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PlantsthatcontributetoN2fixationincludethelegumefamily–Fabaceae–withtaxasuchaskudzu,clovers,soybeans,alfalfa,lupines,peanuts,andRhizobia;The InfectionThread;Symbioticnitrogenfixationoccursinplantsthatharbornitrogen-fixingbacteriawithintheirtissues.Inthemicrobe,flavonoidspromotesitsaffinity fortheNodboxbyinteractingwiththeNodD1protein(Pecketal)LeguminousfamilyWhereasGypsophila,cytokinin,IAAaffectsquorumsensingandactivity ofgallformationbyPantoeaplantarum(Chalupowiczetal)MoleculardialogbetweenhostlegumesandrhizobiaInthelegume–rhizobiuminteraction,symbiotic responsesinducedbyNFsoccurintherootsofthehost,includingthedepolarizationofroothairmembranepotential,rearrangementofthecytoplasm,andthereinitiationofcelldivisioninrootcorticalcellsLegumes,unlikemostlandplants,canformsymbioticrootnoduleswithnitrogen-fixingbacteriatosecurenitrogenfor growthTheresultofthissymbiosisistoformnodulesontheplantroot,withinwhichthebacteriacanconvertatmosphericnitrogenintoammoniathatcanbeused bytheplantInteractionbetweenleguminousplantsandtherhizobiumisinitiatedbyreleaseofflavonoidsthatarepartoftheplantchemotacticaspect.The formationofnitrogen-fixingnodulesonlegumerootsrequiresthecoordinationofrhizobialinfectionattherootepidermiswithcelldivisioninthecortexHerewe presentthecompletenucleotidesequenceandgenecomplementoftheplasmidfromRhizobiumspThebest-studiedexampleistheassociationbetweenlegumes andbacteriainthegenusoftheseisabletosurviveindependently(soilnitratesmustthenbeavailabletothelegume),butlifetogetherisTheestablishmentofthe rhizobium–legumesymbioticinteractionisoftendescribedasadirectcomplexsignalexchangebetweenboththebacteriaandtheplant,withemphasisplacedon howamoleculefromoneinduceschangesintheotherorinvokesasignalingresponseLegumesareabletoformasymbioticrelationshipwithnitrogen-fixingsoil bacteriacalledrhizobiaNGRthatendowsthebacteriumwiththeabilitytoassociatesymbolicallywithMostlegumespeciescanfixatmosphericnitrogen(N2)via symbioticbacteria(‘rhizobia’)inrootnodulesandthiscangivethemanadvantageunderlowsoilnitrogen(N)conditionsifotherfactorsarefavorableforgrowth. LegumesThesymbioticrelationshipbetweenRhizobiumbacteriaandleguminousplantsplaysavitalroleinsustainableagriculturebyfacilitatingaccessto atmosphericnitrogen,improvingsoilfertility,andreducingtheneedforchemicalfertilizersAbstractAdditionally,NfixationbylegumescanbeamajorinputofN intonaturalandagriculturalecosystemssymbioticassociationbetweenlegumesandrhizobia:withTgandTgfixedNperyearforthepulsesandtheoilseed legumes,respectively(Herridgeetal)NodfactorsignalperceptionTheplantrootcellsconvertsugarintoorganicacidswhichthensupplytotherhizobiain exchange,henceasymbioticrelationshipbetweenrhizobiaandthelegumesThisinteractionAbstractRhizobiaareattractedtothesourceofflavonoids,theroot InTheRhizobium-legumesymbiosisBYJEBERINGER,NBREWIN,AWBJOHNSTON,HMSCHULMANtANDDAHOPWOODJohnInnes Institute,ColneyAnexaminationofthehistoryofBNFshowsthatinterestgenerallyhasfocusedonthesymbioticsystemofleguminousplantsandrhizobia, becausetheseassociations1dayago Agoodsymbioticrelationshipbetweensoybeanandrhizobiacouldimprovesoybeanyieldandqualityunderlownitrogen fertilizerinputsandconducetosustainableInleguminousplant-Rhizobiumsymbioticassociation,plantsecretedflavonoidsinducedAHLssynthesizedgenes expressioninrhizobia(Pérez-Montañoetal)Therhizobiaaresoilmicroorganismsthatcaninteractwithleguminousplantstoformrootnoduleswithinwhich conditionsarefavourableforbacterialnitrogenfixation