ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﻤﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺩﺭﺍﺴــﻴﺔ ﺃﺴــﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﺎﻤﺔ ) ، (١ﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺒﻤﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﻭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ "ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﺓ" .ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻷﻭل ؛ ﻭﻴﺘﻨﺎﻭل " :ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﺠﺫﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ" ؛ ﻭﻴﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻰ :ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻁﺎﺕ ،ﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ،ﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ،ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻰ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺭﺍﻜﺔ ﻭﺇﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ . ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻰ ؛ ﻭﻴﺘﻨﺎﻭل "ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤــﻭﺍﻗﻊ" ؛ ﻭﻴﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻤﻭﺭ :ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻹﺘﺼﺎل ، ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺠﺏ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ،ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴــﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨــﺔ ، ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﺴــﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ "ﻤﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﺓ" ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ :ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴـﺔ ،ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺴــﺎﺭ ،ﺃﻨﻤﺎﻁ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﺓ ،ﺤﺼـﺭ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺓ ،ﺍﺭﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺓ ،ﻭﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻌﺎﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺓ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺒﻊ ،ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻭﻴﺘﺴﻌــﺭﺽ :ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻤــﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻏﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻤﺴــﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﺓ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ".
-١ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻔﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ؛ ﺠﺫﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــــــﻜﻠﺔ : ﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴـــــﻊ ﻓﻰ ﺇﺤــــﺩﺍﺙ ﺜﻭﺭﺓ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴـــﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻜــﺎﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺎﻝﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤـــــﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺒﻘﻴــﺕ ﺘﺘﻌـــﺎﻗﺏ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻝﻌﺼــــﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻤـــﺔ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺃﻨﺸﻁــــﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘـــــﺎﺝ ــ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼــﺎﺩﻯ ــ ﺒﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺤﻴﻭﻴــــــــﺔ ﻭﻤﺎﺴــــﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﻝﻜﻰ ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﻤﻥ "ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻓﺔ" ﺍﻝﻰ "ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ" ،ﻭﺒﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺃﻴﻀًﹶﺎ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺴـــﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺭﺨﻴﺼــﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻴﺴــﻬل ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺴــﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻨﻘل "ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺩﻴﺔ" ﺃﻭ "ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺌﻴــﺔ" ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ "ﺍﻝﻁـﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴـﺔ" ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺈﻗﺎﻤﺔ "ﺴــﻼﺴــل" ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﻴﻑ ،ﺒﺄﺴﻌﺎﺭ ﺘﺘﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴــﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﺘﺎﺤﺕ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻨﻘل ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺼﺔ ﻝﻸﻫﺎﻝﻰ ﻝﻠﻬﺭﻭﺏ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ، ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻫﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻷﺤﻭﺍل ﻏﻴﺭ ﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻭﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻔﺱ ﻭﺍﻹﺴﺘﻤﺘﺎﻉ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻤﺱ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻘﻭل ﺍﻝﺨﻀﺭﺍﺀ ؛ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻭﺠــــﻭﻩ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻰ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ) ﺃﻭ ﻭﻻﺩﺓ ( ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺴــﻜﻨﻰ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻷﺼﺢ ﺍﻝﻰ "ﻭﻻﺩﺓ" ﺍﻝﻀﺎﺤﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ؛ ﻭﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭﺤﺩﺙ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺇﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻰ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺘﺴــﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻰ ﻝﻠﻌﻭﺍﺼﻡ ﻭﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻝﻌﻤــــﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ .
١-١ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﺴــﻠﻁﺎﺕ : ﺘﺭﻜﺕ "ﺍﻝﺴــﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻜﻤﺔ" ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻝﺘﺤﺘل ﻤﻜﺎﻨﹶﺎ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴــﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻰ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻰ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻝــ "ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﺱــﻠﻁﺎﺕ" ﻫﺫﺍ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﻤﻭﻓﻘﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺸﻙ ﻤﺎﺩﺍﻡ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴــﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘــﺎﺠﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﺤﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤــﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤــﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴــﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻥ ﻜﻜل ،ﻗﺩ ﺴﻤﺤﺢ ﺒﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﻭﺴــﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺍﻹﺨﺘﺭﺍﻉ ،ﻭﺴــﻤﺢ ﺒﺘﺨﻔﻴﺽ ﺃﺴــﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴــﻤﺢ ﺒﺎﻹﺴــﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻝﺠﻤــﺎﻫﻴﺭﻯ ﻭﺒﺈﻨﺘﺸــﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺜﻘــﺎﻓﺔ .ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻗﺩ ﺭﺍﻓﻘﻪ "ﺇﺨﺘﻨﺎﻕ" ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴــﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺴــﻴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻅﻤــﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺒﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺃﺸﻜﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻓل ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻴــﺔ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ــ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩ ، ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ "ﺍﻝﺒﻠﺩﻴـــــــــﺎﺕ" ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴــﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺴــﻴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺃﺼﻴﺒﺕ
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