Towards an Agroecological Urbanism in Chichester

TOWARDS AGROECOLOGICAL URBANISM

URBANISM

— AASCHOOL LANDSCAPE

— In Chichester

YUN ZHENG, SHU HENG QIE,YI DUAN 1

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TOWARDS AGROECOLOGICAL URBANISM IN CHISCHESTER

Authors: Yun Zheng, Shuheng Qie, Yi Duan

Image from: agroecology Archives - Pesticide Action Network UK

TOWARDS AGROECOLOGICAL URBANISM IN CHISCHESTER THE ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

SUBMITTED BY : Yun Zheng(MArch), Shuheng Qie(MArch),Yi Duan (MSc) DIRECTOR AND THEORY: Jose Alfredo Ramirez Galindo TECHINCAL TUTORS: Daniel Kiss

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to acknowledge that we could not have completed this thesis without the guidance and expertise of our thesis supervisors, Alfredo Ramirez, Eduardo Rico, and Clara Oloriz. We are deeply grateful for their generous support.

In addition, we would like to thank Catja De Haas for the informative guide on Chichester.

2024 Landscape Urbanism

Drawing: Shuheng Qie

Architectural Associationschool of Architecture

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ABSTRACT The Landscapes of Chichester, (urban, agricultural & water landscapes) are fragmented. This is reflected in the policies and institutions in charge of each fragmented landscapes where decisions and actions can only affect each of these landscapes only. In contrast, our proposal of Agroecological Urbanism look at these landscapes as continuous, interdependent and interrelated not only from the environmental perspective but also the way in which existing economies and industries can benefit all landscapes and peoples within them.

We will use Agroecology as the set of principles and technologies to connect existing landscapes, people and industries to create socio economic and environmental benefits and address the status quo in Chichester region.

— OUR NEW AGROECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION

1.1 Introduction of Chichester 1.2 Traditional industries in Chichester 1.3 Environmental problems in Chichester

Chapter IV

Chapter I

— WHY RESEARCH IN CHICHESTER?

— POLICIES TO SHAPE THE CHICHESTER LANDSCAPE 2.1 Existing policies in Chichester 2.2 Policy issues

5.1 Defining a New Agroecological Transformation 5.2 Applying Agroecological Model 5.3 Modelling Policies and Agroecology implementation at Site 5.4 Agroecology Technology for Sustainable Agriculture -Enhancing Crop Diversity, Soil Health, and Reducing Chemical Use - Reducing Agricultural Runoff and Managing Farmland Boundaries -Connecting Agricultural and Natural Lands for Sustainable Landscapes -Improving Soil Health and Boosting Agricultural Yields

Image from: CHICHESTER HARBOUR CONSERVANCY

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Chapter III

CONTENTS

— HOW TO TRANSFORM AGRICULTURE THROUGH THE USE OF POLICIES Chapter V

3.1 Introduction of Environmental land management 3.2 How SFI, CS, LR Work 3.3 Policy Memo (for land based agriculture) 3.4 Sussex IFCA, FaSs,International and local researchers

— CHICHESTER HARBOUR COMMUNITY BENEFIT SOCIETY 6.1 Profile of Chichester Harbour Community Benefit Society 6.2 Stakeholders of the Chichester Harbour Community Benefit Society 6.3 ctions Taken by the CBS at Different Stages to Transform the Landscape

— POTENTIAL FOR TRANSFORMATION OF EXISTING LANDSCAPES 4.1 Discover the routes and travelogue 4.2Main issues of the site 4.3 Section of the analysis of landscape potential 4.4 Potential advantages from Kernza, Reeds, Oyster, Kelp

Chapter VI

Chapter II

Handbook

5.5 Small farm consolidation 5.6 Revenue Comparison After Implementing Agroecology on Farmland 5.7 Agroecology Technology for Sustainable Aquaculture

— AGROECOLOGICAL DESIGN DETAILS IN BOSHAM 7.1Why Choose Bosham?

7.2 Wildlife Corridor Establishment 7.3 Transformation Across Different Stages 7.4 Tool List 7.5 Proposal

— AGROECOLOGY-THE KEY TO AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION

5.1 Overview of Agroecology 5.2 The 10 Elements of Agroecology and a Framework for Implementation 5.3 Agroecology Technology 5.4 Agroecology Case Study - Public-Common Cartnership ( Isle of Skye & Raasay ) - Enterprise Stacking ( Wakelyns Farm )

— END-OF-BOOK 8.1 Summary of our New Agroecology 8.2 Reference

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Chapter I Catalogue

WHY RESEARCH IN CHICHESTER? Introduction of Chichester

Traditional industries in Chichester

Environmental problems in Chichester

POLICIES TO SHAPE THE CHICHESTER LANDSCAPE Existing policies in Chichester

Policy issues

CHAPTER I Chapter Overview

CHICHESTER PROFILE AND POLICY RESEARCH

This chapter examines existing policy issues in the context of Chichester’s industrial landscape and environmental challenges.

It also provides details on policy implementation and financial support. Chichester’s economy relies heavily on agriculture, fisheries, and tourism. Horticulture, particularly greenhouse crops, plays a significant role, contributing approximately £1 billion annually. Sustainable fishing, supported by the Fisheries and Seafood Scheme (FaSS), helps protect marine ecosystems, while tourism generates around £317 million each year.

However, fragmented policies at local and national levels create obstacles. Better alignment of Environmental Land Management Schemes (ELMs) with local regulations could improve ecological connectivity between land and sea, enhancing sustainability. Such integration would support biodiversity, drive economic growth, and strengthen climate resilience, addressing both environmental and socio-economic challenges.

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Introduction of Chichester Chichester, England About Notable Histories Chichester is a city where history and natural beauty intertwine, creating a unique blend of ancient landmarks and scenic landscapes. The city's heritage is vividly reflected in the Chichester Roman walls, which date back to the 3rd century AD and are among the best-preserved Roman fortifications in Britain. These ancient walls still encircle much of the old town, offering visitors a tangible link to Chichester's Roman origins​(Wikipedia).

At the heart of the city is the iconic Chichester Cathedral, built in 1075. Known for its blend of Norman and Gothic architecture and its distinctive detached bell tower, the cathedral houses stunning stained glass and historical artifacts. It remains a cultural landmark, with its towering spire visible for miles around​(Great Sussex Way).

Beyond the city, Chichester is surrounded by extraordinary natural landscapes. Chichester Harbour, designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), is a serene environment of salt marshes, tidal flats, and tranquil waters. This harbour serves as both a wildlife sanctuary and a popular destination for activities like sailing, birdwatching, and walking​(Wikipedia)​(Chichester Harbour Conservancy). Nearby, the Fishbourne Roman Palace adds to the historical richness with its intricate Roman mosaics and ruins, offering a glimpse into the grandeur of Roman Britain​(Great Sussex Way).

Just beyond the harbour lies the South Downs National Park, a vast expanse of rolling chalk hills, woodlands, and farmlands. This park is a hotspot for outdoor enthusiasts, offering numerous hiking trails and panoramic views that complement the coastal beauty of Chichester Harbour​(Great Sussex Way). Together, Chichester's historical and natural attractions create a destination where the past and the present converge, offering a rich and multifaceted experience for visitors.

The Ambling Path - Family Friendly Walks

Nowadays, Chichester's economy is driven by three key sectors: agriculture, fisheries, and tourism.

The agriculture sector, particularly horticulture, is a major contributor, generating around £1 billion in annual sales and employing 10,000 workers, with nearly half of West Sussex's horticultural businesses based in Chichester. Fisheries along the coast also play a vital role, supporting local livelihoods.

Meanwhile, tourism injects £317 million annually into the local economy, with Chichester Harbour and its historical landmarks attracting visitors year-round​(Chichester District Council).

Chichester

The following three aspects of Chichester's current status and industry history will be introduced.

Historic Ordnance Survey Map of Fishbourne, 1919

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AGRICULTURE The The chichester’s chichester’s main main source source of of income income

Agriculture

History of agriculture in Chichester Pre-1821

The agricultural regions in Sussex High Weald Scarpfoot Zone

Chichester

Romney Marsh

Low Weald

In the High Weald and South Downs, pastoral farming dominated, with the former focusing on cattle due to poor, poorly-drained soils, while the latter specialized in sheep farming.

Pevensey Levels

South Downs

Coastal Plain

Sussex’s agriculture was largely focused on pastoral farming, particularly sheep and cattle, due to the poor soil quality in many areas like the High Weald and South Downs.

Arable farming was more prominent in areas with fertile soils, such as the Low Weald and Coastal Plain, where wheat and barley were common.

The local cattle

Lamb Sale

1821-1874 1821 This year marks the beginning of a significant shift in the High Weald, where hop farming started to gain prominence. The introduction of hops was driven by the increasing demand for beer and the suitability of the local environment.

Grow hops

1831 By this year, hop cultivation had expanded, leading to a doubling of hop acreage in the High Weald.

1874 Hop farming in Sussex reached its peak by this year, with the area contributing to around 25% of the national hop production. The crop became a major agricultural product in the region, especially in the southern half of the High Weald.

Harvest the hops

Transport hops

Post-1877 The percentage of each parish which was arable in 1877 Although hop farming remained significant, Sussex continued to focus predominantly on pastoral activities, particularly in areas where soil and climate conditions were less favorable for arable farming.

90 < 100 80 < 90

Traditional Industries in Chichester 10

70 < 80 60 < 70

10 < 20 < 10

50 < 60 40 < 50

The agricultural landscape became more diverse but maintained its traditional focus on livestock alongside the continued cultivation of hops and other crops suitable for the region.

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AGRICULTURE The chichester’s main source of income

Total Income from Farming (TIFF) in England and the proportion from each Region 2020 Total Income from Farming in England 2020: £3.6 bn

North East £128 million

North West £210 million

Yorkshire & Humber £328 million

East Midlands £574 million

West Midlands £455 million East of England £671 million

Income from agriculture Land: In 2021, 3% of England’s agricultural holdings (3,145) and 2% of England’s total farmed area (223,000 hectares) were in Sussex. The average farm size was 87 hectares in the South East (including London), which was larger than the England average of 85 hectares.

South East £504 million West Sussex

South West £682 million

Chichester

Crops: In Sussex in 2021 there was 220,071 hectares of farmed land. 27% of this farmed land was cereals (59,320 hectares), 14% general cropping (15,067hectares) and 3% horticulture (5,559 hectares).

Livestock: Of the England total in 2021, the South East (including London) had 1.6% of cattle (76,700), 2.3% of sheep (341,000), 1.1% of pigs (46,231) and 0.6% of poultry (889,000).

Labour: The total agricultural labour in Sussex in 2021 was 10,497, this is 4% of the England total. On average, there were 3.3 people per farm, this is above the England average of 2.8 people per farm. 41% of people were full time, 36% part time, 8% casual and 6% salaried managers.

Total Income from Farming for the South East

Farm Business Income (FBI): In the South East (including London), the average FBI was £51,192 for all types of farms in 2020/21. This was similar to England’s average FBI of £51,923.

Total Income from Farming (TIFF): In 2020, TIFF for England was £3,552 million. The South East (including London) contributed to 14% (£504 million) of the England TIFF (3,552 million). The average TIFF per hectare of farmed land in England in 2020 was £389. The South East (including London) was above this average at £443 TIFF per hectare.

Agricultural Land Classification Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3

£504 million

West Sussex (NE) £19 million West Sussex (SW) £23 million

Farm Funding: In 2020, the South East and London received £265 million in direct payments which accounted for 53% of the TIFF. This is similar to direct payments in England accounting for 59% TIFF. In East Sussex, West Sussex (SW) and West Sussex (NE), direct payments accounted for 69%, 69% and 58% of TIFF respectively

Grade 4 Grade 5

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TOURISM The chichester’s main source of income The chichester’s main source of income

History of tourism in Chichester 18th Century The rise of coastal tourism in Sussex began in the 18th century, primarily driven by the wealthy who sought the health benefits of sea bathing.

Towns like Brighton, Eastbourne, and Hastings started to emerge as popular destinations for London’s upper class.

These seaside towns developed specialized services and amenities to cater to the needs of affluent visitors.

Eastbourne

Hastings

Mid-19th Century Chichester

Sussex roads in 1852

Rye

Brighton Chichester

Hove Broadwater

Hastings

Lewes

Bexhill

Brighton Lewes

The arrival of the railway in the mid-19th century transformed coastal tourism. It made travel to the coast more accessible to the middle class, breaking the monopoly that the rich had on seaside vacations.

This democratization of travel led to a shift in the types of services offered by coastal towns, with resorts adapting to cater to different social classes.

The focus of these towns expanded from purely health-related activities to more general leisure and recreation, leading to their growth and diversification.

Later 19th Century As the century progressed, Sussex’s seaside towns became more specialized, targeting different market segments. Some resorts remained upscale, while others became more affordable for the growing middle class.

The economic impact of coastal tourism became increasingly significant to Sussex’s overall economy, contributing to demographic growth and the development of infrastructure and services tailored to visitors.

Throughout this period, the coastal tourism industry in Sussex played a crucial role in the region’s economic development, shifting from exclusive health retreats to more inclusive leisure destinations.

Chichester East Street early 1900s

The White Horse in South Street

The development of tourism in Sussex had a profound impact on the tertiary industry, driving the growth of services related to leisure, hospitality, and retail from the 18th century through the late 19th century.

The expansion of the railway played a crucial role in broadening the scope of tourism, which in turn fueled the diversification and specialization of the tertiary sector in Sussex.

Traditional Industries in Chichester

Old punch house

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TOURISM The Chichester’s main source of income

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Housing development aera AONB (Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty)

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SDNP (South Downs National Park)

Key Tourism Areas

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1

Midhurst/ Cowdray

2

Petworth

3

Goodwood

4

Chichester

5

The Witterings

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Selsey

Income from tourism The Sussex Visitor Economy is very large and significant with £3.9bn of spend (£5bn of impact), an amount that is comparable to Iceland and 2/3 that of Wales, and it deserves to be taken seriously as an economic driver for the region.

Staying visits (11% visits and 50% spend) and in particular overseas staying visits (2% visits and 19% spend) are very significant for Sussex with above England-average spend and visitor numbers. However average length of stay (2.68 days East Sussex and 2.46 days West Sussex) is lower than the England average domestic visitor (2.98). International length of stay in East Sussex (8.0 days) is greater than the England average (6.99 days).

Sussex Tourism Economic Impact 2019

The Sussex product and visitor experience is varied and contains many significant assets. There are a few clusters of experience that are unique e.g. vineyards and to some extent the range of cultural attractions. Likewise the landscape is distinctive and in many ways quintessentially ‘English’ though certainly not ‘dramatic’. Much of what Sussex has to offer however is thematically indistinct from other competing destinations (heritage towns and attractions, coast, countryside, gardens, events & festivals and activities).

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Chichester Tourism Economic Impact 2019

Visitor Spend (£m)

Economic Impact (£m)

Employment supported (fte)

80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000

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0

1000

3000

5000

7000

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AQUACULTURE Chichester Original Industries The Chichester original industry

History of chichester’s main maritime industry Roman and Medieval Times Roman Era The Romans began fishing for oysters in Chichester Harbour during their invasion of Britain in the first century. They recognized the harbour’s ideal conditions for oyster cultivation and likely took steps to protect these natural resources.

Emsworth Medieval Times By the thirteenth century, Emsworth had become a significant center for oyster trading. Emsworth oysters were renowned for their flavor and size, surpassing those from Whitstable. During this period, oysters were a staple for the local poor, as they were cheap, plentiful, and nutritious.

17th and 18th Centuries The Elizabethan and Stuart eras saw a booming oyster trade, with local fishermen growing wealthy. The natural oyster beds in Chichester Harbour were extensive and productive, supporting a thriving industry.

By the late 18th century, the harbour faced overfishing as fishermen from the east coast of England, as well as French and Dutch fishermen, exploited the beds. This led to a significant depletion of oyster stocks by around 1820.

The 1820s brought the discovery of new oyster beds off the French coast and at Worthing, leading to a temporary revival. However, these beds were also quickly overfished.

In 1843, the British and French governments agreed to seasonal fishing restrictions to allow oysters to breed and recover.

The arrival of railways in 1846 revolutionized the industry, enabling faster transportation of oysters to distant markets like London and Brighton. This period saw a significant expansion in the industry, with increased demand and improved fishing techniques.

Emsworth

Later 19th Century

Bosham

Fishermen developed sophisticated methods, including nursery beds and foreshore ponds for oyster cultivation, leading to higher quality oysters. The peak of the industry was between 1890 and 1900, with Bosham and Emsworth becoming prominent oyster ports.

By 1900, advanced oyster boats like JD Foster’s “Echo” showcased the latest technology, including steam power and large wet wells to keep oysters alive.

Despite the flourishing industry at its peak, over time, the oyster population in Chichester Harbour diminished. Today, oysters survive in the harbour but in much smaller numbers compared to their historical abundance.

Traditional Industries in Chichester 18

19 Photo © Scott Ramsey.

Research, Drawing & Typesetting: Yun zheng

AQUACULTURE The Chichester original industry The oyster industry in Chichester during the 19th century

In the 19th century, Chichester Harbour’s oyster industry experienced cycles of boom and bust, evolving from a subsistence activity to a thriving, factory-style farming system driven by demand from London and other markets, facilitated by the arrival of railways, yet ultimately facing challenges from overfishing, habitat destruction, and rising competition.

The oyster farming legacy remains a part of Chichester’s historical identity, and modern conservation efforts aim to restore and protect the area’s marine ecosystem, including its oyster populations.

Traditional Industries in Chichester 20

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AQUACULTURE The Chichester original industry

Value (£ million) ≥0.0 to 0.5

>0.5 to 1.0

>1.0 to 2.0 >2.0 to 4.0

>4.0 to 6.0

>6.0 to 12.0

Landings of demersal species by the UK fleet in 2022

Quantity of landings by UK vessels in 2022 by species group

Shellfish 121 thousand tonnes 19%

Demersal 135 thousand tonnes 21%

Income from fisheries Pelagic 384 thousand tonnes 60%

Official statistics on economic output of the fishing industry are volatile and can be significantly revised from year to year. According to the ONS, in 2021, the sector contributed around 0.03% of total UK economic output and around 5% of the broader agriculture, forestry and fishing sector.

Value (£ million) ≥0.0 to 0.5

>0.5 to 1.0

>1.0 to 2.5

>2.5 to 5.0

>5.0 to 10.0

>10.0 to 15.0

Landings of shellfish species by the UK fleet in 2022 22

In 2020, just under 70% of economic output from the fishing and aquaculture industry was generated in Scotland.

Seafish, a non-departmental public body representing the seafood industry, estimated that economic output in the sector was £483 million in 2021, up from £458 million in 2020, but lower than the £536 million reported in 2019.

Seafish explained that fishing businesses’ operating profits rose in 2021 compared to 2020, but remained lower than profits recorded in 2019.

Fishing economic output by region % fishing industry output, 2020

South West South East Yorks & Humber East of England

The productivity of the Solent stock, including Chichester Harbour oyster fishery has been declining for a number of years. Recruitment failures from 2008 to 2010, increased competition from the slipper limpet , increases in the predatory winkle, habitat loss, skewed sex ratios as well as the significance of the oyster disease Bonamia ostreae3 are acting in combination with changes in water quality, climate change and fishing effort have all played their part in the declini . It is thought that the recruitment failure for three consecutive years is due to low fertilisation success, as a result of low oyster density on the shellfish beds, which is a key requirement for successful reproduction.

North West North East East Midlands West Midlands London 0%

10%

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Current Distribution of Industries

Quantity of oysters landed at Chichester Harbor (tones) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 5.85 2012 no data 2013 2014 2015 2016 5.73 2017

30.06 71.68 48.22 28.28 30.39 13.36 13.06

26.3 28.5

Output value of oysters at Chichester Harbor ( £) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 17550 2011 2012 no data 2013 2014 2015 2016 14850 2017

39044 80489 46131 50522

Distribution of farms by type in South East England, 2021 Percentage of farmed area (%) West Sussex

20%

16%

7%

39%

14%

(North East) West Sussex

61026

(South West) 46769 45521

40% Cereals

78900 85500

14% General Cropping

6%

18% Grazing Livestock

Dairy

Kelp forest area 2019

19% Mixed

West Sussex Agriculture Raw total £m 250

Kelp forest area 1980

In the late 1970s the kelp beds between Selsey and Shoreham-by-Sea were abundant.

But by the end of the century, 96% of the kelp had disappeared, along with the marine life it supported.

Among the factors that caused the kelp to disappear were intensive fishing activity in the area using heavy trawl nets (trawling) which, when dragged along the seafloor can destroy seabed habitats. ​

200 150 100

Conclusion

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Intensive fishing practices, particularly trawling, have destroyed critical habitats, causing the collapse of the marine life they supported. Environmental stressors like water quality deterioration, climate change, and fishing pressure have compounded these problems, affecting the fishery's overall health and sustainability.

Oyster dredging area

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Agricultural Land

2009 2010 2011 2012

Horticultural Land

In the initial phase, we analyzed Chichester’s key industries, including agriculture and fisheries. Currently, these sectors are facing significant challenges, such as monoculture practices in agriculture, the depletion of fishery resources as well as the pollution of the bay. To address these issues, a transition toward more sustainable practices is urgently needed.

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Research, Drawing &Typesetting: Yun Zheng

What have we seen of Chichester Bay so far?

Different reports from the local area

Pollution from land Chichester faces several interconnected landscape issues, particularly driven by water pollution, urban expansion, and monoculture farming. Water pollution from untreated sewage discharge has severely impacted Chichester Harbour, with over 150 pollution incidents since 2018, affecting wildlife and ecosystems in this Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). Urban expansion has intensified pressure on natural habitats, with housing developments often compromising green corridors and agricultural land. Meanwhile, monoculture farming depletes soil and increases reliance on chemicals, further exacerbating water quality issues from agricultural runoff. These challenges have prompted the local government to implement more robust environmental protection policies, such as Chichester’s Plan for Water, to improve sewage infrastructure and protect waterways​(Gillian Keegan)​ (SussexWorld).

On the basis of this map, we see a dense concentration of outfalls around Chichester Bay, which are spread out over various parts of the urban and agricultural areas, particularly around Dell Quay and West/East Wittering.

Map of priority outfalls near the bay from chichester council

Environmental Problems in Chichester Having identified the source of the contamination, we carried out further research.

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Research & Typesetting: Yi Duan

Existing Problems in the Chichester Landscape Chichester faces growing pressure from environmental and human activities, particularly water pollution. Key causes include agricultural use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides as well as urban sewage discharge. Chemicals from agriculture flow into rivers and collect in Chichester Bay, where flat terrain and slow water flow lead to accumulation, causing eutrophication and harming the ecosystem.

Therefore we chose Section A for our study.

Section A -Connections between Problems In these sections we try to visualize the problems faced by Chichester Harbour, and how do these environmental issues and industries interact with each other. For example how soil erosion caused by monocultures increase the flow of artificial fertilizers into the bay.

Video

Section A

The crop planting distribution in southern Chichester, showing the proportion of various crops.

Generally, crop cultivation here is based on monocultures, which is one of the reasons for the heavy use of chemical pesticides and soil erosion.

Drawing: Yun Zheng

Research, Drawing &Typesetting: Yun Zheng

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Policy Status of Chichester Post-Brexit status of the UK...

Since Brexit, Chichester’s agricultural, fisheries, and tourism sectors have seen significant policy changes, diverging from EU frameworks.

CAP from EU

In agriculture, Chichester once relied heavily on EU subsidies, particularly in horticulture. After Brexit, the UK launched the Agricultural Transition Plan, focusing on sustainability and reducing chemical inputs, replacing the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). The government is promoting local markets and innovation funding, with horticulture, including greenhouse crops and flowers, remaining a vital economic pillar for the region.

Fisheries have gained more autonomy post-Brexit, no longer restricted by the EU’s Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). However, this newfound control comes with challenges, particularly in exports.

Increased tariffs and regulatory burdens have made exporting to the EU more difficult, especially for small-scale fishermen. Nonetheless, Chichester's fisheries policies now emphasize sustainable practices and environmental protection, with government support for smaller, local operations to mitigate these challenges.

In tourism, Brexit has led to fewer visitors from EU countries due to visa regulations and other travel restrictions. As a result, Chichester’s tourism strategy has shifted towards attracting more domestic visitors. The region has begun promoting its natural attractions, such as Chichester Harbour and the South Downs National Park, focusing on rural and nature-based tourism. These areas offer ample opportunities for outdoor activities, helping to maintain tourism’s importance to the local economy despite changes in visitor demographics.

Finally, in terms of construction and infrastructure, Chichester has adapted post-Brexit by increasing support for local businesses. The city council has implemented policies aimed at encouraging innovation and growth, such as the creation of the Enterprise Centre, which provides resources and space for small businesses and startups. The council's efforts to boost the local economy include attracting investment and using newly acquired autonomy in local development planning to stimulate business growth and job creation.

CFP from EU

These post-Brexit policy adjustments are helping Chichester navigate the challenges while exploring new economic opportunities and focusing on environmental sustainability​(Chichester District Council).

Despite Chichester's efforts to implement policies aimed at mitigating the impacts of Brexit, several underlying issues remain, particularly in the environment, economy, and employment sectors.

Youth labor migration has intensified as local opportunities dwindle, and the expansion of housing developments has increased pressure on natural landscapes. Agriculture and construction have further degraded the region’s natural beauty, with insufficient job creation in sustainable industries.

These challenges highlight the need for more comprehensive strategies to balance economic growth with environmental protection and local employment retention. Next, we will examine the structural issues in policy implementation.

Existing Policies in Chichester 33

34 Image from: BBC News

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Main policies implemented

Compliance with Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) and Division for Sustainable Development Goals (DSDG) development principles, this section outlines the main government structure addressing current issues. The UK government hierarchy consists of Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs) and Environmental Land Management Schemes (ELMs). AONB policies are primarily implemented by government departments, while ELMs policies focus on individual farmers. The West Sussex County Council provides additional regional support, and the Chichester Local Plan is executed by government departments, regulators, and community participants.

The Chichester Growth Deal(2017-2023)

The Chichester Harbour Conservancy developed an AONB Management Plan for local authorities including Havant Borough, Chichester District, West Sussex County, and Hampshire County Councils. This plan outlines the key landscape features and characteristics of the Chichester Harbour Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), guiding its management and spatial planning. Additionally, the Conservancy created a Landscape Character Assessment and design guidelines for new constructions and extensions, both of which are endorsed by the District Council to support sustainable development within the AONB.

Under the Agricultural Transition, Environmental Land Management Schemes (ELMs) are evolving to reward farmers and land managers for enhancing environmental benefits alongside food production. These schemes include grants for improving farm productivity, fostering innovation, and supporting research and development. ELMs aim to create a resilient agricultural sector that meets both production needs and environmental goals. The reforms push for sustainable practices, ensuring that environmental protection and climate targets are integrated into farming operations, helping address critical global challenges while maintaining long-term productivity.

The deal focuses on progressing specific projects through effective partnerships with a range of stakeholders to support economic growth opportunities that are aligned with the delivery of the projects and priorities contained within the Chichester Vision that will support and promote investment within the city.

City Council

Inspector

Persons

City Council

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Stack holder

Chichester Local Plan 2021-2039

Chichester Local Plan emphasizes the need to strategically guide the physical development of the area over a 15-year period starting from the plan's adoption, covering the years 2021 to 2039.

The plan aims to address housing, economic, and environmental needs in a sustainable manner, ensuring that development aligns with long-term strategies for growth while maintaining compliance with the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF)​

City Council

Inspector

Persons

Who are the mentors?

ELMs

Who are the mentors?

AONB

Research & Typesetting: Yi Duan

Existing Policy Structure on Land The image summarizes the policies impacting landscapes, organized by the scale and authority responsible for their implementation. For instance, the Environmental Land Management (ELM) policies influence all agricultural landscapes across the UK. Later in the presentation, we will explore in detail how these policies could be adjusted to support alternative approaches for managing and designing these landscapes more comprehensively via agroecological principles.

Department of Economic and Social Affairs

Division for Sustainable Development Goals

SDG 15

SDG 12

SDG 11 Sustainable human settlements development

UN Environment Programme (UNEP)

Biodiversity&Ecosystems

Desertification, land degradation and drought

2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

New Urban Agenda

For protected areas only

One-on-one for different landscapes

Environmental Land Management （ELMs）

Areas of outstanding natural beauty (AONBs)

Environment Agency

Historic England

Chichester Harbour Conservancy

Natural England

The Chichester Growth Deal(2017-2023) For landscaping and construction within all west sussex boundaries

Chichester Local Plan 2021-2039 For landscaping and construction within all Chichester boundaries

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Existing Policy Structure on Land 38

Based on the chart, Chichester's fisheries policies are structured with various national and local entities working together. The Fisheries and Seafood Scheme (FaSS), led by the Marine Management Organisation on behalf of DEFRA, offers financial support for sustainable fishing practices. The Sussex Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority (IFCA) plays a key role in managing local fisheries resources, enforcing regulations under the Marine and Coastal Access Act. Collaborations with international and local researchers, such as Cefas, focus on projects like oyster restoration and kelp recovery to preserve marine ecosystems. Locally, initiatives like the Chichester Harbour Oyster Partnership Initiative (CHOPI) and the Chichester Harbour Conservancy aim to protect and enhance coastal biodiversity while balancing sustainable fishing practices.

Existing Policy Structure on Coastal Area and Marine

Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science

Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs

Enabling a Natural Capital Approach (ENCA)

Fisheries and Seafood Scheme(FaSS)

Marine Management Organisation

Fisheries Management Plans

International and local researchers

Sussex IFCA

The Chichester Harbour Oyster Partnership Initiative (CHOPI)

Four-Year Conservation and Research Plan 2020-2024

Chichester Harbour Conservancy

Existing Policy Structure on Coastal Area and Marine Image from FaSs

39

Chichester Harbour Protection and Recovery of Nature (CHaPRoN)

Chichester AONB

40

Research & Typesetting: Yi Duan

Based on the policy research, we found ...

Main problems Now-Policy fragmentation

Policy Issues Kelp

Fish for (aquatic animals and plants)

Chichester Harbour Conservancy -Chichester AONB -Chichester Harbour Protection and Recovery of Nature (CHaPRoN)

Oyster

Chichester Harbour Oyster Partnership Initiative (CHOPI) -Native Oyster Restoration Project

Sussex IFCA(Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority) -Sussex Kelp Recovery Project (SKRP) -Marine protected area(MPA)

UK Policy

In terms of agriculture, Chichester itself has limited dedicated policies, with horticultural development being one of the few explicitly supported agricultural activities. However, broader agricultural policies that affect Chichester, such as the Environmental Land Management schemes (ELMs), are managed at the national level by the UK government. These national policies, while crucial for promoting sustainable farming practices, do not always align seamlessly with the local policies in Chichester, leading to potential conflicts and inefficiencies.

Chichester Harbour Conservancy -The Solent Seascape Project

Sussex Policy

For instance, policies within Chichester’s jurisdiction, such as those in the General Plan and residential area planning, often focus primarily on housing, leaving agricultural considerations as a secondary concern. This is evident in the way that different policies specifically address coastal development, such as those within Chichester’s Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) and coastal zones, but do not integrate agricultural needs comprehensively.

Chichester Policy

Saltmarsh Chichester faces a complex array of landscape agricultural policy issues that stem from the fragmentation and repetition of policies across different levels of governance. These policies, which aim to address various aspects of land use and environmental management, are often scattered and overlap in ways that complicate effective implementation.

Sussex Policy

Chichester Policy

Oyster bed

Reed bed

Farmland

Chichester Harbour Conservancy -Chichester Harbour Planning Principles 2019 - 2024

Chichester District council -Local Plan

UK Policy

Sussex IFCA(Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority) -The Sussex IFCA Oyster Permit Byelaw

ELMs -CS, SFI, LR

Current policies focus on addressing individual landscapes but are challenging to implement because they operate independently and follow separate timelines and individual choices despite the interconnected nature of landscapes

Before

Now

Stage1 Coastal erosion

Stage2 Destruction of marine habitats

Stage3 Primary industry closure

1948s

2019s

2020s

Chichester has lost half of its salt marsh, increasing the erosion of sea defences by waves and tides.

Only 4% of kelp beds remained in Sussex

-Oyster farming -Fisheries industry

41

Stage4 Eutrophication of seawater

-Algae blooms -Oxygen deficiency in seabed plants

Water Pollution

Monoculture

-Agricultural water pollution -Industrial water pollution

-Soil erosion

42

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HOW TO TRANSFORM AGRICULTURE THROUGH THE USE OF POLICIES Introduction of Environmental and management

How SFI, CS, LR Work

Policy Memo (for land based agriculture)

Sussex IFCA, FaSs,International and local researchers

Based on the current state of chichester policy, we have developed a...

Policy User Guide In this guidebook, we provide specific details on the implementation of the policies, the regions and the funding requirements. We also highlight some of the problems that will be faced when used individually, so we recommend that these policies are used jointly.

To address Chichester’s landscape and agricultural policy challenges, integrating two key Environmental Land Management schemes (ELMs)—Sustainable Farming Incentive (SFI) and Countryside Stewardship (CS)—could streamline efforts. SFI can promote sustainable practices by incentivizing farmers to improve soil health and biodiversity, aligning with local land use goals. CS, on the other hand, can address specific environmental concerns such as coastal management and habitat restoration. By aligning these schemes more closely with local policies, Chichester can better balance agricultural, environmental, and residential needs, reducing policy fragmentation and promoting comprehensive land management.

Handbook CHICHESTER Policy User Guide Transformation of agriculture and fisheries 43

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Policy Guide Catalogue Manual for the Use of Land-based Policies Helpers in the transformation of agriculture

Introduction of ELMs

Introduction of Environmental land management schemes(ELMs)

As part of the post-Brexit era, the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA) has introduced a series of new agricultural policies, including the Environmental Land Management (ELM) schemes. While these schemes represent a significant step forward in the fight against climate change, there are concerns that they might fall short in supporting local food systems and the concept of food sovereignty. This section will first evaluate the functioning of the ELM schemes and other recent proposals, then assess their effectiveness in fostering food security and local food systems, identifying potential impacts and gaps that need to be addressed to promote a more sustainable and equitable food future.

Sustainable Farming Incentive(SFI) Simulation implementation

The concepts of food sovereignty and local food systems are complementary, both emphasizing the importance of sustainable agricultural practices and the equitable distribution of resources. They stand as innovative alternatives to the dominant industrialized food system, advocating for the right of communities to control their food and agricultural systems. This approach promotes localized food systems and equal access to resources like land, water, and seeds through democratic decision-making. Many local food systems are characterized by shorter supply chains, connecting producers and consumers more directly, with the goal of creating resilient networks that support diverse food production, community development, and sustainable practices.

Countryside Stewardship(CS) Simulation implementation

Landscape Recovery

ELM Development History

Land-based Policies 2021

Seven-year programme The Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA) has introduced the Agricultural Transition Programme, a seven-year plan from 2021 to 2027, which marks a significant shift from the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) to a UK-specific system. The programme involves phasing out the Basic Payment Scheme (BPS) by 2024 and replacing it with new schemes under the Environmental Land Management (ELM) initiative. These new schemes are designed to promote sustainable farming by rewarding farmers for enhancing biodiversity, soil health, and climate resilience.

2022

ELM Scheme - Sustainable Farming Incentive, SFI - Countryside Stewardship, CS - Landscape Recovery，LR

Introduction

Policy Memo Introduction

2023- Expansion of ELM and Grant Programs 2024

DEFRA is expanding the Environmental Land Management (ELM) scheme, allowing more farmers to participate and offering additional options. The expansion is part of a broader plan to enhance agricultural sustainability. DEFRA also plans to invest in grants for productivity, skills development, and pilot programs aimed at fostering innovation and technology adoption in agriculture

Manual for the Use of Marine Policy

The 7-Year Agricultural Transition Plan

Helpers in the transformation of fisheries

Introduction of researchers and Fisheries and Seafood Scheme(FaSs) Following Brexit, the UK government, through DEFRA, introduced the “7-year Agricultural Transition Plan” to replace the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). This plan is integral to the UK’s broader environmental and sustainability goals, aligning with the “25-year Environmental Plan” and the 2050 net zero commitments. The transition involves gradually phasing out the Basic Payment Scheme (BPS), a legacy of the CAP, and replacing it with new Environmental Land Management (ELM) schemes.

Benefits of joint use of fisheries policies Simulation implementation

20252027

Full Policy Implementation

2027

Transition Completion

Under the new ELM schemes, payments are no longer primarily based on the size of farmland but are instead linked to sustainable agricultural practices. This shift encourages viewing farmers as custodians of the landscape, promoting agroecological approaches over large-scale industrial farming.

Recognizing the significant changes this transition entails, DEFRA is implementing these changes gradually over seven years, allowing farmers time to adapt. The funds saved from reducing direct payments will be redirected into new schemes, grants, and other support measures to help farmers manage their land and businesses more sustainably during this period

The UK’s new agricultural policy is moving towards full implementation, emphasizing environmental outcomes and the delivery of public goods. As part of this shift, direct payments to farmers are being gradually phased out, making way for a system that rewards sustainable practices and contributions to environmental stewardship​

The transition period is nearing its end, with direct payments now completely phased out. These have been replaced by a new support system focused on rewarding sustainable agricultural practices and delivering public environmental benefits​

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Sustainable Farming Incentive (SFI)

The expanded Sustainable Farming Incentive (SFI) scheme for 2024 introduces several key improvements:

Introduction of SFI

Wider Range of Standards: The scheme now offers more standards, including those for soil health, nutrient management, and integrated pest management, enabling farmers to select actions that align with their specific farming operations.

The UK’s Sustainable Farming Incentive (SFI) policy delivers significant benefits by promoting environmental sustainability, supporting farmers’ economies, increasing food security and tackling climate change.SFI focuses on soil health, water management, biodiversity and climate change mitigation, and promotes the adoption of more environmentally friendly agricultural practices by farmers. SFI has brought significant benefits. However, SFI also faces shortcomings such as complexity of implementation, insufficient allocation of funds, difficulties in monitoring its effects, and neglect of regional differences.

Higher Payment Rates: Payment rates have been increased to more accurately reflect the benefits of sustainable farming practices, ensuring farmers are fairly compensated for their environmental contributions.

Flexibility and Accessibility: The scheme has been made more accessible with simplified application processes and options for shorter agreements, allowing farmers to tailor their participation to their farm’s specific needs and easily combine different standards.

The Sustainable Farming Incentive (SFI) is a key part of the UK government’s Environmental Land Management (ELM) schemes, designed to support sustainable agriculture practices. The SFI scheme for 2024 has been expanded to offer more flexibility, increased payment rates, and a broader range of actions that farmers can take to enhance environmental outcomes.

Support for All Farmers: The expanded scheme is inclusive, designed to encourage participation from farmers of all sizes and types, including those already involved in environmental stewardship, by offering enhanced payments and new opportunities.

Specific measures of SFI

The Challenge of SFI Policiesand the Synergy of other Policies(CS) Over the course of the implementation of the UK’s Sustainable Farming Incentive (SFI) policy, government figures show that between 2022 and 2024, subsidies of up to £500 million per year are expected to be made available to participating farmers. However, despite the high level of financial support, the complexity of policy implementation and initial underfunding remain notable issues, making it difficult for some small-scale farmers to participate. An initial assessment by the UK’s Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB) showed that the proportion of participating farmers only reached around 60 per cent of the intended target in the early stages of the policy’s implementation. In addition, as the policy was not designed with sufficient consideration of regional differences, farmers in some areas found it difficult to adapt the SFI requirements to local realities, thus affecting the overall effectiveness of the policy.

Soil

Nutrient management

Integrated pest management

Hedgerows

Moorland

Buffer strips

Farmland wildlife on improved grassland

Low input grassland

Farmland wildlife on arable and horticultural land

Therefore, we need to make joint use of the Countryside Stewardship (CS) policy, which is more nuanced and comprehensive.The CS policy not only provides financial support for sustainable agricultural practices, but also covers a wider range of environmental protection and restoration measures, such as biodiversity enhancement, water quality improvement, air quality management, natural flood management, and so on (Gov.uk, Defra Farming). CS management options are more diverse than SFI, supporting projects ranging from habitat restoration to conservation of historic and cultural sites, and covering a wide range of areas such as on-farm infrastructure improvements, boundary management, and forest restoration (Land App, Land App).

Policy CS refines the protection of special ecosystems, such as the management of lowland grasslands and peatlands, areas that are not only critical in terms of biodiversity but also play a key role in combating climate change. Data show that about 28 per cent of lowland grasslands and 25 per cent of peatlands are included in the CS scheme (Defra Farming). In addition, CS provides higher levels of financial support in terms of payment mechanisms, such as a multi-fold increase in payments for certain wetland management measures, making environmental protection more economically viable (Land App).

However, despite the greater flexibility and financial support of the CS policy, its drawback is the complexity of the application process, particularly the need to fulfil multiple tiers of conditions, which poses a challenge for small farmers (National Farmers’ Union). The combination of SFI’s simplified process and CS’s broader support could lead to better sustainable agriculture and environmental protection.

Research & Typesetting: Yi Duan

Arable crops

Temporary grassland

Horticultural

Permanent grassland

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SUSTAINABLE FARMING INCENTIVE (SFI) POLICY THAT CAN SUPPOT TRANSFORMATION

Actions for soils

Actions for integrated pest management

SAM1 Assess soil, test soil organic matter and produce a plan

2

Actions for nutrient management

IPM3 Companion crop on arable and horticultural land NUM1 Assess nutrient management and produce a review report

1

Soil testing Maintaining soil fertility

Beneficial insect

Pollination 3

Weeds

Farm Land

1

SFI Policy:SAM2 SFI Policy:IPM3 SFI Policy:IPM4

614427£ 261965£ 214335£

SFI Policy:MOR1 SFI Policy:HRW1 SFI Policy:HRW2 SFI Policy:HRW3

Actions for soils

SAM1 Assess soil, test soil organic matter and produce a plan Evaluate the soil for all land parcels included in this action and develop a comprehensive soil management plan for that land. Additionally, ensure that the soil organic matter (SOM) has been tested on all relevant land parcels within the last five years.

2

Total only £6.00 per ha and additional payment of £97 per agreement

SAM2 Multi-species winter cover crops

Total or part £129 per ha

SAM3 Herbal leys

Total or part £382 per ha

N2

Actions for integrated pest management

IPM1 Assess integrated pest management and produce a plan

N2

N2

Earth worm

3

Agreement level SFI action £1,129 per year

•Arrange for a BASIS qualified adviser to visit your farm.

•The adviser will evaluate your current crop pest, weed, and disease management strategies.

•Discuss opportunities for implementing Integrated Pest Management (IPM).

•The adviser will assist in creating a written IPM plan.

For example: •crop rotations •using resistant crop varieties •establishing a flower-rich grass margin close to cropped areas to •provide habitat for natural crop pest predators

Actions for nutrient management

NUM1 Assess nutrient management and produce a review report Use one or more type of legume, such as: • red clover • white clover • alsike clover • sainfoin • lucerne • bird’s foot trefoil

SFI Policy:AHL1

IPM2 Flower-rich grass margins, blocks, or in- field strips

Total or part £798 per ha

SFI Policy:AHL4

IPM3 Companion crop on arable and horticultural land

Total or part £55 per ha

IPM4 No use of insecticide on arable crops and permanent crops

Total or part £45 per ha

Agreement level SFI action £652 per year

NUM2 Legumes on improved grassland

Total or part £102 per ha

NUM3 Legume fallow

Total or part £593 per ha

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SUSTAINABLE FARMING INCENTIVE (SFI) POLICY THAT CAN SUPPOT TRANSFORMATION

Actions for moorland

Actions for low input grassland

Actions for hedgerows

IPM4 No use of insecticide on arable crops and permanent crops HRW1 Assess and record hedgerow condition

MOR1 Assess moorland and produce a written record Moorland

2 LIG1 Manage grassland with very low nutrient inputs (outside SDAs)

1

Maintenance of hedges

Low input grassland

3

Buffer grassland

Farm Land Moorland Grass Land

1

MOR1 Assess moorland and produce a written record

SFI Policy:SAM2 SFI Policy:IPM3 SFI Policy:IPM4 SFI Policy:MOR1 SFI Policy:HRW1 SFI Policy:HRW2 SFI Policy:HRW3

Actions for moorland

805£ 35174£

2

Total only £10.60 per ha and additional payment of £272 per agreement

Actions for low input grassland

IGL1: Take grassland field corners or blocks out of management You are required to leave specific grassland field corners or blocks unmanaged, meaning they must remain uncut and ungrazed. On these unmanaged areas, you must avoid: •Grazing livestock (fencing may be funded through CS Capital Grants).

•Cutting, except for controlling harmful weeds or invasive species like rush, nettles, or bracken.

•Conducting activities that could disturb breeding birds or damage nests.

•Applying any fertilisers, manures, or lime.

•Using pesticides, except for spot-treating or weed-wiping to control harmful weeds or invasive species.

91453£ 70348£

SFI Policy:AHL1 SFI Policy:AHL4

3

Only total SFI available area, unless done with IGL1 £151 per ha

Actions for hedgerows

HRW1 Assess and record hedgerow condition

£5 per 100m –one side

You are required to: Assess the condition of all hedgerows included in this action.

Create a written record of the hedgerow condition assessment.

If you have already conducted an assessment and produced a written record within the last five years, you can use that existing document to fulfill this requirement.

Only total SFI available area, unless done with IGL1 £151 per ha

HRW2 Manage hedgerows

£13 per 100m – one side

HRW3 Maintain or establish hedgerow trees

£10 per 100m – both sides

IGL2: Winter bird food on improved grassland

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SUSTAINABLE FARMING INCENTIVE (SFI) POLICY THAT CAN SUPPOT TRANSFORMATION

Actions for farmland wildlife on arable and horticultural land

Actions for farmland wildlife on improved grassland

Actions for buffer strips

IGL2 Winter bird food on improved grassland 1 3

Crows

AHL1 Pollen and nectar flower mix

Fox 2

Deer

Hares

Squirrel

Farm Land Plannig Grass Buffer

1

AHL1 Pollen and nectar flower mix

SFI Policy:SAM2 SFI Policy:IPM3 SFI Policy:IPM4

SFI Policy:AHL4

Total or part £739 per ha

You must establish and maintain strips or blocks of a pollen and nectar flower mix using a grass-free seed mix with at least six flower species, ensuring no single species exceeds 50% of the mix. The mix must include at least two species like Common knapweed, Musk mallow, Oxeye daisy, Wild carrot, or Yarrow. Once established, these areas must not be cut, grazed, or treated with fertilizers, and pesticide use should be limited to spot treatment for harmful weeds.

Existing areas that meet these criteria can be maintained under this action if not funded by another scheme.

SFI Policy:MOR1 SFI Policy:HRW1 SFI Policy:HRW2 SFI Policy:HRW3

SFI Policy:AHL1

Actions for farmland wildlife on arable and horticultural land

17599£ 50985£

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2

Actions for farmland wildlife on improved grassland

IGL1 Take grassland field corners or blocks out of management

3

Total or part £333 per ha

You must leave designated grassland field corners or blocks unmanaged, meaning they should remain uncut and ungrazed. On these areas, you are prohibited from grazing livestock, except where fencing funded by CS Capital Grants is used.

Cutting is only allowed for controlling harmful or invasive species. Additionally, no activities that might disturb breeding birds or damage nests are permitted, and the application of fertilizers, manures, lime, or pesticides (except for spot-treating invasive species) is also restricted.

AHL2 Winter bird food on arable and horticultural land

Total or part £853 per ha

AHL3 Grassy field corners or blocks

Total or part £590 per ha

Actions for buffer strips

IGL3 4m to 12m grass buffer strip on improved grassland

Total or part £235 per ha

The buffer must be placed around an existing landscape or heritage feature, such as hedgerows, stone walls, woodlands, ditches, rivers, streams, or historical and archaeological features like earthworks, structures, or buildings.

AHL4 4m to 12m grass buffer strip on arable and horticultural land

IGL2 Winter bird food on improved grassland

Total or part £515 per ha

Total or part £515 per ha

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Countryside Stewardship(CS)

Introduction of CS

CS Countryside Stewardship

The UK’s Sustainable Farming Incentive (SFI) policy delivers significant benefits by promoting environmental sustainability, supporting farmers’ economies, increasing food security and tackling climate change.SFI focuses on soil health, water management, biodiversity and climate change mitigation, and promotes the adoption of more environmentally friendly agricultural practices by farmers. SFI has brought significant benefits. However, SFI also faces shortcomings such as complexity of implementation, insufficient allocation of funds, difficulties in monitoring its effects, and neglect of regional differences.

The Sustainable Farming Incentive (SFI) is a key part of the UK government’s Environmental Land Management (ELM) schemes, designed to support sustainable agriculture practices. The SFI scheme for 2024 has been expanded to offer more flexibility, increased payment rates, and a broader range of actions that farmers can take to enhance environmental outcomes.

The Challenge of CS police Over the course of the implementation of the UK’s Sustainable Farming Incentive (SFI) policy, government figures show that between 2022 and 2024, subsidies of up to £500 million per year are expected to be made available to participating farmers. However, despite the high level of financial support, the complexity of policy implementation and initial underfunding remain notable issues, making it difficult for some small-scale farmers to participate. An initial assessment by the UK’s Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB) showed that the proportion of participating farmers only reached around 60 per cent of the intended target in the early stages of the policy’s implementation. In addition, as the policy was not designed with sufficient consideration of regional differences, farmers in some areas found it difficult to adapt the SFI requirements to local realities, thus affecting the overall effectiveness of the policy.

Therefore, we need to make joint use of the Countryside Stewardship (CS) policy, which is more nuanced and comprehensive.The CS policy not only provides financial support for sustainable agricultural practices, but also covers a wider range of environmental protection and restoration measures, such as biodiversity enhancement, water quality improvement, air quality management, natural flood management, and so on (Gov.uk, Defra Farming). CS management options are more diverse than SFI, supporting projects ranging from habitat restoration to conservation of historic and cultural sites, and covering a wide range of areas such as on-farm infrastructure improvements, boundary management, and forest restoration (Land App, Land App).

Policy CS refines the protection of special ecosystems, such as the management of lowland grasslands and peatlands, areas that are not only critical in terms of biodiversity but also play a key role in combating climate change. Data show that about 28 per cent of lowland grasslands and 25 per cent of peatlands are included in the CS scheme (Defra Farming). In addition, CS provides higher levels of financial support in terms of payment mechanisms, such as a multi-fold increase in payments for certain wetland management measures, making environmental protection more economically viable (Land App).

However, despite the greater flexibility and financial support of the CS policy, its drawback is the complexity of the application process, particularly the need to fulfil multiple tiers of conditions, which poses a challenge for small farmers (National Farmers’ Union). The combination of SFI’s simplified process and CS’s broader support could lead to better sustainable agriculture and environmental protection.

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Classification of Funds Support

Type of scope covered by grants This chart shows the categorisation of CS policy use (from gov.uk),there are a number of grants that can be used in different areas.

Educational access

Historic environment

Mid tier( 76 grants in capital item):

For Chichester

Mid tier is to protect and enhance the natural environment through multi-year management options and capital items. It offers less money than higher tier's.

The action types we recommended use

Vegetation control Arable land

1.Protect vulnerable or threatened species 2.Manage hedgerows, drystone walls, stock fencing and gates 3.Improve local water quality and manage flood risk in your local area 4.Convert and manage land to organic certification standards 5.Protect and enhance historic, archaeological and geodiversity features 6.Support educational access 7.Improve air quality and reduce ammonia emissions

Organic land Livestock mannagement Boundaries

Based on chichester's Land Use research, we recommend CS actions that use the above site types to improve status quo issues.

For more details, please refer to the chapter4 section of the study.

Higher tier( 116 grants in capital item):

Woodland

Grassland Trees(non- woodland)

Pollinators and wildlife

Uplands

Biodiversity

Higher tier is where cs give more funds by assessing land at a higher tier and it aims to protect and improve sites of higher value.

8.Species rich grasslands, wet grassland and water meadows 9.Heathland and moorland 10.Coastal sand dunes, vegetated shingle, saltmarsh, inter-tidal and saline habitats 11.Fens, reedbeds, ponds and ditches 12.Wood pastures and parklands, orchards, hedges and scrub 13.Woodland

Water quality

Coast

Air Quality

Flood risk

How CS is a most useful policy that can be applied to Chichester

Priority habitats

All eligible areas Land areas Maritime areas Associated policies

1. Mid tier and higher tier offer substantial grants.

2. Provide details of recommended policy measures and policy measures that must be implemented 3. Monitoring across time 4. Prohibited measures 5. Policy measures that can be used jointly

Policies that can be implemented simultaneously

CS action application areas and how they relate to each other

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CS action Implementation Demonstration — Land Cover Maps

Implement the CS Actions to Chichester

Number of live CS agreements per region

Number of agreements

Higher Tier GS6: Management of species-rich grassiand UP3: Management of mooriand LH3: Creation of heathland from arable or improved grassland CT2; Creation of coastal sand dunes and vegetated shingle on arable land and improved grassland CT3: Management of coastal saltmarsh WTS: Management of fen WT6: Management of reedbed This is the Land cover map of Chichester, Based on this map, we car- tied out a more detailed classification and evaluation of the land.

Therefore, we extracted the land types suitable for higher tier. Higher tier means that CS gives more funds through the evaluation of higher tier land, and its purpose is to protect and improve the land with higher value.

WTS: Management of ditches of high environmental value WNS: Pond management (less than 100 square metres) W011: Restoration of upland wood pasture and parkland FY2: Woodland infrastructure

Urban land Arable land Grassland Woodland

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Higher Tier

— Areas Where Higher Tier can be implemented The main six land use types in the higher tier: Lowland calcareous grassland, arable land, moorland and improved permanent grassland, Coastal transition zone, priority water habitat, wood pastures and orchards, woodland.

GS6: Management of species-rich grassland

UP3: Management of moorland LH3: Creation of heathland from arable or improved grassland

CT2: Creation of coastal sand dunes and vegetated shingle on arable land and improved grassland CT3: Management of coastal saltmarsh

WT8: Management of fen WT6: Management of reedbed WT3: Management of ditches of high environmental value WN5: Pond management (less than 100 square metres)

WD11: Restoration of upland wood pasture and parkland

FY2: Woodland infrastructure

Lowland calcareous grassland Arable land Moorland and improved permanent grassland Coastal transition zone Priority water habitat Wood pastures, orchard and woodland

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COUNTRYSIDE STEWARSHIP(CS) POLICY THAT CAN SUPPOT TRANSFORMATION CS actions that can be used in Chichester Higher Tier

Coastal area

Lack of water quality improvement, vegetation to be restored

Animal habitats diminishing due to coastal rise

Current situation

Coastal sand dunes, vegetated shingle, saltmarsh, inter-tidal and saline habitats

Current situation

Policy CT2: Creation of coastal sand dunes and vegetated shingle on arable land and improved grassland Policy CT3: Management of coastal saltmarsh

Heathland and Moorland

Saltmarsh areas: typical saltmarsh plant species such as sea aster, sea purslane, sea-blite and sea-lavender

Policy UP3: Management of moorland Policy LH3: Creation of heathland from arable or improved grassland

Bracken Scree, Rock, Outcrops or Boulders Scrub including gorse bushes and briar

Coastal vegetated shingle: sand dunes and vegetated shingle Transition areas: Transitions between shingle and dune and nearby habitats

Ditches or streams streams less than 4m wide and that take up less -How much will be paid UP3:£55 per hectare (ha).

LH3:£711 per hectare (ha).

-How much will be paid CT2: £773 per hectare (ha).

CT3:£483 per hectare (ha).

Management of species-rich grassland

Fens, reedbeds, ponds and ditches Policy GS6: Management of species-rich grassland

Policy WT8: Management of fen Policy WT6: Management of reedbed Policy WT3: Management of ditches of high environmental value Policy WN5: Pond management (less than 100 square metres)

Farm Land Slatmarsh Wetland Restoration Area Coastal Natural Land

-How much will be paid £646 per hectare (ha)

-How much will be paid WT8 WT6: £920 per hectare (ha) WT3: £44 per 100 metres (m) for the management of both sides of the ditch.

WN5: £282.15 for first 100 square metres of pond.

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Mid Tier — Areas Where Mid Tier can be implemented The main six land use types in the mid tier: Mid Tier is to protect and enhance the natural environment through multi-year management options and capital items, It offers less money than the higher tier. These are the main 7 land use types in the Mid tier;special area of conservation, Agricultural Land Boundary , catchment area, arable land next to ponds, arable boundaries, traditional orchards, conservation area, Woodland, Farms

SP9: Threatened species supplement

RP11.

Swales

BNS: Hedgerow laying

RP8: Constructed wetlands for the treatment of pollution

WT2: Buffering in-feld ponds and ditches on arable land

HE1: Historic and archaeological feature protection

Ac2: Countryside educational access visits accreditation

TE4: Supply and plant tree TE3: Plantng fruit trees Special area of conservation Permanent crops Arable land next to ponds Traditional orchards Conservation area Woodland Farms Catchment area

AQ2: Low ammonia emission flooring for livestock buildings

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COUNTRYSIDE STEWARSHIP(CS) POLICY THAT CAN SUPPOT TRANSFORMATION

CS actions that can be used in Chichester Mid Tier

Swales with pollution 1. No vegetation cover 2. Sediment deposition

Current situation Policy WT2: Buffering in-field ponds and ditches on arable land Policy TE4: Supply and plant tree Policy TE3: Planting fruit trees Improve local water quality and manage flood risk in your local areacing and gates

Policy RP11: Swales Policy RP8: Constructed wetlands for the treatment of pollution

Mix of Stones and Plants Wet well and cover Gravel for wastewater distribution Rhizome network Inlet pipe Liner (Slope 1°) -How much will be paid WT2: £681 per hectare (ha).

TE4: £1.72 per tree.

TE3: £28.07 per tree.

-How much will be paid RP11: £7.52 per square metre.

RP8: 50% of costs.

Soil without vegetation cover

Farms lacking clear boundaries Disappearing Fences

1. Habitat loss 2. Food scarcity

Current situation

Protect vulnerable or threatened species

Farm Land

Current situation

Manage hedgerows, drystone walls, stock fencing and gates

Policy SP9: Threatened species supplement

Stock fencing and Gates

Turtle dove / Stone Curlew

Slatmarsh

Feeders: 35% oilseed rape 35% white millet 10% canary seed 10% sunflower hearts 10% wheat

Wetland Restoration Area Coastal Natural Land

Hedge management: 1.trimming lightly for 3 years 2.never cutting back to the same point, but allowing the hedge to gradually increase in height and width by several centimetres at each cut

Vulnerable / Threatened Habitat: AB8 Flower rich margins AB1 Nectar Flower Mix OP4 Multi species ley

River

Policy BN5: Hedgerow laying

Drystone walls

-How much will be paid £13.52 per metre (m).

The payment rate is for the total length of boundary under the option (not for each side of the boundary).

-How much will be paid £204 per hectare (ha).(£201 to £300)

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Landscape Recovery 1.What‘s the propose?

Landscape Recovery is designed to fund a smaller number of longer-term, larger-scale, bespoke projects to enhance the natural environment and deliver significant benefits.

2. Aims and project examples This year’s application round will fund projects that support net zero, protected sites, and wildlife-rich habitat.

Projects that contribute to net zero could involve: peatland woodland and trees, including ancient woodland and temperate rainforest other sequestering habitats, such as salt marsh, intertidal seagrass, intertidal mudflats and hedgerows carbon sequestering practices, such as regenerative agriculture

Landscape Recovery Types

Landscape Recovery

Salt marsh

Woodland and trees

Hedgerows

Regenerative agriculture

Protected sites include: sites of special scientific interest (SSSIs) special area of conservation (SACs) special protection areas (SPAs) Ramsar wetlands national nature reserves (NNRs) inter-tidal marine conservation zones (MCZs)

How to apply for Landscape Recovery Expression of Interest (EOI): Submit an initial expression of interest, where you outline your proposed project, including details about the landscape area and the environmental outcomes you aim to achieve.

Project Proposal: If your EOI is shortlisted, you will be invited to develop a detailed project proposal. This will involve working closely with DEFRA and other stakeholders to refine your plans and ensure they meet the scheme’s objectives.

Implementation: Upon approval of your project proposal, you will enter the implementation phase, where the detailed plans are put into action. This includes regular monitoring and reporting on progress to ensure the project’s goals are being met.

Final Agreement: Once the implementation phase is successful, a final agreement will be reached, detailing the long-term management and maintenance of the landscape recovery project.

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Policy Memo Proposal March, 2024

Challenge The economic situation in Chichester has not been favourable in recent years. Particularly in the agricultural and retail sectors, the agricultural production line has faced difficulties, which has resulted in the marketing of agricultural products being highly vulnerable to food supply failures and economic viability being reduced.

With up to 60 per cent of its land in agriculture and predominantly Class I and Class II soils, chichester has the best arable land but the most homogeneous low-income crops. The average farm size in the area is about 71 acres. The National Farmers Union estimates that it takes about 40 acres of arable land to make a profit, and monocropping indirectly leads to a loss of profitability. Moreover, farmers are faced with increasing drainage problems, which are likely to worsen with climate change. In addition, farmland near the coast may face increased salinisation as a result of flooding. The agricultural economy has been traumatised by the effects of uncontrollable weather impacts and soil salinisation.

In particular, the economy of marginal small farms, i.e., 20 hectares (50 acres) and less in size, has been proposed by the LWA as small farms. These small farms have irregular operations, and the traditional agricultural model with high maintenance costs is not applicable to the operation of small farms, so there is a need to choose an innovative ecological agricultural model for corporate cooperation and direct sales to make the profit cycle longer.

While chichester has excellent horticultural conditions, horticulture as a high-income industry, due to the lack of equipment, delayed the introduction of chichester.

Agroecological Urbanism: The Future of Cities To The Chichester District Council

Financial support and technical guidance

Executive Summary The proposal addresses the multiple challenges currently facing Chichester and aims to develop a series of measures and recommendations to promote stable and sustainable development of the local economy.

Environmental Land Management(ELMS) and COMMUNITY SUPPORTED AGRICULTURE(CSA) provide financial support that will be subsidised in terms of infrastructure(For example, Policy AC2, Countryside educational access visits accreditation, offers £277.26 for each successful offer and provides technical guidance ). From field-scale vegetable cultivation to small-scale raised beds, technical guidance is provided in collaboration with Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and Social Farms & Gardens (SF&G) to adopt minimum tillage and no-tillage techniques to reduce weed seed germination, protect the soil, and establish effective planting, pest and weed control systems. techniques suitable for smallscale operations are adopted under the guidance of FAO and SFG with a smart combination of mechanised and manual labour to increase efficiency. At the same time, formal agricultural or horticultural training is provided to upgrade farmers' level of expertise and cultivation skills.

The current economic difficulties will be addressed through the adoption of flexible economic policies, such as attracting investment and enhancing employment opportunities, as well as supporting agricultural diversification.

Propose programmes to promote resource-sharing and direct marketing in order to reduce production costs and increase efficiency, thereby contributing to economic growth and development.

Promote the prosperity of the agricultural industry by providing more development opportunities for farmers, for example, through support for agricultural diversification.

Advocate for co-operation with local government, business and the community to work together to achieve Chichester's economic recovery and sustainable development goals.

The Issue

Guidance on maximising the benefits of small farms The Landworkers' Alliance (LWA) Core Group provides technical guidance on maximising the benefits of small farms and promoting a shift in agricultural production patterns from monoculture to integrated mixed farms. Crops that benefit from more complex feeding and hand picking (e.g. salad leaves, French beans, collard greens and sugar beets) are recommended, and studies have shown that small farm yields are higher than non-organic field scale yields for these crops. This means that inputs and waste are reduced compared to monoculture farms.

This diversity also improves resilience by spreading economic risk, increasing resilience to weather extremes and increasing resistance to disease, helping to maintain the ecological health and fertility of the soil and increasing the productive potential of the crop.

Enabling resource sharing among collaborators

Chichester is currently facing a number of serious issues, with a declining economy being the most prominent. Since 2019, many businesses have struggled as industry and services have slowed, leading to job losses and a less vibrant economy, with Chichester's unemployment rate standing at 3.7 per cent as of today(Varbes, Chichester's economy). Amongst other things, the decline in the agricultural economy is a concern, and the restructuring of trade relations with the European Union (EU) has placed additional costs and burdens on local businesses, particularly those dependent on the EU market, who have had to deal with more complex import and export formalities and tariffs. There will be other financial impacts too, with crop yields falling by 15 to 17 per cent in major crops such as barley/ wheat(Gillian Keegan, MP for Chichester), and the number of man-hours required per hectare increasing by 49 per cent.

In addition to the economic issues, Chichester faces problems of ageing infrastructure and environmental protection. The existence of these problems further exacerbates the city's economic woes.

Therefore, Chichester needs to take proactive measures to address these problems, including more flexible economic policies to attract investment and enhance employment opportunities, as well as to improve the training and importation of labour and invest in infrastructure and the environment in order to achieve stable and sustainable economic development.

Sharing of resources between partners through Sustainable Fringe Farming and policies to support vegetable box schemes, farmers' markets and community-supported agriculture schemes that encourage farms to sell produce directly to local consumers and businesses will contribute to the growth of farmers' incomes. The policy will focus on providing support to ensure that these programmes provide fresh, sustainably produced food that builds customer trust. In addition, the policy will support farmers in exploring diversified sources of income, such as through off-farm employment, courses, campsites or holiday lets, in order to enhance economic stability and sustainability and achieve economic self-sufficiency.

Reference: 1.Chichester District Council" Homepage (2023), Chichester local plan. Available from: https://www.chichester.gov.uk/viewandcommentonthelocalplan [Accessed: February 13, 2024].

2.Chichester District Council (2018), My Chichester District. Available from:, Web site: https://mydistrict.chichester.gov.uk/?tab=maps&MapSource=mapsources/localplan [Accessed: February 17, 2024].

3.Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nation (2024), Tackling environmental issues, together. Available from: https://www.fao.org/home/en [Accessed: April 23, 2024].

4.Soil Association (2024), The impact of community supported agriculture. Available from: https://communitysupportedagriculture.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/The-impact-of-community-supported-agriculture.pdf [Accessed: April 23, 2024].

5.Gov.uk (2023), Environmental Land Management (ELM) update: how government will pay for land-based environment and climate goods and services. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/environmental-land-management-update-how-government-willpay-for-land-based-environment-and-climate-goods-and-services/environmental-land-management-elm-update-how-government-will-pay-for-land-based-environment-and-climate-goods-and-services [Accessed: April 23, 2024].

6.Social Farms & Gardens (2018), Our work|Social Farms & Gardens . Available from: https://www.farmgarden.org.uk/our-work [Accessed: April 23, 2024].

7.Sustain (2024), Fringe Farming - the potential for peri-urban food growing. Available from: https://www.sustainweb.org/fringe-farming/ [Accessed: April 23, 2024].

8.Rebecca Laughton (2017), A Matter Of Scale. Available from: https://landworkersalliance.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/matterofscale.pdf [Accessed: April 23, 2024].

The Future of Cities

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Research organisations and Policies for use in the sea

Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science

International and local researchers Native Oyster net work Native Oyster Restoration Alliance(NORA) The Sussex Kelp Recovery Project (SKRP)

Fisheries Research Organisation

Sussex IFCA

Cefas , other researchers and Sussex IFCA

Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority The Sussex Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority is one of ten IFCAs around the coast of England which manage sea fisheries resources and the marine environment from mean high water out to six nautical miles. We have powers under the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 to write and enforce our own byelaws in our own districts to manage the exploitation of sea fisheries resources, including within Marine Conservation Zones. We came into force in April 2011, replacing our predecessors the Sea Fisheries Committees.

FaSS

Fisheries and sea food Scheme The Fisheries and Seafood Scheme (FaSS), administered by MMO on behalf of Defra, delivers investments to safeguard the long-term sustainability, resilience and prosperity of the seafood sector across England.

The Fisheries and Seafood Scheme provides financial assistance for projects that support the development of the catching, processing and aquaculture sectors, and for projects that enhance the marine environment. The scheme is available to applicants whose organisation and/or vessels are registered in England.

For: A. All activities related to fisheries B.Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment

Scope of Cefas cooperation

Eligible applicants:Government, Companies, Individuals

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Other researchers examples (Collaboration with Sussex)

- The Sussex Recovery Project group The Sussex Kelp Recovery Project is a conservation initiative aimed at restoring and protecting the kelp forests along the Sussex coast in the UK. These underwater forests are vital for marine biodiversity, providing habitat for numerous species, supporting fisheries, and helping to combat climate change through carbon sequestration.

Purpose: The primary purpose of the Sussex Kelp Recovery Project is to restore extensive kelp forests that have been lost due to factors such as overfishing, pollution, and climate change. By re-establishing these kelp beds, the project aims to enhance marine biodiversity, improve fish stocks, and contribute to coastal protection. Additionally, the project seeks to raise public awareness and engage local communities in marine conservation efforts.

Introduction of the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science(Cefas)

Scope: The project covers the coastal waters of Sussex, focusing on a significant stretch of marine habitat.

The Sussex Kelp Recovery Project involves a range of activities including habitat restoration, monitoring, and research. It also engages in advocacy to promote policies that protect and sustain kelp forests. The project works in collaboration with local stakeholders, including fishermen, scientists, conservation organizations, and government agencies, to ensure the long-term success of the restoration efforts.

Defra

collaboration

Cefas

- Native Oyster net work

Cefas offers the UK’s most comprehensive applied marine and freshwater science. Established in 1902 in Lowestoft as a small fisheries laboratory, it remains headquartered there, where it houses specialized laboratories. Today, Cefas employs approximately 530 staff across its facilities in Lowestoft and Weymouth, as well as in smaller port offices in Scarborough, Hayle, and Plymouth.

Responsible for kelp forest restoration Creating good habitats

The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) is a leading UK agency specializing in marine and freshwater science. It plays a vital role in collecting, managing, and interpreting data related to the aquatic environment, biodiversity, and fisheries. Cefas is an executive agency under the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (Defra).

SKRP

The Native Oyster Network is defined as a partnership-driven initiative aimed at restoring native oyster habitats across the UK and Ireland. It serves as a platform for sharing knowledge, coordinating efforts, and promoting best practices in oyster restoration.

Purpose: The primary role of the Native Oyster Network is to facilitate the restoration of native oyster populations, which are vital for biodiversity, water filtration, and providing habitat for other marine species.

The network seeks to re-establish self-sustaining oyster populations by supporting restoration projects, research, and community engagement.

Main directions of responsibilities:

Climate Change Adaptation: Assisting the UK in understanding and adapting to the impacts of climate change on marine environments.

Sustainable Fisheries Management: Providing insights and data to ensure the long-term sustainability of fisheries.

Marine Biodiversity and Habitat Protection: Working to conserve marine ecosystems and the species that depend on them.

Fish and Shellfish Health: Monitoring and promoting the health and hygiene of fish and shellfish, which is crucial for both environmental balance and public health.

Emergency Response: Offering expertise in responding to marine pollution and other environmental emergencies in UK waters.

...

Native Oyster net work Responsible for oyster restoration Promotion of biodiversity

Marine Planning and Environmental Licensing: Advising on the sustainable management of marine resources.

Scope: The network operates across the UK and Ireland, encompassing a wide range of activities including habitat restoration, scientific research, policy advocacy, and public education. The scope of the network includes working on specific restoration sites, collaborating with various stakeholders, and influencing policy to support oyster conservation efforts.

- Native Oyster Restoration Alliance The Native Oyster Restoration Alliance (NORA) is a European network that unites a diverse group of stakeholders, including environmental organizations, research institutions, governmental bodies, and industry participants. The alliance is dedicated to the restoration of native oyster populations across European waters.

Purpose: NORA’s primary purpose is to restore native oyster reefs, which are vital for maintaining healthy marine ecosystems. The alliance aims to support the recovery of these reefs by promoting restoration efforts, sharing knowledge, and developing best practices. This includes enhancing biodiversity, improving water quality, and providing natural coastal defenses.

Scope: NORA operates across Europe, engaging in various activities such as habitat restoration, scientific research, and policy advocacy. The alliance facilitates collaboration among its members, promotes the exchange of expertise, and influences policies that support oyster restoration. NORA’s work extends to multiple European countries, ensuring a coordinated and effective approach to restoring native oyster populations across different marine environments.

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Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority(IFCA) The Sussex Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority (IFCA) is a statutory body responsible for the sustainable management of inshore fisheries and the conservation of marine ecosystems within its jurisdiction, which covers the coastal waters of Sussex up to six nautical miles from shore. Sussex IFCA operates under the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009, ensuring that local marine resources are protected while supporting the sustainable use of these resources by the fishing community.

the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009

guiding

Sussex IFCA

The main purpose of Sussex IFCA is to manage the balance between the use of marine resources for commercial and recreational fishing and the protection of the marine environment.

Sussex IFCA’s scope of work includes Regulation and Enforcement: Enforcing fisheries regulations to prevent overfishing and protect sensitive marine habitats. This involves issuing permits, conducting patrols, and taking enforcement actions when necessary.

Marine Conservation: Overseeing the management of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) within Sussex waters, ensuring that these areas are safeguarded to enhance marine biodiversity.

Research and Monitoring: Conducting scientific research to monitor fish populations, assess the health of marine ecosystems, and evaluate the impact of fishing activities. The data collected informs policy decisions and helps in the development of sustainable management practices.

Relationship with Other Initiatives:

Stakeholder Engagement: Collaborating with local communities, fishermen, conservation groups, and other stakeholders to promote sustainable fishing practices and raise awareness about marine conservation. Sussex IFCA actively involves stakeholders in decision-making processes to ensure that management measures are both effective and widely supported.

Sussex IFCA works in synergy with other marine conservation initiatives, such as the Native Oyster Network, NORA, and the Sussex Kelp Recovery Project. While these initiatives focus on specific restoration activities, Sussex IFCA provides the regulatory framework that supports and enforces sustainable practices within its jurisdiction. The authority’s role ensures that restoration efforts are complemented by proper management and compliance with environmental regulations.

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Introduction of Fisheries and Seafood Scheme The Fisheries and Seafood Scheme aims to provide financial support for projects that advance the development of the catching, processing, and aquaculture sectors while enhancing the marine environment. This scheme is available to organizations and vessels registered in England. Its key objectives include creating a more sustainable and resilient seafood sector, increasing demand for English seafood and accessing new markets, improving industry participation through co-design and co-management, achieving environmental conservation and restoration, and supporting the industry's move towards net zero by reducing emissions.

Activities the Fisheries and Seafood Scheme can support -Fishing related activities including energy improvements on a vessel -Diversification and new forms of income -Support to improve the resilience and sustainability of a shore-based facility -Support for cooperative activities, building capability and advisory services -Achieving good environmental status through the conservation and restoration of the marine environment -Health and safety

Fisheries and Seafood Scheme

Aquaculture Sites in England and Wales

To apply for the Fisheries and Seafood Scheme (FaSS), follow these steps: Review Eligibility and Guidance: Before applying, check the scheme’s eligibility criteria and guidance documents. This helps ensure your project aligns with the scheme’s goals and requirements. The guidance covers what activities can be funded and the necessary match funding levels.

Expression of Interest (EOI): While not mandatory,

submitting an EOI can help you determine if your project is likely to be eligible before committing to a full application. This can save time and resources.

Application Submission: Applications are submitted

online through the Marine Management Organisation (MMO) portal. You will need to provide detailed information about your project, including objectives, budget, and expected outcomes.

Ensure all required documentation is included to avoid delays.

Assessment and Decision: The MMO will acknowledge receipt of your application within five working days. They will assess your application within eight weeks, and if further information is needed, they will contact you. Projects with a total cost of £150,000 or more will be reviewed by a FaSS panel.

Funding Rounds: Applications for smaller projects are accepted throughout the year, while larger projects may need to be submitted during specific funding rounds for panel review.

Notification and Implementation: If successful, you will receive confirmation and can proceed with your project as outlined in your application. Be aware that any project costs incurred before approval will not be covered by the scheme.

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Comparison of different policy grant funding for FaSs( ￡ )

81 M9 Increasing the potential or sustainability of aquaculture sites

M33 Marketing measures

M31 Supporting partnerships between fishers and scientists

M3 Enhancing the quality and/or adding of value of aquaculture products

M26 Supporting allocation and management of fishing opportunities

M23 Improving Health and Safety

M22 Supporting new entrants into the industry

M21 Diversification and New Forms of Income

M25 Supporting co-operative activities

M15 Protection and restoration of marine biodiversity

M13 Support for the design and implementation of conservation measures

M34: Processing of fisheries products

M20 Promoting skills, knowledge and networking in aquaculture

M2 Improving energy efficiency of fishing and mitigating climate change

M19 Promoting skills, knowledge and networking

M18 Management, relief and advisory services for aquaculture farms

M17 Providing advisory services

M16 Improving the value and quality of fisheries products

M12 Preventing and collecting marine litterservices

M10 Developing a sustainable aquaculture sector M11 Aquaculture providing environmental services

Benefits of joint use of fisheries policies

The Fisheries and Seafood Scheme (FASS) offers financial assistance for projects that promote the development of aquaculture and enhance the marine environment.

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FaSS supports are available in each process

We highlight activities related to aquaculture development and marine environment enhancement from our projects, and we outline some of the policies under the FaSS that can fund these activities.

Different requirements for applying for FaSS financial assistance

Policy support M34: Processing of fisheries products

Policy support

Bio building materials

M21: Diversification and new forms of income

Bio fertilizer

Enterprise stacking

Integration with tourism

Byproducts Utilization

Back to the local market M33: Marketing Measures

Short food supply chains

Policy support Policy support

Develop sustainable technologies

M3: Enhancing the quality and/or the adding of value of aquaculture products M9: Increasing the potential or sustainability of aquaculture sites

M13: Support for the design and implementation of conservation measures M15: Protection and restoration of marine biodiversity

Policy support M20: Promoting skills, knowledge and networking for aquaculture M22: Supporting new entrants into the industry M25: Supporting co-operative activities M31: Supporting partnerships between fishers and scientists

Benefit the environment Increase the value of seafood People participation

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Recommendations for use in fisheries policy Status of fisheries policy UK fisheries policy is currently undergoing a complex phase of transition, particularly as it gradually moves away from the framework of the EU Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) after Brexit. According to government figures, the UK’s fishing industry contributes over £1bn to the national economy each year and provides around 24,000 jobs directly or indirectly. However, as the UK takes back control of the fisheries resources within its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), policy making is faced with the difficult choice of ensuring that the Total Annual Catch (TAC) is scientifically justified whilst maintaining the ecological balance and livelihoods of fishing communities. In addition, the sustainable management of the UK’s offshore fisheries resources is facing increasing challenges, especially under the influence of multiple factors such as climate change, overfishing and international trade pressures, forcing the government and relevant organisations to reassess and adjust fisheries policies to ensure the long-term sustainable use of fisheries resources.

Challenges to fisheries policy The development and implementation of fisheries policy in the UK faces unique challenges, largely due to a lack of specialised policy researchers, resulting in policies that often do not fully reflect the reality on the ground. Policy development relies heavily on scientific research organisations such as Cefas working in partnership with government, with Cefas playing a key role in providing the scientific basis. However, local governing bodies such as Sussex IFCA still rely heavily on Cefas support for policy implementation and lack localised policy analysis, while industry organisations such as FaSS are involved in policy discussions but have limited research capacity, which undermines the comprehensiveness and operationalisation of policy. Although multi-party co-operation has facilitated policy development, it has also revealed a lack of professional policy research.

Recommendations for use of the policy Whilst there have been some challenges in the development of UK fisheries policy, there have also been significant benefits from the co-operation of the organisations Cefas, Sussex IFCA and FaSS. By bringing these organisations together, there is a better integration of scientific research, local management and industry feedback, leading to a more rational and actionable fisheries policy.

Firstly, Cefas, as a central force in scientific research, provides authoritative data and analyses for fisheries policy. These scientific underpinnings are critical to policy development as they can help identify key issues such as the state of fisheries resources, the health of ecosystems and sustainable catch limits. By working with government, Cefas ensures that policymakers are able to make decisions based on the latest scientific research, thereby promoting the long-term sustainable management of fisheries resources.

Secondly, Sussex IFCA’s involvement enables policy to be better tailored to local realities. As the organisation responsible for local fisheries management, Sussex IFCA has a deep understanding of the dynamics of local fisheries activity and community needs. By working with Cefas, Sussex IFCA is not only able to obtain scientific support, but also to translate this scientific data into concrete management measures to ensure effective implementation of the policy at the local level. This co-operation has resulted in policies that are not only scientifically sound, but also locally adaptable, thus improving the effectiveness of policy implementation.

At the same time, FaSS represents the voice of the fishing industry, working with Cefas and Sussex IFCA to ensure that fishermen’s interests and practical challenges are taken into account in the policy development process, and that FaSS’s involvement provides realistic feedback on the policy, helping to prevent it from becoming overly theoretical and divorced from practice. In addition, FaSS can help to drive policy advocacy and implementation within the industry, ensuring that fishermen are able to understand and comply with the policy, thereby achieving the SDGs. Bringing together Cefas, Sussex IFCA and FaSS creates a model of co-operation that is a trinity of science, local management and industry feedback. This co-operation is effective in bridging the gaps between each, making fisheries policy more comprehensive, scientific and practical. By integrating the strengths of all parties, UK fisheries policy is better able to respond to complex environmental and economic challenges and ensure the sustainable use of fisheries resources, while meeting the economic needs and social aspirations of fishing communities.

This collaborative model not only enhances the scientific and operational nature of policy formulation, but also strengthens the effectiveness of policy implementation, laying a solid foundation for the sustainable development of the UK’s fisheries industry.

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End of Policy User Guide Integrating the Fisheries and Seafood Scheme (FaSS) with Environmental Land Management Schemes (ELMs) can greatly benefit Chichester’s landscape continuity. FaSS promotes sustainable fishing practices that protect coastal and marine ecosystems, such as salt marshes, which are critical for landscape stability. Meanwhile, ELMs foster sustainable land-based agriculture, improving biodiversity and soil health. Together, these schemes create a continuous and balanced ecological approach from land to sea. Additional benefits include improved environmental protection, stronger resilience against climate change, and enhanced economic opportunities for local communities through sustainable practices.

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POTENTIAL FOR TRANSFORMATION OF EXISTING LANDSCAPES Discover the routes and travelogue

Main issues of the Chichester

Section of the analysis of landscape potential

Potential advantages from Kernza, Reeds, Oyster, Kelp

CHAPTER II Potential for transformation of existing landscapes

Chapter Overview This chapter begins with an analysis of the current status of the Bracklesham Bay site, assessing soil quality, water availability, and its proximity to coastal ecosystems. We explore linkages between landscapes, focusing on the integration of agricultural and marine environments to promote sustainability.

We then apply the new agroecological model, simulating the implementation of crops such as Kernza, reeds, oysters, and kelp, each suited to improve soil, water, and biodiversity. The chapter outlines implementation techniques including crop rotation, ag roforestry, and marine far ming, with specific planting recommendations.

Emphasizing cooperation between farms, the chapter highlights shared resource management and knowledge exchange. Finally, we detail the benefits and returns, such as enhanced environmental resilience, economic diversification, improved water quality, and stronger local ecosystems, making East Wittering a model for agroecological development.

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On-site investigation Costal area

National Trust - East Head

Almodington

Beach

Saltmarsh

Wild Oyster (Ostrea edulis)

Kelp (Bladder wrack)

Barley

Maize

Greenhouse

Fava Beans

Earnley Bracklesham Bay

Farmland

Discover the routes and travelogue From Coastguard Ln, West Wittering, Chichester PO20 8AJ we set off to explore along the track by the farmhouse. The early morning air was fresh with the scent of earth and sea air.

Along the way, we spotted several wild oysters rolled ashore on the beach, as well as plenty of Egg wrack kelp, and some of this kelp as well as nori in the sea water.

Continuing on, we walked on a wooden walkway along the beach, which led us deeper into the natural landscape through the dense coastal vegetation. Below the trestle is a vast salt marsh, which not only serves as a habitat for a wide variety of wildlife, but is also an important ecological buffer zone. However, we noticed that an outfall channel was running through the salt marsh, discharging sewage into a nearby body of water, reminding us of the potential threat of human activity to sensitive ecological areas.

On one side of the trestle is the vast salt marsh, and on the other side is the coast strewn with abandoned boats and dead wood, like traces of a forgotten time. Continuing on, we see newly planted hedgerows lining the edge of the land and the beach, and on the other side large fields of wheat, their golden sheaves swaying in the wind, in harmony with the surrounding natural landscape. This coexistence of an agricultural landscape and a nature reserve reminds us once again of the importance of preserving a harmonious natural environment.

Eventually, we arrived at Harbour Office, The St, Itchenor, Chichester PO20 7AW, concluding our journey of discovery. The landscapes along the way were not only beautiful, but also full of ecological significance and challenges, demonstrating the complex relationship between nature and human activities. Through this trip, we have gained a deeper understanding of the need to protect these precious ecosystems.

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Disadvantage Of Monoculture

Overview of site characteristics Main issues of the site

Interaction between landscapes There are strong ecological linkages between Chichester’s land and sea landscapes, and these linkages profoundly influence the state of the local environment.Chichester Harbour is a critically important ecoregion, rich in biodiversity and carrying out key ecological functions, in particular the interactions between salt marshes, wetlands and coastal waters are critical to maintaining the area’s ecological balance is crucial. However, the balance between these landscapes has been seriously threatened in recent years by the intensification of human activities, particularly the expansion of agricultural activities.

Mono-cropping has become increasingly common in the Chichester area, and this has been accompanied by the increased use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides. These chemicals enter water bodies through surface runoff, leading to significant deterioration in water quality and eutrophication of water bodies (www.the-ies.org, Water Magazine). Eutrophication not only promotes overgrowth of algae that cover salt marsh areas, leading to salt marsh degradation, but also further weakens the function of this critical ecosystem. This salt marsh degradation not only reduces the size of the habitat, but also puts the biodiversity of the area at risk, and greatly reduces the natural defences of the salt marsh against sea level rise and climate change (Chichester Conservancy).

In addition, the deterioration of water quality has a direct impact on the shellfish farming industry in Chichester Harbour, particularly the safety of oysters for consumption. As pollutants from agricultural runoff, particularly high levels of nutrients and bacteria such as E. coli, enter the waters and accumulate in the shellfish, the quality of the oysters deteriorates and often requires additional treatment to make them safe for consumption (Chichester Conservancy, Water Magazine). This environmental degradation not only affects the health of local ecosystems, but also poses a threat to the economies of the communities that depend on these natural resources.

The interactions between these land and sea landscapes create a complex and destructive negative feedback loop. Water quality deterioration and salt marsh degradation due to agricultural pollution, in turn, further exacerbate stresses on regional ecosystems. The continuation of this situation will inevitably affect the overall ecological balance of the Chichester area, and integrated management measures are urgently needed to mitigate these negative impacts and to protect this important ecosystem and the human economic activities it supports.

Typesetting, Research, Drawing & Mapping: Yun Zheng

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So how do you go about using the existing conditions to improve the situation?

Potential In order to address Chichester’s landscape, we propose that the focus should be on promoting sustainable agriculture, moving away from monoculture to agro-ecological practices such as crop diversification and soil health management to reduce harmful runoff. Policy integration is vital to ensure that local plans are aligned with environmental regulations, including Chichester’s Water Plan. Following the enhancement of these areas, the implementation of natural water management strategies, such as enhanced drainage and green infrastructure, could further reduce pollution. In addition, upgrading sewage treatment works and pumping stations will help minimise overflow incidents and protect local ecosystems.

Sustainable agriculture

Potential for transformation of existing landscapes

Policy

Water management

Sustainable Aquaculture

In this section, we start by examining the Agricultural Land Classification (ALC) to assess the land’s suitability. From there, we consider the site’s conditions and existing industries from multiple perspectives, exploring various possibilities. We then outline several products that can support the plan’s implementation. Finally, we integrate the agroecological techniques and policy recommendations we’ve studied, presenting a comprehensive approach with a coordinated implementation strategy and detailed technical aspects.

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Image from Chichester Harbour Conservancy

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Landscapes with potential This map shows the landscape with potential in Chichester, including the restoration of former reed bed and saltmarsh coastal landscapes or creating the conditions for healthy oyster beds.

It also shows the soil classification of Chichester. We can see that most of the agricultural land in the south of Chichester are still grade1 and grade2, which indicates good local agricultural conditions.

The digram shows crop cultivation in southern Chichester, where monoculture dominates, with wheat being the most common. By Comparing both the map with good soil grades and the diagram we can see the potential for a renewed and biodiverse agricultural landscape to support the local community.

Section B

Video

Section B

Drawing: Shuheng Qie

Research, Mapping & Typesetting: Yun Zheng Research, Mapping & Typesetting: Yun Zheng

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The potential of the chichester landscape

Potential for development

Based on the status quo, we identified oysters, kelp and reeds as having the potential to purify water and restore habitat, and oyster farming as a pre-existing industry that could be revived when water quality improves.

The farm land also has potential for a renewed and biodiverse agricultural landscape to support the local community.

Benefits of Oysters 1.Water quality improvement 2.Cultural values 3.Reduced nitrogen content

Benefits of Kelp 1.Provide food 2.Provide a natural coastal defence by creating a physical buffer 3.Absorbing energy from wave action and storm surges

Benefits of Oysters and Kelp 1.Fish nurseries 2.Creating Habitat

Benefits of Reeds 1.Synthesises oxygen to promote the growth of probiotics and micro-organisms to break down pollutants 2.Absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus and reduction of harmful algal concentrations

Potential of agricultural landscapes 1.Soils on agricultural land belong to grades 1 and 2 2.Diversity of wild species

1.Using wild oysters to restore water quality 2.Oyster shells can be used to restore reefs

1.Cultured kelp to restore water quality 2.Kelp can be used as a land-based organic fertiliser

1.Co-cultivation to create benthic biodiversity 2.Diversifying farmers' crop production and increasing the supply of sustainable aquaculture crops

1.Materials used to make traditional roofs 2.Planted in heavily polluted areas to re-establish the ecosystem

1.Improvement of soil through planting 2.Creating landscape continuity (in different ways)

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Recommended products for development

Kernza

What can help purify water and improve soil fertility?

Potential products recommendations In Chichester, introducing crops like Kernza, reeds, oysters, and kelp offers multiple benefits. Kernza, a perennial grain, improves soil health and reduces erosion, aligning with sustainable agriculture goals. Reeds help manage wetlands, contributing to water filtration and habitat restoration. Oysters enhance water quality through natural filtration, while supporting the local fishing economy. Kelp promotes marine biodiversity and carbon sequestration. Together, these choices not only address environmental challenges but also create new economic opportunities for the region.

A comparison of the deep roots of perennial intermediate wheat grass or Kernza, left, and annual hard red spring wheat at The Land Institute, Salina, Kansas.

Image from: Jim Richardson/The Land Institute

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Kernza

(Benifits of kernza)

Comparison of kernza and wheat growth details

Kernza planting details

Kernza Kernza grain comes from intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium), a relative of annual wheat that has long been cultivated across the USA as livestock feed. Now, this grass is being domesticated for human consumption as a grain.

2. Preceding Crops: Recommended: Planting after a leguminous crop for optimal nitrogen availability.

Possible: Planting after a spring cereal, though it may lead to disease and pest issues.

Discouraged: Planting after a winter cereal due to the high risk of carryover of diseases and/or pests​​

Intermediate wheatgrass is a versatile crop, providing not only grain but also important ecosystem benefits. Kernza, as a perennial grain, can replace annual wheat in products like baked goods and beer, or be used as a whole grain similar to barley or rice.

The Impact of a Perennial Future

Perennializing grain crop agriculture is a pathway for climate change mitigation and adaptation.

Perennial production reduces CO2 from farm equipment and inputs, especially nitrogen fertilizers.

Preliminary work suggests that intercropping perennial cereals with legumes for nitrogen fertility can substantially reduce emissions of nitrous oxide from agricultural soils.

Perennial grains reduce soil degradation, negative water quality impacts, and agricultural pesticide use.

Perennials enhance land stewardship and support farmers’ land values.

Perennials regenerate soil health and sequester carbon Perennials have up to seven times the root mass of annual grain crops Perennials provides wildlife habitat, including nest sites for birds and food for microbes As a perennial, intermediate wheatgrass does not require annual tillage Once established, intermediate wheatgrass requires less fertilizer and little or no herbicide Kernza

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3. Sowing Methods: Plowed Field: Use a “Brillion-type seeder”.

No-Till Field: Use an adequate seed drill.

Depth: Seeds should not be placed more than 1.25 cm below the surface​​.

4. Germination: Germination is likely to occur approximately five days after the first soaking rain following sowing​​.

5. Seeding Density: Range: 11.2 to 16.8 kg per hectare.

Optimal Aim: 13.5 kg per hectare of pure live seed.

Row Spacing: 30 cm, which maximizes both grain and forage yield over a three-year growing period​​.

How Farmers Are Benefitting

Kernza and lentils

1. Timing: Sowing Season: Late summer.

Vernalization: Requires a period of cold to produce seeds the next summer​​.

6. Seedling Density: First Year: Between 8 to 20 seedlings per 30 cm row are required for optimal yields. Rows with fewer seedlings (as low as one per 30 cm) can increase yield over time due to rhizomatic spreading​​.

These details provide a comprehensive guide to the optimal conditions and methods for planting Kernza, ensuring its successful establishment and yield.

Kernza and clover

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Reed bed

(Water purification technology)

Purification of sewage

Clean water flows out

Inflorescence

Reeds

Leaves

Node Crown

Roots

Reed Beds

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Sludge Treatment Reed Beds (STRB)

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Oyster How reeds purify water

ARM reed beds

1. Root Filtration:

ARM Reed Beds is a UK-based company that specializes in the design, construction, and maintenance of constructed wetlands for natural wastewater treatment. They use innovative technologies like Forced Bed Aeration (FBA) and Phragmifiltre systems to efficiently treat various types of wastewater.

Reeds have an extensive root system that can filter water by trapping sediments and pollutants.

As water flows through the root zone, larger particles, such as sediments and organic matter, are physically trapped by the roots, preventing them from entering water bodies.

2. Absorption and Uptake:

The roots of reeds can absorb nutrients, heavy metals, and other contaminants from the water. Reeds are particularly effective in taking up nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients that contribute to water pollution, such as those from agricultural runoff. By absorbing these nutrients, reeds reduce the levels of pollutants that can cause eutrophication—a process that leads to excessive algae growth and oxygen depletion in water bodies.

ARM offers services from consultancy to project management and ongoing maintenance, ensuring sustainable and costeffective solutions. Their systems are known for being environmentally friendly, requiring minimal maintenance, and having low running costs compared to traditional wastewater treatment methods

3. Microbial Activity:

Sludge Treatment Reed Beds (STRB) have been used to treat sewage and drinking water sludges. Developed from the planting of reeds into a pre- existing sludge drying beds, they differ from the conventionally constructed reed bed designed for the purpose of wastewater treatment, as the STRB’s basic function is to hold sludge, allowing it to dewater leaving behind a sludge cake.

4. Oxygenation:

STRB share many design similarities with Vertical Flow (VF) reed beds in that there is a drainage matrix of graduated media in the base. Above the drainage matrix is a substantial freeboard for the accumulation of sludge sufficient for an operating cycle of approximately 10 years.

The root zone of reeds supports a diverse microbial community. These microorganisms play a crucial role in breaking down organic pollutants and converting harmful substances into less toxic forms.

For example, bacteria in the root zone can convert ammonia into nitrates through a process called nitrification, which is then further processed into nitrogen gas that escapes into the atmosphere.

Reeds can transport oxygen from their leaves down to their roots through specialized tissue known as aerenchyma. This oxygenation of the root zone creates an aerobic environment that enhances the breakdown of organic matter and pollutants by aerobic bacteria. This process is especially important in wetlands where waterlogged conditions typically lead to low oxygen levels.

Sludge is pumped on to the reed bed basin through a series of distribution pipes and over the previously dewatered sludge.

Over time, sludge reduction takes place in reed-planted basins.

Due to dewatering (draining and evapotranspiration) the solids content of the sludge remains on the basin surface as sludge residue, whilst the majority of the water content flows vertically through the sludge residue and filter layer.

5. Ecosystem Support:

Reeds also contribute to the overall health of aquatic ecosystems by providing habitat for wildlife, stabilizing shorelines, and reducing erosion. A healthy reed bed can support a wide range of organisms that contribute to the natural purification process.

Drying and mineralisation reduces the liquid sludge volume by as much as 90%, with physical filtration removing almost 100% of the total suspended solids from the STRB effluent. After 10 years of operation, the sludge residue reaches an approximate height of 1.2 – 1.5 metres with a dry solids content of 30-40%.

6. Water Flow Regulation:

Reed beds can slow down water flow, allowing more time for the natural filtration processes to occur.

This slowing effect can help in the settlement of suspended solids and the reduction of turbidity, further improving water quality.

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Image from：Native Oyster Network

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Oysters

(Life circle of Crassostrea gigas)

Broadcast Spawning

Farming technology Fetilised eggs

1. Bottom Culture

Bottom culture is a traditional method of oyster farming that is particularly well-suited to the UK's shallow coastal areas.

Newly-Hatched

MATURATION PHASE

Seeding: Juvenile oysters, known as spat, are spread onto the seabed where they naturally attach to hard surfaces such as shells or rocky substrates. Site selection is critical and depends on factors like water quality, tidal movement, and the nature of the seabed.

D-shaped Larvae Melarnorphic Larvae

PLANKTONIC PHASE

Grow-Out Phase: Oysters in bottom culture grow on the seabed, feeding on naturally occurring plankton. The growth rate varies depending on environmental conditions, such as water temperature and nutrient availability.

Natural settlement on rocks, Shore etc.(Wild)

Mature adult

Harvesting: When the oysters reach market size, they are typically harvested using dredging equipment. This process involves collecting the oysters from the seabed, which can be labor-intensive and requires careful handling to avoid damaging the oysters.

Larvae settled "cultchless" (hatchery)

Advantages and Challenges: Bottom culture is less expensive to set up and can integrate well with natural marine environments.

However, it is more susceptible to predation, sedimentation, and other environmental challenges, which can affect the quality and yield of the oysters (Laing et al., 2005).

2. Off-Bottom Culture

Why Are Oysters Important?

Harvesting

“Single” oysters grown in trays, bags, or baskets

Oyster sticks attached to wooden racks for "grow-out"

Larvae settle on wooden sticks in bundles (wild)

Larvae settle on wooden sticks in bundles (wild)

Off-bottom culture has gained popularity due to its efficiency and the higher quality oysters it produces.

Water quality improvement oysters filter algae and organic matter from the water column, which can significantly improve surrounding water quality by decreasing the turbidity (a measure of the amount of suspended material in the liquid).

Increased biodiversity of species the unique 3-dimensional habitats created by native oysters support a higher biodiversity of species than the surrounding sediment/seabed. By providing a structure colonised by algae tunicates, sponges, crabs, crustaceans and ascidians Reduce nitrogen levels oysters have the ability to remove excess nutrients from water, particularly nitrogen, which at high levels can be detrimental to the environment by promoting harmful algal blooms, depleting oxygen and fish death.

Rack and Bag Method: Similar to trestle culture, this method uses racks to hold bags of oysters off the seabed. Regular turning and sorting of the bags are necessary to ensure even growth and prevent biofouling.

Floating Rafts and Longlines: In deeper waters, floating rafts or longlines are used to suspend oysters in the water column. Cages or nets attached to these structures allow the oysters to feed on nutrient-rich water, often leading to faster growth rates.

Advantages and Challenges: Off-bottom culture typically results in cleaner oysters with more uniform growth. These methods offer better control over environmental factors and protection from predators. However, they require higher initial investment in infrastructure and are more labor-intensive to manage (Helmer et al., 2019).

3. Hatchery Production

In addition to grow-out techniques, hatchery production is crucial for ensuring a reliable supply of oyster spat.

Spawning and Larval Rearing: Hatcheries induce spawning in adult oysters under controlled conditions. The larvae are carefully nurtured and fed until they reach the spat stage.

Nursery habitat for fish oyster reefs can increase fish abundance and biodiversity by providing a protected nursery ground for juvenile fish, refuge from predation and a source of food resulting from the associated biodiversity.

Setting: Once the larvae develop into spat, they are settled onto suitable substrates, often in specialized tanks or systems designed to maximize efficiency.

Advantages: Hatcheries provide a consistent and predictable supply of spat, essential for maintaining year-round production.

They also allow for selective breeding to improve traits such as disease resistance and growth rates (FAO, 2020).

Cultural value native oyster fishing and cultivation have formed the heart of coastal communities in the uk and can be traced back to roman-times.

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Trestle Culture: In trestle culture, oysters are placed in mesh bags that are elevated on trestles above the seabed. This setup allows for better water circulation around the oysters, promoting healthier growth and reducing the risk of sedimentation.

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Growing detail of kelp (Benefits of Kelp)

Oarweed

Digits Zoospores (Male & Female) Male gametophyte Sperm

Kelp

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Fertilisation Stipe

Female gametophyte Immature Sporophyte

Holdfast

Sussex Kelp Species by IFCA Oarweed

Tangle

Sugar kelp

Furbellows

Perennial - 4 -6 Yrs Blade split into 5-12 digits short,smooth,bendy stipe 1-1.5m average adult length Depth range 0-15m

Perennial - 5-18 Yrs Blade split into 5-20 digits Long,rough,rigid stipe 1.5-2m average adult length Depth range 0-30m

Annual/Perennial - 1-4Yrs Single long frilly blade Short stipe 1-1.5m average adult length Depth range 0-30m

Annual - 1Yr Blade split into 3-30 digits Flattened stipe, bulbous holdfast 1-2m average adult length Depth range 0-35m

Image from：Scientists at Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML)

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Enterprise stacking Recommended products in different industries

Based on the potential landscapes and potential products we found, we realised that these products can be applied to more aspects of the chichester, for example kernza itself can be used to enhance soil fertility, it can also be used for building materials, which facilitates the development of the previously mentioned eco-agriculture business stacks.

Farming technology

1. Seeding

Spore Collection: The process begins with collecting spores from mature kelp plants, typically during their reproductive season.

These spores are then cultivated in controlled environments such as hatcheries.

Seed String Preparation: The collected spores are inoculated onto seed strings, which are often made from biodegradable materials. These strings provide a surface for the young kelp to attach and grow during the initial stages of development.

Nursery Phase: The seed strings are placed in tanks with optimal light and nutrient conditions to encourage spore germination and growth. This phase lasts several weeks, during which the kelp juveniles develop before being transferred to the open sea.

2. Grow-Out Techniques

Longline Culture: This is the most common method for growing kelp in the UK. The seeded lines are deployed in the open sea, suspended horizontally between buoys and anchors. The lines are typically placed 1 to 3 meters below the surface, where light penetration and nutrient availability are optimal for kelp growth.

Raft Culture: Similar to longline culture, this method involves suspending the seed strings beneath floating rafts. Raft culture is advantageous in areas with strong currents or deeper waters, where stability and access to nutrients are enhanced.

Vertical Culture: In this method, multiple seed lines are suspended vertically from a single floating structure. Vertical culture maximizes the use of space and is particularly effective in deeper waters, allowing kelp to grow at varying depths.

3. Maintenance and Monitoring

Regular Monitoring: Throughout the growing season, farmers monitor the kelp for growth rates, signs of disease, and the presence of pests. Monitoring also includes assessing environmental conditions such as water temperature, salinity, and nutrient levels.

Thinning and Weeding: As the kelp grows, it may become necessary to thin out dense areas to ensure optimal growth and prevent overcrowding. Removing competing species or debris that may hinder growth is also an essential part of maintenance.

Benefits of kelp

4. Harvesting Looking at the extent and condition of historic kelp forests, and drawing evidence from peer-reviewed articles documenting the benefits that kelp can provide, it is considered that restoration of Sussex kelp would be of particular benefit to both commercial fisheries and the wider marine environment. Kelp has a range of benefits, such as such as capturing carbon dioxide and producing oxygen. Kelp has also been shown to support biodiversity and serve as a major nursery for many marine species,including sea bass, cuttlefish and lobsters. Research has shown that macroalgae are an integral part of the ecosystem and are critical to the provision of a wide range of ecosystem services, and therefore special attention should be given to this habitat when considering management. It is also recognised that the restoration of kelp can have socio-economic benefits, such as increased tourism and increased catch for fishermen.

Mechanical Harvesting: In larger farms, mechanical harvesters can be used to increase efficiency. These machines are designed to cut the kelp and collect it simultaneously, reducing labor costs and time.

5. Post-Harvest Processing

Drying and Processing: After harvesting, kelp is usually dried to reduce moisture content, making it easier to store and transport.

Depending on the end use, kelp can be further processed into products such as food additives, fertilizers, bioplastics, and biofuels.

Impact of kelp on human well-being: The wide-ranging benefits of kelp, such as supporting fisheries, protecting coastlines and contributing to carbon budgets, directly and indirectly affect human well-being by providing food security, preventing coastal erosion and mitigating the effects of climate change.

Research, Drawing & Typesetting: Yi Duan

Manual Harvesting: Kelp is typically harvested by hand, using boats to access the lines. The kelp is cut from the lines when it reaches maturity, usually after 6 to 12 months, depending on the species and growing conditions.

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Value-Added Products: The versatility of kelp allows it to be processed into various high-value products, including nutritional supplements, cosmetics, and animal feed, contributing to the economic viability of kelp farming.

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Chapter III Catalogue

AGROECOLOGY-THE KEY TO AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION Overview of Agroecology

The 10 Elements of Agroecology and a Framework for Implementation

Agroecology Technology

Agroecology Case Study

CHAPTER III AGROECOLOGY -THE KEY TO AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION

Chapter Overview To link all these aspects, we will use agroecology principles and practices to help Chichester balance agricultural, environmental, and community needs, address environmental issues while reducing policy fragmentation.

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History of agroecology

1930

1960

1970

Initial thought and practice The idea of agroecology was first proposed by some forward-looking agriculturalists who were concerned with the relationship between agriculture and natural ecosystems. For example, Ruth H. H. Smith, an American agroecologist, studied the role of ecosystems in agriculture.

Criticisms of modern agriculture began to appear. Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (1962) warned of the environmental hazards of chemical pesticides, laying the ideological foundation for the development of agroecology.

Formation and Promotion of Agroecology Agroecology began to take shape as a formal concept. Howard and Balfour and others advocated organic and sustainable agriculture, emphasising that agriculture should mimic the operation of natural ecosystems.

From Organic Farming to a Comprehensive Sustainable Approach

The Evolution of Agroecology

1980

The concept of agroecology emerged as a response to the growing need for sustainable agricultural practices that integrate ecological principles with food production. Developed in the 1920s and 1930s by early pioneers such as Hans Albrecht, and further refined in the 1970s by scientists like Miguel Altieri, agroecology evolved from an initial focus on organic farming and soil health to a comprehensive approach addressing environmental, social, and economic dimensions of agriculture (Altieri, 1995; Gliessman, 2014). This evolution was driven by increasing concerns about the negative impacts of industrial agriculture, such as soil degradation, loss of biodiversity, and the reliance on chemical inputs, leading to a broader understanding of agriculture as a complex socio-ecological system.

Firstly, How Agroecology works?

ism

Agroecology becomes an important part of global agricultural policy. Organisations such as FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) and IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) begin to promote the concept of agroecology.

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Agroecology enters the mainstream; Agroecology is promoted as a discipline in universities and research institutes in several countries; policies such as the Rural Development Programme and Environmental Stewardship Schemes are implemented in the EU and elsewhere.

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Development of modern Agroecology

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International organisations and research institutes begin to pay attention to the development of agroecology. The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) was established in 1980 to promote global standards and certification systems for organic agriculture.

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UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) include support for agroecology, emphasising the promotion of sustainable agricultural practices globally. Examples such as Wakelyns Farm demonstrate the successful application of agroecology in practice.

Research & Typesetting: Yi Duan

Organisations

Definition of agroecology by various organisations

Elements available from FAO

Agroecology is farming that works with nature to produce good food for everyone. It means changing farming at its roots, rather than trying to tweak our unjust and unsustainable food system at the edges.

Agroecology is a holistic and integrated approach that simultaneously applies ecological and social concepts and principles to the design and management of sustainable agriculture and food systems.

Agroecology represents an overarching and comprehensive systems framework to guide public policies towards sustainable agriculture and food systems.

Responsible governance Circular and solidarity economy

Agroecology is sustainable farming that works with nature.

Ecology is the study of relationships between plants, animals, people, and their environment - and the balance between these relationships.

Agroecology is the application of ecological concepts and principals in farming.

Agroecology is a concept with a long and complex history. Today, the term simultaneously refers to a scientific discipline, a set of agricultural practices, and a social movement to restore ecological balance and economic justice to food systems.

Agroecology is a systems-based approach to reforming current food systems that integrates the ecological, sociocultural, technological, economic, and political aspects of food production. Agroecology rejects the linear view of inputs and outputs dominant in conventional agriculture, acknowledging that agricultural production occurs in a complex social and ecological web.

Resilience Co-creation and Sharing knowledge

Agroecology involves understanding ecological processes and applying these concepts to the design and management of agricultural production systems.

Human and social values Culture and food traditions

Agroecology is a dynamic concept that has gained prominence in scientific, agricultural and political discourse in recent years. It is increasingly promoted as being able to contribute to transforming food systems by applying ecological principles to agriculture and ensuring a regenerative use of natural resources and ecosystem services while also addressing the need for socially equitable food systems within which people can exercise choice over what they eat and how and where it is produced.

Agroecology is a growing movement including farmers and food producers who are using fair and sustainable regenerative practices. But it is more than a way of farming - it is a way of describing a healthy food system with huge potential to tackle climate change, regenerate landscapes and restore nature.

Diversity Efficiency

Agroecology is a topical subject with rather unclear contours.

Agroecology is often presented as an integrated solution that reconciles two central challenges that agriculture faces today:feeding a growing population while conserving natural resources.It is also related to global changes sweeping the globe.In sum, it is mainly a sustainable approach to agriculture. As any real world solutions, it is not a silver bullet and it involves trade-offs between its social, environmental and economic benefits it can offer.

What is the initial definition of Agroecology?

Recycling Synergies

Definition of agroecology Agroecology is a holistic, integrated approach that simultaneously applies ecological and social concepts and principles to the design and management of sustainable agriculture and food systems.

It aims to optimize the interactions between plants, animals, humans, and the environment while meeting the needs of a socially equitable food system in which people can choose what to eat, how to produce it, and where to produce it. Agroecology, simultaneously a science, a set of practices and a social movement, has evolved in recent decades into a concept whose scope has expanded from a focus on fields and farms to encompass entire agriculture and food systems. It now represents an interdisciplinary field encompassing the ecological, sociocultural, technological, economic and political dimensions of food systems from production to consumption.

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Agroecology shares much in common with other approaches to sustainable farming. Agroecology is farming that “centers on food production that makes the best use of nature’s goods and services while not damaging these resources.” Farming thrives when it works with local ecosystems, for example, improving soil and plant quality through available biomass and biodiversity, rather than battling nature with chemical inputs. Agroecological farmers seeks to improve food yields for balanced nutrition, strengthen fair markets for their produce, enhance healthy ecosystems, and build on ancestral knowledge and customs.

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THE 10 ELEMENTS OF AGROECOLOGY In guiding countries to transform their food and agricultural systems, to mainstream sustainable agriculture on a large scale3, and to achieve Zero Hunger and multiple other SDGs, the following 10 Elements emanated from the FAO regional seminars on agroecology4: Diversity; synergies; efficiency; resilience; recycling; co-creation and sharing of knowledge (describing common characteristics of agroecological systems, foundational practices and innovation approaches) Human and social values; culture and food traditions (context features) Responsible governance; circular and solidarity economy (enabling environment) The 10 Elements of Agroecology are interlinked and interdependent.

On the right are the ten principles of agroecology. To implement these principles effectively, we propose a framework consisting of four key components, including: Agroecology technology, Enterprise

stacking, Public-common partnership, Policy

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In what detailed behaviours are the benefits of Agroecology reflected?

AGROECOLOGY TECHNOLOGY Below we have summarised the detailed techniques based on the existing definitions of Agroecology.

Soil Health: Research shows that crop rotation, cover crops, and reduced tillage improve soil organic matter, reduce erosion, and enhance fertility(Altieri, 1995).

Biodiversity: Studies indicate that diversified farming systems increase habitat for beneficial species and improve pest control(Gliessman, 2014).

Zero Carbon: Agroforestry and efficient irrigation help reduce water runoff, recharge groundwater, and sequester carbon, aiding in carbon neutrality(FAO, 2018). Agroecological systems also boost climate resilience through diversity, enabling adaptation to climate variability while enhancing soil carbon storage(IPCC, 2019). Together, these practices reduce greenhouse gas emissions, aligning agriculture with zero carbon targets.

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Soil Health

Biodiversity

Zero Carboon

Marin-tech

Alfalfa nitrogen fixation

Multiple crops

Orchard

Alfalfa nitrogen fixation

Intercropping

Symbiotic agriculture

Agroforestry

Seaweed farm

Natural compost

Mixed grazing

Water field

Saltmarsh

Crop rotation

Apiculture

Greenhouse

Peatland

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PUBLIC-COMMON PARTNERSHIP Isle of Skye & Raasay In 2016 an eye-catching sparrow was spotted in Scotland. The bird had ingested feed pellets from a nearby salmon farm, turning its feathers pink. Cramped in underwater feedlots, farmed salmon have no access to the prey that colour their flesh in the wild. Instead, they are fed artificial colourants mixed with supplements, drugs, and hormones, causing them to relentlessly produce the additive-filled flesh that fills supermarket shelves. The environmental degradation caused by open-net fish farms (not only salmon, but also sea bream, sea bass, tilapia and shrimp) can be observed in areas far from the dead zones created around the farms. Making fish feed requires krill from the Arctic, sardines and anchovies from the coast of Peru, India, Western Sahara and Senegal, and soy from Argentina and Brazil, where vast swathes of land are being deforested to provide space for agriculture.

As an alternative, CLIMAVORE creates intertidal systems to produce food while also cultivating diverse marine habitats. By filtering seawater as they breathe, bivalves break down and reabsorb waterborne toxins. One mussel is able to filter up to 25 litres of water a day and a single oyster up to 120 litres. Seaweeds, meanwhile, are like trees, oxygenating their surroundings. All of these ingredients provide easy-access protein without the need for irrigation, fertilisers, medication, or colouring.

Divesting from salmon farming requires shifting to intertidal foodways that nourish both people and the coast.

Agroecology Case Study

CLIMAVORE CIC co-designs community-led food systems that are ecologically restorative and socially reparative. Established in 2019 in Skye and Raasay, CLIMAVORE collaborates with local residents, schools and restaurants alongside international researchers and activists to share new approaches to regenerative sea-farming and food waste.

To illustrate these components in practice, we will present two case studies that demonstrate the concepts we would like to work with: Public-Community Partnership and Enterprise Stacking within agroecology.

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Isle of Skye & Raasay

The mission is to create ways of living on and with the coast as humans change the climate. Their vision is to empower coastal communities who are custodians of their land, culture and futures, to review local food systems through CLIMAVORE and drive a just transition in the wake of the climate and biodiversity crises.

The work operates around three pillars: Regrowing, Relearning, Rebuilding.

Regrowing Regrowing Conceived as a sea orchard, a pilot for a community-owned intertidal farm uses the coast as a space for sourcing food while cultivating multiple ecologies. Through collaboration with marine scientists CLIMAVORE promotes a modular system to grow multiple low-trophic species—those that generally feed on plankton and are at the bottom of the food chain. This system on the intertidal zone is accessible on foot, and consists of ropes, trestles and tidal gardens for different species of seaweeds, sea vegetables and bivalves that regenerate ocean water, absorb carbon emissions, contribute to food security, and strengthen food supply.

This “sea orchard” is a sustainable, community-owned intertidal farm, growing seaweeds, vegetables, and bivalves without feed, medication, or costly infrastructure. It uses simple tools like plant-fiber nets, stones, and trestles.

The intertidal zone is a productive space that regenerates ocean water, contributes to food security, and strengthens food supply chains. Despite being sometimes regarded as ‘species poor’, these intertidal sediments are highly productive and support communities that tolerate air exposure, variable temperatures and salinities as complex ecosystems.

Relearning

Relearning Restaurants across Skye and Raasay have removed farmed salmon from their menu and incorporated bivalves and seaweeds in their dishes—ingredients that can regenerate, filter and oxygenate seawater while breathing. Through new cooking apprenticeship programmes set up in collaboration with the local high school in Portree, restaurants are also training the island’s next generation of climavore cooks to work closely with chefs, foragers, divers, bakers, brewers and kitchen teams. In parallel, the Station assembles memories, recipes, songs through radio, archival photographs and film footage, and captures coastal experiences through Gaelic place names, folklore and traditions—key knowledge for a shared understanding of what the coast once was and what has the potential to be.

CLIMAVORE’s pedagogical ambition includes ways to reconnect people with local ingredients, and make small-scale farming and foraging food from the coast appealing to the younger generations. Since 2017, the Station has collaborated with restaurants across Skye and Raasay that removed farmed salmon from their menu and incorporated climavore dishes featuring bivalves and seaweeds to promote ways of eating with and for the coast. Through new cooking apprenticeship programmes we set up with Portree High School, restaurants trained the next generation of climavore cooks on the island so that they can start introducing a new coastal imaginary.

Rebuilding Rebuilding Cement is the second most consumed product in the world after water and a major contributor to climate breakdown.

Sourcing materials based on waste streams of intertidal origin is a way to connect the food and construction industries. Learning from experiments CLIMAVORE developed in New Orleans, Taiwan and Los Angeles, the Station has worked with fabricators, chemists and material scientists to prototype a new material that replaces cement and petrochemical resins with crushed seashells collected from CLIMAVORE restaurants. Partnering with the West Highland College for their Construction Skills Course, a new syllabus encourages learning from historic techniques for tabby concrete, seaweed thatching and insulation, and shell composites, connecting food-webs with wall building, exploring ways to construct CLIMAVORE.

The intertidal zone is a productive space that regenerates ocean water, contributes to food security, and strengthens food supply chains. Despite being sometimes regarded as ‘species poor’, these intertidal sediments are highly productive and support communities that tolerate air exposure, variable temperatures and salinities as complex ecosystems.

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Isle of Skye & Raasay How does the operation of a public-common partnership work in Agroecology ?

Climavore Community Interest Company (CIC) 1

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This structure shows how the project works with young people, businesses, scientists, the community and visitors across a range of projects.

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Regrowing

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Relearning

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Rebuilding

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Communication

In this way, coastal communities can reconnect and reshape local food systems in ways that are ecologically restorative, socially restorative and support food security.

They constructed this structure in the intertidal zone to cultivate oysters and kelp, contributing to the regeneration of the marine environment. Additionally, they collaborate with local restaurants and materials experts to develop sustainable ingredients and bio-building materials. When the tide recedes, the structure transforms into tables that serve as spaces for technical exchange and food-sharing activities.

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Wakelyns Farm

1992

Initial appearance of the site The Wakelyns bought the fields-just the wheat crop.

1994

First try Martin and Maria Fink planted some of the original trees.

2004

WAKELYNS AGROFORESTRY ...science for ecological agriculture During this period, Wakelyns collaborated with the Organic Research Council to produce the Organic Research Council Leaflet 2004.

History of Wakelyns Farm Wakelyn de Hartshill probably acquired this land in Suffolk in the mid-15th century. The farmhouse dates back to about the 16th century.

Ann Wolfe and Martin Wolfe purchased the farm in 1992, and Martin’s early scientific work showed that mixing three cereal crops was effective in suppressing disease and helping to stabilize crop yields.

Their goal is to further explore agricultural models through experiments that utilize diversity and reverse the trend toward monocropping through a combination of organic rotations and agroforestry.

2018 2019

Wakelyns Received concerns and reports Wakelyns was also featured in The Guardian, explaining agroforestry and telling the story of population wheats and YQ flour

Agroecology Case study Location of Wakelyns Farm：Metfield Lane IP21 5SD，England

After 2019

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They have also focused on enhancing biodiversity through tree planting and other sustainable practices. The farm now hosts events, courses, and offers accommodations to visitors, further promoting organic and diverse farming methods. The farm continues to honor the legacy of its founders by nurturing its role as a hub for ecological agriculture.

Research & Typesetting: Yi Duan

Is there a vision for a centre of excellence in agroforestry focused on efficiency and beauty?

What are the two main system changes at Wakelyns Farm?

Objectives of Wakelyns Farm

Wakelyns farm's reform priorities

Wakelyns: We hope to build on our links and collaborations across the organic, scientific, farming, food, baking, restaurant, environmental, ecological and political communities, locally and across the UK and beyond.

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Short food supply chains

Wakelyns: “Short [food] chains” – means that our food and other farming produce is cooked or crafted on site for eating and selling here or locally.

The EU’s rural development regulation (1305/2013) describes a “short supply chain” as one that involves a small number of economic participants who are dedicated to fostering cooperation, promoting local economic growth, and maintaining close geographic and social connections between food producers, processors, and consumers.

Food

Construction material

Crafts

Learning

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Enterprise stacking

Wakelyns: “Enterprise stacking” – means we host a range of small business who collaborate to maximise the productivity and health of our 23 hectares.

Work

Be more bee

Climate

Wakelyns Bakery

Real veg

Willow Phoenix Contemporary hempery

Enterprise

Public access

...

Productions

Energy

Community

...

Accommodation

Renewal of agroecology

Events organised on the farm

Building on Wakelyns Farm’s short food supply chains and enterprise stacking, this approach enhances agroecology by creating closer connections between producers and consumers while diversifying farm activities. Short food supply chains minimize the distance from farm to table, reducing carbon footprints and ensuring fresher products. Enterprise stacking leverages diverse farming activities on the same land, maximizing both environmental benefits and economic opportunities. This model exemplifies how agroecological practices can be expanded for both environmental sustainability and economic growth.

Next we will look at Wakelyns Farm in particular, with reference to the use of their new model of agroecological farming.

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Wakelyns Farm case study

Product transport routes Start

In this section we have extracted the growing techniques and implementation details of Wakelyns Farm.

NUTS VEGETABLES, FRUIT TIMBER FRUIT, NUT LENTILS CROPPING

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Real Veg

Other Cooperating Enterprises

Land equipment

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Growing details

Real Veg: Planting area

Product shipping area

Scale 1:100

Honeycomb Landscape plant

Beetroot

Onions Arugula

Agricultural tools storage room

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Lettuce Cabbage

Radish

Greenhouse crop

Landscape plant

Artichoke

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Growing details

Cropping area

Cropping area

Planting area

Scale 1:200

Argan trees Oats

Oats

Lentils

Lentils

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Dwarf shrub

Landscape plant

Apple tree Landscape plant

Barley

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What is Agroecological “Enterprise Stacking” in Wakelyns?

Wakelyns offers opportunities for businesses to collaborate through their “enterprise stacking” model.

This involves multiple independent enterprises operating on the farm, sharing resources and space while maintaining distinct business identities. These enterprises are encouraged to align with Wakelyns’ principles of sustainability, diversity, and community engagement. Potential partners can join by applying, and they must be committed to contributing to the farm’s ecosystem through innovative and environmentally conscious projects.

Wakelyns Farm’s Enterprise Stacking Guidance Model Source: An exploration of farm enterprise stacking: A definition, the benefits and challenges, Jack Thompson, 2020

Why “Enterprise Stacking”?

Focus on natural processes for crop health and yield

Wakelyns Benefits of Using Enterprise Stacking

RealVeg The Wakelyns’ “RealVeg” project focuses on growing a diverse range of organically grown vegetables using agroforestry principles. This approach enhances soil health, promotes biodiversity and provides a sustainable alternative to conventional agriculture. Vegetables are grown in a mixed cropping system within the farm’s tree lanes, providing shelter for the crops and improving the microclimate.

RealVeg emphasises minimal intervention and relies on natural processes to maintain crop health and yields, in line with Wakelyns’ commitment to low-impact, resilient agriculture.

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Promotion of biodiversity Be more bee Wakelyns is committed to supporting the wild honey bee populations on the farm by providing suitable homes for their swarms. Currently, several healthy, free-living colonies thrive at Wakelyns, including one housed in a Layens box with the help of Gill Horrocks. Looking forward, the farm is developing the Wakelyns Box, a 30-40 liter hive insulated with sheep’s wool and recycled materials.

This hive mimics the protection of tree cavities and allows for sustainable honey harvesting while also serving as a conservation space for bee species.

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Expanding the versatility of materials The Contemporary Hempery The Contemporary Hempery at Wakelyns focuses on growing and processing industrial hemp using organic and sustainable methods. The project explores the diverse uses of hemp, from textiles to building materials, while also enhancing soil health and supporting biodiversity. By integrating hemp cultivation into the farm’s agroforestry system, Wakelyns aims to promote eco-friendly practices and contribute to a circular economy.

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Enhancing community co-operation and linkages Wakelyns Bakery The enterprise stacking model at Wakelyns allows the bakery to integrate with the farm’s ecosystem, benefiting from local, organic ingredients like YQ wheat. This approach promotes sustainability, reducing food miles and resource waste by utilizing farm-produced materials. Collaboration between different enterprises enhances biodiversity and creates a self-sufficient, community-driven system.

The bakery, while independent, supports the farm’s overarching goals of low-impact, eco-friendly production and fosters connections between producers and consumers.

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Willow Phoenix 2

The Willow Phoenix project at Wakelyns involves the cultivation and use of willow trees to create sustainable products like charcoal, biochar, and art materials. This initiative supports biodiversity, soil health, and carbon sequestration, aligning with the farm’s commitment to ecological practices. The project also emphasizes the cultural and artistic value of willow, integrating it into various creative and functional applications.

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How Enterprise stacking works

Applying enterprise stacked models

Background

Challenge

The business stacking model is becoming increasingly important in light of recent policy shifts and the evolving challenges of modern agriculture. In particular, the post-Brexit transition of UK agricultural policy from area-based payments to environmental land management schemes (ELMs) has highlighted the need for diversified agricultural practices that can remain economically viable without relying heavily on traditional subsidies (DEFRA, 2022). This shift highlights the potential of business stacking as a solution that aligns with these new policy frameworks.

In Thompson’s study, several key challenges associated with the business stacking model were identified. Firstly, economic uncertainty poses a major obstacle as the model is relatively untested, leading to farmers’ aversion to financial risk. Second, managing multiple independent enterprises introduces governance complexities, particularly in terms of legal agreements and contractual arrangements with entrepreneurs. Thirdly, the cultural shift required for farmers to move from traditional specialised agricultural practices to a more collaborative and diversified model is also a considerable barrier (Thompson, 2023). These challenges highlight the need for targeted strategies to support the successful implementation of enterprise stacking.

Currently, specialised farming systems face several key issues, including environmental degradation due to monoculture practices, economic instability associated with global commodity markets, and social challenges such as an ageing farmer population and rural isolation (Lang & Heasman, 2015).

The consolidation of agricultural power within a small number of large agribusinesses further exacerbates these issues, often marginalising smaller independent farmers (Clapp, 2016). As a result, there is a growing need for innovative agricultural models that can address these multifaceted challenges.

Response measures To reduce the risks associated with enterprise stacking, a variety of measures and strategies can be used. Firstly, the development of financial tools that can accurately assess the economic benefits of interconnected businesses can help farmers make informed decisions and secure investments. In addition, financial education tailored to the complexities of business stacking can reduce farmers’ risk aversion (Thompson, 2023). Establishing clear, flexible legal frameworks and contracts can help manage the governance complexity of multiple enterprises. These frameworks should accommodate the diversity of business stacks and ensure that all parties understand their roles and responsibilities.

Working with legal experts and developing standardised contract templates can facilitate smoother operations (Thompson, 2023).

Business stacking models address these challenges by integrating multiple complementary operations on the same piece of land, thereby increasing economic resilience and promoting ecological diversity.

For example, farms can combine crop production with agroforestry, livestock, and on-site processing operations to create a self-sustaining ecosystem that reduces reliance on external inputs and increases the overall productivity and sustainability of the farm (Thompson, 2023). This model not only improves financial outcomes through value-added diversification, but also aligns with broader policy goals of increasing environmental resilience and rural vitality.

Additionally, facilitating a cultural shift among farmers is critical to the adoption of enterprise stacking. This can be achieved through educational programmes that emphasise the benefits of diversity and collaboration, as well as showcasing successful case studies. Encouraging peer-to-peer learning and creating networks of farmers who have successfully implemented enterprise stacking can also help overcome resistance to change (Thompson, 2023).

Methodology As an emerging agricultural strategy, enterprise stacking integrates multiple interconnected enterprises on a single piece of land to increase sustainability, biodiversity and economic resilience. Unlike traditional agricultural diversification, this approach creates synergies between enterprises, generating collective benefits that are greater than the sum of their parts. Methodologically, the model can be implemented through three main structures: consolidating multiple enterprises under a single business entity, inviting entrepreneurs to establish independent businesses on the farm, or forming partnerships between farmers and entrepreneurs. Each structure offers different advantages and challenges, making enterprise stacking a flexible and adaptable model for modern agriculture.

Finally, advocating for policy support, such as subsidies or incentives for diversified farming practices, can encourage the adoption of enterprise stacking. Policies that recognise and reward the environmental, economic and social benefits of such models will provide the necessary financial support to make enterprise stacking a viable option for more farmers (Thompson, 2023).

To explore this model in depth, the research methodology included qualitative interviews with practitioners to identify core principles, benefits, challenges, and potential for policy support. These interviews provided empirical insights into how enterprise stacking can facilitate the transition from specialised farming systems to more diverse and resilient practices (Thompson, 2023).

Differences between Enterprise stacking and polyculture By Thompson

Partners in the implementation of measures

Enterprise stacking

Farming with diversification

(Diversity of income linked to agricul-

(Diversifying outside of agricultural production)

ture) Employing people/doing it all themselves

Farmer’s responsibility: employs people Host entrepreneurs

Partnership

Process of adding value to farming

2. entrepreneurs: they are critical to increasing diversity and expertise, establishing independent businesses on their farms, and contributing to the overall success of the enterprise stacking model.

Specialised farming

Diversity of crops/livestock Collaboration and integration

Collaboration and integration

producton Processing

1. Farmers and landowners: at the centre of the implementation of enterprise stacking, they play a key role by integrating multiple enterprises on their land or inviting entrepreneurs to establish independent enterprises.

Niche crops(organic, heritage varieties)

Commodity markets

Direct marketing

Supermarkets Wholesale

Non-farming activities linked to the

Little to no integration

farm

Non-farming activities - not linked to farming

Examples cited in interviews: Wellbe-

3. legal and financial advisors: these partners help create clear, flexible legal frameworks and financial tools to manage governance complexities, draft contracts, and mitigate financial risks associated with business stacking.

4. local governments and policymakers: they provide the necessary support through policies, subsidies and incentives to encourage the adoption of diverse agricultural practices and make business stacking more viable.

5. communities and educational institutions: these groups provide support by training, educating and facilitating the transition of farmers to more collaborative and innovative practices.

ing using the farm as, a therapeutic platform, wedding venue serving food from. the farm, farming training and

Examples cited in interviews: Using barns as

education, nature and for aging walks,

business units for non-land based businesses,

crafts using materials from farm.

tourism lets, renewable energy.

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Enterprise Stacking

Existing Enterprise

Ranches

Leisure area

Planting area

Scale 1:100

The Contempoary Hempery Landscape plant

Real Veg

Wakelyns Bakery

Landscape plant Willow Phoneix

Be More Bee：Honey Manufacturers

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OUR NEW AGROECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION Defining a New Agroecological Transformation

Applying Agroecological Model

Modelling Policies and Agroecology implementation at Chichester

Agroecology Technology for Sustainable Agriculture

Small farm consolidation

Revenue Comparison After Implementing Agroecology on Farmland

New Agroecological Transformation in Chichester

Agroecology Technology for Sustainable Aquaculture

Our definition of a new Agroecological transformation Our new agroecological model integrates key practices from Wakelyns Farm & CLIMAVORE, including enterprise stacking, policy support,establish Public-Common Partnership and advanced agroecological techniques. Enterprise stacking allows diverse farming activities (e.g., crops, fishery, and agroforestry) to be layered on the same land for maximum productivity.

CHAPTER IV Our New Agroecology

Sustainable agriculture

Sustainable Aquaculture

Enterprise stacking

Policy

Public-Common Partnerships

In this section we will apply this new agroecological model to the Chichester and design programmes to project the returns and benefits of the different aspects of the change

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Agroecological Reform Model for Chichester

Applying Agroecological Model Based on the above, we have developed a new Agroecology Transformation Model for Chichester.

This model leverages agroecological technologies to promote sustainable agriculture and fisheries that are more environmentally friendly, enabling the production of a wider variety of products.

Our proposed model is centered on the principles of agroecology, emphasizing the use of diversified crops, organic farming practices, and the integration of ecological technologies. By reducing reliance on chemical inputs, we aim to improve soil health and water quality, thereby mitigating the negative impacts on the coastal ecosystem. Drawing inspiration from Wakelyns Farm, known for its pioneering work in agroforestry and polyculture, we advocate for the adoption of similar practices in Chichester.

This includes the use of intercropping, agroforestry, and other regenerative techniques that enhance biodiversity, sequester carbon, and create a resilient farming system.

On the Marine side, we try to use new sustainable technologies to restore the former industries such as oysters and kelp, and develop the potential of related by-products, such as the reuse of oyster shells, etc., to form a complete industrial chain, reduce costs, increase economic and ecological benefits, and these Marine related practices contribute to the sustainable development of agroecological systems.· Through Enterprise Stacking, these products and by-products can be better integrated into local markets and other sectors. If use together with models such as Community Benefit Societies (CBS), It will play a key role in implementing these technologies and strengthening connections with the community. Additionally, relevant policies can provide essential technical and financial support to facilitate this transformation.

Step 1: Policy Support and Market Mechanism Development Several existing policies in Chichester support the development of agroecology, providing political and financial backing for its growth.

Step 2: Identifying Suitable Industries for Agroecology in Chichester Through investigating Chichester’s climate, soil, water resources, biodiversity, as well as its socio-economic conditions and cultural customs, we have selected a range of products such as oysters, kelp, and reed. By exploring the connections between these products, a complete industry chain can be formed, reducing costs while increasing economic and ecological benefits.

Step 3: Collaboration with Local Communities and Farmers Work with local farmers, community leaders, non-governmental organizations, and other stakeholders to ensure their participation and support. The success of agroecology relies on the involvement of farmers, making it essential to provide training and improve their knowledge of agroecology.

Step 4: Designing and Planning a Localized Agricultural System Based on local ecological characteristics and socio-economic conditions, design a diverse, low-input, and sustainable agricultural system. Consider practices such as crop rotation, diverse crop planting, intercropping, soil fertility management, biological pest control, and other agroecological techniques.

Step 5: Promoting Agroecological Technologies and Practices Provide farmers with training and promote agroecological techniques, such as the use of organic fertilizers, conservation tillage, integrated pest management, irrigation efficiency improvements, and oyster harvesting and reuse. Gradually expand these practices through demonstration projects and farmer technical manuals.

Step 6: Evaluation and Expansion After successful implementation, conduct performance evaluations and consider how to promote agroecological practices on a larger scale. Encourage more farmers to participate and gradually expand the scope of implementation through policy and market incentives.

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Modelling changes in the chichester agricultural landscape Our proposal starts with agricultural trasnformation, moving from local monocultures to more diverse models to Improve soil qualty, reduce agricultural pollution, in the end enrich the products of agriculture.

Now

Buffer grassland Establishment of pollen and nectar mixing blocks

Wheat Field Improvement of planting methods

Buffer grassland Establishment of pollen and nectar mixing blocks

-Interplanting -Trap Crops -Kernza

-Planting six types of flowers including musk and oxeye daisies -Establishment of bird food zones

Potato field and Maize field Companion crop

Hedges Maintenance of hedges

-Root crop

-Construction of hedges -Planting hedges

-Planting six types of flowers including musk and oxeye daisies -Establishment of bird food zones

Exsiting Problem Monoculture Companion crop

Proposal

Management of hedgerow

Pollen and nectar flower mix

Proposal

Enhanced management of maize crops

Maize and wheat intercropping technology

Planting 4m-12m Grass buffer strip on arable land

Improve soil quality

Hedgrows laying

Hedgrows laying

Planting fruit trees

Intercropping techniques with kernza and clover

Hedgrows laying

Planting fruit trees

Pollen and nectar flower mix

Useing bio-fertilizers

Enrich the products of agriculture

Management of hedgerow Assess and record hedgerow condition

Management of hedgerow

Management of hedgerow Strategic wildlife corridors

No w Intercropping with higher value crops

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Modelling changes in the chichester agricultural landscape

Now

Hedges Maintenance of hedges -Construction of hedges -Planting hedges

Existing problem Abandonment of industry

Rehabilitation of the horticultural industry Organise abandoned greenhouses

Buffer grassland Establishment of pollen and nectar mixing blocks

-Planting of regional specialities (flower)

-Planting six types of flowers including musk and oxeye daisies -Establishment of bird food zones

Organise exsiting greenhouses

-Planting of fruit trees and greenhouse fruits -Horticultural Technology Exchange

Proposal Resuscitating industries and creating more jobs

Management of hedgerow Strategic wildlife corridors

Planting fruit trees

Vegetable farm

Hedgrows laying

Winter bird food on horticultural land

Planting fruit trees

No w Pollen and nectar flower mix

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Modelling changes in the chichester coatsal landscape In coastal areas we propose the gradual restoration of degraded wetlands and Marine habitats, and tackle pollution problems with relevant agroecological practices.

In the process of transformation, we will develop abundant aquatic products and by-products to revitalize traditional industries.

Now

Restore seabed

Saltmarsh restoration Reeds for water purification

Develop sea farms

Urban area Enterprise stacking

Exsiting Problem Cultivation of kelp and oysters -Water purification -Reef regeneration

Marine pollution

Bulid seaweed and oyster farms -Water purification -Ecological restoration -Creating habitats for marine life -Sale or manufacture of by-products

Saltmarsh restoration -Ecological restoration -Creating habitats for coastal life -Sale or manufacture of by-products

Reeds for water purification -Purification of wastewater

Proposal Improvement of water quality and saltmarsh degradation

Proposal Enrichment of aquatic products and revival of traditional industries

Cultivating edible oysters Sale of edible oysters and by-products

No w

Urban area Enterprise stacking -Aquacultural products -Agricultural products

More coastal activities -Restaurants -Service center -Sightseeing ......

The gradual recovery of the saltmarsh

The gradual recovery of the seabed

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Sustainable Agriculture Plant trap crops

Crop rotation

Plant cover crops under the main crops

Intercropping wheat and corn

Plant trap crops

Connect habitats

Policy: IPM3: Companion crop on arable and horticultural land

Avoid using chemical pesticides

Use bio-fertilizers

Record soil conditions

Policy: IPM4: No use of insecticide on arable crops and permanent crops

How can we improve crop diversity, soil conditions and reduce the use of chemicals?

Agroecology Technology These diagrams shows some planting techniques such as intercropping, rotation, use of biofertilizers and so on while highlighting what policies can fund these technologies.

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Sustainable Agriculture Remove old fences and barbed wire

Cut down the elderberry to prevent the stumps from regrowing

Estimate the average height and width of the hedge

Prune no more than one-third of the hedge each year

Prune each hedge no more than once every two years

Manage them by replicating or laying out planting rotation

Estimate the average height of the tree crown at the base

Establish a hedge

Get rid of weeds

Policy: HRW1: Assess and record hedgerow condition HRW2: Manage hedgerows HRW3: Maintain or establish hedgerow trees Policy: BN5: Hedgerow laying

Plant fruit trees

If grafting fruit trees, ensure the graft union is at least 75 mm above the ground

Use ties for wind protection

Plant ground cover

Policy: TE3: Planting fruit trees

How can we reduce agricultural runoff and manage farmland boundaries?

Agroecology Technology These are mainly techniques related to hedge maintenance and management of several varieties of productive trees.

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Sustainable Agriculture Establish grass buffer

Designate pollen and nectar mix zones

Plant summer-blooming plants

Prohibit vehicle access

Protect existing landscape features and provide habitat

Protect existing landscape features and provide habitat

Policy: AHL1: Pollen and nectar flower mix AHL4: 4m to 12m grass buffer strip on arable and horticultural land

How do we connect agricultural and natural lands?

Agroecology Technology These techniques mainly involve the establishment and management of grass buffers as biodiverse landscapes surrounding agricultural land.

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Sustainable Agriculture

Recommended crop planting schedule

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= first sowing recommended during this month (2nd, 3rd, etc.) = second, third, etc. sowings (for succession planting) o/w = for overwintering ^ = for growing under cover early = sowing recommended days 1–10 of this month mid = sowing recommended days 11–20 of this month late = sowing recommended days 21–29/30/31 of this month 1st half = sowing recommended during the first half of this month 2nd half = sowing recommended during the second half of this month

*

How can we improve soil contamination and increase yields?

Agroecology Technology Main crops Legume crops

In this section, we provide detailed techniques in addition to a schedule of crops to be planted, and subsequent crop rotations and intercropping to suit the conditions the site possesses.

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Summary of planting techniques

Example: Advantages of intercropping

Why use intercropping?

Transitioning from monoculture to intercropping in Chichester can bring significant ecological and economic benefits, including enhanced biodiversity, improved soil health and increased resilience to climate change. As Chichester’s agricultural landscape develops, the adoption of intercropping can lead to more sustainable farming practices, reduce reliance on chemical inputs and improve the long-term viability of local agriculture.

1.Planting techniques are applicable to companion crops and can replace the crops shown with others 2.Different crop technologies for farmland with different soil conditions

Crop A

Crop B

3.Long-term use of kernza favours improvement of soil quality

4.Some of the technologies can be used in combination, e.g. intercropping and trap crop combination

Potential Changes with Intercropping in Chichester’s Future Agriculture in detail 1. Reduction in Pesticide Use Decreased Pest and Disease Incidence: By breaking up the monoculture landscape, intercropping can reduce the spread of pests and diseases that thrive in uniform crop systems. This could lead to a decreased need for chemical pesticides, benefiting both the environment and public health in Chichester.

2. Improved Resilience to Climate Change Climate Adaptation: Diverse cropping systems are generally more resilient to the impacts of climate change, such as extreme weather events. Intercropping can help Chichester’s farms adapt to changing climate conditions by increasing the resilience of cropping systems.

3. Economic Sustainability Diversified Income Streams: Intercropping can provide farmers with multiple harvests from the same piece of land, reducing economic risks associated with price fluctuations or crop failures. This diversification is crucial for the long-term financial sustainability of farms in Chichester.

4. Soil Health and Long-term Productivity Enhanced Soil Fertility: Over time, the introduction of intercropping could lead to improved soil fertility and structure, which are essential for the longterm sustainability of agricultural productivity. This change could counteract the soil degradation often seen in monoculture systems.

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Recommended intercropping of crops( in Chichester)

Example: Advantages of crop rotation

Land equivalent ratio(LER) The ratio of the returns from a mix of two or more crops to the returns from a single crop on the same farm. It is a measure of the degree of increase in yield of a mixed crop over a single crop. For example, when corn is intercropped with soybeans, the expression is: Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) = (Yield in corn intercropping ÷ Yield in corn monocropping) + (Yield in soybean intercropping ÷ Yield in soybean monocropping). If LER is greater than 1, it means that intercropping is more efficient than monocropping. When LER is 1.4, it means that it takes 1.4 ha of land in monocropping to achieve the yield of 1 ha of land in intercropping. (LER-1) x 100 per cent is the yield increase of the intercrop. In the above example, the yield increase is 40 per cent.

Why Crop Rotation?

Crop rotation in Chichester offers several key benefits: it improves long-term soil fertility by alternating crops with varying nutrient needs, disrupts pest and disease cycles by breaking their lifecycle patterns, enhances soil structure through the use of different root systems, suppresses weeds naturally by varying crop competition, and stabilizes crop yields over time by optimizing growing conditions and reducing the risks associated with continuous monoculture. This practice contributes to the overall sustainability and productivity of agricultural systems in the region.

30cm

20cm 7cm

40cm

7cm

cm

23

Month of sowing

Spring Wheat Faba Pea

Reduction in the use of pesticides and chemicals

Month of sowing

N

Spring Wheat Maize

LER: 5.24

LER: 1.19 N 30cm

Reduction of soil erosion and nutrient depletion

30cm

40cm

cm

40cm

cm

23

23

Month of sowing

Maize Pea

LER: 1.13

30cm

cm

23

40cm

Month of sowing

Maize Potato

LER: 1.58

Diversification of crops

Soil Health

Pest Control

Yield Improvement

Cost Savings

Environmental Benefits

Crop rotation enhances soil health by alternating crops, which reduces nutrient depletion, promotes nutrient cycling, and minimizes soil erosion. It also increases organic matter, improves soil structure and microbial activity, and reduces pest and disease build-up, leading to healthier, more productive soils.

Crop rotation effectively manages diseases and pests by disrupting their life cycles and reducing their presence in soil and crop residue. It also limits weed growth, supports beneficial insects, and strengthens crops by balancing nutrient levels, enhancing their resistance to attacks.

Crop rotation boosts crop yield by improving soil health, nutrient availability, and pest control.

It prevents nutrient depletion, reduces pest and disease pressure, and enhances soil fertility and microbial activity, leading to higher productivity.

Introducing new crops in various soil types can offer opportunities for greater biodiversity and more efficient farming methods, despite the challenges it may present.

Farmers can save money by rotating their crops in a variety of ways. Enhancing nutrient cycling and adding nitrogen-fixing legumes, it lessens dependency on synthetic fertilizers. It reduces the need for chemical pesticides by interfering with the cycles of disease and pests. Crop rotation also discourages weed growth, lowering the need for herbicides.

Crop rotation is good for the environment because it encourages biodiversity, lowers pesticide and fertilizer usage, prevents soil erosion, improves soil health, and lessens the effects of climate change.

It promotes ecologically sound agricultural methods, protects natural ecosystems, and aids in the preservation of soil, water, and wildlife habitats.

Month of sowing

Maize Faba Pea

LER: 1.33

Reduction in pest and disease build-up

Month of sowing

Spring Barley Pea

LER: 1.22

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Recommendations for crop rotation( in Chichester)

Kernza Clover

Cabbage Potato

Wheat Maize

Onion Carrot

Maize Faba Bean

Lettuce Spinach

Cooperation between farms Land management

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Comparative display of Revenue after consolidation of small farms

ELM Scheme CS action

Policy choice

Monoculture

After intercropping for a season

SW5

BN5

SFI action

TE3

SAM1 AHL1 AHL2 AHL4 HRW1 HRW2

IPM3 IPM4

1 3.08 ha IPM3 IPM4

BN5

2 3.78 ha

4 2.38 ha

Difference between a use policy and a no-use policy

3 2.11 ha

5 2.69 ha

No.50 No.51 Winter Wheat Spring Wheat Maize

Total Policy Revenue IPM4(SFI) IPM3(SFI)

631.8£

Field Field

Field

Field Field

$4949.68 4363.05£

1 2

3

4

5354.66£ 3390.85£ 2988.98£

5

6184.78£ 6074.61£ 7590.41£

4779.14£

3810.59£ 4322.94£

580.82£

Farm less than 5 hectares

4236.97£

3824.76£ 3371.45£

No.45

772.2£

BN5(CS)+HRW1(SFI)+HRW4(SFI)

No.0

No.44

1984.82£

Barley& Pea

Barley: 9245.34£

Faba Bea& Maize

Faba Bea: 10931.4£

Maize: 15923.79£

Pea& Maize

Pea: 10680.58£

Maize: 18743.08£

Maize& Potato

Maize: 14844.8£

Farm more than 5 hectares

19041.4£

Pea: 9797.06£

26855.19£ 29423.66£

Noncooperation

Collaboration

Cannot use policy

Can use policy

Potato: 146127.4£

146127.20£ 5401.64£

Winter Wheat Spring Wheat Maize

22562.84£ 19888.73£ 28192.94£

Maize& Spring Wheat

Maize: 16772.19£

Faba Bean& Spring Wheat

Faba Bean: 13619.82£

Spring Wheat: 11838.53£

28610.72£ 27561.43£

Spring Wheat: 13941.61£

According to the study, farms smaller than 5 ha are generally not eligible for Environmental Land Management Plans (ELMs), especially under the Sustainable Agriculture Incentive (SFI) section. SFI typically requires farms to have at least 5 ha of eligible land to receive payments, as this threshold ensures that the environmental benefits resulting are proportional to the administrative costs of managing the scheme.

Therefore, in order to improve the environmental and social benefits of farms, we advocate that farms smaller than 5 hectares join together into farm clusters to use policies and agroecological techniques.

According to the above, we model the income change after agroecology after the adoption of small farms clusters.

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Can use policy

Revenue Comparison After Implementing Agroecology on Farmland In this map, we extracted farms less than five hectares, and combined with neighboring farms, after adopting agroecology technology and related policy support , we can see that the income from agriculture could increases by about 1.4 times.

Agroecology Technology Sustainable Aquaculture

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How can we restore coastal habitats?

Agroecology Technology Depending on the water level, we set up different aqua culture techniques units to restore the ecology of the bay.

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Sustainable Aquaculture Collect discarded oyster shells

Clean oyster shells to kill off any diseases

Cure oyster shells under sun

Bag and place in hatchery tanks for juvenile oysters to attach to the shells

Make artificial reefs

Place on the seafloor as new oyster reefs

Policy: M11: Aquaculture providing environmental services M13: Support for the design and implementation of conservation measures M15: Protection and restoration of marine biodiversity

Lay pipeline

Cover with soil

Plant water-purifying salt plants

Monitor water quality

Policy: RP8: Constructed wetlands for the treatment of pollution

Restore the salt marsh

Set up bird feeders

Observe and record

Technical details Policy: CT2: Creation of coastal sand dunes and vegetated shingle CT3: Management of coastal salt marsh Policy SP9: Threatened species supplement

Agroecology Technology

M15: Protection and restoration of marine biodiversity

These digrams show how to set up these units, as well as the daily maintenance needed and the techniques necessary for this.

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Sustainable Aquaculture Collect discarded oyster shells

Clean oyster shells to kill off any diseases

Cure oyster shells under sun

Policy: M11: Aquaculture providing environmental services M13: Support for the design and implementation of conservation measures M15: Protection and restoration of marine biodiversity

Lay pipeline

Cover with soil

Plant water-purifying salt plants

Monitor water quality

Monitor water quality

Monitor water quality

Prepare the seed spool

Splice the seed string

Walk down the growline

Monitoring and Maintenance

Harvest

Sort

Policy: CT2: Creation of coastal sand dunes and vegetated shingle CT3: Management of coastal salt marsh Policy SP9: Threatened species supplement M15: Protection and restoration of marine biodiversity

Technical details

Agroecology Technology These digrams show how to set up these units, as well as the daily maintenance needed and the techniques necessary for this.

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Sustainable Aquaculture Collect discarded oyster shells

Clean oyster shells to kill off any diseases

Cure oyster shells under sun

Policy: M11: Aquaculture providing environmental services M13: Support for the design and implementation of conservation measures M15: Protection and restoration of marine biodiversity

Technical details

Agroecology Technology These digrams show how to set up these units, as well as the daily maintenance needed and the techniques necessary for this.

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CHICHESTER HARBOUR COMMUNITY BENEFIT SOCIETY

Profile of Chichester Harbour Community Benefit Society

Stakeholders of the Chichester Harbour Community Benefit Society

Actions Taken by the CBS at Different Stages to Transform the Landscape

To implement this transformation, we established a Community Benefit Society (CBS), a structure designed to prioritize community and environmental welfare. This initiative was inspired by similar models, such as the Climavore Community Interest Society, which demonstrated how collective efforts could drive meaningful change. From the very beginning of the project, our primary focus was on environmental restoration, addressing pressing ecological concerns with a sense of urgency. Specifically, we aimed to rehabilitate degraded habitats, ensuring the recovery of biodiversity, and tackle the pervasive issue of coastal water pollution. By combining community engagement and targeted action, we sought to create a sustainable framework for addressing these challenges while fostering long-term environmental stewardship.

The Chichester Harbour Community Benefit Society (CBS) is dedicated to enhancing both environmental and industry sustainability, ultimately benefiting the local community and its future prosperity.

With a clear focus on the restoration of critical habitats, the CBS actively works to rejuvenate ecosystems that have been damaged over time, promoting biodiversity and resilience. In addition, the society emphasizes the importance of adopting sustainable practices across various sectors, ensuring that industries within the region operate in a way that minimizes their environmental impact. One of the core initiatives of the CBS is improving water quality, particularly within the harbor, as clean, healthy waters are essential for maintaining both marine life and human well-being.

In parallel, the CBS recognizes the significant role that community engagement and education play in fostering long-lasting environmental change. By raising awareness about sustainability issues and encouraging active participation, the CBS empowers local residents and businesses to take responsibility for their environmental impact. The society also provides invaluable support to local businesses, helping them transition to more sustainable practices while boosting the local economy. This combination of ecological stewardship and economic development creates a symbiotic relationship, where both the environment and the community thrive. Through these efforts, the Chichester Harbour CBS is not only improving the region’s environmental health but also creating significant ecological and economic benefits that will endure for generations to come.

CHAPTER V Chichester Harbour Community Benefit Society

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Stakeholders of the Chichester Harbour Community Benefit Society in different stages

At the start of the project, the Community Benefit Association (CBS) was tasked with advancing environmental restoration, focusing on habitat recovery and reducing coastal water pollution, while collaborating with key organizations to share technology, promote agroecology, and streamline sustainable practices.

At the outset of the project, our primary goal was environmental restoration—specifically, restoring habitats and addressing coastal water pollution.

Additionally, here are some of the groups involved. These organizations are currently working on the environmental restoration of the seaport. By collaborating with them, we can share technology and simplify the implementation process.

3

Harbour Authority Chichester Harbour Conservancy is the statutory authority with responsibility for managing the harbour and its surrounding areas. Our focus is on the protection and restoration of nature as well as recreation and leisure.

The harbour is the only National Landscape in the UK that is managed by a harbour authority.

7

Sussex IFCA

6

The Sussex Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority (IFCA) is a statutory body responsible for the sustainable management of inshore fisheries and the conservation of marine ecosystems within its jurisdiction, which covers the coastal waters of Sussex up to six nautical miles from shore. Sussex IFCA operates under the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009, ensuring that local marine resources are protected while supporting the sustainable use of these resources by the fishing community.

1 4

Sussex Kelp Recovery Project The Sussex Kelp Recovery Project is a conservation initiative aimed at restoring and protecting the kelp forests along the Sussex coast in the UK. These underwater forests are vital for marine biodiversity, providing habitat for numerous species, supporting fisheries, and helping to combat climate change through carbon sequestration.

5 3

The Native Oyster Network is defined as a partnership-driven initiative aimed at restoring native oyster habitats across the UK and Ireland. It serves as a platform for sharing knowledge, coordinating efforts, and promoting best practices in oyster restoration.

4 2

Native Oyster Restoration Alliance

8

5

1

Coastal Partners Coastal Partners

Chichester Harbour Community Benefit Society The Chichester Harbour CBS enhances environmental and industry sustainability to benefit the community. By restoring habitats, promoting sustainable practices, and improving water quality, it fosters a healthier ecosystem.

Through community engagement, education, and local business support, the CBS strengthens environmental health and boosts the local economy, creating ecological and economic benefits for the region.

2

The Native Oyster Restoration Alliance (NORA) is a European network that unites a diverse group of stakeholders, including environmental organizations, research institutions, governmental bodies, and industry participants. The alliance is dedicated to the restoration of native oyster populations across European waters

6

Friends of Chichester Harbour Friends of The Friends of Chichester Harbour draws together those who are passionate about protecting, conserving and Chichester enhancing the natural environment along the stretch of the south coast that connects Hampshire and West Sussex.

Harbour

Recommended organisations to join (Agriculture related) 7 The Landworkers’ Alliance (LWA) Core Group is an organization dedicated to advocating for the interests of small-scale, sustainable farmers, foresters, and other land-based workers in the UK. Their mission is to promote agroecology, food sovereignty, and fair land access, while also influencing policies that benefit small-scale producers and rural communities. The LWA aims to create a just and sustainable food system by empowering landworkers and supporting practices that ensure long-term sustainability in agriculture.

Formed by five councils, the partnership manages 246 km of Hampshire and West Sussex coastline, protecting communities, wildlife, and infrastructure since 2012.

Its work spans flood management, coastal defence, environmental services, and strategic project support, with a vision to enhance resilience and the natural environment.

Fundraising Organisation

Sustain Fringe Farming is an initiative that focuses on promoting sustainable and small-scale farming practices, particularly in urban and peri-urban areas where agriculture meets the fringes of urban development. The initiative seeks to support local food production, enhance food security, and integrate sustainable farming practices within urban planning, thereby contributing to the resilience of local food systems in densely populated areas.

Provide Grants To Charities & Community Groups

cooperate

Their vision is a vibrant community sector empowering individuals and communities in Chichester.

They provide support, training, networking, and help groups start and grow.

The CSA (Community Supported Agriculture) farm business model complements both the LWA and Sustain Fringe Farming by offering a practical approach to sustainable farming that directly engages communities. In the CSA model, consumers share in the risks and rewards of farming by purchasing a share of the harvest upfront, which provides financial stability for small-scale farmers. This model strengthens the connection between farmers and their local communities and is often endorsed by both the LWA and Sustain Fringe Farming as part of their broader efforts to support sustainable agriculture and empower local food systems.

The Soil Association offers organic certification, training, and policy support, enhancing the organic and sustainable practices of Chichester’s horticulturists.

In summary, the LWA Core Group and Sustain Fringe Farming likely collaborate or share common interests in advocating for policies and practices that support small-scale, sustainable farming. The CSA model aligns with the goals of both organizations by fostering community engagement and supporting sustainable agricultural practices, making it an integral part of their strategies to enhance food security and empower local farmers.

For agricultural land, CBS can work with local farmers to implement more sustainable techniques but mostly it will have to follow agroecology practices to ensure a long term benefit to the bay.

8

Southern Water Southern Water

Southern Water is the private utility company responsible for the public wastewater collection and treatment in Hampshire, the Isle of Wight, West Sussex, East Sussex and Kent, and for the public water supply and distribution in approximately half of this area.

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The catalogs right highlight some of the actions taken in this phase

Stage 2 1

Commerce By collaborating with local chambers of commerce, we can better promote by-products, such as the application of bio-based building materials in the local area. Drive improvements in the community’s socio-economic landscape and engage actively with city representatives.

Collaborate with local retails

Chichester Chamber of Commerce & Industry

1

2 Develop offshore sightseeing and technical exchange activities

Sussex Six is a new campaign encouraging local shops, pubs, restaurants and cafés to stock more locally-sourced produce

Enterprises By collaborating with local enterprises and expanding the value chain, we aim to ensure that all by-products and outputs are utilized or directly sold to consumers. Our goal is to enhance the profitability and sustainability of local farms while replacing traditional products with eco-friendly alternatives derived from the sea.

2

This approach not only creates more economic opportunities for local communities but also fosters stronger connections between agriculture, fisheries, construction, and environmental management.

Collaborate with other businesses to develop by-products

Retail and Local Shops Partner with local land-based farms

Tourism, and Hospitality

Construction & Biomaterials companies

When the products mature, CBS can work with materials companies to develop by-products. And working with these businesses and farmers to promote these more ecological by-products.

Stage 3 Expand marine farms

Food sale

As water quality improves and marine products meet edible standards, More enterprises will get involved.......

Fishery and Seafood Businesses

Local Restaurants

In the final stage, when the water is restored and the seafood is edible, restaurants and seafood companies can get more involvement and benefits.

Collaborate with restaurants

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Chichester Harbour Community Benefit Society 1-5 years In this section we visualize in more detail the actions taken by the CBS in different stages to transform the landscape.

Section C

Native Oyster Restoration Alliance ARM Reed Beds

For the agricultural land, CBS can collaborate with local farmers to adopt more sustainable practices, primarily focusing on agroecology principles to ensure long-term benefits for the bay.

Planting fruit trees

Section C -Actions taken by the CBS in stage1 On the first stage there is a need to restore the natural habitat in the bay by using some aquaculture techniques.

The lines in the section connect the stakeholders with the activities and transformation in the bay that they could support.

Hedgrows laying Hedgrows laying Planting 4m-12m Grass buffer strip on arable land

Maize and wheat intercropping technology

Pollen and nectar flower mix

Saltmarsh restoration

Useing bio-fertilizers

Enhanced management of maize crops

Planting fruit trees

Companion crop

Intercropping techniques with kernza and clover

Planting fruit trees Management of hedgerow Strategic wildlife corridors

Hedgrows laying

Pollen and nectar flower mix

Winter bird food on horticultural land

Vegetable farm

Pollen and nectar flower mix

Reeds for water purification

Bulid seaweed and oyster farms

Hedgrows laying

Public participation Educational activities

Cultivation of kelp and oysters -Water purification -Reef regeneration

Share technology and knowledge

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193

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Planting fruit trees

Chichester Harbour Community Benefit Society 5-15 years

Section C

When soil quality improves, farms can grow higher-value crops for local markets and enhance the biodiversity of the area.

Products such as oyster shells, reed beds and Kelp can be used to build or retrofit houses, restore the seabed, and bio-fertilize in farms.

Management of hedgerow Assess and record hedgerow condition

Management of hedgerow Assess and record hedgerow condition

Section C -Actions taken by the CBS in stage2 On stage 2, once the products mature, CBS can collaborate with material companies to develop by-products, working alongside businesses and farmers to promote relevant products for the community.

Management of hedgerow Strategic wildlife corridors

Intercropping with higher value crops Organize local markets and tourism activities Technology and knowledge exchange activities Bulid more seaweed and oyster farms

Construct new buildings

Sale by-products

Tour and sighlseeing

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Chichester Harbour Community Benefit Society After 15 years

Section C

Section C -Actions taken by the CBS in stage3

Urban area Enterprise stacking -Aquacultural products -Agricultural products

When the water and habitat are restored and the seafood is edible, There could be more restaurants and tourism activities involved while the CBS can decide the intensity of such activites as well as the benefits they can extract from it.

In this section we can also see changes in the environment, which show to be more diverse and resilient.

Cultivating edible oysters Sale of edible oysters and by-products

More coastal activities -Restaurants -Service center -Sightseeing ......

The gradual recovery of the saltmarsh

The gradual recovery of the seabed

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AGROECOLOGICAL DESIGN DETAILS IN BOSHAM? Why Choose Bosham?

Wildlife Corridor Establishment

Transformation Across Different Stages

Tool List

Proposal

CHAPTER VI Agroecological Design Details in Bosham This chapter presents the drawings and technical details of the Marine farm design, focusing on the operation mode of eco-agriculture in Chichester.

Through detailed design drawings, chapters show the layout of oyster farming areas, seaweed farms and water purification systems, highlighting how water quality can be improved and ecological balance promoted through natural filtration and interdependent crops. At the same time, the chapter also introduces the relevant technical details, showing how agroecology in Chichester to achieve the dual goals of aquaculture and environmental protection.

These design and technical details provide practical basis for achieving sustainable agriculture and fisheries.

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Why Choose Bosham?

A charming Hamlet located in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England, known for its historic architecture, peaceful water features and rich cultural heritage, Bosham is an ideal tourist destination. The village has a rich history. Today, Bosham attracts visitors with its old churches, traditional fishing port and picturesque waterfront. This is a typical English countryside, full of historical charm and natural beauty, which is loved by tourists and local residents.

Bosham's location in Chichester Harbour, with its calm and nutritious waters, makes it ideal for a sea farm, especially for oyster farming and other aquaculture activities.

Sewage Bosham Bay is located in West Sussex and is part of Chichester Harbour, known for its natural beauty and rich wildlife. However, in recent years, the problem of sewage discharge in the area has caused concern. Inadequately treated sewage is occasionally discharged into the bay due to storm water overflows and the limitations of the aging drainage system, posing a potential threat to water quality, the ecosystem, and the health of local residents. At present, relevant departments are taking measures to improve the drainage system, while strengthening environmental protection to reduce the impact of pollution on chichester Bay.

Shipbuilding history The shipyards around Chichester are mainly located in Chichester Harbour and the surrounding area, taking advantage of its superior natural harbor conditions to form a fully serviced Marine and shipbuilding industry. These shipyards offer boat construction, repair, refurbishment and individual refit services, taking into account the needs of both traditional wooden and modern vessels. They not only support local maritime activities, but also make important contributions to the development of regional economy and maritime culture.

Oester farm history Oyster farming in Chichester dates back to Roman times and thrives on its abundant intertidal resources and favorable water quality. It peaked in the 19th century, but industrialisation led to pollution and overfishing, which reduced production. In recent years, through improved water quality and sustainable technologies, oyster farming has gradually revived and become an important part of the regional identity.

Pumping station Flow path

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Wildlife Corridor By connecting hedgerows, farmland and green belts, a coherent wildlife corridor is created, providing important habitat and migration routes for native organisms. These corridors not only promote species diversity, but also support the health and sustainability of the ecosystem, while harmoniously co-existing with agricultural landscapes and community green Spaces, becoming an important part of regional ecological conservation.

Common wildlife in Chichester

Region of occurrence

Hedgerows and dense bushes

Fox

Hedgehog

Hedgerows, Farmland and dense bushes

Deer

Hare

Hedgerows, wetland and dense bushes

Evaluation and Planning Design The first step in establishing a wildlife corridor involves ecological surveys to assess species and habitats, followed by an analysis of geographic, climatic, and land use factors to design a corridor that connects core habitats. This phase lays the scientific foundation for the corridor, ensuring it meets the ecosystem's needs.

Black-head Gull

Gull

Woodland

Cooperation and Policy Support Next, collaboration with landowners and local governments ensures the corridor's integration with existing land uses. Legal and policy frameworks are developed to secure long-term protection, while environmental measures and land protection agreements are promoted.

Badger

Owl

Environmental Restoration and Habitat Construction In this phase, native plants are restored within the corridor, providing food and shelter for wildlife. Additional facilities like water sources are created to meet species' needs, ensuring the corridor supports their survival and migration.

Infrastructure Construction Infrastructure such as ecological bridges, tunnels, and underpasses are built to facilitate wildlife migration across busy roads and railways. Obstacles that hinder migration are removed, ensuring the corridor remains accessible and safe for animals.

Main recommended actions

Monitoring and Management Ongoing monitoring tracks corridor use, assessing species' migration and habitat conditions. Continuous maintenance ensures vegetation health, controls invasive species, and maintains ecological balance within the corridor.

Public Participation and Education Encouraging community involvement and conducting educational campaigns helps residents understand the corridor's importance. Raising awareness about ecological and species diversity protection fosters broad support for the conservation network.

Establishment of pollen and nectar mixing blocks

Management of hedges

Funding and Sustainability Financial support from government funding, environmental organizations, and private investment is crucial to the project’s success. A long-term management plan is also needed to ensure the corridor remains operational and wellmaintained, avoiding disruptions due to funding shortages.

Establishment of nature reserves

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Recommended Crops for Establishing Wildlife Corridors

Recommended Flowers for Planting AMELANCHIER

2m

SUNFLOWER DIGITALIS PURPUREA L.

ROSA RUGOSA THUNB AMMI MAJUS

DIANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS PAPAVER RHOEAS L.

IRIS TECTORUM MAXIM.

HYACINTH

GHUSANGRANGA

1m SAGE

Jan.

Mar.

Feb.

Apr.

May

Jun.

Jul.

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Recommended Trees for Planting

15m

Cherry Plum

Apple

Medlar

Pear

5m

Sloe

Almone Apricot Jan.

Peach

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

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Photo:Yi Duan

Why choose to build agroecology systems through oyster farms?

The feasibility of using oysters to purify seawater is of increasing concern because of their natural filtering ability. Oysters improve water quality by filtering plankton, fine organic matter and tiny particles. Each oyster can filter several liters of seawater per day to remove suspended solids and contaminants, making oysters an effective natural water purification tool. In addition, oyster farming can also promote ecosystem diversity by providing habitat to support the growth of other Marine life.

However, the effect of oysters in purifying water quality is affected by factors such as the level of pollution in the water area, oyster density and water flow speed. In order to ensure its effectiveness, it must be combined with reasonable farming scale and scientific management, and implemented in appropriate waters. Therefore, oysters have great potential as a tool for seawater purification, but longterm research and practice verification are needed to ensure their sustainability and ecological benefits.

Chichester Bay has ideal conditions for establishing oyster farms. The area has good water quality and abundant tidal cycles, providing sufficient nutrients and clean water for oyster growth. In addition, the Marine ecosystem of Chichester Bay is relatively healthy and suitable for oyster farming activities.

Through the construction of oyster farms, not only can effectively purify water quality, but also promote the connection of local agroecology systems. The oyster far m has for med a mutually beneficial relationship with the surrounding agricultural land and wetland ecosystem. Oysters improve the water quality of the sea by filtering suspended matter and harmful substances in the water, and organic matter and nutrients in the farmland can also provide additional growth resources for oysters through the water flow. In this way, oyster farms can not only bring sustainable economic benefits to agriculture and fisheries, but also promote the integration and coordination of regional ecosystems, forming a close ecological chain and promoting the common development of agriculture, fisheries and ecological protection.

Oyster culture cage

· Basket Dimensions 26" L x 11 3/4" W x 7" H · Stocking Density Recommends approximately 400 x 1 inch oysters at first fill. Fill lines are marked on the basket to assist with rough measurements. As a general rule, start with between 20-30% full, and grade once oysters reach 50% capacity.

50 L / 1 Day

400 * 50L = 20,000 L

20,000 L * 6 =120,000 L

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Layout Planning —Stage 1

It is an innovative approach to environmental management to set up an oyster farm near the bay sewage outlet. Oyster has a powerful water filtration function, which can reduce the concentration of nutrients and pollutants in the water by ingesting suspended matter, organic matter and small particles. Raising oysters near sewage outfall not only improves water quality and reduces eutrophication problems, but also brings more biodiversity to the ecosystem. In this way, the water will gradually return to a clean state, creating a healthier environment for Marine life and providing sustainable aquatic resources for coastal communities. This strategy of combining oyster farming with environmental remediation is a cost-effective and eco-friendly solution.

Farm Modules

Sea Water Integration

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Recommended Crops for Establishing Sea Farm Module

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Layout Planning —Stage 2

After the water is gradually restored to a clean state, the scale of oyster aquaculture plants can be further expanded, and seaweed farms can be introduced to form a more complete Marine ecosystem. Symbiotic farming of algae and oysters could not only accelerate water quality improvements, but also increase the carbon sequestration capacity of the entire system and help combat the negative effects of climate change. Algae absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis and provide oxygen and habitat, further enhancing water quality and biodiversity. In addition, both seaweed and oysters have high economic value, which can bring additional sources of local income and enhance the resilience of Marine farms to cope with economic fluctuations.

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Layout Planning —Stage 3

The expansion of marine farms has led to supporting facilities like management centers, seafood-themed restaurants, and direct supply markets, revitalizing the area. The management center ensures sustainable farming practices, while restaurants and markets offer fresh seafood, attracting tourists and boosting local seafood culture. These developments enhance economic activity, create jobs, and bring lasting social and economic benefits to the community.

Revenue Stages of the Oyster Farm The oyster farm went through three stages of revenue and expenditure change. In the first stage, due to the severe pollution of the sea water, the oysters produced were not edible, so the income of the farm mainly depended on government financial support and donations from charitable organizations. In the second stage, as seawater pollution is reduced, some oyster products begin to meet food standards, and farms begin to earn income from the sale of some products. In the third stage, the construction of the surrounding industrial chain was completed, the development of ecological agriculture and Marine tourism and other industries led to the growth of the regional economy, and the income sources of the farms were more diversified, and the economic benefits were significantly improved.

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Oysters as the Core of a Agroecological Industry Chain ·Kernza Land + Sea Farm

Chichester has a good foundation for the development of horticulture, and can plant flowers in the suburban greenhouse.

Oysters and their by-products connect the whole agroecology industry chain as the main line. From the cultivation, harvesting, processing and utilization of oysters, every link is closely linked to the surrounding ecosystem. Oysters not only support other agricultural activities by purifying water quality, but also provide nutrient-rich by-products, such as oyster shells, that can be used for soil improvement, building materials or as a resource for ecological restoration. In this way, oyster farming forms an interdependent relationship with farmland, wetlands and other ecosystems, promoting a sustainable agricultural cycle, and promoting efficient use of resources and ecological balance.

·Horticulture Chichester has a good foundation for the development of horticulture, and can plant flowers in the suburban greenhouse.

·Reed Reed beds are a common and efficient way to purify sewage and silt, and the resulting reeds have many uses.

·Kelp Kelp is conducive to alleviating ocean acidification, restoring the seafloor habitat, and also has quite high nutritional and economic value.

·Oyster Oysters can be used to purify sea water in the early stage, and can be farmed and eaten in the later stage, and oyster shells have many uses.

·Vegetable & Fruit Fruit is an agricultural crop of high economic value, and the soil near chichester is fertile and suitable for growing. ·Fishing Fishing is Chichester's traditional industry, allowing for planned and sustainable fishing after the restoration of Marine habitats.

·Baking chichester's baking industry has always been very popular, and widely welcomed and praised.

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Tool List— Sea Farm T1 Lines

T1.1 Growlines

T1.2 Anchor

T1.3 Buoy Lines and Pigtails

T1.4 Connection Lines

T2.1 Embedment

T2.2 Helical

T2.3 Pyramid

T2.4 Mushroom

T2.5 Concrete

T3.1 Buoys

T3.2 Depuration Buoys

T4.1 Chain

T4.2 Shackle

T4.3 Soft Shackle

T4.4 Swivel

T4.5 Pear Link

T4.6 C Link

T5.1 Fid

T5.2 Vice Grips

T5.3 Electrical Tape

T5.4 Gloves

T5.5 Radio

T5.6Twine

T6.1 Boats for outplanting and

T6.2 a 23-foot Privateer for hauling anchors and harvesting

T7.1 Culture cage

T7.2 Shellfish Depuration Systerm

T2 Anchors

T3 Buoys

T4 Hardware

T5 Other

T5.7 Zip Ties

T5.8 Surgical tubing

T6 Boats

T7 Cages

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T5.9 Knife

T5.10 Seizing wire

Tool List— Farmland

T8 Gardening

T 8.1Shovel

T8.2 Rake

T8.3 Hoe

T8.4 Cultivator

T8.5 Tractors

T9.1 Shears

T9.2 Axe

T9.2 Saw

T 9.3 Reapving hook

T 9.4 Harvester

T10.2 Basket

T10.3 Hand cart

T11.2 Sprayer

T11.3 Irrigation faucet

T9 Harvest

T10 Storage/Transportaionv

T10.1 Bucket

T11 Irrigatation

T11.1 Watering pot

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Sea Farm Proposal

Now

After

By recycling waste oyster shells, making them into artificial reefs and releasing them on the ocean floor, we can effectively restore the Marine ecosystem. Oyster shells have a natural calcium component, which can provide habitats for Marine life, promote the restoration of seabed biodiversity, improve water quality, and contribute to the sustainable development of Marine ecology. This is an environmentally friendly and efficient ecological restoration solution.

The symbiotic model of oyster and seagrass farming merges aquaculture with ecological restoration. Oysters filter water to improve quality, while seagrass absorbs CO2 and releases oxygen, enhancing the farming environment. This synergy boosts production, reduces costs, and alleviates environmental pressure. Additionally, it strengthens ecosystem services, attracts policy support, and fosters sustainable economic and ecological benefits.

Oyster culture can not only provide high quality edible oysters, but also has significant seawater purification function. Oysters improve water quality by filtering water to remove suspended particles. In addition, the waste oyster shells and other by-products generated during the breeding process can also be used to produce organic fertilizers, realize the recycling of resources, and further enhance the economic value and ecological benefits.

There are many modes of oyster culture, such as bottom seeding, hanging and raft, which are adapted to different sea conditions. In addition, oyster farming can be integrated with other industries, such as fishing, tourism and ecological restoration projects. The development of oyster culture ecological parks or experiential tourism will not only increase the added value of the industry, but also enhance the public's awareness of Marine protection and form a diversified and sustainable industrial chain.

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Coastal Farm Proposal

Now

After

By replacing monoculture with intercropping, fields overcome the problems of monoculture's vulnerability to pests and diseases and soil nutrient depletion.

Intercropping uses the complementarity of different crops to not only increase land utilization, but also improve soil health, reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers, while diversifying sources of income and enhancing the ecological and economic benefits of agriculture.

Peatlands and saline-alkali bogs are important ecosystems with significant environmental and economic value. Peatlands can store carbon efficiently and help mitigate climate change, while regulating the water cycle and reducing flood risk.

Saline marshes absorb pollutants, improve water quality, and provide important habitat for a wide variety of plants and animals. These wetlands also support the development of fisheries, animal husbandry and eco-tourism, achieving a balance between ecological protection and economic use.

Hedges in farmland have multiple ecological advantages, not only acting as corridors for wildlife, providing habitat and food sources for birds, insects, etc., but also promoting species diversity and enhancing ecosystem stability. Hedges also protect against wind and soil, reduce soil erosion, and improve air quality by absorbing carbon dioxide, contributing to the sustainable development of farmland.

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OYSTER FARM

SEEWEED CULIVATION

In Genral

MARKET

RESTAURANT BEACH ACTIVITY

At the end of the book......

Supported by policies such as FASS (Agricultural Support and Environmental Sustainability Fund) and ELMS (Environmental Land Management Program), the project draws on the experience of successful cases such as Isle of Skye to build a sustainable and resilient oyster farm. The core goal of the project is to improve water quality through oyster farming while promoting regional ecological agriculture. Through scientific design and management, the project creates an agro-ecosystem that can purify seawater and promote the health of the ecosystem. Through its natural filtration function, oysters help to purify harmful substances and suspended solids from the water and improve the water quality of the surrounding environment, while their by-products are also effectively used, such as oyster shells as soil improvement or construction materials.

In this eco-agricultural system, oyster farms serve as an important link between Chichester's many industries. First, oyster farming not only provides a sustainable source of income for fisheries, but also creates a positive interaction with the surrounding agricultural system. Secondly, the project promotes local green tourism, attracting tourists to visit and experience through the construction of eco-friendly facilities and activities, and driving local economic development. In addition, the sustainable operation of the farm is also closely related to environmental protection, the ecological environment around the farm has been restored, and biodiversity has been enhanced. By introducing the concept of circular agriculture, the farm realizes the coordinated development of agriculture, fisheries, tourism, and environmental protection.

Through the implementation of the project, Chichester region not only achieved economic benefits, but also promoted the diversified development of ecological agriculture. After the completion of the construction of the surrounding industrial chain, the regional economy has gained new vitality.

The farm initially relied on government support and donations, gradually earned income through the sale of oysters and other products, and finally developed into a sustainable development model that benefits both the economy and the environment through the linkage of ecological agriculture and related industries. The success of the project provides a useful reference for ecological agriculture and Marine resource management in other regions, demonstrating that through innovative agricultural practices, economic growth can be promoted while protecting the environment and providing an effective path for sustainable development in the future.

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Reference

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