KNOWLEDGE:BRIDGING URBAN DISPARITIES, Zainab Mohamed Basha, Undergrad Architectural thesis

KNOWLEDGE: BRIDGING URBAN DISPARITIES ,Architecture for knowledge sharing in urban cities SUBMITTED BY ZAINAB MOHAMED BASHA

A REPORT Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Architecture.

2020-2021 Copyright © ZAINAB MOHAMED BASHA, AIKTC School of Architecture 2020-21

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the Design Dissertation titled

KNOWLEDGE: BRIDGING URBAN DISPARITIES,architecture for knowledge sharing in urban cities, is the bonafide work of the student Zainab Mohamed Basha from Final Year B. Arch of AIKTC School of Architecture and was carried out in college under my guidance.

Sign of the guide:

Name of the guide: Prof. Abhishek Kadam

Sign of the Dean: Prof. Raj Mhatre

Date: 12th December 2020

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this written submission entitled “Knowledge: bridging urban disparities, architecture for knowledge sharing in urban cities” represents my ideas in my own words and has not been taken from the work of others (as from books, articles, essays, dissertations, other media and online); and where others’ ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. Direct quotations from books, journal articles, internet sources, other texts, or any other source whatsoever are acknowledged and the source cited are identified in the dissertation references.

No material other than that cited and listed has been used.

I have read and know the meaning of plagiarism and I understand that plagiarism, collusion, and copying are grave and serious offenses in the university and accept the consequences should I engage in plagiarism, collusion or copying.

I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact source in my submission.

This work, or any part of it, has not been previously submitted by me or any other person for assessment on this or any other course of study.

Signature of the Student: Name of the Student: ZAINAB MOHAMED BASHA Roll No: 16AR31 Date: 12th December 2020

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Alhamdulillah, First and foremost gratitude goes to Allah on whom I rely on for strength, sense of direction, calmness, and perspective to do this thesis and everything else in life.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards my thesis mentor Prof. Abhishek Kadam for his undying patience and motivation. From having lengthy discussions to helping me be organized, he directed me towards the right path throughout my research. This would not have been possible without his mentorship.

I would also like to show gratitude to our Dean Prof. Raj Mhatre for this opportunity.

Im extremely grateful to my parents for their undying support, prayers, and words of encouragement.My mother Zubaida Begum for checking in on me late at night during deadlines, being my provider and anchor at all times. My Father Mohamed Basha for always believing in me, being the reassurance I needed at tough times, and always listening to my boring rants. My siblings for their unusual ways of support.

Getting through my dissertation required more than academic support, and I have many, many people to thank for listening to and, at times, having to tolerate me over the past. Special thanks to those who have been just one call away, have been my greatest cheerleaders and at times the bane of my existence namely Sadaf Siddiqui, Rupesh Nilve, Sayed Shahood, Affan Chappekar.

Thank you Bakwaas company, every one of you played a significant role at certain points within the last few years of my life which I will cherish for the rest.

I found inspiration and guidance through my faculties and other unexpected sources. Thank you everyone named and unnamed for their value addition!

Table of contents

1 to 4

» » » » » »

Abstract Hypothesis Research methodology Objective Limitations Scope

»

Literature review

I II III IV to V

1. What is knowledge?

• Definition • Classification • Assimilation • Analyzation

5 to 10

2. Role of cognition • • • • • • • • • • • • •

11 to 12

Theory Classification Tools The relation between meaningful sounds and cognition cognition and learning an environment that facilitates learning CSCL learning methods activities that assist learning Attention restoration theory nature deficit disorder nature and cognition zone of proximal development

3. Knowledge sharing in theory • Definition

• Types of formal knowledge sharing environments • Informal knowledge sharing

13 to 18

4. Understanding knowledge sharing systems of the past

19 to 30

5. Knowledge sharIng in urban settings • Rapid urbanization • Rooted structural imbalances in urban centers • Relevance of libraries as free public institutions in cities at current times • How much is India spending on its public libraries • libraries bridging digital divide • Role of open space sin cities

31 to 41

6. Current Trends in knowledge sharing.

• The nature moment • SOLE •

Knowledge sharing environments keeping up with changing learning needs

• Changing roles of cities

42 to 43

7. Learning needs of cities • UNESCO learning cities • Parameters • Stakeholders

44 to 87

»

Case studies and derivatives for design

• Case study interviews • Case study analysis • Design clues • Programmes and activities • Design stratergies 88 to 92

»

City and site justification

93 to 99

»

Bibliography

•

References

•

illustrations list

Knowledge: bridging urban disparities

Abstract It’s not a mystery that the world is changing rapidly.It is taking us through turns which we never could have expected in our wildest dreams ,where we are let off on our own more often than not.At such daunting times what can we rely on undoubtedly.When everything seems uncertain what’s that one thing which will prepare anyone to deal with an unseen future,something which one can rely on at the end?

“In times of change learners inherit the earth,while the learned find themselves beautifully equipped to deal with a world that no longer exists.”

If the above quote doesn’t answer the precedented question, read on..

In the current era of rapid technological advancements, increasing socio-economic divides, and needed sustainable quotients,there is a need to re-imagine knowledge centers as social spaces that provide vital knowledge resources for communities and function as knowledge hubs that assist in self-learning.In order to develop such models, it becomes imperative to understand the fundamentals in knowledge sharing in terms of its definition, the process of acquiring it and the changing dynamics with time. That,which is based on multiple factors like-changing belief systems, political power, method of knowledge sharing, urbanization, the extent of networking by the virtue of internet and developing technology which embraces the advancing technology and its flexible needs.

I

Knowledge: bridging urban disparities

Hypothesis

Since the dynamics of knowledge sharing and the system of institutions that served as incubators of knowledge are being redefined, where some are either striving to keep up or falling short because of rigid planning, monopoly of power, digital divide, and deep-rooted structural imbalances of our urban settings- There is a need to rethink and re-question the means of knowledge sharing and how can its reach be extended in a way that it addresses some pressing issues related to sustainability and environment.

II

Research methodology: Mapping of changing dynamics in the process of knowledge sharing has been done by the collection of historic data in the form of images or other accounts to analyze the beliefs that led to the manifestation of their knowledge sharing system and the environment that facilitated learning in each of those scenarios, while simultaneously relating the current trends in knowledge sharing with that of the ones in history and record multiple counterpoints or duplication of previous systems that could be observed.

IIIIII

Research title

IV

Knowledge: bridging urban disparities

OBJECTIVES ( research methodology 2)

Formulation of the theoretical background that will inform the design 1.Understanding Knowledge 2. Understanding Cognition 3. Knowledge sharing in theory 4.Understanding knowledge sharing systems of the past 5.Knowledge sharing prevalent in urban settings.

6.Current Trends in knowledge sharing.

7.Understanding the Learning needs of cities 8.Case studies& interviews to derive design clues, programmes and activities 9.City and site selection

LIMITATIONS 1.The scope of research will be limited to urban areas.

2.Prototype designed for urban cities of the country.

SCOPE 1.Building a system that can grow and can be replicated on the basis of needs of a particular urban setting.

2.Enabling the building of a self sustainable knowledge sharing community.

THESIS INTENT To understand and analyze the network of spheres enabling holistic learning for all which addresses the urban disparities associated with knowledge sharing and learning.

V

LITERATURE REVIEW 19to 30

Knowledge: bridging urban disparities

VI

1 What is knowledge?

A

ccording to Oxford Lexico, Facts, information, and skills acquired through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject is deemed as knowledge.1 Since, every idea is a summation of multiple other ideas and multiple other beliefs- it’s necessary to understand how the widely accepted definition came about and does it still stand?

This can be answered by a series of literatures inferred

Classification

and ,into Knowledge And Skills which can be developed,where knowledge is the information acquired through sensory input: Reading, watching, listening, touching, etc’’ , and Skill is a person’s ability to apply knowledge for specific situations.3 While knowledge can be acquired by reading and consuming a lot of theoretical data, skill is developed by practicing and seizing opportunities to perform the actions required to improve their performance in a task until one masters it.

Knowledge as vast as it is, can be classified into three broad categories:1. Explicit knowledge 2. Tacit knowledge 3. Embedded knowledge On the basis of a broader spectrum of knowledge derivation factors, which are embodied in people and that which is embodied in process, organizational culture, routines, etc. Where1. Explicit knowledge deals with the knowledge that can be simplified, stored and revisited for comprehension, such as knowledge found in databases, memos, notes, documents, etc.

2. Tactic knowledge which can be derived and learned from cultural beliefs, values, attitudes, mental models, etc. as well as skills, capabilities and expertise.

3. Embedded knowledge, which is the quantitative derivation of knowledge found in both explicit and tacit knowledge which can be found in the form of processes, manuals, organizational culture, codes of conduct, ethics, etc.2

''The interaction of knowledge and skills with experience is key to learning.''

Knowledge: bridging urban disparities

1

What is knowledge

Knowledge

Experience

skill

Fig 1: Infographic depicting explicit and tactic knowledge Fig 2: Infographic depicting interelation between knowledge-experience -skill

Knowledge: bridging urban disparities

2

What is knowledge

Assimilation of knowledge

Fig 3: Info-graphic depicting the role of conciousness

This definitely raises an equally vital question, what enables the assimilation of a wide spectrum of knowledge?

The answer is 'consciousness'.

Eoin Travers ,a neuroscientist along with his colleagues at the School of Advanced Study, University of London.

Conducted a series of experimentations to analyze the differences between conscious and unconscious perception, which gave conclusive results on how consciousness helps a person learn quickly and adapt to changes in the surrounding and might as have been naturally selected for humans. Hence an environment that stimulates consciousness,becomes a necessary factor to enable learning.4 ''consciousness is the subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment’’(Koch, 2004).

On the basis of several other studies that this excerpt cites, it interprets and outlines consciousness as being ephemeral, dependent on several other factors like simulations provided by caffeine or any substance that might help one to concentrate. The cited study advances towards the idea of consciousness playing a much bigger role in a person's ability to learn effectively and how the context a person is placed in or the mental state one is ingradually trickles down into the consciousness. Where it can either improve or impair one's cognitive functions.

Manuel Lima in his ted talk-''A visual history of human knowledge'' 5, discusses the various ways by which knowledge has been analyzed, classified, and visually represented by humanity throughout history.

He explores the drawn-out interlinkages between different fields of human knowledge, which forms a dense network of completely -interconnected and interdependant entities ,evloved from a linear model of categorization.

Knowledge: bridging urban disparities

3

What is knowledge

Application of knowledge

The chain of being

Porphyrian tree

In this talk by throwing light on the illustrated notions of decentralization, interconnectedness, and interdependence. He is extrapolating how this particular way of critical thinking can be the key to solve many large complex problems that the world is facing today.

Fig 4: Organization and visualization of knowledge-The chain of being ,porphyrian tree Fig 5: This visualization shows the structure of three levels of Wikipedia category pages and their interconnections.

Knowledge: bridging urban disparities

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2 Role of cognition

Theory

Classification

C

ognition is a term referring to the mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension. These cognitive processes include thinking, knowing, remembering, judging, and problem-solving. These are higher-level functions of the brain and encompass language, imagination, perception, and planning. It is this process which leads to knowledge gain7

Basic Cognitive Processes,which comprises of sensation,perception, ,attention and memory, which works together to help us perceive certain things, remember and respond to it.

High or Complex Cognitive Processes, which comprises of intelligence, thought and language, help in problem-solving, reasoning, decision-making, creative thinking, divergent thinking and helps in learning new languages to communicate effectively.

Tools used for cognition (Means of learning and expression)

• Writing • Speaking • Hands on creation

Relation between meaningful sounds and cognition

The selective attention and cognitive performance of a person is both impacted by meaningful and meaningless sounds. Where ,experiments have indicated that selective attention to cognitive tasks carried out in learning environments and office spaces were influenced by the degree of meaningfulness of the noise. Masking meaningful speech with some other sound would be of great benefit for achieving a comfortable sound environment.

“The whole is greater than the sum of the parts.”6 Knowledge: bridging urban disparities

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ROLE OF COGNITION

Cognition and learning

Both adults and children are affected by the environment they are present in, their surrounding has the power to assist in their process of cognition or disrupt it. Childrens learn holistically , provided they are allowed to explore and engage in multiple activities which will in turn facilitate learning in multiple areas. learning is both individual and social and it takes place within social and cultural contexts. Therefore one needs to make sure that learning environment provides opportunities for children to engage in individual work, as well as meaningful interactions with peers and adults in your room throughout the day.

Fig 6: Environment which engages their consciousness and increases ones ability to focus.

Knowledge: bridging urban disparities

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ROLE OF COGNITION

Environment that facilitates cognition

Vygotsky’s Theory of Social Development argues that community and language play a central part in learning. He believed that children develop independently of specific stages as a result of social interactions ,where societal ,cultural environment and security-engages all the senses and assists learning.8

CSCL(computer supported collaborative learning)

The New Science of Learning R. Keith Sawyer a handbook, which talks about the efficient use of the new sciences of learning to create effective learning environmentsCSCL(computer supported collaborative learning)9.It stresses on the necessity of collaborative learning environment,which considers accountability and learning cues as important elements which enhances learning and how motivation and collaboration improves quality of students learning.

Learning methods

Which depends on the type of learner a person is.

• • • •

Activities that assists learning

Auditory Visual Intrapersonal Kinaesthetic

Mind stimulating activities • games • reading • being around nature Physical excersises Fig 7:Types of learners • sports • other activities that demand attention and physical energy

Knowledge: bridging urban disparities

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ROLE OF COGNITION

Fig 8: Graphic representing what a learner can do without help and what he or she can achieve with guidance and encouragement from a skilled partner.

Fig 9: Computer assisted collaborative learning

Knowledge: bridging urban disparities

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ROLE OF COGNITION

Attention restoration theory ART, proposes that exposure to nature is not only enjoyable but can also

help us improve our focus and ability to concentrate (Ohly, White, Wheeler, Bethel, Ukoumunne, Nikolaou, & Garside, 2016). This theory hypothesizes that nature has the capacity to renew attention after exerting mental energy.

It gives references to other studies which further outlines the restoration quotient of nature. It dissects the term nature-deficit disorder and talks about the very humane need to stay close to nature. How our affinity towards nature is genetic and deep-rooted in evolution, having constant nature contact is necessary.10

Nature deficit disorder

The impact of nature-deficit disorder which is the loss of connection of humans to their natural environment is stressful. Investigator of this study, Professor Helen Lockhart, indicated that ''the socio-ecological crisis the

world is seeing today is due to this breach of connection between humans and nature''. She highlights in her study that there is a spiritual

enhancement that is linked to the human-nature relationship and nature's tendency to heal, reduce stress.11

Nature & Cognition

This can be further related to the other studies and evidences ,which stresses on the relationship between nature, individual, and collective cognitive development. Where nature benefits humans ,namely their physical health, cognitive performance and psychological well-being. This study orchestrates possible future research on designing environments that

stimulate interactions between people and nature in a world that is urbanizing at an expeditious rate and draws out conclusive data which indicates sustainable attitudes developed amongst children who grow up in natural environments even in urban areas. This was an important

study as it highlighted the potential for long-term effects of experiences with nature and biodiversity during childhood towards sustainability and shows how intentional interaction with nature promotes sustainable behavior.12

Summation:

Environment that facilitates learning has these elements in common • Security • Cultural environment • Social interaction • Engages all the senses • Nature Knowledge: bridging urban disparities

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ROLE OF COGNITION

n

Fig 10:Venn diagram representing interlinks between environment psychology and mental wellness.

Fig 11:Difference between the pathway nestled in nature and a typical city street

Knowledge: bridging urban disparities

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3 Knowledge sharing in theory Knowledge sharing is an activity through which knowledge (namely, information, skills, or expertise) is exchanged among people, friends, peers, families, communities (for example, Wikipedia), or within or between organizations.

''knowledge is power knowledge shared is knowledge multiplied''

F

or ages people used to travel across the world in search of knowledge of new discoveries and inventions. Even now some do.

Where once a person deemed to be more knowledgeable served the learning need of the larger society in ancient India, to centralised education system where knowledge was more localised in many parts of the world, but because of the advent of internet it has become easier to acess knowledge sources just about anywhere.Internet had also opened up new networks of informal methods of knowledge sharing.

Knowledge sharing, hence can be broadly classified into two:• formal knowledge sharing • informal knowledge sharing

keeps them away from social pressures of public education systems, helps develop much more focussed learning and gives time to indulge in other activities that they might be personally interested in, which strict curriculum of schools might not allow. It also makes kids more socially awkward, stressing on parents to take full responsibility for teaching, where in some cases they might not be qualified to do so.

Moreover learning alone, without having people to discuss with, will tend to make him or her intolerant, making it hard for them to accept that other people might have different philosophies and perspectives, which will make them furthermore anxious and feel isolated. 13 Connect-ED

Where formal knowledge sharing includes schools,libraries and other public institutions. While informal knowledge sharing relies on internet and mass media for mediation and sharing of knowledge.looking into certain typologies of knowledge sharing we can further analyze the benifits and drawbacks of these typologies.

Types of formal knowledge sharing environments

Connect-ED14 a plan passed by the U.S. department of education to utilise tech to expand teaching and learning horizons, MOOCs (Massively Online Open Courses) which is both pocket friendly and makes higher education more accessible and manageable. It also gives examples of schools where learning happens remotely, which makes participation compulsory using proprietary softwares. Where Homeschooling teachers do more inspiring than Where homeschooling allows teaching ,rendering spaces like lecture halls, labs, building as children to learn at their own pace, Knowledge: bridging urban disparities

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KNOWLEDGE SHARING

such useless. But there is a major downside to it, its not a model which is affordable/accessible to all.

local knowledge source Fig 12:.Graphical representation of formal and informal ways of knowledge sharing

Needless to say, such long term, nonsocial learning will deem to be more dangerous than not, where social isolation will have its own drawbacks.

School libraries There is a need for flexible extensions to classrooms ,which not only support changing pedagogies while embracing ever changing technology but also provides impetus to the process of learning itself. Where the role of libraries is that of a space that supports collaboration and stimulates intellectual inquiry across disciplines, blurring the line between whom the physical space should serve.15

global

A resource for lifelong learning.

Shamichael Hallman in his talk ''Reimagining the Public Library to Reconnect the Community''16 ,views libraries as an instrument that will bridge the socio-economic divide, rebuild trust, and counteract social isolation.

Summation:

decentralization of knowledge

more knowledgeable other

In order for knowledge sharing to happen effectively, it's imperative that they are truly welcoming to all, provide a space where everyone can gather, bringing in more productivecollaborative partnerships and opportunities.

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4 Knowledge sharing systems of the past

T

Fig 13:Graphical representation of knowledge sharing throughout history

o understand what environment would be needed too facilitate and encourage learning at present and years to come, changes through thousands of years in the process of knowledge sharing was traced. To identify what was it dependent on and what was the extent of its reach. Knowledge for the longest time was localized, was accessible to a few deemed worthy or those who could afford to become a part of the rigid system.

Knowledge: bridging urban disparities

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KNOWLEDGE SHARING

These educational institutions of the past were physical manifestations of their belief systems. Where, Knowledge sharing the knowledge they had in their hand and the dignified circle of people who were allowed to have access to that knowledge.

This statement is backed by inferences taken from the studies mentioned in the following pages.

Fig 13:Graphical representation of knowledge sharing throughout history

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KNOWLEDGE SHARING SYSTEMS OF THE PAST

Universities of ancient India Forest universities17Served as an arena of holistic learning. and knowledge sharing , which happened in natural surroundings where the shishyas (students) lived with each other in brotherhood, humanity, love, and discipline. Living and learning amidst nature not only helped them to learn new skills and gain knowledge,but also helped them become environmentally conscious. learning ecosystems of early india were knowledge storehouses,in the form of Even though knowledge was classrooms nestled in nature- highly localized and higher known as 'Gurukuls'. quality of education was limited to privileged members of the society.

In Gurukul the teaching and learning relied heavily on oral Its longevity,holistic approach, traditions. Their faith in- sacred high quality of knowledge resource words was valued and was and skill training presents a model treasured up by memorization. It that can indeed be replicated. was located in Periphery of the city .Only people of the upper Library of Alexandria18 cast,who were deemed to be truth tellers, were allowed in Gurukul. Fortress built on highlands of It was not until 500 BC that the Alexandria that collected the mandate to teach the rest two knowledge gained by blessed groups other than shudras ,came wisdom of a few, and welcomed all over the shoulders of Brahmin the scholars who have something scholars as well. Since it was a to offer to the collection of scrolls feudal society home tutoring was filled with knowledge. The space available only for royal womans, picturized above speaks about who didn't travel to the forest due the discussions these scholars must have had. Shows floor to to security reasons. ceiling cabinets overflowing Communication, oral repetition,- with scrolls being organized by discussion,debate,learning by do- librarians of their age. Where ing,debate,PSA,flexible teaching knowledge sharing seemed to have and learning hours were employed happened via discussions,writing to teach and test the shishyas. things down,observing and

Fig 14: Gurukul

Fig 15: Library of Alexandria

experimenting. The Library of Alexandria had the most notorious aim of housing all the knowledge in the world under one roof. Located at the centre of the island city where all the important arteries of the city meet and since it was a port city ,it was accessible to any no.of scholars who came to the port carrying scrolls filled with studies from their own region

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KNOWLEDGE SHARING SYSTEMS OF THE PAST

were welcomed to stay and study under the patronage of the king. it was accessible to those deemed worthy by the royals.

The library stood as a symbol of their political power ,since knowledge serves as potential power source-housing all the knowledge of the world was their power move.In Alexandria written word was valued.It housed lecture halls, classrooms ,gardens and archives filled with scrolls gathered from areas of their context.

Knowledge sharing happened here by discussions,experiments,debate,reading and writing. In Alexandria, genius was considered to be a blessing by an unknown power, which they worshiped.

Hence they built the library of Alexandria on highlands and which was located at the cnetre of the city. Standing as a daunting symbol of power.

Even though this institution too had its own set of limitations and drawbacks,but its vision of becoming one stop for all the knowledge in the world which keeps growing,giving room for discussions,expectations and spiking curiosity in minds.This aspect of the library could be carried forward, and made sense of later down the design programme.

Fig 16: Burning of Library of Alexandria

Famous universities ancient India

in

Taxila from 700 B.C. to 300 A.D. was considered to be the most respected seat of higher learning and education in India (Chakravorty,1954) .In Taxila University​ , the library of its university played an important role in teaching and learning.

The tests conducted were unique too, where a needle (Shalaka) was pierced through the manuscript on the subject of the student’s specialization and he was expected to explain the last page pierced.

In this way, the student’s gained all-round mastery of the subject they were tested for. Students’ ability to out perform the rest in a debate marked their excellence in society.

In 6th century universities like Nalanda

having global reach that taught various subjects and had separate space for teaching and learning of several of them,to temple schools,ashrams and pathshalas which together worked towards creating learned individuals who could play there part in the society. Even though knowledge was highly localised and higher quality of education was

Fig 17:Nalanda universirty

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KNOWLEDGE SHARING SYSTEMS OF THE PAST

Abbasid library This particular painting acutely describes the sort of devoted ,close knit knowledge sharing that took place in the Abbasid libraries .Where the students surrounded the more knowledgeable other in a circle , lining up one after the other.Mainly gathered to practise and understand their scriptures.Where pronounciation,recitaion and accurate use of grammar was deemed important.

Fig 18: Scholars at an Abbasid library. Maqamat of Al-Hariri Illustration by Yahyá al-Wasiti, 1237

18th century British public school model (Industrial era schools ) Bringing out like minded individuals who can fuel their labour force just like in factories where laborers are lined up to mass produce commodities. These schools had students lined up one after the other who learned basic arithmetic,language and science from the more knowledgeable teacher. Where knowledge was localised in these school systems.

Fig 19: pre-industrial reveolution

Fig 20: 18th century British public school model (Industrial era schools )

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KNOWLEDGE SHARING SYSTEMS OF THE PAST

Tracing knowledge sharing systems throughout history,showcases certain similarities and differences between each of those systems.

Enabling communication along with collaboration, contemplation and debate.

Sharing knowledge or skills was vital for a civiliztion to thrive,for ages to come.It was the monopoly of knowledge that made it inaccessible to all,feared and threatened by many.

While ways of sharing knowledge or skill have changed over the years. Some fundamentals that could be kept in mind while designing knowledge sharing environments are.

Eventhough knowledge sharing is not localised anymore due to the advent of internet,it still comes with a set of challenges in the name of digital divide,social isolation.

Making knowledge/skill accessible for everyone.

Strategic location of such knowledge sharing environments.

Fig 21: strategy to establish a knowledge sharing model

library legislations and the changes that it bought to India19 Libraries has been an important part of the knowledge sharing scenary of india. Be it academic libraries of Nalanda which were well stocked academic libraries in the form of multi storied buildings, lit by natural light. Saraswati mahal library serving the royals and being inaccessible to the public,university libraries being largely controlled by the Britishers in post independent era and building of a network of libraries in Boroda commissioned by the father of library movement Syajirao Gaikwad (as he deeply understood the value of libraries in educating the city as a whole ). Moving on to the post independent era, where passing of certain library acts provided impetus to the development of the libraries within the city, neglect of which in certain cities became the reason for libraries not reaching its full potential.

Summation:

This further adds on to the research base collected and formed for understanding the history of knowledge sharing. This study hints towards the need of a knowledge sharing model which serves educational needs of the public by being a part of a larger network, as in the case of a network of libraries in Baroda.

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5 Knowledge sharing in urban settings

Rapid urbanization

T

racing back through history, one can evidently seen that cities have been the pivots on which knowledge sharing happened along with proliferation of new ideas and innovations. It is not surprising that the world's most urban countries tend to be the richest and have the highest human development.

Education , has been an importat factor that has lead to urbanization. people coming to urban areas in search of better life style education and job oppurtunities has been happening for ages.Where very few recived their dream life.Mostly people have been left out distraught due to money it will take them to get a degree /in most cases the degrees itself are not worthy enough to gurantee them jobs and a better lifestyle.

Rapid urbanization if controlled has the potential to improve the Rooted structural well being of the society. Yet, it still imbalances in urban centers has presented the world with many human development challenges.

Where poor urban infrastructure such as unreliable power systems, congested roads and poor public transport, inefficient ports and inadequate schools - reduces cities' competitiveness and economic prospects.20

Indian education can’t go online due to the rooted structural imbalances brought out by the COVID-19 pandemic,such as Socio-economic divide,gender disparity,and digital divide. This becomes further evident because of the stats referenced in the next page. Where, the proportion of divide is more in some cities than other.

Households having access to a computer varies from 4.6% in Bihar to 23.5% in Kerala and 35% in Delhi.The difference is starker if one looks into the stats of steady internet access. In states like Delhi, Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab and Uttarakhand, more than 40% households have access to the internet. The proportion is less than 20% for Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal.Apart from this lack

Fig 22: Urbanization rate

Fig 23: Internet access to people living in urban and rural areas

It has also created income and opportunity disparities, not only between rural and urban areas but also among socioeconomic groups in cities, where socio-economic divide ,gender disparity and digital divide have hit the education sector as well. Rooted structural imbalances in urban areas are resurfacing more than ever in the post-covid world.

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KNOWLEDGE SHARING IN URBAN SETTINGS

of digital infrastructure and several issues that arises during learning over coverage owing to space crunch in indian urban households having one dwelling rooms, which makes up 37% of population.

It would be a luxury for many to attend lectures in an undisturbed environment, also have one on one discussion between peers and teachers.21

Fig 24: Internet usage in India

The statistics highlight the discrepancy between Internet penetration rate and the accessibility factor for the larger mass which is largely varied on the basis of facets like gender and socio-economic divide.

Fig 25: Plague on the Internet connectivity for the students

This graph puts the-issues Indian students face due to inadequate network and Internet connectivity issues, which further affects their access to knowledge sources Knowledge: bridging urban disparities

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KNOWLEDGE SHARING IN URBAN SETTINGS

Free knowledge sharing public institutions india, aka public Libraries22

Passing of certain library acts provided impetus to the development of the libraries within the city,neglect of which in certain cities became the reason for libraries not reaching its full potential.

In a city like Bengaluru-models such as JustBooks have attempted to foster a library culture through private investment, exhibiting the nature of free and open spaces meant to provide information and access to information resources for all, which public libraries were initially intended to create.

Fig 29: Percentage of library cess from states

Fig 30 : Comparison of per capita expenditure on public libraries

Not surprising to see that cities which adopted library legislations earlier are more successful than state who did not. Bihar and Chhattisgarh which passed legislation in 2008 and Arunachal Pradesh in 2009, have lower literacy rates than the southern states, especially Tamil Nadu and Karnataka which have always had higher levels of public library development.

There were 70,817 libraries in rural areas and 4,580 in urban areas serving a population of more than 830 million and 370 million, respectively, according to the 2011 Census where libraries were notified (officially identified) for the first time.

These numbers roughly translate to one rural library for every 11,500 Knowledge: bridging urban disparities

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KNOWLEDGE SHARING IN URBAN SETTINGS

people, and one urban library for over 80,000 people.

After the launch of the National Mission on Libraries in 2014, which intended to develop a conducive ecosystem by setting up model libraries, building capacity and undertaking detailed surveys.

Objectives: • To create a world class library system, foster reading habits, facilitate research work and provide information to people in a timely and convenient manner which is also universal and equitable.

• Set up in pursuance of a report of the National Knowledge Commission, which recommended a total revamp of the Library and Information Service sector to serve the changing needs and expectations of the users and give a fillip to the library movement in the country For libraries in India to serve broader functions, investments in public libraries should be increased, while also making concerted efforts to systematically improve the functioning and services provided by libraries.

Fig 31 : Comparison of per capita expenditure on public libraries

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KNOWLEDGE SHARING IN URBAN SETTINGS

Relevance of libraries as free public institutions in cities at current times

Knowledge is a resource that can never be extinguished not completely,it remains out there in one form or another .Its reach,persons inquisitiveness and belief systems allied to it decides whether it gets utilized or not. Since,means used for knowledge sharing were directly proportional to the knowledge in hand and circle of people it served and knowledge sharing institutions were a reflection of deeply rooted believe systems.

Addressing arguments that deems libraries as being expensive and obsolete, ''Origin of everything'' 23 takes us through the changing role and meaning of libraries to help us answer the question-Do we still need libraries. serving as private archiving space for the royals,political strongholds and preserving of sacred knowledge for early cities,spreading of religious and scholarly knowledge in the middle ages,library as companies where rich members of the society can pool their money and fund their own libraries,where subscribed members can borrow books,read and return-as noted . libraries have evolved in their social functions to accommodate the forms and shapes that information storage has taken at different points in time. Going into 19th century when library became accessible to all, it became part of a social life where it served the educational needs of all,but it was still bowed down by divides imminent at that point,it failed to serve the marginalized people of the society under many cases,while several institutions and libraries were burned down and turned to dust in other places.

Although libraries have seen various highs, lows ,changing purpose and meaning. This remains as an undeniable fact that libraries are not just brick and mortar buildings that houses books, but are essential social spaces which serve the needs of the public free of cost,be it serving the education needs of a community,clean,safe and accessible spaces to vulnerable part of the society,social services by librarians, libraries assisting kids with homework,older generation using it as social hubs. Libraries have adapted themselves to serve the user needs.

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KNOWLEDGE SHARING IN URBAN SETTINGS

Early portable traveling libraries

Fig 26: America's first bookmobile

Fig 27: Worcester bookmobiles

Fig 28: user's needs during a lifetime

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KNOWLEDGE SHARING IN URBAN SETTINGS

Libraries Evolve to Bridge Digital Divide

Fig 32 : Statistics establishing a relationship between income levels,status of urbanity,race and age with Internet access in United States.

Libraries are imperative for bridging the digital divide and tying up the ends of information and access. This further becomes evident in the referenced study where a set of statistics draw a relationship between income levels,status of urbanity,race and age with Internet access in United States.24 Knowledge: bridging urban disparities

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KNOWLEDGE SHARING IN URBAN SETTINGS

Libraries Evolve to Bridge Digital Divide

Giving the example of seattle public library which provides wifi hotspots to the larger public as lending books,along with carrying out all the services that it provides in general.The article throws light on the possibility of libraries providing to the shrinking middle class and growing no.of really poor people.

Fig 33 : Percent of library visitors using a computer versus library visits per 100,000 people.

Summation: This highlights the demand for public institutions of any sort which will provide everyone with a safe and quiet environment for learning, and having a steady Internet access and other ammenities which can bridge the digital divide.

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KNOWLEDGE SHARING IN URBAN SETTINGS

Fig 34: Illustration depicting the changing importance of cities The basic difference between those commodity-based activities which are declining and knowledge-based activities which are expanding in cities is the necessity of being in close proximity to the knowledge resources. ( Knight 1973, Knight and Stanback, 1970)

Difference between information and knowledge where information is a commodity that can be easily replicated exchanged and broadly diffused, while knowledge is a quality that exists only in the mind and cannot be transferred. Knowledge-based activities require judgment and utilize different types of knowledge , some formal ,theoretical and scientific in nature other informal practical and preconcious in nature. Hence it requires upgrading human and organizational capacities and creating environments that are conducive to innovation, learning, creativity, and change.

Some principal points listed for by knowledge-based Development: Policy and Planning Implications for Cities25 1. Need of independent knowledge centres that helps in high level collective learning process, it must be professionally organized,open and transparent,nuetral and small, should allow for a applied,practical,interpersonal, rather than theorotical or academic.shoucld be able to access wide range of research and knowledge in traditional academic disciplines,proffesionals,associations and enterprises.

2. Involving various knowledge culture in the learning process.

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KNOWLEDGE SHARING IN URBAN SETTINGS

To create an environment conducive to inclusiveness, innovation and urban sustainable development (ESD) by,enabling knowledge sharing

Fig 35: Illustration of integrated knowledge sphere where technology ,information and people will be in constant flux Knowledge: bridging urban disparities

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KNOWLEDGE SHARING IN URBAN SETTINGS

Role of open spaces in cities There is a need of open spaces in a city, where these public spaces not

only provide spaces accessible to all but by doing so stimulate community revitalizations.

Tailored solutions for every city can stipulate the economic vitality of the city by empowering local communities,improving quality of life,provides space for knowledge exchange and promise environmental sustainability.

Fig 36 :Mumbai lost 23% of green cover in millennium’s first decade

These nodes within a network can have tangible spaces with tailored programs that will work towards creating a suited knowledge sharing systems for urban areas along with creating the required open spaces for the city.26

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KNOWLEDGE SHARING IN URBAN SETTINGS

Need of open spaces for densely populated cities like Mumbai

Fig 37 :Decrease in the percentage of green spaces in mumbai

In a city like mumbai ,city designers need to set the stage for necessary activities like walking, optional activities like enjoying a view and social activities like tempting public interaction. Public institutions tempt public interaction and greatly enhance and consolidate social, cultural and community aspirations.

Historically public institutions like libraries, cultural centers, theatres, planned squares and chowks, etc have led to significant movements, demonstrations and alternate thinking. For now and for the future it is necessary to establish public

institutions to contribute and enrich the life of all the people in the city and facilitate growth of public engagement and knowledge for human development.

This is especially necessary in developing countries where it becomes difficult to detect the weakening of knowledge resources Public spaces create oppurtunities to weave psychological and intellectual growth into a comprehensive physical plan while bringing substance to the notion of public realm.27

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6 Current Trends in knowledge sharing

''Any movement any culture will fail if it cannot paint a picture of a world that people will want to go to.''Martin Luther King

The New Nature Movement

Fig 38 : Effect of nature on children

I

n the age of biodiversity collapse, the climate emergency and naturedeficit disorder, there is a need new nature-based models for education and community – one that helps produce a gentler world for the children of all species.

Drawing inspiration from this martin king luthers squote quote ,Richard Louv the pioneer of the New Nature moment states that it is imperative to universally understand and accept that the well being of our earth and humanity as a whole is dependent on re-establishment of our connection with nature.and paints a picture of a nature rich world world This nature movement has already begun taking effect in many parts of the world,where it breathes new life into health and urban planning and does this on the basis of new research that shows the power of nature and wilderness to improve our psychological,physical health, cognitive functioning, also our economic and social well-being. 28

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CURRENT TRENDS IN KNOWLEDGE SHARING

Natural learning environments have their own perks, by giving references of several studies and observations,where learning in natural spaces has resulted in rekindling children's imaginations ,their creativity and inquisitiveness. Lord Richard Layard a professor from the Centre for Economic Performance at the London School of Economics ,on the basis of his study further argues that being around nature would stimulate economic growth by increasing happiness and productivity

Fig 39 : Library in nature

libraries which will develop pro-environmental attitudes in kids can be built ,by Designing or remodeling libraries with the natural world in mind which would create a gentler world for learning which rather than inhibiting the kids in any way, paints a picture of a nature rich world where children thrive in the world left behind by their forefathers , which is better than their own..A place which will let their imaginations soar high by creating an environment where nature and play collide while also inculcating a strong sense of fostering nature.29

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CURRENT TRENDS IN KNOWLEDGE SHARING

The Nature Principle

The Nature Principle,Colorado University professor Louise Chawla suggested a few tenets for the New Nature Movement, which has beenanalyzed below30 in the brcakets.

1. The more high-tech our lives become, the more nature we need. (Creating opportunities that helps develop in a culturally and environmentally sustainable way).

2. Natural history is as important

4. Cities can become engines of biodiversity and human health.

5. Energy efficiency isn’t enough; now we must create human energy —in the form of better physical

and

psychological

as human history to our regional

health, higher mental acuity and

and personal identities. (Building bio-regional identity and regional biodiversity. Tying up with naturefocused and family-oriented organizations and diverse cultural

creativity.(which can only be achieved by truly greening the city)

groups) 3. Conservation is no longer enough; now we must “create” nature where we live, work, learn, play.

(Since biophilic design is known to reduce stress, improve cognitive function and creativity, improve our

well-being

and

expedite

healing; as the world population continues to urbanize.)

6. The next wave of cutting-edge education will be the creation of a natural learning environment, and the development of “hybrid minds.” (This movement isn’t about going back to nature, but forward to nature. The future will belong to the naturesmart.)

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Different types of knowledge sharing environmentS seen in 21st century

Self Organized Learning Environment SOLE designed by Sugata Mitra is a Self Organized Learning Environment aiming towards self-directed learning.Where it arguably proves that learning can happen anywhere as long as three factors are in play.One being, a steady broadband connection,a space for collaboration which is flexible, provides scope for engagement in multiple activities ,has the air of openness to it ,and someone who can admire and encourage students on the progress they have made.This model does not rely on teachers to teach but lets learning happen on its own where teachers set the process in motion by asking big questions that sets up the curriculum and someone preferably an elderly individual watches in awe when the learning happens.

This model has been successfully replicated in many parts of the world,where students are being prepared to learn on their own to face a future which is uncertain.This model very evidently counterpoints how the current system of education carried forward from the British industrial model is outdated and isn't needed anymore.

Sugata Mitra's 20 years of experimentation in the field of self organized learning for students gave conclusive evidence that a group of children having access to the internet ,having a larger question in mind can learn anything by themselves.31

Fig 40: Requirements of SOLE

.

Fig 41: Hole in the wall experiment conducted by sugata mishra in the field of SOLE

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Self Organized Learning Environment inferrence

Summation: His studies,experiments and functioning models discerns the curriculum and pedagogical needs that will be needed to let students learn the complex dynamic systems the INTERNET uses to function so that kids can self learn, making them adapt and learn quickly in the near future and he also tells how this can be integrated into the current curriculum effectively to make students ready for the future.

This helps student have improved thinking skills, problem solving skills and communication skills which are indeed necessary to succeed in the outside world.

Fig 42: Concept of Granny cloud

.

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CURRENT TRENDS IN KNOWLEDGE SHARING

knowledge sharing environments keeping up with changing learning needs Libraries The 21st century libraries provide something for all, like services offered by libraries like fitness classes,meditation workshops,promoting local economies, programs created for young students and other professionals,concerts,performance art classes amongst other community services. Some libraries take healthy lifestyle services even further by offering walking, hiking, bicycling, or running programs that take place outside the library building. Nearly 23% of public libraries host fitness or yoga classes.

Independently and with support from PLA’s Libraries Connecting You to Coverage project, hundreds of public libraries are encouraging community members to secure health insurance coverage through information dissemination, education, and partnerships

Museums Environments like museums, art galleries ,construction sites, zoo,aquariums,libraries etc present a new model of learning, where students are urged to engage in relevant topics and issues with cross curricular learning.

Where students get to learn from those authentic environments being active participants where they observe,analyses,do hands on performance and ask questions to the experts present there, further strengthened by a sense of belonging. This model has been made successful by school-community partnerships in cities across Canada.

Such models can be adopted in any corner of the world as long as the institutions and communities are up for partnerships and effective collaborations.

Integrating technology into learning environments

Fig 43: Representing the integral aspects of each type of learning environment

Integrating technology into the learning environments reduces student’s dependence on the teacher, promoting peer-to-peer collaboration, and widening the sphere of learning from the confines of the classroom to the whole school grounds. Exploring the role of Transparency in improving safety and visual connectivity between students,teachers and other spaces at all times which also creates secure spaces under surveillance ,multi-purpose space which provides space for long term flexibility ,creating functioning outdoor learning environments ,since studies have shown how outdoor learning spaces provide opportunities to observe or interact directly with nature.

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CURRENT TRENDS IN KNOWLEDGE SHARING

Llibrary of things These are kiosks located in multiple places within the city London offering nontraditional collections that are community-specific and imaginative. ​The wide array of items available to check out includes mattresses, dolls, bicycles, binoculars, and accordions. At the Beaverton (Oreg.) City Library, patrons can check out kitchenware, outdoor equipment, and games.32

Fig 44: Kiosks for library of things

• Provides economic opportunity • Community-led – items and kiosk co-designed with community – skill-sharing programme led by local people • User-friendly – book items online when you need them – collect and return from nearby self-serve kiosk • Accessible – borrowing is less than 10% of the price of buying an item – further discounts available for those less able to pay • Fully-insured

Fig 45: People borrowing items

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CURRENT TRENDS IN KNOWLEDGE SHARING

Recognizing the drawbacks of mainstream schools -Sugata Mishra

Humans have extraordinary capacities for creativity and innovation which depends on the different ways a person thinks which is visually,thinking in sound, kinesthetically,abstract terms and movement, In fact, creativity -which he defines as the process of having original ideas that have value, comes about through the interaction of different disciplinary ways of seeing things, which presents the need to educate one's whole being, so the students can face an unseen future. 33

Unique education system of Finland

Finland, a country that wasn’t colonized by the Britishers like countless other countries across the globe ,implemented some ideas, which has brought Finland to a position where it’s considered to have the best education system in the world .

They have the shortest school days, flexible learning hours, independence to play and learn whenever they like, giving kids leeway to choose whatever activity they want to indulge in. Most importantly making the idea of homework and standardized examinations obsolete. Faculties teach them to think critically, to socialize,play, and be responsible members of society.

Fig 46: comparison of Finland and united states

Comparing their syatem with the current education system in India ,its easy to see why, our country ranks 92, which is way behind the ranks of other developing countries such as Phillipines (76), Malaysia (51), Sri Lanka (59) and many more.34 Knowledge: bridging urban disparities

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CURRENT TRENDS IN KNOWLEDGE SHARING

Education in a post pandemic world

Corona virus has changed school forever ,the changes that are necessary public education should make to tackle the unprecedented change. Its not sane to ignore all the social disparities that went unnoticed for so long to sustain. Plans to deal with such uncalled for times, should be made.

It further addresses the fundamentals that need to be checked off whilst rebuilding the education system. Inculcating programmes other than usual academic calendar, group-ism and individual learning needs-in a now socially deprived society should be well thought off,which also makes holistic learning possible,giving leeway for investing in students extracurricular needs. It should become the mandate of the public education system to be flexible and ready enough to provide any sort of physical,mental and monetary assistance that they might need in such daunting times.

The COVID-19 has resulted in schools shut all across the world. Globally, over 1.2 billion children are out of the classroom.

Depending upon the avalibility of right technology with the students, online education can either be a blessing or a curse.35

Fig 47 :Stats providing clarity on the importance of disseminating knowledge across borders, companies, and all parts of society, making it available for all ,made apparent during the pandemic.

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CURRENT TRENDS IN KNOWLEDGE SHARING

Education policy 2020 of India

Fig 48: poster representing new Education policy of India Education is a great leveler and is the best tool for achieving economic and social mobility, inclusion, and equality.

Hence, policy promotes a curriculum which must include basic arts, crafts, humanities, games, sports and fitness, languages, literature, culture, and values, in addition to science and mathematics, to develop all aspects and capabilities of learners; and make education more well-rounded, useful, and fulfilling to the learner. learning how to learn. Education thus, must move towards less content, and more towards learning about how to think critically and solve problems, how to be creative and multidisciplinary, and how to innovate, adapt, and absorb new material in the novel and changing fields.

Contradiction:

Despite the reforms proposed by the government which has been identified as necessary building and stepping blocks for the growth of the country, some discrepancies which will be created by such reforms can still be identified. Since such reforms demand improved infrastructure which can be afforded by private institutions and not by public schools because of the lack of funding. So, Education cant act as a leveler in this case, rather it would end up widening the gap. Hence, The perceived design can become an appendage to the school systems envisioned by the education policy of 2020.

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Issues related to the current trends in knowledge sharing

SUMMARIZATION

41

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7 Learning needs of cities

Learning Cities

UNESCO has come forth with the concept of learning cities, where learning could take place anywhere in the classroom, community, and workplace. which encourages Inclusion , prosperity and sustainability giving lifelong learning opportunities for all; and to make cities open to all, safe, resilient, and sustainable.36

Fig 49: Image shows the concept of a learning city where learning happens everywhere

Summation: Hence, Greener public spaces aligned with holistic knowledge sharing environments might be the key for creating a natural learning environment for lifelong holistic learning in cities stimulating community revitalizations.

Breathing new life into neighborhood and the health of cities.

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LEARNING NEEDS OF CITIES

Parameters which will direct the larger role of the design in a city

1. Programmes and learning opportunities which are available.

2. Access to these opportunities.

3. Needs and challenges of the city 4. Environmental, health ,geographical ,educational and social context 5. City planning goals and target mainly education sector 6. Learning needs of local communities 7. Literacy programmes the city offers 8. Cultural aspects of the city 9. What does the people of the neighbourhood want from the project,in terms of knowledge needs and others

Stakeholders which will be specific to our country

Active users(age group) -children, adults, middle-aged people, elderly living in the city who will go there to access the knowledge resources and other allied programs Neighborhood- communities living nearby City level-user groups who will come there to engage in varied activities provided by the project.

Governing bodies-The education governing board, ministry of education, cultural and science, ministry of social affairs and employment, national knowledge commission, PPP models that curate such projects, UNESCO learning city ideals, the national ministry of education.

Will be adding studies of cities,P.T.O

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CASE STUDIES 43 to 83

Urban library park Wormhole library Rolex learning center Maya somaiya library HF & VUC FYN Adult Education Center

Tiajin binhai library Grace farms Lilawati lalbhai library

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CASE STUDIES

URBAN LIBRARY PARK Location: Central Auckland Opportunity:

The introduction of driver less cars may soon bring about the opportunity to adapt and re-use car parking buildings, which no longer need to be located in central city locations. Adaptive reuse of an open and continuous space offers a great opportunity for a new type of public institution, which brings together key aspects of a library, a gallery, a cultural centre and urban park in central city locations.

Impact: This project helps to address a number of key issues that we are facing as a educated society including: inequality; health issues from increasingly sedentary lifestyles; social ignorance resulting in increasing selfishness and a lack of tolerance and empathy; isolation and loneliness; attention deficit disorders and short attention spans; lack of demographic and socio-economic diversity at higher levels in social sector institutions; educational sustainability and environmental sustainability.

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CASE STUDIES

THE GALLERY AND SHOWCASE

RESEARCH AND COMMUNITY SUPPORT

GAME REALM

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CASE STUDIES

SENSORY

SECOND FLOOR

THIRD FLOOR

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CASE STUDIES

COMBINATION OF SKILLS

FOURTH FLOOR

STAGES OF WORLD INFORMATION

FIFTH FLOOR

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CASE STUDIES

PURPOSE This park is for a community to come share and learn from one another one another,from technology,and from themselves. The community will help and heal,bringing together an education through activities and adventures to all those who wish to learn. Everyone is welcome.

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CASE STUDIES

WORMHOLE LIBRARY

SITE

LOCATION: Haikou , Hainan Province , China ARCHITECT: MAD Architects CLIENT: haikou tourism & culture investment holding group site area: 4,397 sqm building area: 1,380 sqm

Curved sliding doors and retractable glass curtain walls offer unobstructed views of the sea and will retract into the walls to let the sea air circulate within the building.

BRIEF: A library that will embellish the Haikou coastline and spark public activity in and around the organic architecture.

VISION : It has been conceived as an oasis that allows visitors to temporarily remove themselves from the hustle and bustle of everyday life.

FUNCTION: As a space where visitors can read, relish the views of the sea and attend open-air performances,Shaded spaces for people to stop and rest.

OPPURTUNITY: The project forms part of the a larger plan to rejuvenate haikou’s coastline with new public spaces.

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CASE STUDIES

CONSTRUCTION & SERVICES : The building is being cast using both a CNC and 3D printed model. meanwhile, all mechanical, electrical, and plumbing elements have been hidden within the concrete cavity.

MATERIAL :The monolithic design is cast from white concrete, which ensures that the library’s interior ground, walls, and ceiling read as a continuous surface.

PROGRAMME: A 690-square-meter reading space that can store approximately 10,000 books, a café, and a terrace; and a 300-square-meter public rest area that is equipped with a bicycle parking system, public bathrooms, and shower areas.

CLIMATE RESPONSE 1.The climate is warm, muggy, windy, and partly cloudy. The punctures of the form let light and ventilation in reducing the overall cost.

2.The roof is cantilevered on the exposed side to procure comfortable temperatures.

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CASE STUDIES

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CASE STUDIES

The wormhole library through Holes of different sizes ,seems to connect the space occupied by the user with the different elements that make up the earth.Connecting the reading space with the sky and the sea both visually and by feel. Just like a wormhole which connects two points in space and time.

DESIGN CLUES 1.Built in bookshelves 2. Seamless flow of wall and ceiling made out of concrete, create a continuous surface of an all engulfing reading space.Taking the users away from the huste bustle of the city and driving it towards experiencing the environment the library creates.

3. Curved sliding doors and retractable glass curtain walls offer unobstructed views of the sea and will retract into the walls to let the sea air circulate within the building.

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CASE STUDIES

ROLEX LEARNING CENTER BRIEF: To create a learning platform which will remove the physical barrier between students and disciplines.

Which at its heart will be a temple of knowledge and a large public space.

LOCATION: Switzerland Architects: SANAA CLIENT: EPFL (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne).

BUILDING AREA: 17,000 sq m SITE AREA:

88,000 SQM

OPPURTUNITY: to exemplifies the university as a place where traditional boundaries between disciplines are broken down, an “Urban Hub” in Mar Mikhael that will be able to sparkle viable growth and promote sustainable, architecturally designed growth for the whole area, instead of the current arbitrary and ephemeral condition Programme: A library with 500,000 volumes and an international cultural hub for EPFL, open to both students and the public.Information gathering, social spaces, spaces to study, restaurants, cafes and beautiful outdoor spaces, host diverse target groups that actually use it 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

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CASE STUDIES

DESIGN CLUES : 1. To give a free flowing space without boundaries ,functions such as storage and mechanical setups are laced below ground.

2.Hence ,It does not follow the public private programemd spaces 3. To keep the landscape clear, parking places are kept below.

4.Each space is distinguished by level difference and the open anatomy provides flexibiity of programme 5.Places,programess and people were made to intersect.

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CASE STUDIES

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CASE STUDIES

SECTION DD'

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CASE STUDIES

MAYA SOMAIYA LIBRARY, SHARDA SCHOOL BRIEF: To create a children’s library within a school in rural Maharashtra.

LOCATION: ,Kopargaon,Maharastra​ Architects: Sameep Padora & Associates CLIENT:Somaiya Vidyavihar AREA: building: 464.5 SQM VISION: A place inside for study and a place above for play. Alluding to the intuitive impetus that children have towards landscape they imagined the library building to be a formal extension of the ground OPPURTUNITY: With the limited teaching resources available in the larger vicinity it was needed to bring in an inspiring spatial experience to be a magnet to attract students and hopefully other residents from the nearby settlements after school hours, to inspire both young students and the local community to interact with their environment in ways that challenge the status quo MATERIAL & CONSTRUCTION : Construction using brick tiles in Catalan Tile Vaulting sytem,using brick as material for its tactility, availability as well as its utility as insulation against the strong sun and sound.Not only were these systems cheaper and lighter than steel-frame and steel-reinforced construction, but they were also quicker to build, required fewer materials and offered an impressive final product that was fireproof, soundproof and resistant to water damage.

The flooring has been done in Kota stone and the furniture in pre-laminated wood ply. The windows are a composition of aluminium, wood and glass .

PROGRAMME: A single room with capacity to house over 22,000 books. Small courtyards are situated in the gaps between where the roof touches the ground.

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CASE STUDIES

shaded courtyards acting as activity zones

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CASE STUDIES

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CASE STUDIES

HF & VUC FYN ADULT EDUCATION CENTER/ Denmark DESIGN BRIEF: A new city campus that ties the inner city and the harbour together. A varied learning environment for 1.300 students – an inspiring and vivid school that continuously suggests new ways of use and makes room for individual learning needs in a collective building.

USER: people from different work background ,different age groups,different leanring and focusing needs.

VISION: The building has to adapt to the student and not the other way around. That is why the project focuses on creating a building with specialized, yet diverse environments, where students can find spaces and settings that match their own preferred learning style .The design is based on the aspiration to create a versatile framework for a learning culture, in which lifelong learning and education form an inherent part of the adult individual’s personal growth in pace with society’s development.

THIRD FLOOR

OPPURTUNITY: Design an adult education centre like HF & VUC Fyn will play an essential role in maintaining a society’s competences in the future.

PROGRRAME: An arena for teaching and learning, a workplace and a social meeting place for a diverse group of users.

SECOND FLOOR

FIRST FLOOR

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CASE STUDIES

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CASE STUDIES

TIANJIN BINHAI LIBRARY BRIEF: The complex is intended as a junction point for the CBD, old town, residential districts, commercial areas and the government quarter supplementing missing programmes in each.

LOCATION: Tianjin,Beijing, China Architects: MVRDV and local architects TUPDI CLIENT: Tianjin Urban Planning and Design Institute (TUPDI) BUILDING AREA: 33,700 sq m (5 lvl) SITE AREA:

120,000 SQM

CONTEXT: Tianjin Library is part of German architects GMP’s 120,000m2 masterplan.

MVRDV’s project is surrounded by four other cultural buildings designed by an international team of architects including Bernard Tschumi Architects and Bing Thom Architects.

VISION: To design a modern library that should be, more than a space for silence and introspection, also a place for socialization and sharing.

CENTRAL ATRIUM: Different uses of the space, such as reading, walking, meeting and discussing. Together they form the 'eye' of the building: to see and be seen.

OPPURTUNITY: Library was built as the centerpiece of a larger urban development project comprising four other cultural buildings in the city of Tianjin, Northern China.

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CASE STUDIES

POST OCCUPATION ANALYSIS : Since its opening on 1 October, 2017 the people of Tianjin have embraced the new space - and that it has become the urban living room it was intended to be.The tight construction schedule forced one essential part of the concept to be dropped: access to the upper bookshelves from rooms placed behind the atrium,which might be realised later.The lack of contrast with the white color of the shelves and flooring and the irregular risers make it more likely for visitors to trip while climbing and descending. In fact, one guard is present to caution visitors on the stairs.

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CASE STUDIES

CONTEXT: Tianjin Library is part of German architects GMP’s 120,000m2 masterplan.

MVRDV’s project is surrounded by four other cultural buildings designed by an international team of architects including Bernard Tschumi Architects and Bing Thom Architects.

FORM FINDING:

Rolling' the ball shaped auditorium demanded by the brief into the building.

82-seat auditorium whose external LED-panel-covered skin transforms into a large multimedia facade cyclically.oculus-like circular skylight,similar to baroque churches,Hence this categorizes the space as a temple of knwledge whwere the books hug the multimedia space.

Framing the educational facilities behind the mountain of real bookshelves

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CASE STUDIES

GRACE FARMS BRIEF: The Foundation asked for a venue of “cultural interest and curiosity via open space, architecture, art and design in order to provide people with an opportunity to: 1. Experience Nature: Our aim is to draw people into this beautiful landscape, to enhance one’s experience of nature through all five senses, and to allow nature itself to inspire in us an experience of awe.

2.Foster Community: We hope to provide a warm, welcoming environment that fosters personal relationships through passive and active, social and artistic activities.

3.Pursue Justice: We will offer resources and feature opportunities to improve lives by helping others, showing mercy and advancing justice together.

4.Explore Faith: We aspire to create an environment for reflection, study, discussion and worship.”

LOCATION: NEW CANAAN, UNITED STATES ARCHITECT: SANAA VISION: SANAA’s goal was to make the architecture of the River become part of the landscape without drawing attention to itself, to a greater enjoyment of the beautiful environment and changing seasons through the spaces and experience created by the river.

Function: The building includes a 700-seat amphitheatre, a library, a dining room, children’s spaces, a coffee bar, a welcome centre, a gymnasium and a multi-purpose space This building gets its name “The River” from the way it meanders through the park’s greenery.

MATERIAL : Structurally, the building of glass, concrete, steel and wood is in essence a single long roof, which seems to float above the surface of the ground as it twists and turns across the landscape.

CONCEPT: Acts as a river flowing through the landscape.a social landscape for enjoying community life in a natural setting and will provide opportunities for outdoor social gathering, athletics and recreation. The rooftop is clad in aluminum with a “pearly” semigloss finish to give the effect of the flowing water.

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CASE STUDIES

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CASE STUDIES

Sustainability points: 1.High efficiency mechanical,electrical,plumbing and lighting systems 2.Organic produce donated from community garden to local charity 3.Water conservation 4.Daylighting 5.Low heat island effect (from the aluminium roof) 6.Energy efficient glazing system 7.On site milling and kiln drying of trees that were cleared for construction and used to construct indoor and outdoor furniture.

8.Food waste diverted from waste sream and composted off site.

9. 55500 feet deep geothermal wells that facilitate energy efficient heating and cooling.

10. Fifty-five 500-foot-deep geothermal wells have been drilled on the property for heating and cooling of the River building.

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CASE STUDIES

>The combination of interior shading and curved glass also introduced unique thermal environments. >The overhang depth of the roof was optimized to reduce solar gains while maintaining daylight access.

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CASE STUDIES

LILAVATI LALBHAI LIBRARY BRIEF: library was developed as an opportunity to reconcile the fraction campus to respect the contemporary historic environment whilst also allowing for the campus to grow.

LOCATION: AHMEDABAD, INDIA Architects: RMA Architects CLIENT:Centre for Environment Planning and Technology (CEPT) AREA: 31000 m² CONTEXT: Within the grounds of CEPT university VISION: Space for catalyzing connections between students and faculty of the various academic departments.

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CASE STUDIES

SUSTAINABILITY POINTS: 1.Manually adjustable louvered facade to control light and ventilation,an independant skin which will respond to different climatic conditions.

2.Located at -4 meters and -8 meters below ground level, the book stacks, carrels, and study spaces benefit from both plentiful and filtered natural lighting that pours in through the louvered facade as well as the natural cooling effect provided by the surrounding earth.

DESIGN CLUES: 1.Passive ventilation, lighting, and traditional cooling systems in South Asia.

2.Varied space programmes and quality of spaces.

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INTERVIEWS WITH ARCHITECTS AS A PART OF CASE STUDY 71 to 79

1.Rolex learning center

Interview with SANAA , by Arquitectura Paisaje y Patrimonio

2.Grace farms

Interview with SANAA, by Andrea Chin,designboom,nov 29, 2012

3.Tiajin public library

Interview with MVRDV architects,by AZURE magazine

4.Wormhole library

Interview with MAD architects

5.Maya Somaiya Library

Interview with Sameep Padora, by Keshav Anand,Something curated

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CASE STUDIES INTERVIEWS

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CASE STUDIES INTERVIEWS

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CASE STUDIES INTERVIEWS

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CASE STUDIES INTERVIEWS

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CASE STUDIES INTERVIEWS

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CASE STUDIES INTERVIEWS

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CASE STUDIES INTERVIEWS

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CASE STUDIES INTERVIEWS

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81

80

82

81

83

82

PROGRAMMES ,ACTIVITIES & STRATEGIES 19to 30

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Public programmes and activities derived from case studies

85

86

Design strategies

87

CITY & SITE JUSTIFICATION 88 to 92

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CITY INTRODUCTION: JUSTIFICATION

(as already referenced earlier, Kandivali is a neighborhood which is loosing its green cover at an expeditious rate.)

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SITE INTRODUCTION :JUSTIFICATION

Locality: Charkop, it is a locality in the suburb of Kandivali (West).

Ward:R/S kandiwali Charkop is the one of the oldest localities in Kandivali, comprising nine residential sectors. It also has an industrial sector consisting of the house of Associated Capsules Private Ltd., IPCA Laboratories and many other major industries.

Strength: 1.The site has slums ,chawl,industrial,commercial development within 1km radius,giving varied a mix of varied economic groups as well as various activities happening around.

2. been used as a public gatehring place.

3.well connected to the rest of the neighbourhood.

Connectivity:

A

A'

It is connected by service roads on three sides to the Boraspada main road.and has a 15 m wide road towards the west, 8m wide road towards the east and south respectively.

Challenge:

Land use: It has been demarked for green space and Healthcare

Site area: 16,00 sqm/25,500(adding on the allocated green space)

Retaining the level of public activity happening already happening their, which providing to the knowledge sharing needs of the neighbourhood

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CLIMATE temperatures: The average annuak temperature is 27.2 C,While the average maximum temperature is 31.2 C, and the average minimum temperature is 23.7 c.while the daily mean minimum temperature ranges from 16.3 C to 26.2 C

SITE INTRODUCTION :NORMS&CLIMATE

RAINFALL: Maximum annual rainfall ever recorded 3452 mm and the highest ever downpour for a single day was 944 mm.While the average rainfall ranges from 2100mm to 2457mm

Reference: 2.https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/maharashtra/mumbai-29/

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BIBLIOGRAPHY 88 to 94

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ENDNOTES/ REFERENCES

1.

Knowledge | Definition of knowledge by Oxford dictionary

2.

Hajric. E,2010 - Updated 2018 Types of knowledge. Knowledge Management Tools,15th july 2020

3 .

Guy Boulet, October 17, 2015, The difference between knowledge and skills: Knowing does not make you skilled.e-Learning Industry,date accessed :16 jul,2020

4 Anil Ananthaswamy,27 June 2017,Consciousness helps us learn quickly in a changing world, 1 july 2020

2013 Mar,Int J Environ Res Public Health, ,Published online 2013 Mar 6 13 Dita Rahmaika, Feb 2019, The advantages and disadvantages of homeschooling, academia. edu, date

accessed:28 July 2020 14 Blake Snow,August 15 2016,The future of connected education, newsroom.cisco.com 15 February 2005, Library as Place: Rethinking Roles, Rethinking Space

5 10 Sep 2015,Manuel Lima, A Visual History of Human Knowledge, TED Talks,watched 1 july,2020

16 Shamichael Hallman, 17 Mar 2020, Reimagining the Public Library to Reconnect the Community, TEDxMemphis

6 Aristotle

17 Sahana Singh,30 Apr 2018,Educational Heritage of Ancient India,presented by Sangam Talks,Date accessed: july 8 2020

7 2018, APA Dictionary of Psychology.

Cognition. American Psychological Association.

8 Vygotsky,Vygotsky's Theory of Cognitive Development: How Relationships Increase Learning,28 Feb 2020,presented by sprouts,date accessed:jul 8,2020 9

By R. Keith Sawyer,2006,The Cambridge Handbook of the Learning Sciences,Volume 1,issue 5 10 Courtney E. Ackerman, MSc,10 july 2019,What is Kaplans Attention Restoration Theory?,last visited 21 july 2020 11 Madhuleena Roy Chowdhury, BA ,7/8/2020 The Positive Effects Of Nature On Your Mental Well-Being 12.

18 2 Aug 2017, Lost Treasure of the Alexandria Library - Ancient Mysteries 19 Library movement in India ,30 Jan 2018,Library Movement in India,Ch-05: PRABANDHAN [Social Science - III],last accessed:Jul 28, 2020 20 06 September 2017, , Rapid urbanisation: opportunities and challenges to improve the well-being of societies,Thangavel Palanivel, Deputy Director of the Human Development Report Office, UNDP 21 Protiva Kundu,Indian education can’t go online – only 8% of homes with young members have computer with net link,July 28th 2020,Scroll.in Knowledge: bridging urban disparities

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22 Sunday, October 4th 2020.Scroll.in, How much does India spend on its public libraries?

23 Daniel Bainbridge,19 Jun 2019, do we still need libraries? , presented by ‘’Origin Of Everything’’,Date accessed:27 july 2020 24 November 21, 2018Libraries evolve to bridge digital divide,date accessed:28 july 2020 25 March 1, 1995, Knowledge-based Development: Policy and Planning Implications for

34. https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/education-ranks-271225-2015-11-03 35. 29 Apr 2020, The COVID-19 pandemic has changed education forever. This is how, Cathy Li, Head of Media, Entertainment and Information Industries, World Economic Forum.Farah Lalani, Community Curator, Media, Entertainment and Information Industries, World Economic Forum 36. 11 Dec 2018, Learning Cities and Education for Sustainable Development

Cities, Richard V. Knight 26 Yash Siroliya, (2020, July 11),Public spaces an urban catalyst transforming cities, RTF | Rethinking The Future.

27 2017, smartcitiesdive P.K. Das, On The Nature of Cities Open Mumbai: Re-Envisioning Open Spaces 28. by Richard Louv | Aug 19, 2019 | Green Schoolyards, The New Nature Movement Columns by Richard Louv

29. Richard Louv , Jun 24, 2019, The New Nature Movement - Columns by Richard Louv ,Children & Nature Network.

30 Richard Louv , Jun 24, 2019, The New Nature Movement - Columns by Richard Louv ,Children & Nature Network.

31 Sugata Mitra, 28 Feb 2013, Build a School in the Cloud,TED X, LongBeach California 32. www.libraryofthings.co.uk 33 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iG9CE55wbtY&t=460s

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ILLUSTRATIONS LIST

Fig 1: Info-graphic depicting explicit and

can do without help and what he or she can

tactic knowledge (Source: https://www.

achieve with guidance and encouragement

knowledge-management-tools.net/files/A_

from a skilled partner.(Source:https://www.

Synthesis_of_Knowledge_Management_

youtube.com/watch?v=8I2hrSRbmHE)

Failure_Factors.pdf) Fig 9: Computer assisted collaborative Fig 2: Info-graphics depicting interelation

l e a r n i n g . ( S o u r c e : h t t p s : / / w w w.

between knowledge-experience -skill

s e m a n t i c s c h o l a r. o r g / p a p e r / T h e -

Fig 3: Info-graphics depicting the role of

Characteristics-of-the-Computer-

conciousness

Supported-a-on-Hashim-Ismail/42176e6bf

Fig 4: Organization and visualization of

76dd15a2c9874e6fa8696e153a3f554)

knowledge-The chain of being , porphyrian

Fig

tree.

interlinks between environment psychology

(Source: https://www.youtube.com/

and mental wellness.

watch?v=BQZKs75RMqM)

Fig 11:Difference between the pathway

Fig 5: This visualization shows the structure

nestled in nature and a typical city street.

of three levels of Wikipedia category

Fig 12:.Graphical representation of formal

pages and their interconnections. (Source:

and informal ways of knowledge sharing

A Visual History of Human Knowledge |

Fig

Manuel Lima | TED Talks)

knowledge sharing throughout history

Fig 6: Environment which engages their

Fig:14 Gurukul

consciousness and increases ones ability

(Source:https://www.youtube.com

to focus.

watch?v=vviYeA4fIPM&feature=emb_title)

Fig 7:Types of learners

Fig 15: Library of Alexandria (https://

Fig 8: Graphic representing what a learner

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_

10:

13:

Venn

diagram

Graphical

representing

representation

of

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Alexandria) Fig 16: Burning of Library of Alexandria (Source:https://paulwandrews.wordpress.com/2019/08/03/ who-done-it-who-burned-the-great-library-of-alexandria/)Fig17:Nalanda universirty Fig 18: Scholars at an Abbasid library. Maqamat of Al-Hariri Illustration by Yahyá al-Wasiti, 1237 (Source:https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Scholars-at-an-Abbasid-library-Maqamat-of-alHariri-Illustration-by-Yahya-al-Wasiti_fig1_338065595) Fig 19: pre-industrial reveolution(Source:https://i.pinimg.com/originals/16/ reveolution(Source:https://i.pinimg.com/originals/16/ da/40/16da40d5d9fc88324786dc6dbaac80e2.jpg) Fig 20: 18th century British public school model (Industrial era schools ) (Source:https:// s3.amazonaws.com/audreywatters/factory_counting.jpg) Fig 21: strategy to establish a knowledge sharing model Fig 22: Urbanization rate (http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fpmpIfYEmZ8/UfId5tlwT1I/AAAAAAAAAbI/MY_cKCETUiI/s640/ub1. gif) Fig 23: Internet access to people living in urban and rural areas (Source:https://scroll.in/ article/960939/indian-education-cant-go-online-only-8-of-homes-with-school-children-havecomputer-with-net-link#:~:text=According%20to%20the%202017%2D'18,households%20 have%20an%20internet%20facility.&text=For%20urban%20households%2C%20the%20 proportion,computer%20and%20an%20internet%20connection.)

Fig 24: Internet usage in India Fig 25: Plague on the Internet connectivity for the students.

Fig 26: America's first bookmobile. (https://www.booklistreader.com/2018/03/29/bookends-childrens-literature/library-on-wheels-acharming-history-of-the-bookmobile/) Fig 27: Worcester Bookmobiles (Source: https://www.telegram.com/article/20110822/NEWS/110829955) Fig 28: User's needs during a lifetime (Source:https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/libraries-deliver-ambition-forpublic-libraries-in-england-2016-2021/libraries-deliver-ambition-for-public-libraries-inKnowledge: bridging urban disparities

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england-2016-2021)

sphere where technology ,information and

Fig 29: Percentage of library cess from

people will be in constant flux

states(Source:

https://www.indiaspend.

com/how-much-is-india-spending-on-its-

Fig 36 :Mumbai lost 23% of green cover in

public-libraries/ )

millennium’s

Fig 30 : Comparison of per capita

timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/

expenditure on public libraries(Source:

mumbai-lost-23-of-green-cover-in-millenniums-

https://www.indiaspend.com/how-much-

first-decade/articleshow/73219965.cms)

first

decade

(Source:https://

is-india-spending-on-its-public-libraries/ ) Fig 31 : Comparison of per capita

Fig 37 :Decrease in the percentage of green

expenditure on public libraries(Source:

spaces in Mumbai

https://www.indiaspend.com/how-much-

(Source:https://timesofindia.indiatimes.

is-india-spending-on-its-public-libraries/ )

com/city/mumbai/mumbai-lost-23-of-

Fig 32 : Statistics establishing a relationship

green-cover-in-millenniums-first-decade/

between income levels,status of urbanity,race

articleshow/73219965.cms)

and age with Internet access in United States.

Fig 38: Effect of nature on children

(Source:

https://worldliteracyfoundation.org/

libraries-evolve-to-bridge-digital-divide/)

Fig 39 : Library in nature (https://www.childrenandnature.org/resources/

Fig 33 : Percent of library visitors using a

welcome-to-the-natural-library-the-essential-

computer versus library visits per 100,000

role-of-libraries-in-creating-nature-rich-

people.(Source: https://worldliteracyfoundation.

communities/)

org/libraries-evolve-to-bridge-digital-divide/) Fig 34:

Illustration depicting the changing

Fig 40: Requirements of SOLE(Source:https://

importance of knowledge in cities

www.soleaustralia.com/)

Fig 35:

Fig

Illustration of integrated knowledge

41:

Hole

in

the

wall

experiment

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conducted by Sugata Mishra in the field of

Fig 48: poster representing new Education

SOLE

policy of India

(Source:https://www.youtube.com/

watch?v=y3jYVe1RGaU&t=901s)

(https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ home/education/news/national-education-

Fig 42: Concept of Granny cloud

policy-2020-all-you-need-to-know/

(Source:https://challenges.openideo.com/

articleshow/77239854.cms)

challenge/youth-mentor/research/schoolin-the-cloud-sugata-mitra-s-granny-cloud/

Fig 49: Image shows the concept of a learning

comments)

city where learning happens everywhere

Fig 43: Representing the integral aspects of

( S o u r c e : h t t p s : / / w w w. y o u t u b e . c o m /

different learning environments

watch?v=sro2TYb_FcI)

Fig 44: Kiosks for library of things (Source:https:// miro.medium.com/max/875/1*7ekABKSUtUszbUXWnVVBQ.jpeg) Fig 45: People borrowing items Fig 46: comparison of Finland and united states (https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/4ways-Finland-beats-America-on-education/ articleshow/46801420.cms) Fig 47 :Stats providing clarity on the importance of disseminating knowledge across borders, companies, and all parts of society, making it available for all ,made apparent during the pandemic.

(Source:https://www.statista.com/chart/21224/ learners-impacted-by-national-school-closures/

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