The Institute for the Advancement of Historical Black Colleges and Universities Volume 1

The Institute for the Advancement of Historical Black Colleges and Universities Volume 1

Aaron deRoux Arch 576: Architectural Programing David Chasco

Table Contents I.

Chapter 1 – Orientation - Project Type Summary - Project Outline - Educational Objective of the course - Purpose, Objective, of program - Design approach

II.

Chapter 2 – Cultural Context - Introduction on Historically Black Colleges Universities - Introduction to project type - Purpose of project type - The function of project type - Site Context and Issues

III.

Chapter 3 – Precedents

IV.

Chapter 4 – Theory - “The Role of an HBCU in Supporting Academic Success for Underprepared Black Males” - “Architecture, Language and Meaning” - “What makes Architecture Sacred”

V.

Chapter 5 – Sustainability

VI.

Chapter 6 - Site Analysis - Site Background - Site Analysis diagrams - Site survey

VII.

Chapter 7 – Material Study - Type - Emotion

VIII.

Chapter 8 – Function Criteria Program

Project Type Summary This project is a hybrid structure between a traditional museum and social research institute. Its intention is to preserve, advance and display the history of historically black colleges and universities.

Looking into the aspect of the museum side, this project attempts to use both traditional and cuttingedge methods towards displaying information to a diverse audience. Having spaces such as exhibition halls, interchangeable gallery rooms, and storage space that allow for a traditional form of display. Also integral to the traditional way of museum design is having traffic space is the bond that links other kinds of space, this will play a critical role in organizing the streams of people and guiding visitors. Looking into new methods for the museum is the integration of flexible gallery space for public and private events will allow the project to increase in value and having new integrated technologies such as augmented reality and holographic display.

Looking into the research institute aspect, there will be spaces that are devoted to both preservation and advancement. Research labs focus displays and technical office will be used to study topics that relate to African American culture and educational opportunities. The lecture hall and operations rooms will allow for public gatherings and artist performances. Finally, on the side of preservation spaces such as a conservation lab and weather-controlled storages will allow a user to protect and restore historical artifacts and records With the creation of this new cultural project, it will have the opportunity to become a new national hotspot that would be able to both educate a mass population on a minorities culture and become a social hub catered and aware of its local contact

Outline Located in the heart of charm city otherwise known as Baltimore, Maryland, the “Institute for the Advancement of Historically Black Colleges and Universities” (HBCU) aims to inform and enlighten a community and nation about the history and triumph many HBCUs have faced since their conception in 1837. Placed on the parcel of land between N Wolfe St, Sinclair Ln and St Lo Dr, the urban context in which the building will be located is home to a vast array of cultural arts, from visual artists, culinary and musicians. The city is home to many higher educational institutes such as Morgan State University and Coppin State University which are amongst the most prominent HBCUs in the country. Baltimore’s pleasant weather, historical physical context and the gorgeous harbor make it an ideal destination for the site and its theme creating a welcoming environment for both researchers and visitors.

The issues that will be explored in the design are the cultural appreciation of sensitive content, memory, emerging technologies, and association with different organizations. A research institute is an ideal building program to sensitively explore and develop these issues. Precedents to explore to gain an idea of this program type are the National African American Museum in Washington DC, the National memorial for peace and justice in Montgomery, Alabama, the European Southern Observatory HQ in Garching, Germany and the New Museum of Contemporary Art in New York City The institute is designed as a hybrid between an exhibition space and associations headquarters. The gallery spaces and pathways act as a way to transport a visitor through both history and the experiences many students are currently undertaking now at HBCUs across the country. The center of the building will be designated a sacred space paying homage to great alumni that have made an impact on the world representing their alumni mater. The facility will be able to house both researchers and a special guest that are exploring the meaning and the historical impact the HBCUs have had on the globe.

Looking more in-depth into the site between N Wolfe St, Sinclair Ln and St Lo Dr, we can see sites potential to explore the design issues. Sprawling urban context, proximity to other educational institutes, and land availability allow for the design to express its importance within today’s society, and with the overall theme of an institute. The institute will be able to enlighten those that come through its doors, such as the 4 local schools ranging from pre-K- 12th and residents. The Local Churches, and colleges and the National Great Blacks in Wax Museum allow this location to be a potential anchor within the city. To the north of the site are public green spaces, which could be used to host off-campus events and accommodate a large population.

The HBCU Institute program is inspired by four built precedents throughout the world where the four architectural issues come into play. The National African American museum or NMAAHC, located in Washington DC by Phil Freelon, David Adjaye and J. Max Bond Jr is a building that is well known for its approach towards cultural appreciation of sensitive contact. The building's external facade is based on the Yoruba crown that dates back to the 7th century BCE Nigeria projecting the ideas of royalty.

NMAAHC sits as a monumental beacon on the national mall acting as a destination point that simultaneously juxtaposes the other classically designed museums, giving the building its own selfimportance. The layout of the building is intended to expose users to over 400 years of African American history and culture by taking them underground through exhibits that acknowledge negative moments such as slavery, KKK and Jim crow, but as they ascend higher, they experience the

achievements many African- Americans have gone one to complete ranging from music, art, literature, and architecture 1.

The National memorial for peace and justice by the MASS Design group stands as a sobering memory of racial inequality in America, from slavery, segregation and mass incarceration. It uses the notion of simplicity to express different symbols. The path around the site has a user go through different memorials that remind them of slavery, incarceration, and inequality. Within the main interior of the memorial are 800 floating pillars with names inscribed of those who have lost their life to lynching in America. The pillars share a memory that is intended to invoke an emotional response 2.

The European Southern Observatory HQ in Garching, Germany by Auer+Weber conveys the challenge of designing for a large organization and meeting their need particular needs. Circles act as dominant form components of the original Headquarters and are reiterated and transformed to create the two new buildings. The original building is arranged by a series of open arcs, while the new office building is composed of a band of convex and concave circles that enclose the inner circulation zone, and communicative and public facilities 3, the architect placed programmed spaces around a centralized courtyard allowing ease in circulation and interactivity. Program spaces range meeting rooms, cafeteria, research labs, and high-tech auditorium.

The last precedent is the Obama Presidential Center in Chicago Illinois by Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects & Partners. This Project is placed as a campus in historic Jackson Park to help utilize the full potential of the park as a recreational destination and center for gathering on the South Side for families, visitors, and community organizations. The main attraction is a tower-like museum will serve as a focal point of the project. The interior will utilize the newest technologies to help highlight exhibits such as civil rights, African-American and Chicago history. The tech that is intergraded can range from virtual reality to holographic projection. It should be noted that all these precedents have developed an approach to the architectural issues that the HBCU institutes will tackle.

Theoretical sources will be important in supporting the program and architectural issues in the design of the HBCU Institute. According to Robert T. Palmer in “The Role of an HBCU in Supporting Academic Success for Underprepared Black Males” he talks about the importance of HBCUs in the lives of young black males. He has gone on to claim that males who entered public HBCU through its remedial or developmental studies programs have persisted toward graduation and academic achievement compare to those starting in predominantly white institutions (PWIs) 4. Also, in Donald Preziosi's “Architecture, Language and Meaning” he sees architecture as a means that can be used to communicate on the semiotic level 5. Finally, the article written by Michael Lang called “What makes Architecture Sacred”, he

“The Building.” National Museum of African American History and Culture, September 10, 2019. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/building.

2 “The National Memorial for Peace and Justice.” MASS Design Group. Accessed September 23, 2019. https://massdesigngroup.org/work/design/national-memorial-peace-and-justice.

3 Information@eso.org. “Architecture at ESO.” ESO. Accessed September 23, 2019. https://www.eso.org/public/about-eso/architecture/.

4 Palmer, Robert T., Ryan J. Davis, and Adriel A. Hilton. “Exploring Challenges That Threaten to Impede the Academic Success of Academically Underprepared Black Males at an HBCU.” Journal of College Student Development 50, no. 4 (2009): 429–45. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.0.0078.

5 PREZIOSI, Donald. Architecture, Language and Meaning. Mouton, 1979.

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states that architecture is used as a tool to interpret certain values and goals to the visitor 6. The creation of space goes beyond its practical use and be something much more.

Lang, Uwe Michael. “What Makes Architecture ‘Sacred’?” Logos: A Journal of Catholic Thought and Culture 17, no.

4 (2014): 44–72. https://doi.org/10.1353/log.2014.0039.

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CHAPTER 1 – Orientation Education objectives of course Looking into the site in Baltimore, we attempt to understand its surrounding context both geographically and culturally with the intention of creating a space that can meld into its complex layout with this attempt certain objectives will become prevalent in the overall project. First looking to address the key architectural issues the will be highlighted when dealing with the design and site, such as creating a space that will display a culturally sensitive context. how to invoke an emotional response using the aspect of memory and create a space for a national organization while using the most current technologies. Next is to promote participation amongst the community members and educational Institutions, so collaboration can take place within. Finally, promote a positive vision that can have a positive impact on the local community that utilizes the design as a central hub Purpose, Objective and Scope of Problem Architecture can be used as a camera, with its ability to preserve snapshots throughout history. Thus, the purpose of the Institute for the Advancement of HBCU is to establish a space that shows both respect and tribute to educational institutions that have paved the path for a large group of minorities, showcasing their achievements throughout history. A research institute can become the ideal bridge between both users, visitors, and locals. The visitors will be introduced and exposed to African American culture and an educational system that aims to promote minorities, while the user will aim to preserve and expand the history many of these institutions have created. The locals will be able to engage and develop a greater relationship with the educational institutions that act as their neighbors. Given the scope of the project, there is an opportunity to engage different user groups on a culturally and physically in showcasing the impact the institutions have had within their local context while formulating their own national identity.

Design Approach In the design process, research will be done regarding the institute’s topography, site climate, history, and local demographics. Tranquility is of the utmost conceptual importance in this design both interior and exterior. Establishing spaces that aim to evoke an emotional reaction to historical events and highlight significate artifacts, while making information interactive. Finally, the design of the institute will utilize the idea of progression, laying out the spaces to give the user a sense of growth and development.

CHAPTER 2 - Cultural Context and Precedent History of Historically Black Colleges Universities Historically Black Colleges Universities or HBCU are institutions of higher education in the United States founded prior to 1964 for African American students. The term was created by the Higher Education Act of 1965, which expanded federal funding for colleges and universities. The first HBCUs can be dated back before the American Civil War in the states of Ohio and Pennsylvania. These institutions served the purpose of providing higher education to young African Americans, who were not permitted to attend local state universities due to racial discrimination. The first documented school was the Institute for Colored Youth which was opened on a farm outside of Philadelphia in 1837. Today that institute is known as the Cheyney University of Pennsylvania. Other Historically Black Universities began to grow such as Lincoln university (in honor of President Lincoln), Wilberforce University and Howard University.

Currently, in the 21st century, there are 101 HBCUs in the United States, predominantly in the southern region of the United States. While very few offer two-year education, many switched over to offering four years of study in a variety of fields. Some maintained a vocational focus, while others had developed into major research institutions specializing in engineering, architecture and biomedical research. They are the number one producer of black doctors, lawyers, and architects. Finally, HBCUs have provided influential alumni such as Elijah Cummings, Thurgood Marshall, Earl G. Graves, and Oprah Winfrey.

History of the research institute A research institute can be defined as an establishment that takes part in both active and passive research. Research institutes may specialize in basic research or may be oriented to applied research.

The term has often been implied towards natural science research, but it may also be used toward social science as well, especially for sociological and historical research purposes.

The first documented research institute dates back to the 9th century in Bagdad which was an observatory. In the 13th century and 15th-century famous institutes such as the Ulugh Beg Observatory were built and are still in use.

Maragheh observatory,

FUlugh Beg Observatory

Purpose of Project Designed as an all-inclusive institute, the Institute for the Advancement of Historical Black Colleges and Universities will have multiple purposes. First, it shows respect to educational institutions that have played a pivotal role in the elevation of the African American man. These institutions are unfairly represented in American society, due to their acquisition and overshadowing by both federal and state jurisdictions. Creating this space will allow for an open and active discourse on the importance of HBCUs within modern society. In addition, the institute will serve as a space for historic preservation and archiving. This is a need, due to many school's inabilities to preserve historical artifacts and records which played a pivotal role in creating the school’s identity because of low funding. As a response to these issues, the institute will act as a separate entity that can focus on preservation, allowing history to be preserved and displayed to uniformed and future generations, instead of being locked behind closed doors. Finally, the institute will be a place of active social research. Researchers from all over will be able to organize and publish new research towards advancing social confines for African Americans. Working in tandem with HBCUs and other prominent social organizations to host social, educational events to create an interactive space that both informs and stimulates the locals of Baltimore, students, and visitors of the institute.

Function of Project There are three main functions of the HBCU Institute. First, this building is a research institute. and will be used to investigate, publish and persevere historic artifacts and records on HBCUs. Unlike a traditional museum, which depends on outside parties for exhibits, the institute will produce its own research and exhibits based on a variety of social issues, partnering with outside entities on special displays. Utilizing digital methods such as 3D projection, 3D simulation and virtual reality technique to make exhibits more interactive and user-orientated, compared to the traditional “look, don’t touch” method. Second, the users will experience the site as if they were progressing through an active historical retelling. Having spaces that show the progression of the African American experience will enlighten those who are not acclimated to the culture. Finally, this site will function as a peaceful gathering space for the community and visitors. The environment in which the HBCU institute will be built can be seen as hostile. Since the last 10 years, Baltimore has gained a negative reputation nationally. This facility can act as a spark that brings a positive impact back to the area.

Overview of Baltimore City

Site Context and Issues

Aerial view of the site The Institute for the Advancement of Historical Black Colleges and Universities will be located in Baltimore, Maryland. Located in the western district of the city along N Wolfe St, Sinclair Ln and St Lo Dr, one can begin to see the potential this site holds. Located near to two prominent HBCUs, Morgan State University and Coppin State University, relations between the institution and universities can be developed even stronger due to close proximity. Looking more in-depth, we see the potential to explore the design outside of its boundaries. The Sprawling urban context, proximity to the downtown district, and land availability allow for the design to be express its importance within today’s society, and with the overall theme of an institute Characteristics of the site -

210,120 sqft

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Close proximity to downtown

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Close proximity to higher education institutes

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Within Residential neighborhood

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Adjacent community center

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Open green space

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Seasonal climate

Site Issues

Looking into the site certain issues do become apparent:

Community Acceptance -

Architecture can truly be considered a success if those that partake in its use are willing to accept it as one of their own. The community must be willing to integrate the institute as part of the local vernacular. Without local acceptance, the building can fall into disarray and be abounded by organizations and society, leading to close

Extreme Climate during the cold winter months -

Due to Baltimore being located in the eastern part of the united states, the areas are susceptible to harsh winter and blazing summers. Providing quality indoor thermal comfort will be crucial, not only for the user but for artifacts as well. Sustainable architecture techniques can include increased insulation that exceeds code requirements, minimizing exterior infiltration, and applying a thermal mass to the interior of the building envelope to help store solar heat in the cold months.

Private vs Public -

Creating an intimate space that allows the researcher to work, but also allowing for areas to be designated to public interaction either on the interior or exterior.

Accesses to site and providing accessible transportation -

The site is located on a plot of land, in between a residential quarter. To the north of the site, there is a large public park. Public transportation will a major role due to many citizens living in a highly dense area with no use of a personal vehicle.

Natural daylight -

The integration of natural light is crucial when assessing the site. The use of natural daylight is beneficial to ecology and economic level. Methods to approach the issues can range from maximizing south-facing windows and the ordination of the building increases the intake of

daylight.

The political climate within the city (Crime, Government, Money) -

A concern must be addressed with the project due to its location. The crime rate within the city is very high projecting an image of danger to an outsider, the current political climate and any other cultural block that could inhibit the design

Chapter 3 – Precedents Looking at more research, four precedents can be introduced to help develop a deeper understanding of the overall program. The architectural issues are discussed in these works, share similarities with the design of the Institute for the Advancement of Historical Black Colleges and Universities.

The National Musem of African American History, 2016, Located in Washington DC

The National Musem of African American History is famous for its use of simple geometric shapes used to express the cultural importance of a people. A focus on expression and progression is used in this design. The Museum's symbolic presence on the National Mall is only matched by the symbolism of the building itself. The building’s architecture follows a classical Greco-Roman form in its use of a base and shaft, topped by a capital. In NMAAH, the corona is inspired by the three-tiered crowns used in Yoruban art from West Africa. Moreover, the building’s main entrance is a welcoming porch, which has architectural roots in Africa and throughout the African Diaspora, especially the American South and the Caribbean. Finally, by wrapping the entire building in an ornamental bronze-colored metal lattice, which pays homage to the enslaved ironworkers of southern states such as South Carolina and Georgia 7.

Diagrammatic section

Section

“The Building.” National Museum of African American History and Culture, September 10, 2019. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/building.

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Philip Goodwin Freelon (March 26, 1953 – July 9, 2019) was an American architect. He was best known for leading the design team of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of African American History and Culture.

Some of his other projects include the Center for Civil & Human Rights, the Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African American History & Culture and the Museum of the African Diaspora.

Philip Goodwin Freelon

Sir David Frank Adjaye was born on September 1966 is a British architect. He is known for designing many buildings around the world. He was the lead designer for NMAAHC. Sone of his other projects range form the Aishti Foundation in Beirut, Lebanon, the Moscow school of management and Francis A. Gregory neighborhood library.

Sir David Frank Adjaye

J. Max Bond Jr. (1935 – February 18, 2009) was an American architect. He became one of a small number of nationally prominent African-American architects. He developed an interest in architecture based on experiences ranging from viewing a staircase at a dormitory at the Tuskegee Institute to views of North African construction styles on a visit to Tunisia.

Some of his major projects range from the Birmingham Civil Right Institute and the National September 11 museum J. Max Bond Jr.

NMAAHC Facade The building exterior facade in an ornamental bronze-colored metal lattice, Adjaye and the other architects pay homage to the intricate ironwork that was crafted by enslaved African Americans in Louisiana, South Carolina, and elsewhere

Interior Design

The National memorial for peace and justice, 2018, Located in Montgomery, Alabama

The National memorial for peace and justice is a recent project that is used to express the idea of memory. The complex was built near the former market site in Montgomery where enslaved African Americans were sold. The current memorial stands as a sobering reminder of racial inequality within the United States, ranging from slavery, segregation and mass incarceration. The main attraction of the site holds over 800 pillars that, from a distance, appear to be holding up a roof in a Parthenon-style design.

As one gets closer, the columns are revealed to be suspended from above, rather than supported from below. Symbolizing the idea of hanging, they represent the casualties of lynching, which occurred and recorded in some 800 counties from 1877 to 1950 8.

Lamster, Mark. “The Single Greatest Work of 21st Century American Architecture Will Break Your Heart.� Dallas News. Dallas News, August 24, 2019. https://www.dallasnews.com/artsentertainment/architecture/2018/08/29/the-single-greatest-work-of-21st-century-american-architecture-willbreak-your-heart/.

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Founded by Harvard graduates, MASS design group was founded in 2008 during the design and building of the butaro district hospital in rwanda. since then, MASS has expanded to work in over a dozen countries in Africa and the Americas. the firm's work spans the design of buildings, research, policy, education, and strategic planning.

Alan Ricks

Michael Murphy

Interior View – Hanging Columns

Exterior View – Sculpture

European Southern Observatory, 2011, located in Garching, Germany

The ESO is an ideal example of a project that exemplifies how one is able to design for an organization that conducts active research. Based in Garching, Germany and designed by the various working areas at ESO are spread out with the parameters of three interconnected circle which plays a dominant role in the placement of rooms. The location of the rooms is organized like the buildings of a city: the library, the conference rooms, and the large entrance area correspond to a town’s marketplace and are the general meeting points in the central area. All the rooms can be accessed from here via different hallways and on different levels that create a complex, three-dimensional labyrinth 9.

Information@eso.org. “Architecture at ESO.” ESO. Accessed December 1, 2019. https://www.eso.org/public/about-eso/architecture/.

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The architectural office Auer Weber, with offices in Munich and Stuttgart, was founded in 1980 The focus of our work is the conception and design of new buildings and the redesign and renovation for public institutions and corporate clients. Auer Weber provides expertise through all design stages on a broad range of projects including the sectors of education and research; administration and culture; hotels, residential buildings and sports facilities; as well as transportation terminals, urban development and master plans.

Floor Plans

Section

Interior

The Obama Presidential Center, 2021, Located in Chicago Illinois

The Obama Presidential Center which is set to compete in 2021. It is a campus-based project that implies the use of different programs and technologies to create a positive setting in south side of the city of Chicago. The design is an addition for the historic Jackson Park and utilizes a museum, public forum, plaza, liberty and Athletic Center. The Museum will serve as the main landmark in Jackson Park, welcoming visitors to South Side and the Center. Its lower floors house exhibits that portray the story of the Obama family within the context of history: civil rights history, African-American history, the history of Chicago, and United States history. The form is inspired by hands coming together as a symbol of peace 10.

“What You Need to Know about the Obama Presidential Center.� Chicago Architecture Center - CAC. Accessed December 1, 2019. http://www.architecture.org/news/evolving-chicago/what-you-need-to-know-about-theobama-presidential-center/.

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Interactive Design Architects (IDEA) is a composed team of architects who have a combination of qualifications and experience that allow the firm to undertake a wide variety of projects.. Their expertise includes such diverse areas as library planning and design, zoo habitat and animal handling, academic facilities design and programming assessments, courthouse/ courtroom planning and design, mixed use development and renovation, historic preservation, municipal buildings including fire and police facilities, office planning, interior design, and master planning studies.

CHAPTER 4 – Theory Theoretical sources are important in supporting the program and architectural issues in the design of the HBCU Institute.

“The Role of an HBCU in Supporting Academic Success for Underprepared Black Males” by Robert T. Palmer Understanding the important role HBCUs have played in society in influencing the educational advancement for African Americans is crucial to legitimizing the significances of the program. The topic of HBCUs is a social matter which affects many people on a personal level. Looking at the article by Robert T. Palmer he explores the aspect of HBCU in “The role of an HBCU in supporting academic success for underprepared Black males”. There is a pattern of low academic persistence rates among the black male population at both White institutions (PWIs) and historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs). Many factors could have played a role in the low retention and persistence for Black males at PWIs such as social pressure and racial bias and instability. A separate research group had focused on the academic and social experiences of Black males at HBCUs seeing if there were any parallel findings. Looking at 11 black males that entered public HBCUs through their remedial or developmental studies programs, we see how they start off and transition towards graduation. Within the study many positive reports became apparent such as the university’s racial composition, support from peers, faculty, and role models in helping to increase their propensity for learning and academic success for black males.

It can be seen that HBCUs compared to PWIs have and still are a positive influence in the academic advancement for black male thanks to their ability to create a positive nurturing environment that caters to their need for achievement in society, developing self-confidence in academia, establishing racial identity and strengthening their sense towards positive masculinity 11.

“Architecture, Language and Meaning” by Donald Preziosi Looking into the realm of semiotics, we see that it is a linguistic and philosophical study of meaning in language, programming languages, and formal logic. It is mainly concerned with the relationship between signifiers such as signs, and symbols and exploring their in-between relationships. Donald Preziosi explores the role of semeiotics within the built environment, calling it the “architectonic code of the built environment”. Looking at the architectonic code of the built environment, it incorporates the entire set of placemaking ordering whereby individuals construct and communicate a message through the conceptual world through visual channels. When using design as a technique to on a semeiotic level to society, a designer can use symbols that relate back to a culture in order to portray a message.

Examples can be seen that when architects from different backgrounds design for another culture, they can use symbols to allows for them to communicate. Looking at the Museum of Anthropology in Vancouver, BC the use of high ceiling Great Hall housing massive totem poles relates to first nations

Palmer, Robert T., Ryan J. Davis, and Adriel A. Hilton. “Exploring Challenges That Threaten to Impede the Academic Success of Academically Underprepared Black Males at an HBCU.” Journal of College Student Development 50, no. 4 (2009): 429–45. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.0.0078.

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people of Canada. The use of such a prolific symbol as the main stable of the design allows for the building to both speak and connect to the local vernacular and people 12.

“What makes Architecture Sacred” by Michel Lang The final theoretical reference is looking at the work of Michel Lang and his theory, “What makes architecture Sacred”. The idea of “sacred” has normal been controlled by the aspect of religion and its cohorts. Architecture that had been deemed sacred tended to have a program that would either have a mythological or religious significance. Michel Lang challenges this notion. Outside of religion, sacred architecture has always existed. An expanded notion on the idea “sacred” has evolved outside the areas of religion and spirituality leading the idea of “sacred” space to encompass a multitude of ideas. Within today’s society, sacred architecture and sacred space serve as a sanctuary for a person, group of people, or an idea. This concept can be seen in many different buildings such as cultural arts centers or museums. Anyone that develops a relationship to a relationship to space can appoint it as sacred.

Musicians to symphony halls or studios or Artists to galleries or workshops. When a personal connection is established within the realm of architecture, that place becomes sacred 13.

PREZIOSI, Donald. Architecture, Language and Meaning. Mouton, 1979.

Lang, Uwe Michael. “What Makes Architecture ‘Sacred’?” Logos: A Journal of Catholic Thought and Culture 17, no. 4 (201): 44–72. https://doi.org/10.1353/log.2014.0039.

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Chapter 5 – Sustainability Looking at today’s society, global warming is ever more prominent and the need for our buildings to become less demanding on our natural resources. It’s estimated that buildings in developed countries account for more than 40% of energy consumption over their lifetime.

Sustainable building starts with the design of the building to consider the natural resources and energy available at the site. It may mean positioning the structure to make the most of the sunlight available or implementing natural ventilation to reduce the need for energy intensive heating and cooling systems. It also means selecting a building site that will lead to the least possible deforestation and land degradation, also minimizing soil erosion and maximize rainwater capture and reduce the amount required for waste removal systems or the use of appliances.

Sustainable buildings certifications to be considered based on region : -

LEED Energy Star BREEAM Green Globes Living Building Challenge WELL Building

LEED LEED helps buildings to focus on efficiency and leadership to deliver the triple bottom line returns of people, planet and profit. The current version is LEED v4.1 which has raised the bar on building standards to address energy efficiency, water conservation, site selection, material selection, day lighting and waste reduction.

This building would fall under the LEED Certification for Building Design and Construction (LEED BD+C)

Energy Star An Energy Star certified buildings save energy, save money, and help protect the environment by generating fewer greenhouse gas emissions than other typical buildings. To be certified as Energy Star, a building must meet strict energy performance standards set by EPA. To be eligible for Energy Star certification, a building must earn an ENERGY STAR score of 75 or higher, indicating that it performs better than at least 75 percent of similar buildings nationwide.

BREEAM BREEAM or Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method is a sustainability assessment method that is used to masterplan projects, infrastructure and buildings. Created in 1990, by the Building Research Establishment or BRE. It sets standards for the environmental performance of buildings through the design, specification, construction and operation phases and can be applied to new developments or refurbishment schemes.

This certification focuses on sustainable value across range of categories: -

Energy Land use and ecology Water Health and wellbeing Pollution Transport Materials Waste Management

Living building challenge Seen as the world’s most rigorous green building standard, the Living building challenge is an international sustainable building certification program created in 2006 by the non-profit International Living Future Institute. It is described by the Institute as a philosophy, advocacy tool and certification program that promotes the most advanced measurement of sustainability in the built environment. It ranks its certification based on -

Place Water Energy Health and happiness Materials Equity Beauty

CHAPTER 7 -Site analysis Site Background Darley Park is a neighborhood in Baltimore, Maryland with a population of 1,089. Darley Park is in Baltimore City County. Living in Darley Park offers residents an urban-suburban mix feel, and most residents own their homes. In Darley Park, there are a lot of bars and parks. Residents of Darley Pretend to be liberal.

Site analysis – Location

United States

Baltimore

Maryland

Darley Park

Site Analysis – Photos

Real Food Farm Clifton

REACH! Partnership School

William C March Middle School

Harford Heights Elementary

The National Great Blacks in Wax Museum

Enoch Pratt Free Library

Councilwoman Rita R. Church Community Center

Humanim

Site Analysis – Roads and Circulation

St Lord DR

N Wolf St

Sinclair Ln

Train Tracks

Site Analysis – Public Transportation Bus stop

Bus route

Architectural Issues • • • • • • • • • • • •

Cultural appreciation of sensitive contact, Memory Use of Emerging technologies Association with different organizations Creating a space that allows for a variety of organization to inhabit Climate Average temperature/ sessional change Building orientation Use of natural daylight for public/ office space Topography/ landscape Development of flat large green space, and transformation in public useable space Public Safety

Site Survey

Chapter 7 – Materials Material selection and use is critical to the relationship of any product within design, Understanding the emotional response one can have towards a certain material is important towards planning the interior of a room. As a designer it is critical to communicate certain emotions and feelings to users.

Understanding the relationship between emotions, materials and the user could help designer make choices with different and better awareness.

Materials analyzed in this document: -

Timber Stone Brick Concrete Glass Steel

Timber Wood is not only an important material used structurally in architecture, but also a timeless element to feature in interior design. Few materials are as versatile and adaptable, making aspects of wood interior design present in everything from rustic, country homes right up to the most modern, artistic of spaces.

Wood can catch a certain organic warmth that is difficult to replicate otherwise.

Advantages -

Strong, easy to work with, versatile, potentially renewable, biodegradable

Disadvantages -

Some timber is non-renewable; often treated with toxic chemicals.

Sustainable tips -

Use recycled wood or timber from sustainable sources, with no chemical treatments.

Stone Natural stone is a building material suitable for your interior design. It will bring warmth and charm to your home. One example is granite, it one of the hardest and densest natural stones which help maintain its luster and resist staining for longer than other materials.

Natural stones are the symbols of timelessly elegant and beautiful design. It does not lose its appeal with time, adding a rich and expensive look to interior design and decorating. There are many different attractive natural stones for modern interiors.

Advantages -

Abundant, durable, high thermal mass, economical if available on-site; no toxic emissions

Disadvantages -

Non-renewable; extraction and transportation can be energy-intensive.

Sustainable tips -

Use salvaged stone or products made with waste stone from local sources.

Brick Brick walls add character to any room by serving as a focal point or providing a backdrop that either complements or contrasts the room’s other design elements. Whether your style is industrial or rustic, the beauty and uniformity of a brick wall can add texture and beauty.

Advantages -

Versatile, good thermal mass

Disadvantages -

Production is energy-intensive and uses non-renewable resources.

Sustainable tips -

Look for recycled bricks.

Concrete Concrete is a material that is both easy and difficult to work with. In one condition, it’s versatile and can be used for so many types of projects. On the other hand, using concrete is something that comes with all sorts of elements one must consider as well. One of them is the style. Concrete is commonly used in industrial buildings but now it is popular in many modern spaces.

Advantages -

High thermal mass, strong, durable, economical, resists termites and earthquakes

Disadvantages -

Production involves the quarrying and creates greenhouse emissions; poor insulator needs reinforcing.

Sustainable tips -

Use autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC), which is lightweight, energy-efficient and non-toxic, or concrete made with recycled aggregate

Glass Glass is used for its partial transparency, to connect a place with another without the barriers of a wall, also it is commonly used to let light pass through a place, so a specific place will be lighter, so the colors and the design will show, so the use of artificial electric energy is used less during the day, and the sunlight or moonlight carries into the space. Glass also gives use our most direct relationship to nature while maintaining our interior conditions Advantages -

Stable, long-lasting, efficient, recyclable

Disadvantages -

Production is energy-intensive, uses non- renewable minerals.

Sustainable tips -

Seek out recycled windows; buy energy-efficient new glass.

Steel Steel an extremely flexible material in terms of design options, most commonly found in commercial kitchens, sterile medical facilities, and transportation hubs. It has also found its way into retail, hospitality, and residential interior designs.

In addition to the customization and fusing of components, stainless surfaces can be highly polished. It is possible to get elegantly reflective finish or brush the steel for a soft satin finish. There are many ways to incorporate stainless steel sections and shapes into an interior design project.

Advantages -

Strong, economical, durable, recyclable

Disadvantages -

Production is energy-intensive and highly polluting; coatings are often polluting.

Sustainable tips -

Buy recycled steel or opt for renewable timber.

CHAPTER 8 - Function criteria program Key Issues The key issues for this institute design are: Cultural appreciation of sensitive contact, and allowing the spatial organization and architectural language that is based on sensitive content and pay respect to those involved • Create ways to present the memory and history of this subject and evoke an emotional response • Relationship between association with different organizations • Utilizing the newest technologies to display context in a more interactive way Categories and description of main program spaces •

General Purpose Space -

Areas within the facility that can house all parties with the institute. Allowing for social interaction between researchers, visitors and local Conference, Meeting, and Presentation - Areas within the facility that allow for large dissuasions and lecture for a group of people Administrative and Offices -

Area of the facility that houses the day to day inner working administration of the institute consists of offices for director, secretary, and staff; conference room; file room, as well as mechanical rooms.

Gallery and Interpretive Display, Research -

Area of the facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific, technological or social research, experiments, and measurement may be performed. Display spaces help services the labs for quick presentations or discourse.

Curation and Collection Management -

Area of the facility that collection management can take place. Space and module designed to manage to catalog for an institution’s collections, and facilitate loans, acquisitions, deaccessions, and transportation.

Mechanical and Maintenance -

Area of the facility dedicated to the mechanical and maintenance equipment and its associated electrical equipment, as opposed to rooms intended for human occupancy or storage.

Program Space List General Purpose Space Group

Program Names

Unit ASF

Number of Spaces

ASF Total

G1

Entrances

300

1

300

G2

Security

50

1

50

1

1

G3

500

1

500

5

2

G4

Reception/ Help Desk Lobby

1500

1

1500

300

10

G5

Store

800

1

800

13

3

G6

Café

800

1

800

13

3

G7

Café Storage Restrooms

400

1

400

2

1

300

2

600

G8

Group Users Staff Total

4950

Group

Program Name

P1 P2

Theater Preparation Room Meeting Rooms Conference Rooms storage space Lounge VR Theater Audio Box

P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8

Conference, Meeting, and Presentation Unit Number ASF Group Users Staff ASF of Total Total Spaces 1500 500

1 1

1500 500

120 15

250

2

500

15

600

2

1200

30

700

2

1400

1200 1000 100

1 1 1

1200 1000 100

Gross Square Footage

Net Square Footage

4950

3650

Gross Square Footage

Net Square Footage

7400

6000

5 2

3 80 140 7400

4 2

Administrative and Offices Number of ASF Group Spaces Total Total

Group

Program Name

Unit ASF

A1

Office (Workstation) Secretary (Reception) Directors Office Assistant director office Conference room Workroom File Room Restroom Break Room

200

4

800

2

2

150

1

150

1

1

400

1

400

2

1

250

1

250

1

1

450

2

900

30

150 100 200 400

4 2 2 1

600 200 400 400

A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9

Group

Program Name

D1 D2

Exhibit Area Gallery/Rotat ing Display Research and publications Room General Research Labs Comparative Collection Lab

D3 D4 D5

Users Staff

1 4100

Net Square Footage

4100

3700

Gross Square Footage

Net Square Footage

1 1

26

Gallery and Interpretive Display, Research Unit Number ASF Group Users ASF of Spaces Total Total

Gross Square Footage

Staff

500 400

4 2

2000 800

100 80

2 2

1800

1

1800

36

1

200

2

400

10

2

200

2

400

10

2

D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11

Comparative Collection storage Photography Lab Research Gallery Researcher administrativ e lounge Research Offices Publication Production

Group

Program Name

C1

Receiving area Cataloging Room Conservation Laboratory Temporary Storage Records Management Data Processing Workroom

C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7

Group

Program Name

600

2

1200

4

200

1

200

2

200

2

400

40

500

1

500

45

2

200

4

800

2

2

400

1

400

20

2

8900

Curation and Collection Management Unit Number of ASF Group Users ASF Spaces Total Total

Staff

350

1

350

2

3

800

1

800

5

2

600

1

600

200

1

200

2

1

1000

1

1000

10

1

400

1

400

5

1

200

2

400

4

1

Unit ASF

8900

6675

Gross Square Footage

Net Square Footage

3750

3200

Gross Square Footage

Net Square Footage

3

3750

Mechanical and Maintenance Number ASF Group Users Staff of Spaces Total Total

M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6

Group

E1

E2 E3

Electrical Room Equipment Room Mechanical Room Receiving Room Custodial Closet Circulation

Program Name

Public Entrance Court Garden Service Court

100

1

100

1

1

200

1

200

0

1

1500

1

1500

5

10

150

1

150

0

1

90

1

90

0

1000

Unit ASF

1000

3040

Exterior Space Number Space Group of Spaces Total Area

4000

1

4000

3000

1

3000

1000

1

1000 8000

3040

Users Staff

Gross Square Footage

8000

Net Square Footage

Key Spaces – Data Sheet VR Theater Group P -7 Net Area: 1000 SF Description of Space: The VR Theater is the interactive space that visitors watch the historical retellings together with the use of VR glasses. Currently, standard virtual reality systems use either virtual reality headsets or multiprojected environments to generate realistic images, sounds, and sensations that simulate a user's physical presence in a virtual environment. Users using virtual reality equipment will be able to look around an artificial recreation of the world. The effect is commonly created by VR headsets consisting of a head-mounted display with a small screen in front of the eyes but can also be created through specially designed rooms with multiple large screens.

Design Considerations - Two entrances/exits and two emergency exits - Geometry considering acoustic reflection, damping, and resonance - Windowless, enclosed space - Portable seats - Flat floors - Increased cooling Dimensions/ Construction -

40 x 25 Floor Area: 1000 SF Wall Construction: - 8” concrete Block - expanded rubber insulation - Floor Construction: - Slab – on - grade concrete - Ceiling Construction: - Exposed ceilings - Natural Light: - no - Artificial Light: - Yes, (4 foot led direct/indirect grille fixture with steel perforated diffuser, 80 watts) - HVAC: - VRV Air Conditioning Room Finishes -

-

Wall Finish: - Concrete veneer - Acoustic Panels Floor Finish:

- engineered wood flooring - Ceiling Finish: - N/a - Doors: - Walnut Furniture & Equipment Considerations -

Lighting Control System Audio-Video Communication and Paging System Electro-Acoustical Sound Reinforcement Acoustic Curtain: Motorized, retractable Dolby Surround Audio Systems Rotatable, shakable seats: Allow comprehensive experience with VR Wireless Microphone Capability LED screen for display Submeters gas fire extinguishers sprinklers automatic fire-alarm system

Exhibit Area Group D-1 Net Area: 500 SF per space Description of Space: An exhibition of historical content. It is organized as a presentation and display of selected items based on which organization is hosting the space. In practice, the exhibition halls will expose unseen art and artifacts to a community. On a national scale, different schools and organizations will be able to coordinate with one another on the purpose of the display at any given time. Displays can range from artifacts, art, historical records, and audio files.

Design Considerations -

Two entrances/exits and two emergency exits Luminaries focused on artifacts on display Windowless, enclosed space Flat floors Increased cooling Humidity Control Moving into the main gallery, there should be zones with different types of displays using different media.

- Men’s and Women’s restrooms should be located directly off the Gallery.

- Emergency exits should be conveniently located at different parts of the Gallery - Double height space Dimensions/ Construction -

30 x 20

-

Floor Area: 500 SF

-

Wall Construction:

-

-

-

8” concrete Block

-

expanded rubber insulation

Floor Construction: -

Slab – on - grade concrete

-

Rigid Insulation

-

Vapor Retarder

-

3 In Gravel Layer

Ceiling Construction: -

Exposed ceilings

-

Natural Light: -

-

Artificial Light: -

-

no

Yes, (Bruck Eco System 4-Light Black LED Track Light Kit)

HVAC: -

VRV Air Conditioning

Room Finishes -

Wall Finish: -

Double-layered finger joint boards; White Plaster finish with underlay

-

Floor Finish:

-

- Rubber tile - oak wood laminate Ceiling Finish: -

Special upholstery

Furniture & Equipment Considerations -

Glass display cases Projectors and Screens Interactive multimedia features Benches Specialized light fixtures Air conditioner with humidity regulation function, Air-cooled heat pump/chiller, electric water heater Direct water supply system gas fire extinguishers Sprinklers automatic fire-alarm system

Theater/ Lecture Hall Group P-1 Net Area: 1500 S.F Description of Space: A lecture hall is a large room used for presentation and discussion. More typically seen in many colleges or universities. Unlike a typical classroom with a capacity normally between one and fifty, the capacity of lecture halls is usually measured in the hundred able to accommodate large community events, lectures by prominent speakers or lectures series.

Design Considerations - Two entrances/exits and two emergency exits - Windowless, enclosed space - Sloped floors - Sound Booth - Main stage - Increased cooling - Humidity Control - Emergency exits - Backstage/ Dressing room - Storage Dimensions/ Construction -

50 x 30

-

Floor Area: 2500 SF

-

Wall Construction:

-

-

-

8� concrete Block

-

expanded rubber insulation

-

sound engineered drywall

Floor Construction: -

Slab – on - grade concrete

-

Rigid Insulation

-

Vapor Retarder

-

3 In Gravel Layer

Ceiling Construction: -

-

Exposed ceilings

Natural Light:

-

Artificial Light: -

-

no

Yes, (Bruck Eco System 4-Light Black LED Track Light Kit)

HVAC: -

VRV Air Conditioning

Room Finishes -

-

Wall Finish: -

Painted Drywall

-

Sound absorption panel

Floor Finish: -

-

. Multi-Level Loop carpet

Ceiling Finish: -

Special upholstery

Furniture & Equipment Considerations -

Electro-Acoustical Sound Reinforcement Acoustic Curtain: Motorized, retractable Dolby Surround Audio Systems Specialized light fixtures Air conditioner with humidity regulation function, Direct water supply system gas fire extinguishers Sprinklers automatic fire-alarm system Projectors and Screens Fixed Seating Stage and theater lighting control system Theater acoustical curtain Sidewall acoustical modulation panel system ceiling acoustic panels

Research lab Group D-4 Net Area: 200 S.F Description of Space: a workplace for the conduct of scientific research on the social issues and historical data that HBCUs hold. Permeant and visiting researchers will be able to use the space in collaboration with universities, private organizations. All research produces can be placed in either the exhibition galleries or research display.

Design Considerations - Two entrances/exits and two emergency exits - Windowless, enclosed space - Flat floors - Humidity Control - Emergency exits - Open layout for interchangeable research projects - Sound acoustic Dimensions/ Construction -

20 x 20

-

Floor Area: 200 SF

-

Wall Construction:

-

8� concrete Block

-

expanded rubber insulation

-

Floor Construction:

-

-

Slab – on - grade concrete

-

Rigid Insulation

-

Vapor Retarder

-

3 In Gravel Layer

Ceiling Construction: -

-

Natural Light: -

-

acoustic ceilings

Yes (double glazed windows)

Artificial Light: -

Yes, (LED Eco-Downlight Round Trim)

-

HVAC: -

VRV Air Conditioning

Room Finishes -

Wall Finish: -

-

Double-layered finger joint boards; White Plaster finish with underlay

Floor Finish:

-

-

Rubber tile

-

terrazzo

Ceiling Finish: -

Light Popcorn

Furniture & Equipment Considerations -

Specialized light fixtures Air conditioner with humidity regulation function, Air-cooled heat pump/chiller, electric water heater Direct water supply system gas fire extinguishers Sprinklers automatic fire-alarm system Fixed workstations High power computers

Conservation Laboratory Group C-3 Net Area: 600 S.F Description of Space: A conservation lab's main functions are to receive art, provide a workspace for the conservation of art, maintain safety standards, and provide for the storage of conservation records. The conservator, and the safety equipment required to perform safe conservation treatments. Conservation labs require ventilation, chemical storage with 2 ventilated storage areas so that incompatible solvents, acids, bases, oxidizing or reducing agents can be separated. It is important to include a conservator and a health and safety professional early in the process of designing a lab, so they can set up a chemical hygiene plan.

Design Considerations - Two entrances/exits and two emergency exits - Windowless, enclosed space - Flat floors - Humidity Control - Emergency exits - Open layout for interchangeable research projects - Sound acoustic Dimensions/ Construction -

20 x 20

-

Floor Area: 200 SF

-

Wall Construction:

-

8� concrete Block

-

expanded rubber insulation

-

Floor Construction:

-

-

Slab – on - grade concrete

-

Rigid Insulation

-

Vapor Retarder

-

3 In Gravel Layer

Ceiling Construction: -

-

acoustic ceilings

Natural Light: -

Yes (double glazed windows)

-

Artificial Light: -

-

Yes, (LED Eco-Downlight Round Trim)

HVAC: -

VRV Air Conditioning

Room Finishes -

Wall Finish: -

-

Double-layered finger joint boards; White Plaster finish with underlay

Floor Finish:

-

-

Rubber tile

-

terrazzo

Ceiling Finish: -

Light Popcorn

Furniture & Equipment Considerations -

Specialized light fixtures Air conditioner with humidity regulation function, Air-cooled heat pump/chiller, electric water heater Direct water supply system gas fire extinguishers Sprinklers automatic fire-alarm system Fixed workstations High power computers

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Palmer, Robert T., Ryan J. Davis, and Adriel A. Hilton. “Exploring Challenges That Threaten to Impede the Academic Success of Academically Underprepared Black Males at an HBCU.” Journal of College Student Development 50, no. 4 (2009): 429–45. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.0.0078.

PREZIOSI, Donald. Architecture, Language and Meaning. Mouton, 1979.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Baltimore.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., November 21, 2019. https://www.britannica.com/place/Baltimore.

“The National Memorial for Peace and Justice.” Legacy Museum and National Memorial for Peace and Justice. Accessed December 15, 2019. https://museumandmemorial.eji.org/memorial.

“The Obama Presidential Center.” Obama Foundation. Accessed December 15, 2019. https://www.obama.org/the-centerlp/?gclid=Cj0KCQiA0NfvBRCVARIsAO4930kB92Wot1YoDCWnTVA91uByqMHLsK8AbPOAQdgj WsvybldKapX8XRgaAljXEALw_wcB. “Why HBCUs Still Matter.” UNCF, March 19, 2019. https://www.uncf.org/the-latest/why-hbcus-still-matter.

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