Architectural Style Architect Location
timeline and diagram analysis
Function
: Modern : BEP Architects : Jalan Ampang, Kuala Lumpur : Bank and Office
The facade and side of building is symmetrical and proportionally balanced in where the axis lies vertically in the centre of the building, which balanced the spatial of both sides of the building.
the federal territory of kuala lumpur , also known as kl, boasts a population of 7.1 million people and covers 94 square miles. the city began as a small mining boomtown as a result of the industrial revolution during the 19th century. after world war ii, kuala lumpur was declared the national capitol of tanah melayu in 1957, and later, malaysia
NG SHU ZHI 0327158 NG SI JING 0326474 NG YU JIE FREDERICK 0327607 NG ZHIANG HAN 0331394 NIHCOLAS CHOY JIA WEI 0326488 NICOLAS LOH ZHANG ZHE 0327108
Repetition is expressed by lintel frame that creates visual image of many small rectangular window for every row. The repetition of the windows creates rhythm which add balance and harmony to the whole. It formed modern facade and pleased the eye of viewers.
Larger area of rectangular are repeated at the lower floors to create cuboid, while smaller area of rectangular is repeated for the rest of the upper floor to create another cuboid. Both of the cuboid lies upon each other to create a whole new form of building.
The space of this building separate to two parts which is public and private. Due to the building is owned by bank, so the ground floor for this building is public space which is accessible for customers; while the upper floors are the private spaces, which are offices that only accessible for workers.
Two cuboid is used to form a geometrical shape of the building. The cuboid with larger base area lies below the taller cuboid with smaller base area, which creates more stability and wider public space for the building.
Architectural Style Architect Location
: Modern Islamic : Howard Ashley, Hisham Albakri & Baharuddin Kassim : Jalan Perdana, Kuala Lumpur
Mausoleum has the same concept whereby the 7 folded plates represent the 7 soldiers and with this, it is an architectural elements in remembrance to them. The roof on the multi-purpose hall was designed similar to the other two, but in a linear form.
The plan shows that the building is balance by having both of the mausoleums on each side and yet the whole plan of this building is asymmetrical. The design started off with the “F-shaped” plan for the reason that the architect did not want to limit themselves to traditional Islamic construction: total symmetry, domes and arches. This mosque is not only built for the Malays, but also for the other races, representing a multi-racial country.
Private Semi-private Private Guide line
WISMA AMANAH
SYMMETRY
REPETITION TO RHYTHM
UNIT TO WHOLE
GEOMETRY
MASJID NEGARA
SPACIAL HIERARCHY
SYMMETRY
EMPHASIS
The roof of the main hall is designed in a folded-plate structure, mimicking an umbrella. It has 16 folded-plates to represent 16 states that Tunku Abdul Rahman united including Singapore and Borneo. The roof shelters the tombs of the former Prime Ministers, Deputy Ministers of Malaysia and it also symbolizes the aspiration of an independent nation. There 16 pillars under the roof to support the structure.
Architectural Style Architect Location
The mosque’s main structure is built with reinforced concrete, which is the latest technology available during that period. The roof & pillars built using concrete are then covered with ceramic as the finishing. Ceilings are plastered & painted white. RWDP (rain water down pipe) are cast inside the pillars to cannel water into the tank & provide sufficient clean water for people to clean themselves.
The geometrical wall is designed on the north-east and south-east of the building and it does not only lessen the amount of heat, but it also adds light and shadow whenever the sun shines through the gaps. This brings in a heavenly ambiance to the people in the hall.
Surface exposed to sunlight
The staircase that links to upper floor in the main prayer hall is for women during Friday prayers. This staircase also links to the outside so that visitors are able to walk at the roof area. This is a radial circulation. There are 5 total main entrances to the first floor. 1 on the west side for non-Mus lims to visit and 4 other entrances for Muslims. There are 3 entrances to the main prayer hall.In the hall there is a ‘Mehrab’ which is a prayer niche on the wall indicat ing the direction of the ‘qiblah’. In the mosque, the ‘Mehrab’ is situated on the north west wall of the prayer hall.
Pillar
Guide
Private use
Sun path
Circulation
Ablution room
Stair to upper floor
Main entrance to prayer hall
MATERIALITY
CIRCULATION
The geometry of the building bypasses the 3 individual forms creating an axis of symmetry. The geometry of Balai Budaya Tun Syed Nasir consists of two squares that are mirrored into block B. Block A is made up of two squares and an additional 40% of one square. Block A and the Balai Budaya were around at the same time while block B came later. The geometry for block B came from mirroring the geometry of Balai Budaya.
The building consists of the unification of three blocks which are;
Function : Acts as a language DEVELOPMENT centre, specifically for the Malay LANGUAGE. To encourage and promote the use of MALAY language as the standard national LANGUAGE. Covers aspects SUCH AS SCIENCE, technology, literature and PUBLICATIONS.
the Balai Budaya, Block A and Block B. The blocks can be obviously differentiated from its volume and size. Blocks A and B are two heavyweight cuboidmassings that are seperated by a buffer zone in between. The Balai Budaya on the other hand is lightweight incomparison to the two blocks.
The ground floor has mostly ablution room, which can be accessed from the garden and there is two stairs inside linking to the veranda.
Sun
LIGHT & SHADOW
: Post Merdeka Modernism : Yoon Thim Lee ( Y.T.Lee) : Jalan Dewan Bahasa, Bukit Petaling, 50460 Kuala Lumpur
DEWAN BAHASA DAN PUSTAKA
MASSING
GEOMETRY
The interior geometry of the Balai Budaya and building blocks are based on a configuration of squares and 40% of squares that fill up the boundary for each individual form.
Hierarchy is classified into four main categories :
The arrangement of spaces in the building exists around the axis of symmetry which acts as the main axis that influences spatial organisation. This is especially clear in the ground floor plan where the spaces are located on either side of the symmetry line. Another axis that intersects the main axis exists in the buffer zone that divides the two main blocks. The spaces are not following a grid or linear pattern but rather axes, hence an axial spatial organisation.
SPATIAL ORGANISATION
Block A is most affected by natural light penetration from its windowed facades. The back facade of block A that exists in the buffer zone also utilizes windows to bring in natural light into its interior spaces. However, the light penetration for the back facade is less than the front facade due to its fewer windows. The windowed front facade is allowing natural light into the spaces for all levels whereas the back facade only limits its windows to the top half of the building.
1) PUBLIC : includes lobby, guest room, and daycare 2) ADMINISTRATIVE : includes main office spaces 3) FACILITIES : includes a store, surau and resource center 4) PRIVATE : includes meeting room and conference room.
SPATIAL HIERARCHY
Spatial hierarchy is also determined by experience, as an individual progresses from bottom to top, the experience transforms from less personal to more personal. The Balai Budaya located in front of block A is an all public space due to its location at the entrance of block A.
NATURAL LIGHTING
The higher arrangement of windows on the back facade of block A suggests focusing natural light into the above spaces rather than the lower ones. Natural light penetration into the buffer zones are distributed into the interior spaces of block A and the open space between the two blocks.
Architectural Style Architect Location FUNCTION
: International ARCHItecture : Ronald Pratt : Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur : Broadcasting Office -
WISMA ANGKASAPURI
The entrance hall sits in between both the administrative building and the television house. This feature allows of clarity in direction when entering the building. The administrative building on the left can be accessed using service elevators and staircases throughout. It also has its spaces divided into public, semi-private, and private spaces.
This design element is very prominent in the façade of the building and is one of the main features that make this building so unique. The sun shading panels along the outside of the building. This façade design was adopted from the International style with modifications made to suit the local climate. The panels shade the entire administrative block from sunlight.
REPETITION
CIRCULATION
Wisma Angkasapuri achieved balance through the spacial volume of each part of the building. The balance in weightage can be seen when the administrative building and television house is compared from the elevation with an axis passing through the entrance hall.
BALANCE
The special organization in the building has been divided into two separate parts, the administrative building and the television house. The administrative buildings have private, semi-private, and public spaces that’s divided to cater for government office standards. There is also a service block for elevators along with two sets of stairs on each end of the building. The television house has been planned according to its usage mainly being production, sets, and SPACIAL ORGANIZATION post-production.
The public space of the building (reception desk ) is open and accessible to visitor. As it disperses to the corner area(1,2,3), it becomes private space with different function. The office buildings are private spaces as well as they are highly secured office building which keep citizen money.
ARCHITECTURAL Style : Brutalist style Architect : Nik Mohamed Mahmood
The entire building is build using a very geometric, rectilinear layout. This can be seen on the plan, section and elevations of the building. Wisma Angkasapuri relies heavily on the façade ornaments and the International style of architecture to feature its design.
GEOMETRY
Location Function
4 spaces are built within the corner of the entrance building and clearly divided into different functions
: Jalan Kuching,Kuala Lumpur, 50480 : NATIONAL BANK RESERVE
1. storeroom 2. staircase 3. machinery room 4. private automatic branch exchange room
BANK NEGARA MALAYSIA
public private
SPACE WITHIN SPACE
HEIRARCHY
1. Private automatic branch exchange room 2. Machinery room 3. Storeroom 4. Office building
The entrance building is emphasized as it is the shortest building . Contrast of highness are caused by more building floors is required for office building due to prominence of office work compared to entrance building.
EMPHASIS
This building plan falls within an axis line where the columns of entrance building and office building are aligned. This creates a wellproportionate design to the overall layout and spatial connection between both buildings.
The addition of the protruding spaces act as a balancing element to the original cuboid form. Each spaces hold different function such as : 1.Air conditioner room 2.Staircase 3.Washroom
ADDITION
AXIS & GRIDS
Architecture Style Design by Location Function
: Modernism : N/A : Jalan Sultan Salahuddin, KUALA Lumpur : government office FOR THE Malaysian Public Works Department (JKR)
PEJABAT JKR
REFERENCES A rectangular shape formed as the main volume of the building to show the stability and simplicity. The general shape and size are used to minimize energy load as much as possible.
The shape of the building shows a symmetrical balance for the arrangement of two spaces which is at the left and right side. The building is considered stable and quiet.
SYMMETRY AND BALANCE
Black tinted glass are the repetitive element which their arrangment varies that create a rhythm that form unique and modern facade.
REPETITIVE TO UNIQUE
MASSING
SUBTRACTION
The shaded volume are substracted from the rectangular massing to form a new geometrical shape of the building which shows mordernism architectural style during that particular period. These rectangular blocks are subtracted out to create spaces for emergency exits for the people in the building.
Three singular geometry units are combined together to form a whole new shape and form which both units added to the both side act as additional staircase.
WISMA AMANAHRAYA
(n.d.). About BEP Architect. (2017). Retrieved from BEP Architek sdn bhd: http://www.bepakitek.com/about Chan, C. Y. (2009). Post-Merdeka Architecture: Malaysia 1957-1987. Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia, 1987. Fee, C. V. (2007). THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MALAYSIA - THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MALAYSIA: ARCHITECTURE. Filer, M. (2007). Makers of Modern Architecture: From Frank Lloyd Wright to Frank Gehry. Kian, L. C. (2007). Building Merdeka: Independence Architecture in Kuala Lumpur 1957-1966. Amanah reit. (2017). Retrieved from The Malaysian Time: http://www.themalaysiantimes.com.my/amanah-reit-to-acquire-two-assets-for-rm50-million-next-year/
nATIONAL MOSQUE (n.d.).
Chan, C. Y. (2009). Post-Merdeka Architecture: Malaysia 1957-1987. Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia, 1987. Fee, C. V. (2007). THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MALAYSIA - THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MALAYSIA: ARCHITECTURE. Kian, L. C. (2007). Building Merdeka: Independence Architecture in Kuala Lumpur 1957-1966. MASJID NEGARA (NATIONAL MOSQUE). (2017). Retrieved from Tourist: http://www.itc.gov.my/mosque/masjid-negara-national-mosque/ National Mosque of Malaysia. (2017). Retrieved from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Mosque_of_Malaysia National mosque jpg. (2016). Retrieved from wikipedia: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kuala_Lumpur_Malaysia_National-Mosque-04.jpg
bank negara UNIT TO WHOLE
About Bank Negara. (2017). Retrieved from Bank Negara Malaysia: http://www.bnm.gov.my/index.php?ch=en_about&pg=en_intro&ac=641 Bank Negara Malaysia. (2017). Retrieved from wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Negara_Malaysia Ching, F. D. (2017). Architecture: Form, Space, and Order 4th Edition. Bank negara jpg. (2017). Retrieved from Bank Negara Malaysia: http://www.bnm.gov.my/index.php?ch=en_press&pg=en_press&ac=4231&lang=en
NATACIA MARCELLA GINOLA 0331347 NATALIE CHEN KHEMIN 0327110 NATASHA LABITORIA 0327012 NEO ON E 0326727 NG JIA WEI 0326857 NG JIA YIN ANGELINE 0326469
MAZEN MAHMOUD MOUSTAFA RADI 0326610 MOHAMMAD HARRIS BIN HAJI ABDUL AZIZ 0323219 MOHD HAZIQ BIN JAMAL 0331106 MUHAMMAD AFIQ ABDUL KARIM 0331335 MUHAMMAD AQIL BIN MOHD AZLI 0326479 MUHAMMAD IRFAN BINIBRAHIM 0326496
bank negara wisma amanah masjid negara
dewan bahasa & pustaka
1964
jkr office wisma angkasapuri
kl
Wisma Amanah is the main bank building for Standard Chartered Bank years ago. Now is been taken over by Amanah Raya Berhad as a company building.
MASSING
The two rectangular shapes formed as the main volume of the building. The modernism of architecture is reflected from the building which only formed by general shapes that create minimalistic look and does not have excessive ornamentation.
ADDIVTIVE
The upper vertical cuboid is added and attached face to face with the lower horizontal cuboid. The upper cuboid is added to create more space for the use of the organisation, which includes offices.
MATERIALITY Reinforced concrete and tinted glass are used as main material of the building. The reinforced concrete acts as the structural of the building, while tinted glass functioned to reduce the emission of heat into the building. Plaster and white paint are used as finishes. The uses of materials create contrast and the uses of reinforced concrete shows the use of modern material and system.
Upper Vertical Cuboid
Tinted glass
Lower Horizontal Cuboid
Reinforce concrete
LIGHT & SHADOW The line of lintel frames on the building prevents large amount of sunlight transmitting into it while the building also take advantage of nature’s forces to provide natural light through glass windows, which minimize the energy used for the building.
Surface exposed to sunlight
CIRCULATION There are two main entrance for the building, which located at the information centre and another one gets to access to elevator. Both are separated for customers and workers use. The door located at the information centre is used for customers; the door which sits next to elevator ease the workers to access to every floor of the building. Circulation
1965
The National Mosque has a capacity for 15000 people and is situated among 13 arces of beautiful garden. The mosque is a bold and modern approach in reinforced concrete, symbolic of independent Malaysia. The 16 pointed star concretemain roof is reminiscent of an open umbrella.
GRID The roof top & first floor plan are designed based on grids, the roof part has blue folded plates which are placed in grids. The grids on the floor plan act as a prayer guideline for the Muslims as well as to ensure there are enough space to pray. The veranda grid roof acts as a lighting element where light shines through the grids.
Malaysia’s climate is hot and humid and this mosque is built with an open space concept. The walkways are joined together by the pool to allow air to flow into the building. Since the height of the hall is high, it enables more wind to flow in because of the difference in pressure. The walls of the main hall and the veranda are design in a geometrical pattern whereby the gaps of the pattern allows air to flow into the space. This ventilation concept is similar to the traditional Malay house.
VENTILATION
The main form of the building is a combination of clustered rectangles, which was the trend during the modernism era. The form is designed starting from flat concrete block, with the ceiling articulated as a pyramid. The architect interpreted the form by putting elements of traditional Malay house set with natural landscape platform. The veranda & serambi space are adapted into it to mediate between the interior and exterior. 48 concrete parasol columns & a pool are added into the courtyard. Every functional space is clustered together like a space within a space which creates an area with a larger
CLUSTERED FORM
Repetitions of pillars can be seen in the mosque in which each pillar represents different meanings.Black & gold pillars can be seen everywhere around the corridor, it supports the whole structure of the building. It also acts as a guide to the main prayer hall. The design concept of the veranda is to represent the fisherman in the olden days where they had no shade to pray under so they used a coconut tree as a shade. The 48 white pillars on the veranda are the representation of the coconut tree. There are 16 supportive pillars in the main prayer hall which supports the roof and decorated with Paris Islamic pattern on it.
REPETITION
SPACIAL HIERARCHY The surrounding nature creates a peaceful and harmonious environment for the user. The outdoor garden is for public to use before/after their prayer. The ablution space is placed at the ground floor of the building where the Muslims go to rinse themselves. Moreover there is an education centre for them to study the Quran as well as a VIP resting room for any special guest. On the first floor, there is a public corridor and a veranda that is surrounded by a pool. Lastly, there is a main prayer hall located at the middle of the first floor.
volume.
Ventilation
Serambi and courtyard
Black & gold Pillar
Varenda
White pillar
Main prayer hall
Main prayer pillar
Garden Main prayer hall Ablution room & other use Public corridoor & verandah
1961-68 The first part of the building consists of the Balai Budaya (Hall) and Block A which was built first in 1961 and Block B’s inception came later in 1968. The Balai Budaya serves as a gallery and its first floor serves as a multipurpose hall. Block A and Block B used to be a library but now mainly serve as the administration blocks that includes office spaces and utility rooms with the small inclusions of guest rooms. The iconic feature of the building is the mural, located at the very forefront of the Balai Budaya. The mural itself was also introduced in 1961, a creation of Ismail Mustam after winning a competition, beating 45 other contestants. The subject of mural depicts “The Malayan Way of Life and The National Language”.
N
The most dominant unit is Block B that was added to the original Block A and Balai Budaya 7 years later. Other forms of additives are the smaller service units located on either side of the building. A subtractive unit is formed between the Balai Budaya and Block A, establishing a void that serves as the lobby entrances for both blocks. Another subtractive unit is a buffer zone that disjoints Block A and B.
ADDITIVE/SUBTRACTIVE
SYMMETRY
The three forms are constructed with precise centrality surpassing the buffer zone center designed in a perfectly balanced composition where every aspect of the building has a corresponding equal form. The Balai Budaya acts a supplementary axis and focal point that helps in determining the centrality of the two blocks A and B.
CIRCULATION
REPETITION
The building is divided into two different circulations; human and vehicular. Vehicular above ground indidcates circulation for cars through the lobby, entrance and exit. The circulation through the lobby intersects with the horizontal circulation that cuts from block A to Balai Budaya. Vehicular below ground indicates circulation for cars through the basement level parking lot for visitors and staff. Horizontal circulation includes all human movement within floors, through hallways, entrances, rooms and all spaces within the building. Vertical circulation encompasses all movement going through lifts and staircases.
An element that consists of two regular shapes is repeated throughout the majority of the building’s facade. Chronologically, the first attempt of repeating these elements were on Block A. The elements were then implemented into the facade of Block B to unitize the building.
VENTILATION Louvers are used at the front and side facade of the building but natural ventilation is more attributed to the ones on each side of the building. The louvers act as both barrier to the interior buffer and a filter that allows air to pass through into the buffer zone and out towards the top of the building. Aside from that, a central block located inside the buffer zone promotes the vertical movement of air as it passes through the louvers. In addition, there is a pond that is located on the west side of the buffer zone and it helps in bringing up cold air to the rest of the building.
1968
Description: Wisma Angkasapuri was built during the post-independance time of Malaysia and was officially opened on the 6th of November 1969. It is well recognised by its repitition of its horse-shoe shaped sun shading that can be seen on the facade of this International Architecture styled building
Wisma Angkasapuri manages to adapt to its location, being exposed to a lot of sunlight, and its local climate by utilizing a façade which is covers by sun shading panels. These panels are repeated all along the exterior of the administrative building and provides adequate sun coverage for the entire office blocks while not restricting air movement into the building.
SUNLIGHT
MASSING The massing of Wisma Angkasapuri consists of three rectilinear blocks that allows for an intricate façade design. The rectilinear forms also allow for a simpler and more efficient spacial organization. Massing done for Wisma Angkasapuri manages to separate the different usages of the building being the entrance, administrative spaces and television production spaces.
EMPHASIS Wisma Angkasapuri sits on top of a hill overlooking a view of Kuala Lumpur. From the Federal Highway, the building stands tall with the “horseshoe-crab” designed sun panels covering the whole administrative block of the building. From the bottom of the hill, the sun shading panels really catches the eye and the repetition of the façade design really emphasizes this feature.
VENTILATION
Gaps between the sun-shading panels along the façade of the administration block allows for air to pass through the windows of the building.
MATERIALITY
The concrete used for the television house really helps drive the modern design as it is very commonly used in modern architectural designs at the time. The concrete panels of the administration building also allows for ease of construction as it can be manufactured and prefabricated
1968 The Central Bank of Malaysia , which is also known as BNM is governed by the Centrak Bank of Malaysia Act 2009. The aim of Bank Negara is to promote monetary and financial stability in our country which leads to a conducive environment for the sustainable growth of the Malaysian economy. Most of the Bank Negara branches was closed in 1990s when retail banks began to take over most of the country services, however , there are still branches maintained in Penang, Johor, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching and Terengganu
SPACIAL ORGANIZATION Entrance building used a centralized organization with the reception table being the dominant central area while the secondary spaces creates a symmetrical composition inside the building. This organization induces a sense of compactness in the building.
secondary spaces dominant area
REPETITION
Due to Brutalism style, there is a repetition of oblong shapes throughout the building, this shape is protruded out of the main form to avoid a cluster of geometrical forms inside the main building.The repetition of shapes also resulting in addition of spaces around the building.
CIRCULATION In the exterior, the cars are able to enter the building via the main entrance of Bank Negara along with the highlighted area as the parking lot. Human circulation inside the building revolves around the reception in the center, creating a circular path. Same with circular motion for the cars Cars are able to access the building by the sides of the parking lot, giving easy access and exit around the building incase of evacuation.
highway roadpath road within compund human circulation
GEOMETRY
This building focuses on rectilinear shape as its main geometry. The shape of entrance building are used in counterpoint with circular geometries while the circle in the center of entrance building symbolized the infinity of Allah in the Muslim world.
SYMMETRICAL BALANCE
The entrance building plan is balanced with a central axis in the middle which then resulting a mirror image inside the building.This arrangement creates a feeling of formality to the building.
1970
The building was built approximately in 1970. It was built in a grand scale and it is plain, box like geometrical shape with undecorated walls. The building uses continuous horizontal device on the glass window which provides sunshading and natural ventilation
MATERIALITY
Black tinted glass and reinforced concrete are the main materials used. The repetiton of these materials reflect the technological advancement of the particular architectural period. Black tinted glass are functioned to reduce heat emission into the building while the reinforced concrete helps to resist compression.
GEOMETRY
The ground floor plan of the building showing the lobby can be broken up into 12 basic square shapes.
NATURAL LIGHT PENETRATION
Allow natural light penetrate into each floor of the building with numerous of windows to increase the nrightness of the whole building. The windows are tinted to minimize the heat content.ound floor plan of the building showing the lobby can be broken up into 12 basic square shapes.
SPACIAL HEIRARCHY
As this is a government building, the space hierarchy arrangment of this building is simple. The ground floor is public space which is the lobby area and cafeteria while the rest of the floors are private offices.
The main entrance is located at the ground floor where there is a lobby and it is separated into two different direction which is to the left and the right side of the building. There are staircase located at the center of the lobby where offices of every floor can be accessed.
private public
black tinted glass
CIRCULATION
old jkr building Malaysian Public Works Department. (2017). Retrieved from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Public_Works_Department Roger H. Clark, M. P. (2012). Precedents in Architecture: Analytic Diagrams, Formative Ideas, and Partis, 4th Edition. WHAT IS MODERN: CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE. (2011). Retrieved from a2 MODERN: http://www.a2modern.org/2011/04/characteristics-of-modern-architecture/ ibu pejabat jabatan kerja raya. (2017). Retrieved from google map: https://www.google.com/maps/place/Jabatan+Kerja+Raya+Malaysia/
dewan bahasa dan pustaka Dewan bahasa dan Pustaka. (2017). Retrieved from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Bahasa_dan_Pustaka Ensiklopedia Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Melayu, Jilid I dan II, 1995. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. (n.d.). Kien, L. C. ("Masyarakat Impian: Reka Bentuk Mural Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka". Rencana yang ditulis khas untuk buku ini.). 2006. Omar, A. H. (2004). Muafakat Bahasa: Sejarah MBIM/MABBIM sebagai Pembina Bahasa. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Sariyan, A. (2005). "Hakikat Bahasa dan Realisasi Fungsinya dalam Pembinaan dan Penakatan Tamadun", Syarahan Raja Ali Haji 2005. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Dewan Bahasa dan pustaka jpg. (2017). Retrieved from Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/383509724493043340/
wisma angkasapuri Chan, Chee Yoong and Ken Yeang. Post-Merdeka Architecture. [Kuala Lumpur]: Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia, 1987. 2- . Ali, Suleiman. "Angkasapuri, City In The Sky". Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia. N.p., 1995. Web. Lim, Teng Ngiom, Jasmeet Singh Sidhu, and Ahmad Najib Ariffin. Shapers Of Modern Malaysia. [Kuala Lumpur]: Malaysian Institute of Architects, 2010 Influence of colonial architecture. (2017). Retrieved from Malaysia Design Achive : http://www.malaysiadesignarchive.org/an-influence-of-colonial-architecture-to-building-styles-and-motifs-in-colonial-cities-in-malaysia/ wisma angkasapuri. (2017). Retrieved from wikiwand: http://www.wikiwand.com/ms/Angkasapuri
circulation