Summary Report – The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong 1997 – 2014

‘The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong 1997-2014’ - A summary

Mr. Rusy M. Shroff, BBS, MBE and Mrs. Purviz R. Shroff

All source references are to “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong, 1997-2014” by Puja Kapai, The Centre for Comparative and Public Law, The University of Hong Kong , see www.zubinfoundation.org. © 2015 The Zubin Mahtani Gidumal Foundation Limited. All rights reserved.

1

Content Foreword

3

The History of Hong Kong’s Ethnic Minorities

4

Key Observation and Recommendation

7

Key Data for Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong

10

Reference

16

About The Zubin Foundation

The Zubin Mahtani Gidumal Foundation (also known as The Zubin Foundation) is a social policy think tank committed to improving the lives of Hong Kong people. Our focus is on issues that do not receive sufficient attention in Hong Kong. Our current areas of work include ethnic minorities, patient care and special education needs (SEN) of non Chinese speaking children. The Zubin Foundation is a registered charity (IR 91/12344) in Hong Kong and relies on donations to fund its work.

Acknowledgement

Many thanks to the following: • Mr Rusy Shroff and Mrs Purvis Shroff for their kind donation.

• U.S. Consulate General for Hong Kong and Macau for their kind donation for the launch event held at the Foreign Correspondents’ Club, Hong Kong on 23 September 2015.

• Puja Kapai, Research Partner and Author of ‘The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong, 1997 to 2014,” Associate Professor of Law, Director, Center for Comparative and Public Law, Faculty of Law, The University of Hong Kong.

• Sandy Wai Shan Chan at The Zubin Foundation for compilation and design of this Summary Report.

• Samyuktha Sankaraiah at The Zubin Foundation for the History section and related references.

• Shalini Mahtani at The Zubin Foundation for her thought leadership and direction.

Contact Us

www.zubinfoundation.org info@zuinfoundation.org Facebook: ZubinFoundation Twitter: @ZubinFoundation The research presented in this Report is drawn from existing data and research material that is publicly available. In some circumstances, the data pertains to ethnic minority groups more broadly and includes data of groups in addition to those that have been identified as the focus for this Report. In some areas, where limited data disaggregated by ethnicity is available, the data referenced is provided to offer a general impression and should be viewed with this important caveat in mind. It may, in such instances, be unreliable to draw generalised conclusions from the limited data. However, it has been included to highlight that more specific data disaggregated by ethnicity, gender, age and other variables is desirable to facilitate policy development and focused interventions. These are data gaps that we recognise and have identified through this report. We encourage the government and other researchers to identify additional data gaps and supplement with research of their own.

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All source references are to “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong, 1997-2014” by Puja Kapai, The Centre for Comparative and Public Law, The University of Hong Kong , see www.zubinfoundation.org. © 2015 The Zubin Mahtani Gidumal Foundation Limited. All rights reserved.

Foreword “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong, 1997 to 2014’ (“the Report”) is a compilation, synthesis and

interpretation of research presently available that covers Hong Kong’s ethnic minorities from the time of the return of Hong Kong to China to the present day. Shockingly, given the long and significant history of ethnic minorities in Hong Kong, this is the first and only research of its kind to date.

The idea for this research was born by The Zubin Foundation seeking to understand the issues pertaining to ethnic minorities in Hong Kong only to find that the research was scattered and difficult to locate. With increasing interest in ethnic minorities on the part of the government at a policy and bureau level, civil society NGO’s, schools, foundations, grant makers and employers, it seemed unbelievable that decisions about ethnic minorities and their needs, was not research driven.

Based on this, The Zubin Foundation, together with The University of Hong Kong’s Centre for Comparative and Public Law, our research partner, decided to produce this Report. The Report has been funded by The Zubin Foundation together with a kind donation from Purvis and Rusy Shroff.

Perhaps what is most unique about this research is that both partners of this research are ethnic minority women who self define as “Hong Kong people”. The recommendations therefore put forward are not only based on theory but also etched in personal and historical experiences.

What is clear from this research is that more work must be done to improve the lives of ethnic minorities in Hong Kong, across all spheres of life. Above all we ask for the following: 1. That ethnic minorities themselves become champions for the plight of our communities. We must move away from the “immigrant mentality” and carve a legitimate space for ourselves in dialogue about Hong Kong. This is especially true for the business sector and others in positions of influence, who have traditionally had the ear of government. The discussion must be twofold (a) to assist those in our communities in need and (b) to include our voices in government in sub committees.

2. A review of the term “ethnic minority” which is demeaning, non specific and not inclusive.

3. That the Hong Kong SAR Government (a) sets up a high level multi departmental and multi disciplinary committee on ethnic minorities (b) considers ethnic minorities for positions on government advisory sub committees and (c) consciously includes the history of ethnic minorities in Hong Kong’s history textbooks and government literature on Hong Kong.

4. Funding for research and thinking about ethnic minorities. Through this research we have been delighted at the high level of interest shown in learning more about ethnic minorities. Although there is funding available for projects and interventions there is almost none available for research and thinking. If the plight of ethnic minorities is to change in Hong Kong, funding for research and thinking is critical.

.“

We look forward to any comments or questions you may have and thank you in advance for your support

Shalini Mahtani, MBE

Puja Kapai

Co- Founder and Chair, The Zubin Foundation

Director, The Centre for Comparative and Public Law, The University of Hong Kong

Maternal Great grandfather settled in Hong Kong in 1911.

Paternal Grandfather settled in Hong Kong in 1953.

All source references are to “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong, 1997-2014” by Puja Kapai, The Centre for Comparative and Public Law, The University of Hong Kong , see www.zubinfoundation.org. © 2015 The Zubin Mahtani Gidumal Foundation Limited. All rights reserved.

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The History of Hong Kong’s Ethnic Minorities Date

Event The Chinese are defeated by the British in the First Opium war. Hong Kong island is surrendered to the British in perpetuity.

18411842

2700 Indian soldiers were bought to Hong Kong by the British(1)

18561958

The Second Opium War. Kowloon is surrendered to the British in perpetuity.

1865

The Hong Kong Shanghai Bank was founded by 13 members, including 2 Parsis and 1 Indian (3)

1867

100 Sikh Policemen arrive in Hong Kong. The Hong Kong police recruited Sikhs into its services as the Sikhs were recognised for their commitment to protective police work in British India and also previous attempts of building a police force with Chinese constables had failed.(4)

18701882

Emanuel Raphael Belilios, a Jewish man from Calcutta, became the Chairman of the Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels, Limited in 1973.(5) He was appointed as the Chairman of Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Chairman from 1876 to 1882.(6) He was also appointed to the Legislative Council of Hong Kong in 1881.(6)

1888

Dorabjee Naorojee Mithaiwala founded the “Kowloon Ferry Company” for transporting passengers and cargo between Kowloon and Hong Kong Island in 1888. It was renamed as The Star Ferry.(7)

1890

Emanuel Raphael Belilios founded the Belilios Public School.(8) This is the first government school for girls in Hong Kong and it was also the first bilingual school in Hong Kong.

1891

Sir Ellis Kadoorie founded the Sir Ellis Kadoorie School.(9)

1898

China leases the New Territories to Britain under lease for 99 years to end in 1997.

1901

The Kadoorie Family, a Jewish family originating from Bombay, founded China Light and Power Limited. The Kadoorie family joined the CLP board of directors in 1930. This company was later named CLP Holdings Limited. The family owns 35.01% as of December 2014.(10)

4

Parsis and Indians operating in Hong Kong as traders. These include Seth Ebrahim Noordin who founded Hong Kong’s first cross harbour ferry services. His family still operates today under Abdoolally Ebrahim & Co (HK) Ltd (2)

All source references are to “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong, 1997-2014” by Puja Kapai, The Centre for Comparative and Public Law, The University of Hong Kong , see www.zubinfoundation.org. © 2015 The Zubin Mahtani Gidumal Foundation Limited. All rights reserved.

1911

Indian Jewish businessman Hormusjee Naorojee Mody made an endowment towards The University of Hong Kong (11)

1947

India’s Independence from Britain.

The British stopped recruiting Indians into the civil service after the end of colonisation of India. The partition of India and Pakistan resulted in nationals from both countries immigrating to Hong Kong for work and business.(12) 8,000 Nepalese who had previously worked in India with the British as Gurkhas came to Hong Kong.(13)

1949

Parsi, Jehangir Hormusjee Ruttonjee founded the Ruttonjee Sanatorium in 1949 and helped to set up the Hong Kong Anti-Tuberculosis Association. The Ruttonjee Sanatorium is now called Ruttonjee Hospital.(14)

1950

Jains from Gujarat, India settled in Hong Kong (15)

1951 & 1961

The Hong Kong Government requested permission from the Government of Pakistan to recruit or the Hong Kong Police Force. Over 150 Pakistanis arrived in Hong Kong in 1952 and 46 men arrived in 1961.(16)

1959

George Naroomal Harilela founded the Harilela Group with his brothers Hari and Peter in 1959.(17) The Harilela Group is a hotel development and management company based in Hong Kong. It currently owns and operates some 19 properties around the globe.(18) The family arrived in Hong Kong in 1911.(19)

1980

China embraced the Open Door Policy causing many Hong Kong manufacturing firms to relocate to southern China to take advantage of the cheap labor and land rent. This started the deindustrialisation of Hong Kong.(20)

1984

Sino-British Joint Declaration of 1984 granted the Right of Abode (ROA) to Hong Kong, to all children of Gurkha soldiers and Nepalese civilians who were born in Hong Kong prior to January 1983.(21)

Feb 1997

India Resources Group, led by Ravi Gidumal, successfully lobbied for Hong Kong ethnic minorities to obtain British nationality before the return of Hong Kong to China sovereign.(22)

June 1997

The handover ceremony of Hong Kong on 30th June 1997 officially marked the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People’s Republic of China.

1998

Start of the mother tongue education policy. This policy assumed that all students in Hong Kong are from Chinese language families.(32)

Jan 2000

Harinder Veriah, 33, an Indian-Malaysian, lawyer working in Hong Kong died after suffering negligence brought on by racism in January 2000.(23) As a result of Harinder’s death, civil society groups made a concerted effort to push (again) for the Race Discrimination Ordinance.

2001

Hong Kong Unison is a non-governmental organisation founded in March 2001 by Fermi Wong with a sole focus on ethnic minorities. Hong Kong Unison advocates for policy reforms and equal opportunities for ethnic minorities in Hong Kong.(24) The Hong Kong Census started collecting detailed data on ethnic minorities and published Population Census Thematic Report : Ethnic Minorities.(32)

Dec 2002

An Indian girl, Vehka Harjani, was the first case of successful naturalisation by an ethnic minority resident with no Chinese relatives. She was granted Chinese nationality and a Hong Kong SAR passport.(25)

2003

Chinese language becomes compulsory for civil service entrance, barring many ethnic minorities.(32)

All source references are to “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong, 1997-2014” by Puja Kapai, The Centre for Comparative and Public Law, The University of Hong Kong , see www.zubinfoundation.org. © 2015 The Zubin Mahtani Gidumal Foundation Limited. All rights reserved.

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2004

The Primary One Admission (POA) system was reformed in 2004, allowing ethnic minority students to study in mainstream schools and to learn Chinese more comprehensively. Before 2004, the choice of schools for ethnic minority students was very limited: among 1,200 mainstream schools, only 7 primary schools and 3 secondary schools were willing to accept ethnic minority students, and there were only 2 primary schools and 2 secondary schools in the public sector providing a non-Chinese curriculum.(26)

2005

Gill Mohinderpaul Singh was the first actor of Indian decent to be signed by TVB in 2006. He played one of the regular cast on the TVB sitcom ‘Welcome to the House’.(27)

2007

Civil service entrance accepts alternative Chinese language qualifications as minimum language requirement for local minority students.(32)

20072008

Vivek Mahbubani, Indian by decent, is a stand-up comedian in Hong Kong. In 2007, Vivek won the Cantonese-language category of the competition to find Hong Kong’s funniest person and in 2008 he won the English language category of the competition.(28)

2008

Joint University Programmes Admissions System (JUPAS) accepts alternative Chinese qualifications as minimum language requirement.(29) Since 1997, measures for ethnic minorities appeared for the first time in the government Budget.(32)

Jul 2008

Race Discrimination Ordinance was enacted in July 2008. It is an anti-discrimination law to protect individuals against discrimination, harassment and vilification on the ground of their race. It came into operation in July 2009.(30)

2010

An Indian-origin mother, Anita Singh, in Hong Kong has sued the government and a police officer for alleged racial discrimination over the arrest of her teenage son over a quarrel with a Chinese woman in 2010.

Anita Singh has alleged that police officer Hung Kai-kam wrongfully arrested her then 11-yearold son Arjun Singh over a quarrel. Arjun, now 15-year-old and studying physics at King’s College London. The case is in court and has not reached a verdict.(35)

2012

Nabela Qoser, a Pakistani by ethnicity, is a TV reporter on TVB Jade channel.(31)

2014

Education Bureau announces Chinese Language Curriculum Second Language Learning Framework.(33) Hong Kong-born Jeffrey Andrews is the first ethnic minority registered social worker according to the Social Workers Registration Board.(34) Jeffrey Andrews could not bury his mother in the local Christian cemetery because it was only for Chinese people. Andrews had approached the Chinese Christian Council of Churches, but were refused as the family is not local Christian. After he spoke to SCMP, the government and the Chinese Christian Council of Churches responded and said that they would make an exception.(36)

6

All source references are to “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong, 1997-2014” by Puja Kapai, The Centre for Comparative and Public Law, The University of Hong Kong , see www.zubinfoundation.org. © 2015 The Zubin Mahtani Gidumal Foundation Limited. All rights reserved.

The “Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong 1997-2014“ Overview •

Consolidation of existing research that covers Ethnic Minorities from 1997-2014

•

Target audience: those serving ethnic minorities in Hong Konggovernment, civil society, businesses, schools and universities and academia

•

Did not include Foreign Domestic Helpers (FDH), or “White” populations

•

Collaborators are two ethnic minority women

•

Focus: 6 largest Ethnic Minority groups:

Hong Kong’s Minority Population Population byGrowing Age andEthnic Ethnicity Total Population 2001 (including FDH)

2011 (including FDH)

2011 (excluding FDH)

Ethnic Minorities are a source of talent now and for the future

Pakistani, Indonesian, Thai, Indian, Filipino, Nepalese

•

Source: ‘The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong, 1997 to 2014’ by Puja Kapai- see www.zubinfoundation.org

5.13%

6.38%

2.89%

94.87%

93.62%

97.11%

Total EM Population: 343,950

451, 183

197, 022 Source: Source: xKey Demographic Data

Population by Age and Ethnicity

Ethnic Breakdown of the HK Population

80% 70% 60% 50% 40%

Ethnic Minorities are a source of talent now and for the future

30% 20% 10% 0% Source: Key Demographic Data

Source: Key Demographic Data

All source references are to “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong, 1997-2014” by Puja Kapai, The Centre for Comparative and Public Law, The University of Hong Kong , see www.zubinfoundation.org. © 2015 The Zubin Mahtani Gidumal Foundation Limited. All rights reserved.

7

Key Observations Observation 2

Observation 1

Hong Kong’s education system is failing ethnic minority children Age 3-5 Not in Kindergarten

Form 5 School Drop out

8.5%

6.4%

14.6%

6.4%

16.1%

15.6%

19.4%

Post Secondary Education 27.7%

vs.

(Ethnic minorities)

Ethnic minorities are lazy

61% of Kindergartens interview in Cantonese

57.3% 54.2%

30% of feel that their teachers dislike teaching ethnic minority students.

EMI school teachers often revert to Cantonese in the classroom

26.1%

Special Education Needs (SEN) drop out from Primary to Secondary 57%

Lack of Chinese language skills and lack of inclusion are the main barriers for ethnic minority education

17%

VS.

Ethnic minority parents are not involved

Ethnic Minorities should learn Chinese the same way Chinese children do

16.4%

5%

13.1%

(Whole population)

Source: Education Chapter

Observation 3

Young ethnic minorities find it difficult to find jobs- and the elderly are working too hard Labour Force Participation Rate in 2011

Observation 4

Chinese reading and writing is critical to getting jobs in Hong Kong 100%

Proportion of ethnic minorities aged 5 and over able to speak Cantonese

98.9% 91.1%

80%

34%

85.6%

59.8%

60%

51.8%

48%

40%

of South Asians say inability to read and write Chinese makes it difficult to find a job

35.3% 24.8%

20% 0% 15-24

25-34

35-44

45-54

55-64

65 or above Age Source: Employment Chapter

Observation 6

There is a racial hierarchy in Hong Kong and brown is at the bottom

The lighter the skin colour, the higher the acceptance

The Hierarchy of Race and Acceptance Source: Perceptions of Ethnic Minorities and Self-Perceptions

Ethnic minorities (except Indians) have a much higher chance of ending up in elementary occupations

Population Engaged in Elementary Occupations

by Ethnicity in 2011

Observation 5

8

Source: Employment Chapter

100%

99.3% 94.4%

80% 60% 40% 20%

75.8 Ethnic Minorities

61.5%

42.3 36 19.5

19.4 11.9 2.20

.9

1.1

General Population as a Whole Ethnic Minorities (excluding FDH)

0% Source: Employment Chapter

All source references are to “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong, 1997-2014” by Puja Kapai, The Centre for Comparative and Public Law, The University of Hong Kong , see www.zubinfoundation.org. © 2015 The Zubin Mahtani Gidumal Foundation Limited. All rights reserved.

Observation 8

Observation 7

Poverty is a serious problem facing ethnic minorities- and so is child poverty

Ethnic minorities (except Indians) earn less than the Hong Kong average

Percentage of Population in Low-Income Households (Poverty Rate)

Median Monthly Income from Main Employment by Ethnicity and Sex in 2011

30,000 25,000 22,500

20,000 15,000 Average of HK Population 12,000

10,000

10,000

10,000

10,000

8,500

8,000

60 50

Percentage of Child under 0-14 Under Poverty 2011

51.1%

40

29.4%

30

27.4%

20

17.1%

Average of HK Population 20.4%

16.4%

11.4%

10 0

5,000 Source: Poverty Chapter

Source: Poverty Chapter

Observation 9

Observation 10

Crime is a growing problem amongst ethnic minorities Age 21+

PRMM

• Arrests from Serious Drug Offences increased 41% • Arrests from Possession of Arms and Ammunition increased 115% • Most arrests from Shop Theft, Theft and Wounding and Serious Assaults

PMMM

Age 16 - 20

PMM

ORMM

ORM OMM NRM

Age 10 - 15

NMM RM

Population excluding FDHs born in Hong Kong and resident in Hong Kong for 7 years and over, in 2011 in descending order of those born in Hong Kong

Total Arrests by Age from 2005-2014

QMMM

The term “ethnic minority” does not work

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

100%

% Resident in Hong Kong for 7 years and over

90.9%

89%

80%

72.3% 63.7%

60%

40%

62.9% 60.1% 60% 40.3% 38.8%

% Born in Hong Kong 24.6%

21.3%

20%

How do you self identify?

63%

Ethnic Origin + Hong Kong

30%

Ethnic Origin

7%

Hong Kong

12.1% 5.7%

0%

Source: Law Enforcement and Crime Chapter

2014

68.3%

Source: Key Demographic Data

Observation 11

Domestic Violence against ethnic minorities women is big problem

4.7% Of all domestic violence are ethnic minorities

vs.

6.8% Of Hong Kong’s Population are ethnic minorities

Domestic violence figures are very high given that they are grossly underrepresented due to factors such as: culture, language, financial dependency, lack of awareness about legal rights and community support.

More Research Needed Some Recommendations

Source: Marriage, Family and Domestic Violence Chapter

Recommendations Leadership of HKSARG 1.

Set up high level committee, multi disciplinary, on ethnic minorities.

2. Consider ethnic minorities on government advisory committees.

3. Ensure that the history of ethnic minorities is included in Hong Kong’s history in schools and textbooks.

Ethnic Minorities individuals of influence 1.

Raise the awareness of ethnic minority issues- use your sphere of influence.

2. Fund ethnic minority focused research and interventions.

3. Question how existing measures solve problems.

4. Mentor ethnic minority youth and entrepreneurs.

Foundations 1.

Consider ethnic minorities on 1. your boards.

2. Fund research and non2. education related projects too.

Civil Society 1.

Rethink the term ethnic minority.

2. Work on ageing, women, poverty, education.

3. Undertake or commission research.

4. Make diversity training mandatory.

HKSARG Civil service Mandatory diversity training (Arabian? White?)

Disaggregate Census data by ethnicity.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Child Poverty Domestic Violence Crime Female infanticide Female circumcision Ageing Elderly working population Child marriage / forced marriage Minimum wage Special Education Needs

Immediate Projects Some Recommendations 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Old age homes which cater for EM’s Interpretation technology Visiting ethnic minority prisoners Tracking of all EM children Mentors for aspiring EM entrepreneurs Mentors for aspiring EM girls Support networks for women Ethnic minorities hiring ethnic minorities

All source references are to “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong, 1997-2014” by Puja Kapai, The Centre for Comparative and Public Law, The University of Hong Kong , see www.zubinfoundation.org. © 2015 The Zubin Mahtani Gidumal Foundation Limited. All rights reserved.

9

10

All source references are to “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong, 1997-2014” by Puja Kapai, The Centre for Comparative and Public Law, The University of Hong Kong , see www.zubinfoundation.org. © 2015 The Zubin Mahtani Gidumal Foundation Limited. All rights reserved.

17,983

10,024(55.7%) 7,959(44.3%)

10,065 7,977

2011 Total ethnic minority population (excluding FDH)1

Ethnic minority population in 2011 (excluding FDHs) by gender2 • Male • Female

Male and female split in 2011 (including FDH)3 • Male • Female

Ethnicity gender ratio i.e number of males per 1000 female excluding FDH4

Sex ratio by age (Males per 1000 females)5 • Under 15 • 15-24 • 25-34 • 35-44 • 45-54 • 55-64 • 65 and over

1

2

3

4

5

1,016 1,529 844 2,254 1,641 1,003 14,541

1,259

Pakistani

Particulars

Sr. No

1,189 851 884 1,529 1,623 1,324 2,034

1,170

8,756 7,762

8,734(53.9%) 7,464(46.1%)

16,198

Nepalese

985 890 1,282 1,123 1,179 1,337 1,112

1,116

14,151 14,465

13,929(52.7%) 12,479(47.3%)

26,408

Indian

787 662 214 197 174 256 578

286

935 132,442

725(22.2%) 2,537(77.8%)

3,262

Indonesian

Table 1: Data points for various major ethnic minority groups in Hong Kong

1,289 900 634 402 479 466 694

628

7,890 125,128

5,973(38.6%) 9,516(61.4%)

15,489

Filipino

Key Data for Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong

990 437 274 218 72 4 26

156

1,176 10,037

1,162(13.5%) 7,437(86.5%)

8,599

Thai

1,073 1,042 911 819 926 1,001 872

939

N/A N/A

3,300,538(48.4%) 3,516,754(51.6%)

6,817,292 (Total EM- 197,022 Chinese- 6,620,270)

Whole Population

All source references are to “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong, 1997-2014” by Puja Kapai, The Centre for Comparative and Public Law, The University of Hong Kong , see www.zubinfoundation.org. © 2015 The Zubin Mahtani Gidumal Foundation Limited. All rights reserved.

11

17.0%

16.1%

Percentage of population excluding FDHs born in Hong Kong and resident in Hong Kong for 7 years and over, in 20118 • Born in Hong Kong • Resident in Hong Kong for 7 years and over

Percentage of people who have received at least postsecondary level education in 2011 (excluding FDH)9

School Attendance Rate Among Children Aged 3-5 by Ethnicity in Hong Kong in 2011. Percentage of children not in school.10

7

8

9

10

38.8% 60.1%

4,536 3,411

Naturalisation figures from 1997-20147 • Applied • Granted

6

Pakistani

7,148(39.8%) 2,112(11.7%) 6,713(37.3%) 1,435(8.0%) 10,260(57.1%) 575(3.2%) 17,983(100%)

Particulars

Population by ethnicity and age (excluding FDH), in 20116 • Under 15 • 15 – 24 • 25 – 44 • 45 – 64 • 15 – 64 • 65 and over • Total

Sr. No

14.6%

16.4%

40.3% 62.9%

N/A N/A

3,562(22.0%) 2,503(15.5%) 7,526(46.5%) 2,255(13.9%) 12,284(75.8%) 352(2.2%) 16,198(100%)

Nepalese

N/A

57.3%

24.6% 60.0%

3,224 2,487

5,767(21.8%) 2,690(10.2%) 11,401(43.2%) 4,590(17.4%) 18,681(70.7%) 1,960(7.4%) 26,408(100%)

Indian

N/A

26.1%

12.1% 68.3%

3,786 3,399

302(9.3%) 108(3.3%) 2,035(62.4%) 503(15.4%) 2,646(81.1%) 314(9.6%) 3,262(100%)

Indonesian

19.4%

54.2%

21.3% 72.3%

570 387

2,918(18.8%) 1,469(9.5%) 6,292(40.6%) 4,300(27.8%) 12,061(77.9%) 510(3.3%) 15,489(100%)

Filipino

N/A

13.1%

5.7% 89.0%

N/A N/A

398(4.6%) 240(2.8%) 3,718(43.2%) 3,893(45.3%) 7,851(91.3%) 350(4.1%) 8,599(100%)

Thai

N/A

27.7%

N/A N/A

N/A N/A

823,560(12.1%) 860,002(12.6%) 2,011,406(29.5%) 2,181,224(32.0%) 5,052,632(74.1%) 941,100(13.8%) 6,817,292(100%)

Whole Population

12

All source references are to “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong, 1997-2014” by Puja Kapai, The Centre for Comparative and Public Law, The University of Hong Kong , see www.zubinfoundation.org. © 2015 The Zubin Mahtani Gidumal Foundation Limited. All rights reserved.

8.2 3.7 39.3 46.6

38.4 14.9

14

11,500 19,000 21,000 25,700

14.2 42.6

Proportion of working ethnic minorities by sex, ethnicity and occupation in 201114 Managers and Administrators • Male • Female Professionals/ Associate Professionals • Male • Female Elementary Occupations • Male • Female

13

12,000 8,000 10,000

2.4 0.5

9,000 11,000 12,000 13,000

Median monthly income from main employment in 2011 by ethnicity and household size (HKD)13 • 1 person • 2 person • 3 person • 4 person or above

12

48.0%

Nepalese

8.2 14.2

10,000 10,000 10,000

Median monthly income from main employment by ethnicity and sex in 2011 (excluding foreign domestic helpers (FDH)) (HKD)12 • Male • Female • Total

59.8%

Pakistani

Proportion of ethnic minorities aged 5 and over able to speak Cantonese11

Particulars

11

Sr. No

5.7 42.9

35.1 24.9

38.2 11.3

38,750 38,000 52,000 40,000

25,500 15,000 22,500

35.3%

Indian

42.7 99.6

23.0 0.1

8.8 0.0

5,000 10,000 18,600 30,000

15,000 7,000 8,000

85.6%

Indonesian

35.9 96.9

30.9 1.0

5.6 0.2

10,000 19,500 32,750 30,000

13,000 9,000 10,000

24.8%

Filipino

12.7 67.5

11.3 2.7

9.9 1.8

9,000 13,000 18,000 20,600

12,500 7,800 8,500

91.1%

Thai

12.3 27.1

27.7 24.4

12.8 7.3

8,500 16,040 23,000 28,000

13,000 10,900 12,000

Total EM - 51.8% Chinese-98.8%

Whole Population

All source references are to “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong, 1997-2014” by Puja Kapai, The Centre for Comparative and Public Law, The University of Hong Kong , see www.zubinfoundation.org. © 2015 The Zubin Mahtani Gidumal Foundation Limited. All rights reserved.

13

Percentage of the working poor population disaggregated in 201116

Degree of acceptance of Hong Kong ethnic Chinese towards different ethnicities in the following areas of life17 • Relationships • Neighbour-hood • Workplace • Education

Labour force participation rate for persons aged 65 and above18

16

17

18

33.0%

59.1% 62.6% 69.3% 68.5%

45.2%

59.2% 64.4% 70.0% 69.4%

70.3%

2,728 (16.4%)

9,607 (51.1%)

15

68.6%

731 (14.6%)

2,207 (47.9%)

Number of low-income households and the total number of persons living in these households in 201115 • No. of low-income households (household poverty rate) • No. of persons in low-income households (poverty rate)

Nepalese

Pakistani

Particulars

Sr. No

24.8%

61.0% 65.0% 70.7% 69.9%

59.0%

3,162 (11.4%)

940 (10.1%)

Indian

9.6%

N/A N/A N/A N/A

56.9%

1,880 (29.4%)

885 (36.5%)

Indonesian

38.1%

60.6% 67.2% 71.8% 70.2%

57.7%

3,834 (17.1%)

1,416 (18.1%)

Filipino

18.7%

N/A N/A N/A N/A

62.3%

5,989 (27.4%)

1,921 (27.0%)

Thai

7.0% (Total EM - excl.

FDH 26.0%)

N/A N/A N/A N/A

41.0%

Total EM (excl. FDH) 26.0%

1,356,539 (20.4%)

547,215 (23.1%)

Whole Population

14

All source references are to “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong, 1997-2014” by Puja Kapai, The Centre for Comparative and Public Law, The University of Hong Kong , see www.zubinfoundation.org. © 2015 The Zubin Mahtani Gidumal Foundation Limited. All rights reserved.

27.4% 51.1%

68.6%

3,596

Poverty rate among different ethnic minority groups in 2001 and 201120 2001 2011

Percentage of the working poor population among specific ethnic minority groups in 201121

Number of CSSA recipients reporting country of origin being places other than China by country of origin, by year ending 200422

Number of domestic households by ethnicity and by household size in 201123 • 1 person • 2 person • 3 person • 4 person or above • Total

20

21

22

23

576 (12.5%) 618 (13.4%) 570 (12.4%) 2,840 (61.7%) 4,604 (100%)

38.4% 14.9% 36.0%

Pakistani

19

Particulars

Percentage of population engaged in elementary occupations by ethnicity and gender in 2011 (including FDH)19 • Male • Female • Total

Sr. No

546 (10.9%) 952 (19.0%) 1,277 (25.5%) 2,227 (44.5%) 5,002 (100%)

N/A

70.3%

3.7% 16.4%

39.3% 46.6% 42.3%

Nepalese

1,657 (17.7%) 2,146 (23.0%) 2,274 (24.3%) 3,262 (34.9%) 9,339 (100%)

1,005

59.0%

7.9% 11.4%

5.7% 42.9% 19.4%

Indian

485 (20.0%) 889 (36.6%) 455 (18.8%) 597 (24.6%) 2,426 (100%)

1,543

56.9%

31.9% 29.4%

42.7% 99.6% 99.3%

Indonesian

1,535 (19.6%) 2,120 (27.1%) 1,713 (21.9%) 2,452 (31.4%) 7,820 (100%)

997

57.7%

11.6% 17.1%

35.9% 96.9% 94.4%

Filipino

800 (11.3%) 1,911 (26.9%) 1,791 (25.2%) 2,605 (36.7%) 7,107 (100%)

1,298

62.3%

23.6% 27.4%

12.7% 67.5% 61.5%

Thai

422,676 (17.9%) 615,762 (26.0%) 613,468 (25.9%) 715,296 (30.2%) 2,367,202 (100%)

12,197

41.0%

19.1% 20.4%

12.3% 27.1% 19.5%

Total EM (excl. FDH) 8.8% 17.3% 11.9%

Whole Population

All source references are to “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong, 1997-2014” by Puja Kapai, The Centre for Comparative and Public Law, The University of Hong Kong , see www.zubinfoundation.org. © 2015 The Zubin Mahtani Gidumal Foundation Limited. All rights reserved.

15

26

Sr. No

Household arrangements for different ethnic groups in Hong Kong in 2011, as compared against that of whole population of Hong Kong26 • One person • A couple • A couple and unmarried children • Lone parents and unmarried children • Couple and at least one of their parents • Couple, at least one of their parents and their unmarried children • Other relationship combinations 3.3% 7.3% 46.2% 5.4% 0.9% 4.0% 0.3%

3.2% 2.7% 62.0%

5.5%

0.6%

5.0%

0.2%

3 23 Nepalese 2,174

25

4,231 295

3 57 Pakistani 2,713

Domestic households with children (Aged under 15) by ethnicity of household head and type of housing/ quarters, 201125 • Public rental • Subsidized home ownership • Private permanent • Non-domestic • Temporary Particulars • Total

24

327 51 1,770

3,636 316

Rental Households and Owner-occupiers by Ethnicity of Household Head, 201124 • Rental Households • Owner-occupiers

Nepalese

1,359 30 1,264

Pakistani

Particulars

Sr. No

0.1%

10.0%

2.0%

4.8%

6.0% 10.9% 53.3%

4 Indian 3,419

627 42 2,746

5,611 1,955

Indian

0.1%

8.0%

0.7%

10.8%

16.9% 15.2% 26.6%

Indonesian 344

42 302

718 739

Indonesian

0.1%

5.0%

1.0%

7.8%

9.6% 11.0% 44.9%

135 5 Filipino 1,798

90 24 1,544

3,717 1,159

Filipino

12.9%

4.1%

1.2%

6.5%

9.6% 20.5% 42.8%

Thai 400

139 6 255

1,404 358

Thai

0.2%

7.0%

1.0%

10.5%

5.9% 10.6% 51.5%

1,177 3,913 Whole Population 601,019

169,960 82,091 343,878

1,050,871 1,233,595

Whole Population

Reference for History of Hong Kong’s Ethnic Minorities Sr. No

Title

Author

Page

Name of Book, Journal

1

A nationality issue: Ethnic Indians in Hong Kong

Das, Rup Narayan

148

The Other Hong Kong Report 1990, Richard Y. C. Wong and Joseph Y. S.Cheng, Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1990

2

The Overseas Indian Community in Hong Kong

K. N. Vaid

16

Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong, 1972 Company Website of Abdoolally Ebrahim Group History: http://abdoolally.com/~abdoolal/_proof/index. php?target=main_1842&lang=en

Socio-political Embeddings of South Asian Ethnic Minorities’ Economic Situations in Hong Kong

Kam-Yee Law & Kim-Ming Lee (2013)

989

Journal of Contemporary China, 22:84, 984-1005, DOI: 10.1080/10670564.2013.795312

The HSBC Group: Our Story

HSBC

2

The HSBC Group: Our Story, January 14th 2013

213

The Chinese University of Hong Kong Original source of the number of Sikh soldiers is from a letter cited below: CO 129/131: 633. Letter of 28 October 1867 from C. Smith, Acting Colonial Secretary Hong Kong, to E. C. Bayley, Secretary to the Government of India

3

4

Constructing Globalized Ethnicity: Migrants from India in Hong Kong

5

Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels, Limited’s website

6

The matrix of entrepreneurship: A cross cultural analysis of a group of Baghdadi Indian Jews in the intersection of Shanghai/Hong Kong

Kwok Su-tong

11

Built Heritage Impact Assessment

Peter Sui Shan Chan (Feb 2001)

P6, Para 4.12 and 4.13

7

Caroline Plüss

Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels, Limited’s website: http://www.hshgroup.com/en/About-Hongkong-and-ShanghaiHotels/History.aspx

History Department: The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Draft)

A Survey Repot of Historical Building and Structures within Project Area of the Central Reclamation Phase III

Star Ferry Company Websitehttp://www.starferry.com.hk/en/theCompany 8

Belilios Public School’s Website

Belilios Public School’s Website: http://www.belilios.edu.hk/

9

Sir Ellis Kadoorie School’s Website

Sir Ellis Kadoorie School’s Website: http://www.seksswk.edu.hk/ourschool.php

10

CLP Holdings Limited 2014 Annual Report

CLP Holdings Limited

25

11

Turbans and Traders: Hong Kong’s Indian Communities.

Barbara-Sue White

29

Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1994

12

Socio-political Embeddings of South Asian Ethnic Minorities’ Economic Situations in Hong Kong

Kam-Yee Law & Kim-Ming Lee (2013)

991

Journal of Contemporary China, 22:84, 984-1005, DOI: 10.1080/10670564.2013.795312

13

We have no choice! Social exclusion and citizenship of the Nepalese community in Hong Kong

38 Para 3.1.1

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Philosophy in Sociology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, July 2002

16

Yung Kingfung Phoenix

All source references are to “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong, 1997-2014” by Puja Kapai, The Centre for Comparative and Public Law, The University of Hong Kong , see www.zubinfoundation.org. © 2015 The Zubin Mahtani Gidumal Foundation Limited. All rights reserved.

Plague, SARS and the Story of Medicine in Hong Kong 14

Hong Kong Museum of Medical Sciences Society

230

Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2006

The Hong Kong Tuberculosis Chest and Heart Disease Association’s website: http://www.ha.org.hk/org/antitb/tb_ehist.htm 15

Constructing Globalized Ethnicity: Migrants from India in Hong Kong

Caroline Plüss

210

The Chinese University of Hong Kong

16

South Asian Muslims in Hong Kong: Creation of a ‘Local Boy’ Identity

Anita M. Weiss

434

Modern Asian Studies / Volume 25 / Issue 03 / July 1991, pp 417 453 DOI: 10.1017/S0026749X00013895

17

Tributes flow in after hotelier and philanthropist Hari Harilela dies, aged 92

18

Harilela Group Company Website

Harilela Group Company Website: http://www.harilela.com/

19

The Harilela Family website India Diaspora website:

The Harilela Family website http://www.dharilela.com/family/family_main.html India Diaspora website: http://indiandiasporaclub.com/dr-hari-n-harilela/

20

Socio-political Embeddings of South Asian Ethnic Minorities’ Economic Situations in Hong Kong

21

Second Report of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China in the light of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

22

Thomas Chan

Kam-Yee Law & Kim-Ming Lee (2013)

People with a passport to nowhere

Kavita Daswani

Indian group renews push for passports

David Wallen

Leaving Mecca: The marooned Indian minority finally wins a passport to Britain

Hospital pays compensation over ‘racism’ death

South China Morning Post article, Published on 30th December, 2014: http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1670640/hariharilela-was-great-voice-hong-kongs-indian-community

Sarah M. Rose

Karen McVeigh

999

Journal of Contemporary China, 22:84, 984-1005, DOI: 10.1080/10670564.2013.795312

126

Also cited in: Tonsing, Kareen Ninglianching(2013), The acculturation experiences and adaptation of Pakistanis and Nepalese in Hong Kong, p 24, A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, at The University of Hong Kong South China Morning Post article, Published on 3rd July, 1995: http://www.scmp.com/article/123097/people-passport-nowhere South China Morning Post article, Published on 22nd October, 1996: http://www.scmp.com/article/178873/indian-group-renews-pushpassports Outlook International article, Published on 21st May, 1997: http://www.outlookindia.com/article/leaving-mecca/203552

The Guardian article, Published on 31st March, 2010: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/31/hospital-payscompensation-racism-death

23 Harinder Veriah Trust’s Website: http://www.harinderveriahtrust.org/what-we-do/harinder-veriahsstory/

Harinder Veriah Trust’s Website

24

Race and Equality: A Study of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong’s Education System

Hong Kong Unison Website

Project Report and Analysis by Kelley Loper

A research project by the Centre for Comparative and Public Law and Unison Hong Kong - for Ethnic Equality, Occasional Paper No. 12, February 2004

Hong Kong Unison Website: http://www.unison.org.hk/aboutus.php

All source references are to “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong, 1997-2014” by Puja Kapai, The Centre for Comparative and Public Law, The University of Hong Kong , see www.zubinfoundation.org. © 2015 The Zubin Mahtani Gidumal Foundation Limited. All rights reserved.

17

25

26

HK-born to Indian parents, but Vehka is now Chinese

Ravina Shamdasani

Educational Provision for Ethnic Minority Students in Hong Kong: Meeting the Challenges of the Proposed Racial Discrimination Bill

K. J. Kennedy 6

A Research Report on the Education of South Asian Ethnic Minority Groups in Hong Kong

Ku (et al)

27

Actor Gill Mohindepaul Singh

Jan Leung

28

Hong Kong comic Vivek Mahbubani uses multicultural identity to inspire kids How to Write a Joke in China

South China Morning Post article, Published on 2nd December, 2002: http://www.scmp.com/article/399383/hk-born-indian-parentsvehka-now-chinese A Public Policy Research Project (HKIEd8001-PPR-2), First Interim Report. Available at: http://www.ied.edu.hk/diversityproject/ Outputs%20and%20downloads/Doc/First%20Interim%20Report_ final.pdf

HK Magazine article, Published on 10th May, 2007: http://hk-magazine.com/city-living/article/actor-gill-mohindepaulsingh

Janice Leung

South China Morning Post article, Published on 30th June, 2015: http://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/arts-entertainment/article/1829150/ hong-kong-comic-vivek-mahbubani-uses-multicultural

Adriane Quinlan

Time article, Published on 15th November, 2007: http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1684588,00.html

29

JUPAS to accept alternative Chinese Language qualifications

Hong Kong Press Release

“JUPAS to accept alternative Chinese Language qualifications” Press release. Released on Monday, February 25, 2008, Issued at HKT 18:45: http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200802/25/P200802250221. htm

30

Race Discrimination

Equal Opportunities Commission

Race Discrimination Ordinance and I http://www.eoc.org.hk/eoc/graphicsfolder/showcontent. aspx?content=race%20discrimination%20ordinance%20and%20i

31

Well-spoken, but struggling to be heard

Alex Lo

South China Morning Post article, Published on 16th February, 2012: http://www.scmp.com/article/992766/well-spoken-struggling-beheard

32

Hong Kong Unison

33

Enhanced Chinese Learning and Teaching for Non-Chinese Speaking Students

Information provided by Hong Kong Unison Government of the HKSAR Education Bureau

35

18

HKSYU website: http://jmc.hksyu.edu/ourvoice/?p=5978

A hope for change – First ethnic minority registered social worker in HK

Adrian Wong

Indian-origin mother sues Hong Kong Govt, police for racial bias

The Economic Times (The Times of India)

The Economic Times (The Times of India) article PTI 10th April, 2014, 05.20PM IST: http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-04-10/ news/49031955_1_arjun-singh-mother-and-son-police-officer

The Japan Times

The Japan Times website article, 17th March, 2015: http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/03/17/asia-pacific/hongkongs-minorities-stand-change/#.VfzVVBGqpBc

No Space for Burials

Chahana Sigdel

Chahana Sigdel website: http://chahanasays.com/2013/12/05/no-space-for-burials/

In Hong Kong, No Place for Burials

West HK Stories

West HK Stories article, 9th December, 2013 http://courses.jmsc.hku.hk/mjonline/rest-in-payment-in-hongkong-no-place-for-burials/

Hong Kong’s minorities stand up for change 36

Education Bureau Circular No. 8/2014 Can be viewed at: http://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/en/studentparents/ncs-students/new/CM_2014%2006%2005_E.pdf Christian Action – Website http://www.christian-action.org.hk/index.php/home/ca/716

Christian Action - Website 34

1

All source references are to “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong, 1997-2014” by Puja Kapai, The Centre for Comparative and Public Law, The University of Hong Kong , see www.zubinfoundation.org. © 2015 The Zubin Mahtani Gidumal Foundation Limited. All rights reserved.

Reference for Key Data for Ethnic Minorities in HK 1 “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong 19972014” by Puja Kapai, The University of Hong Kong, Chapter on Key Demographic Data. Original data from Numbers generated through the Census and Statistics Department Interactive Data Dissemination Service 2 “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong 19972014” by Puja Kapai, The University of Hong Kong, Chapter on Key Demographic Data. Original data from Numbers generated through the Census and Statistics Department Interactive Data Dissemination Service 3 “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong 1997-2014”

by Puja Kapai, The University of Hong Kong, Chapter on Health.

Original data from Census and Statistics Department, Thematic Report: Ethnic Minorities 2011 4 “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong 1997-2014”

by Puja Kapai, The University of Hong Kong, Chapter on Health.

Original data from Census and Statistics Department, Thematic Report: Ethnic Minorities 2011, Table 1.2A 5 “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong 19972014” by Puja Kapai, The University of Hong Kong, Chapter on Key Demographic Data. Original data from Thematic Report on Ethnic Minorities, Table 3.4, p. 29.

6 “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong 19972014” by Puja Kapai, The University of Hong Kong, Chapter on Key Demographic Data. Original data from Numbers generated through the Census and Statistics Department Interactive Data Dissemination Service 7 “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong 1997-2014”

by Puja Kapai, The University of Hong Kong, Chapter on Language, Integration and Identity. Original data cited by SCMP: Immigration Department John Carney’s article, SCMP - http://www.scmp.com/ news/hong-kong/article/1106498/figures-reveal-thousands-ethnicminorities-have-won-naturalisation 8 “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong 19972014” by Puja Kapai, The University of Hong Kong, Chapter on Key Demographic Data. Original data calculated from numbers generated through the Census and Statistics Department Interactive Data Dissemination Service 9 “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong 19972014” by Puja Kapai, The University of Hong Kong, Chapter on Key Demographic Data. Original data 2011 Population Census Thematic Report: Ethnic Minorities, Table 5.2 for data including foreign domestic helpers; adjusted data excluding foreign domestic helpers was published by the Hong Kong Council of Social Service, Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong (2013)

13 “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong 1997-2014”

by Puja Kapai, The University of Hong Kong, Chapter on Poverty.

Original data from HKCSS (n iii), p.3.

14 “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong 1997-2014”

by Puja Kapai, The University of Hong Kong, Chapter on Poverty.

Original data partly reproduced from Thematic Report, pp.73-74, Table 6.3 (Note the percentage in each ethnic group does not add up to 100% because the sector of “clerical support workers/ service and sale workers”, “Craft and related workers, plant and machine operators and assemblers” and “skilled agricultural and fishery workers; and occupations not classifiable” are omitted).

15 “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong 1997-2014”

by Puja Kapai, The University of Hong Kong, Chapter on Poverty.

Original data from HKCSS (n iii), p.4.

16 “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong 1997-2014”

by Puja Kapai, The University of Hong Kong, Chapter on Poverty.

Original data from HKCSS (n iii), p.6.

17 “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong 1997-2014”

by Puja Kapai, The University of Hong Kong, Chapter on Perceptions of Ethnic Minorities and Self-Perceptions. Original data from Hong Kong Unison’s 2012 Racial Acceptance Survey Report 18 “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong 19972014” by Puja Kapai, The University of Hong Kong, Chapter on Key Demographic Data. Original data from 2011 Hong Kong Population Census Thematic Report: Ethnic Minorities, Table 6.1 19 “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong 19972014” by Puja Kapai, The University of Hong Kong, Chapter on Key Demographic Data. Original data from 2011 Thematic Report, Table 6.3 20 “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong 19972014” by Puja Kapai, The University of Hong Kong, Chapter on Key Demographic Data. Original data from HKCSS (n iii), p.4.

21 “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong 19972014” by Puja Kapai, The University of Hong Kong, Chapter on Key Demographic Data. Original data from Hong Kong Council of Social Service (n 3) 6.

22 “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong 1997-2014”

by Puja Kapai, The University of Hong Kong, Chapter on Poverty.

Original data from HK Government, “Response to LCQ18: Annex II”, http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200505/04/lcq18_e2.pdf (accessed 25 July 2015).

23 “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong 1997-2014”

by Puja Kapai, The University of Hong Kong, Chapter on Poverty.

Original data from HKCSS (n iii), p.2.

10 “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong 1997-2014”

by Puja Kapai, The University of Hong Kong, Chapter on Education.

Original data from HKIEd Study on Educational Inequality and Child Poverty among Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong” (2013)

24 “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong 19972014” by Puja Kapai, The University of Hong Kong, Chapter on Key Demographic Data. Original data from Census and Statistics Department Interactive Data Dissemination Service

11 “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong 19972014” by Puja Kapai, The University of Hong Kong, Chapter on Key Demographic Data. Original data from 2011 Thematic Report, Table 4.5

25 “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong 19972014” by Puja Kapai, The University of Hong Kong, Chapter on Key Demographic Data. Original data from The Census and Statistics Department Interactive Data Dissemination Service

12 “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong 1997-2014”

by Puja Kapai, The University of Hong Kong, Chapter on Poverty.

Original data from HKCSS (n iii), p.2.

26 “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong 19972014” by Puja Kapai, The University of Hong Kong, Chapter on Key Demographic Data. Original data from 2011 Population Census Office (Main Tables)

All source references are to “The Status of Ethnic Minorities in Hong Kong, 1997-2014” by Puja Kapai, The Centre for Comparative and Public Law, The University of Hong Kong , see www.zubinfoundation.org. © 2015 The Zubin Mahtani Gidumal Foundation Limited. All rights reserved.

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