm Gartner, Edge computing would account for 75% of the process data around the world by the year 2025.

The exponential rise in data processing would entail a significant investment in Edge Computing infrastructure as the current share of Edge Computing in the cloud computing ecosystem is less than 10%. Also, a global market intelligence firm, IDC estimates the worldwide spending on Edge Computing to reach $250 Billion in 2024.

IDC forecasts that services would entail 46% of all spending, with hardware next at 32% and the remaining 22% on edge-related Software. Thus Edge Computing will significantly help in the

Edge computing significantly reduces data that

improvement of customer experience and will

gets transferred over the network, which is fa-

transform the market dynamics in the field of

vourable from the data security perspective. The

marketing, manufacturing, security, healthcare

data vulnerability is taken care of by the non-

and retail.

concentration of data at a single location, which was a problem with cloud servers.

The above features, however, require a fully evolved machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithm as there is a potential risk of

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Inflvence of Daua Amhdsu Fandemhc endeavor forthcoming days. However, people demur through his stance of predicting about healthcare on the basis of data and not actuality.

But he elaborated his orchestrion of technology and how his team extracted the primary data from countries where corona incepted and converted the same into a machine learning model.

The ideology behind this concept is predicting ALISTAIR S. H. TOPPO IPM IIM INDORE With the corona pandemic peeping through every corner of the streets, and the world coming into a stand still. Major contributing sectors such as economy, agriculture and academic administration have severely plummeted alongside non-egressable psychological disorders. Talking specifically about the healthcare maladies, even before the inception of the novel coronavirus, the big data and analytics played a paramount dynamic for a conducive and anticipated administrative care. Orlando Agrippa, CEO of Draper & Dash, a London based healthcare AI and machine learning predictive data and analytics firm, surveyed how they’re enhancing the existing data of a particular hospital in an apt way to

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plausible shebang via analyzing and postulating previous stakes and patterns.

They’d embedded those data which deemed reliable either because of its source or it passed the firm confidence test. The juxtaposed real time data was clubbed with the hospital’s unfiltered data and included myriads of parameters like hospital’s population, screening programmes, the population underlying condition and bifurcation through economic categorization. The machine algorithm promises prolific and adroit impunity against the pandemic through its unfaltering commitments. First-hand tech gadgets like mobile, tablets and smart watches bolstered the contact tracing for countries and track the reach of the malady. Experts proclaim that even after the incumbent abysmal scenario, the aftermath of the same wouldn’t be dormant, exacer-

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bated by seasonal influenza causing unbearable

which highlights the total number of cases and

strain in the healthcare system. At that very mo-

death time to time and predicts possible

ment, we’ll be having more data to study ma-

measures and marks the major hotspots across

chine algorithm to aid the healthcare and public

the globe.

-official effectively. Concluding which Agrippa said “the future of technology, AI and data in the medical sector would help accelerate clinical decision tool and help clinical team build profile with the worst case and optimize pathways”.

The Taiwanese governance used the technology and geared pre-pandemic plan which was catered after the 2003 SARS outbreak to minimize the virus outbreak on its land. The strategy inculcated data from immigration and custom da-

Not to mention about China’s move of tapping

tabase as a part of national health insurance. By

into digital marketing and upholding positive

the time virus started to spread instantaneously,

economy worldwide. Capitulating from China’s

they were ready with the real time data and the

approach, the neighboring countries have

estimates with the symptoms source and histo-

strategized the use of technology in real-time

ry. Following which they’d implanted a QR code

frame to forecast aptly for the government to

system with online reporting and travel of pas-

uphold proper decision making. The apex tech

sengers to safeguard the spread of virus and a

methodology implanted by Chinese government

toll-free number to report suspicious cases of

of using thermal scanner and detection app at

the same. This is one of the primary reasons

the very first stance was remarkable. All the reg-

why Taiwan has the least number of infected

ulatory norms were strictly followed and the

cases vis-à-vis the remaining countries. The da-

cooperation received by citizens was amazing.

ta collected then is also helping them form a

Whereas, other country’s tracking turned out to

nexus of database to encounter any dismay at

be a bade as it hindered a particular’s privacy.

any point of time and remain unscathed.

The unpredicted dismay always made the procedure nebulous for keeping a civic track of the spread. The American government has consulted magnus tech organizations like Google and Facebook to establish a linear tracking path visà-vis ethical norms and values. The basic procedure is to follow the dashboard being showcased by the World Health Organization (WHO)

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The advent of digital marketing has been trending rapidly amid lockdown. Magnus stakeholders and firms have opted collaborative index to maintain the equilibrium of business among operations, marketing, finance and much more.

The expenses invested in this year’s events and tours has become void with the only finances being the flexible cancellation fees. However,

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the shifting of workplace to home wasn’t suita-

detect its neighboring residents. The updated

ble to many as it lack the necessity equipment to

data is also been used to highlight the number of

resolute the pace. But as enforced by govern-

cases in a particular area and aware its nearby

ment and regulators to maintain distancing

neighborhood.

amid lockdown the step has to been stabilized.

Several areas have been formulated under the roof of digitalization which includes medical care, education, events as well as conferences.

Soon after the 9/11 terrorist attack, the western regime citizens became more aware of the need to balance out its surveillance in the name of security and freedoms in particular, the right to

The online learning portal has capitulated stu-

privacy. The incumbent events have made the

dents across the globe with course from diverse

citizens relive the same scenario and that too

streams and the best part being its accessibility.

with more sharp focus. However, in the UK

The concept wasn’t orchestrated in the timeline

they’ve been tracing individual’s location data

but in the lieu of lockdown the dismay has dominated the entire student category into its labyrinth. Video conference has captured participants across domains, while ZOOM appearing in Forbes top business magazine for the first time since its inception. This social platform has indulged as a tornado in the online media world as it garners more than 20 million participants across the globe.

The high-tech algorithm engineered by the Chinese governance had portrayed and purveyed vociferous standard for its citizens to regulate.

The monopolistic dogma has encapsulated camera embedded helmet for the corporate and airport officials which can track body temperature and is been showcased into 3 different categories. The operation of apps which are significant to track and resist any citizen entry in nearby places, who have/symptoms of the virus and

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Image 2.1: For representational purpose

from the phone provider O2 and it’s also been used to monitor public movement around the city. The same dogma can be used to understand the people’s psychology of underlying the new regulatory and rules of the city for a conducive flow. The respective governments have prolonged its reach towards technology in a try to ensure a smooth movement of citizens and warn them about their surroundings. The protocols have been scripted keeping in mind the privacy issue and contagion.

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Avuomaued MJ and AI data scientists to make data science accessible across the organization. Manually building a machine learning model may well be a multistep technique that desires domain information, mathematical experience, and technical skillthat helps to boost a company, additionally a data scientist. Not alone that, there are several infinite opportunities for human error and bias, RASHMI RANJAN MBA06 IIM AMRITSAR

Automated Machine Learning represents a basic shift, that suggest organizations of all sizes are approaching Machine Learning and Information Science. Applying ancient machine learning ways in real-world business problems are long, resource-intensive, and difficult. It desires consultants and data scientists in several disciplines. Automated machine learning changes that, making it easier to make and use machine learning models by running systematic processes on data and selecting models that pull the foremost relevant information from the data - what is generally referred to as “ the signal inside the noise”.

that degrades model accuracy and de-values the insights presumably get from the model.

Automated machine learning permits organizations to use the baked-in information of data scientists whereas not outlay time and money to develop the capabilities themselves, at an identical time up to return on investment in data initiatives and reducing the amount of some time it takes to capture value. Automated machine learning makes it possible for a business in every industry- healthcare, fintech, banking, financial market, public sector, sports, retail, manufacturing, -to leverage machine learning and AI technology.. Not only Automated Machine Learning but also Automated Artificial Intelligence is emerging in today’s business world. AI and automation are transforming how businesses communicate with their customers, execute their

Automated Machine Learning incorporates Ma-

internal processes and re-inventing themselves

chine Learning best practices from top-ranked

on how they can operate. Understanding these

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can facilitate innovators, business leaders, and

record all sorts of exchanges and afterwards

professionals to march forward. Artificial Intel-

connect them straightforwardly to the face with

ligent and Automation together form the key to

the subtleties that are now present in the frame-

future growth across industries, even the manu-

work. State, for instance, if somebody submits

facturing sector is not an exception.

Mastercard misrepresentation, it will turn out

Automation and AI together are set to revamp

to be a lot simpler to put them in a correctional

the entire retail trade model and so the broader

facility.

supply chain. This transition can cause the

Brand Management: The executives work can

emergence of organizations with fewer layers

be made much simpler with the assistance of

and a better-skilled, and trusted workforce

robotization. Brand Marketers battle to com-

backed by data and analytics. With an additional

pletely comprehend the purchaser's feelings

comprehensive team and newer roles that are

about their image. Along these lines, with the

hybrid between technology and business, organ-

assistance of automation, they will have the op-

izations will have how faster decision-making

tion to mechanize the investigation of all the

methods. AI has already entered the real estate

current substance over the web.

industry and is having an enormous modification to the current $480 billion industry- from impacting the house search experience to predicting the marketing trends inside the realestate sector.

Customer Service: An incredible case of this is to visit bots. It started with Apple's Siri yet has been embraced by most brands now. Visit bots are programs that can comprehend the client's contribution to a relevant premise and after-

Artificial Intelligence can be utilized in different

wards react to the questions as needs are. These

manners in Automation. From automatons to

are utilized for robotizing client assistance,

self-driving vehicles, all are utilizing clever

deals, and showcasing messages.

mechanization. Here is a portion of the significant manners by which a business will have the option to profit by a combo of AI and robotization:

Software Testing and Development: Automation in programming testing is a quickly advancing field. In this way, with an entire scope of apparatuses that are made accessible, it is tru-

Forestalling Fraud: It will have the option to

ly conceivable that the work associated with is

connect the robbery legitimately to the essence

completely computerized later. A few instances

of the culprit. There will be a camera that will

of well-known testing devices are Retest, Ap-

be appended to the POS framework and it will

plitools, SauceLabs and that is just the begin-

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ning. With the assistance of these instruments,

arrangement is far more idiot-proof, and it will

engineers can zero in on doing centre testing

not enjoy numerous mistakes. With time it will

and forget about the concerns of bug fixing in

likewise have the option to gain from the yields

the astute frameworks.

thus its productivity will likewise improve.

Human Resource Management: Recruiters

Artificial Intelligence in automation has added

battle a ton in figuring out the CVs which get

to the organizations by decreasing operational

submitted with them. With the assistance of

expenses and professional expenses. It has pre-

robotization, they will have the option to recog-

sented another degree of precision and because

nize the expected applicants and oversee old in-

of Artificial Intelligence's learning capacity, ef-

formation. Most of the CVs are now getting

fectiveness increases over time. Even though

scrutinised by robotized candidate global posi-

there is a decent headway in the field of Auto-

tioning framework. These arrangements trans-

mation and Artificial Intelligence, both Artificial

fer the employment form materials directly to

Intelligence and AI are yet to be enhanced. Or-

their information base when the clients apply

ganizations have understood that the way into

for a job.

business achievement is exposed to AI, Machine

Improved Efficiency: People can be productive at work or they can without a doubt develop to be so after some time yet regardless of how proficient individuals are, they will even now commit errors. In any case, an Automation

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Learning, and automation. Before long, the organizations will be completely furnished with these beginning frameworks and would change the conventional frameworks by yielding noteworthy advantages.

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BREAKING THE CODE

Delvged ty Daua Geam ABC Facebook claims it has more than 2.7 billion ac-

ably over time and towards the end, there have

tive users as of now. But the actual question is

been no posts at all. Do you think your usage is

how active or engaged are we on Facebook? Do

any different? It is easy to check it out.

Image 4.1: Frequency of posts in Facebook across years we post like we used to or have other social media platforms affected the usage? Well, this can be measured to an extent with a bit of coding.

The above chart gives the frequency of posts per year (posts refer to status updates, posts written on others timeline, photos posted. etc). The actual number is significantly lower than this as a majority of posts have been wishes for friends/ acquaintances on their milestones. Even then, the frequency of posting has decreased consider-

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Image 4.2: Data download page in Facebook

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BREAKING THE CODE

To get your post related data from Facebook, i.

Go to the data download page ( h t t ps: //w w w . f ac eb o o k. c o m /d yi /? referrer=yfi_settings#_=_) ii.

Change the requested file format from HTML to JSON iii. Deselect everything from the options below. iv. Check the box corresponding to just posts. v.

You will be notified when the file is ready for download (it may take a while). vi. Unzip the downloaded file, the required file is the ‘your_posts_1.json’ file located in the ‘posts’ folder. vii. Open Jupyter Notebook and upload the ‘your_posts_1.json’ file. viii. Create a new notebook and run the code in image 1.3.

Image 4.3: Code to be run in Notebook (Source: Data Quest)

And voila you can now analyse how your Facebook usage has progressed.

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ABOUT US

Atovu Us The Analytics and Business Computing Club, IIM Amritsar, ABC as we call it, was founded on 4 th Nov, 2019 by the students of PGP 04 and PGP 05. The club was formed with the chief motive of opening the gates of analytics to the students of IIM Amritsar and with a mission to form a firm base in the subject. There are numerous courses in analytics that the students undertake during their stay, starting from business computing in first trimester to AI for managers to Python. The club tries to incorporate all the learnings and form a common platform for all the ‘analytics enthusiasts’ to come together and grow in the process. We are grateful to our faculty anchor, Prof. Madhu Jaglan, for guiding us throughout the journey.

In our journey of one year, we have met many milestones which we had set for ourselves. The team has welcomed students from MBA-06 too along with members. We had conducted five of our events last year successfully and received enthusiastic participation. This year, we launched our guest lecture series, ‘Qubit’ and are launching our annual magazine.

Let us take you through the events the club organizes: 

Yottabyte: A quiz series with a motive to make the students aware about the popular terms and industry practices in analytics in a fun way



P2P learning session: Workshop series on Tableau and R



Crack.xlsx: An excel competition based on real-life datasets



White Ball Analytics: It is the flagship event of ABC club; it is a competition of building a perfect cricket team for different scenarios



On Spot events like WikiConnect in our annual cultural fest, Aarunya 4.0



Qubit: Guest lecture series to get industry insights for the students

We will continue to build a progressive environment to enhance learning opportunities for the students of IIM Amritsar and continue striving to do better.

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CLUB ACTIVITIES

Yottabyte

P2P Sessions

Crack.xlsx

White Ball Analytics

WikiConnect

Qubit Guest Lecture

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OUR TEAM

Senhor Coordhnauors

ANIKET KULKARNI

AKSHAT JAIN

KUNAL AGARWAL

LAKSHYA GARG

Jvnhor Coordhnauors

AKHIL AGGARWAL

FAYEZ A MUSALIAR

PRAGYA RAM NANWANI

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KANIKA BHATIA

KHUSHBOO NEEKHRA

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CROSSWORD

Fvu yovr Analyuhcal knowledge uo uesu!

ACROSS

DOWN

2. Error occurs if the null hypothesis is not reject- 1. Statistical distribution where the points along ed when it is in fact false

the X-axis are clustered, resulting in a higher

3. An observation that is many SD’s from the

peak than the curvature found

MEAN

4. In machine learning , a mechanism for bucket-

5. A member of the CONTROL GROUP or the

ing categorical data

TREATMENT GROUP

6. A question answering computer system capable

7. A computer program or an AI which conducts

of answering questions posed in natural language,

a conversion via auditory or textual methods

developed in IBM

8. Calculations that provide information about

9. A popular synonym for data mining

levels of variability within a regression model and form a basis 10. A basic unit of data structure , such as a linked list or tree data structure FOR ANSWERS

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