WS2015-2016 Thesisbook by Vladimir Sergeev

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RADIO KOOTWIJK Vladimir Sergeev

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RADIO KOOTWIJK Vladimir Sergeev

Master’s Thesis Book to obtain the degree "Master of Science in Architecture" Prof. Peter A. Staub, Dipl. AA MSc LSE WS 2015-2016

University of Liechtenstein Fürst-Franz-Josef-Strasse, 9490 Vaduz, Liechtenstein

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ABSTRACT According to the World Health Organization (2002), “electromagnetic pollution is one of the most widespread and rapidly growing man-made environmental influences” (p.2). Therefore, starting with the small effect caused by the electromagnetic fields, it could cause substantial harm to public health. In 2011 the International Agency of Research on Cancer has identified electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic for people, however solutions for its limitation have not yet been developed. Electromagnetic radiation occurs today at different levels with the whole population. Nowadays we see a rising number of people suffering from a new disease called Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity Syndrome, also known as EHS. These people are vulnerable even in front of a minimal amount of electromagnetic radiation and therefore they are forced to search for wild areas free from radio and electromagnetic waves, where they do not have to tolerate pain. The former Radio Kootwijk park, situated near Apeldoorn, the Netherlands, was built in 1923 to establish a wireless connection to the Dutch colonies in Indonesia. With the invention of satellites it lost its importance. The park became a concentration point of the investigation and destination for the field trip. A mapping of the sources of electromagnetic pollution (such as cell towers and Wi-Fi) situated on the investigation site and its surroundings showed that the site itself is free of such sort of sources. Moreover the territory of the Radio Kootwijk and neighbouring Grand Veluwe National Park is one of the least polluted area in the entire Netherlands. These findings, together with the interviews conducted with locals helped to reveal its hidden potentials, and build up a coherent story for the possible future of the radio park. The current thesis develops a new type of Electromagnetic Fields Free community within the boundaries of the former Radio Kootwijk. A habitable wall repeats the shape of the opening in the forest, which was created to host a transmission antenna. The wall encloses and marks a “safe” space within. This spatial organization offers a restful garden for private and communal uses inside and production spaces outside. The community design aims for a new level of sufficiency, and tries to prove that it is possible to live enjoying a moderate level of comfort without a strong dependency on electricity and wireless technologies.

Figure 1. Building A the main machine hall for long wave transmitter. Photo from Radio Kootwijk Archive

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Table of contents Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Radio Kootwijk in the context

15 17 27 31 35

2.1 Site location 2.2 Site history 2.3 Technological context 2.4 EHS and EMF refugee 2.5 Dutch context

3. Scenario for the Radio Kootwijk

4. Methodology

41 45 47 51 55 57

4.1 Fictional writing - short story 4.2 Field research 4.3 Photo documentation 4.4 Mapping invisible infrastructure 4.5 Interview facts. 4.6 Results

5. Radio Kootwijk as an enclave for EMF refugee

59 65 75 77 83 87 91

5.1 Community 5.2 The Wall 5.3 Residential blocks 5.4 Interior qualities and atmosphere 5.5 Promoting Non-Electric lifestyle 5.5 Flexible frameworks for development 5.6 Inside space as Hortus Conclusus

6. Conclusion

List of References Bibliography Pictrue credits Appendix Affidavit

100 101 103 104 137

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Introduction At the beginning of the 20th century, the Dutch government decided to perform a daring plan and establish a direct wireless connection with Indonesia. The execution of this plan took a tremendous amount of resources and the most advanced technology of the time. Radio Park, which was built, was named a space annihilator because it allowed live communication at a distance of more than 12 000 km. The object can be regarded as an embodiment of the ideas and aspirations of the last century, when people firmly believed in their vision of the future and the permanence of things. Since then, technological progress picked up the telecommunications industry to a completely new level. The Industrial Revolution made a huge impact on the development of cities, the production of goods evolved from individual workshops to contemporary mass production factories scattered around the world. The communication revolution in 1980 even more changed the society and the environment on many different levels. The technological advances have made it possible to transport the goods between continents, and communicate long distance immediately; it opened up access to information and new markets, and tied the world into a single network, allowing production to operate at a new level of speed and efficiency. However it also doomed the decline of a lot of industries. With the advent of new technologies, it is often not possible to adapt existing facilities to the new needs and former prosperous industrial sites become idle parts of the city landscape.

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Apeldoorn

Radio Kootwijk Radio Kootwijk

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20 km

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In less than 100 years communication infrastructure has evolved from a tiny telegraph wire and radio antennas, into a giant complex mechanism. With this development, the greater presence of certain communication objects leads to the increasing exposure to static electric and magnetic fields. Keller Easterling compares today`s infrastructure with the secret weapon of the most powerful people in the world precisely because it orchestrates activities that can remain unstated but are nevertheless consequential. Some of the most radical changes to the globalizing the world are being written not in a language of law and diplomacy but in these spatial, infrastructural technologies (Easterling, 2014, p. 11) It is a fact that is hard to deny looking at our current environment and order. Therefore, the choice of the Radio Kootwijk site was a very important and relevant one for me. Through the history of its development and decline, the important advances and changes in the technology can be traced. An analysis of the facts made it possible to speculate about strategies for the resurrection of the currently abandoned site and to reveal the hidden processes and forces that shape our society and built environment. It will allow to give people a critical evaluation and to offer an alternative path of development. Today there is a big bias towards sustainable development and energy efficiency. However, according to the World Health Organization, the electromagnetic fields produced by telecommunication infrastructure are the most common source of environmental influences, long-term consequences of which have not yet been studied.

Figure 2. Radio Kootwijk location and adjacent green areas

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Despite the importance of these studies, only a few organizations around the world are engaged in the research. The chief coordinator of the study is the World Health Organization, which over the past few years has published many works devoted to the topic of electromagnetic fields in general and the particular study of the effect of cell phones on human health. This information resulted in the research question for this thesis project:

How to transform and adapt the unique structures of Radio Kootwijk in order to promote a sufficient lifestyle which provides a moderate level of comfort and convenience without a strong dependence on electricity and wireless technologies through the establishing of a new type of electromagnetic fields free community. The structure of this thesis consists of theoretical and empirical parts. In the first part, the history of the object through the analysis of literature, interview and field trip research is studied and analysed. This step is followed by the study of social and technological trends that are important for the further development of the project. For these purposes, it was decided to concentrate on the analysis of the development of cellular networks and communication in general. Their physical presence on the site were mapped and documented during the field research. An impact of electromagnetic fields on our people's health was chosen as a social trend. To construct a regeneration strategy for the Radio Kootwijk site I conducted a study on Electromagnet Hypersensitivity Syndrome, which is an extreme condition when people cannot tolerate even the smallest dose of electromagnetic radiation. These studies formed the basis for the development of the proposal to establish a zone free of electromagnetic radiation within the boundaries of Radio Kootwijk. In the conclusion one can find the design tools that I developed which can be used to form a healthy and safe built environment with minimal consumption of resources, and a new attitude towards sufficiency.

Figure 3. Radio Kootwijk during construction. View of Building A and central mast of the main antenna. Photo from Radio Kootwijk Archive

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Openning in the forest for the main transmitting antenna

Forest

Area free from EMR

Radio Kootwijk

GSPublisherVersion 0.2.100.100

Buffer zone from cell phone towers

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RADIO KOOTWIJK IN THE CONTEXT 2.1 SITE LOCATION

The selected site is located in the center of the Netherlands in the province of Gelderland. This area is known for its green areas which runs from north to south and ends with protected territory of the Grand Veluwe National Park. Because of the abundant greenery, flora and fauna, the site is very popular for weekend visits. Local residents believe that it is the last piece of land of nature untouched by man in the Netherlands. However, this is not true, from the mid-15th century, the landscape is constantly exploited by man. First, there was an intensive deforestation for homes heating and production, further an excavation of peat took place. That has led to the formation of large areas of moving sand dunes, near the Radio Kootwijk and in Veluwe National Park. Since the beginning of the 20th century the site and the forest were used as a shield for the radio station from possible interference to radio traffic. In early 2000, local residents defended the site from a creation of a new radio station in the area and proclaimed the slogan - Radio Kootwijk Forward to Nature. The Netherlands

The Gelderland province

Figure 4 left. Location of the Radio Kootwijk site in the forest massive.

Figure 5. Location of the Radio Kootwijk site in the Netherlands

Veluwe National Park

Apeldoorn

Radio Kootwijk

Amsterdam

Apeldoorn

Amersfoort

Amersfoort Otterlo

Nijmegen

de Hoge Veluwe National Park

Nijmegen Ede

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RADIO KOOTWIJK IN THE CONTEXT 2.1 SITE HISTORY

To understand how the development of technology has changed our lives and reality we should go back 100 years ago. At the start of the twentieth century, The Netherlands were a trading nation with extensive overseas territories. Direct communication with colonies took place only by the way of electric telegrams, which required cable connections. The country was heavily dependent on England and Germany as the first submarine cables belonged to them. During the First World War, the disadvantages of this interference increased. Germany began to filter and intercept important messages from the Netherlands. Therefore, in 1918 the Dutch government decided to realize their own international communication network. After debate, it was decided to build a long wave transmissions station enabling permanent wireless contact with the Dutch East Indies. The history of Radio Kootwijk is very rich, therefore this research focuses only on events meaningful for the further development of the project. To build the radio transmitting station the government looked for an uninhabited distant area, which could minimize the interference to the radio traffic from civilian and industry. In the end, the plot of 450 ha was bought from the Dutch Forestry Commission. First, a narrow railway was built to make it possible to transport heavy antenna materials to the site. According to different data, obtained from interview, about 150 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 500 homeless people were brought from Amsterdam to level and construct the antenna terrain â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a circular plain with a diameter of more than 1200 meters.

Figure 5. Main Building A and train station in the beginning of 1926. Photo from Radio Kootwijk Archive

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The main transmitting antenna Direction to Kootwijk Village

50kW Power station

Building A

Garage Former train station

Water tower Radio Kootwijk Village

Direction to Apeldoorn

Short wave transmitters park

Building C Building D Building E

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After almost five years of construction the station was put in operation in 1923, and it included a village for the staff, a canteen, a power station, a small guest house and a main machine hall with a large antenna with an approximate diameter of 1,2 km which was supported by a ring of six 212 meters high masts. The development of the technology advanced rapidly. After a few years it became apparent that the long wave connections were outdated and too expensive. It was decided to switch to a short wave frequency for a higher signaling rate, better connections, a lower energy consumption and smaller equipment. Radio telephony was in sight and in 1928 Radio Kootwijk became a leader in world radio communication. The longest direct phone call was set in Radio Kootwijk with a distance of more than 12000 km between the transmitter and the receiver. Therefore, Dutch people called the station space annihilator. They were willing to travel 3 days from distant corners of the country to Radio Kootwijk just for having a 3 minutes conversation with their relatives in Indonesia despite the fact that a three-minute call cost almost their weekly wage. During World War II, Nazi forces found a new use for long-wave antenna and transmitters. Due to the property of long waves signals to penetrate deep into the water, the Nazis successfully established communication with the submarine fleet. At the same time, it provided them with a reliable connection without the need for surfacing. During the war the Radio Park equipment was severely destroyed Fig.7 several times but afterwards it was carefully restored.

Figure 6. Axonometric drawing of the Radio Park after completion in 1923

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Until end of the 50s the radio station was very demanded and its work was supported by more than 200 people, most of whom lived on site. Despite its relative remoteness and technological nature, the site formed a very specific landscape and community. According to the local residents, the community spirit was always very high. The village was closed to public and acted as a semi-autonomous settlement. It had its own fire department, bus connection, waste collection service, canteen, hotel for guests, electricity and water facilities. At the end of the 70s, the diplomatic relations between the Netherlands and Indonesia were broken and radio traffic went to zero. When the telecommunication satellites became available for services, the station became obsolete. Despite this, the radio park was closed for public visits. until late 2010. Perhaps this played a major role in that all buildings and infrastructure are well preserved, or it is a careful attitude of local people to the history of the place. Now Radio Park handed over to the Ministry of Forestry that uses only a couple of buildings for their needs. In all other respects plot is an attractive destination for the weekend, as it is located close to Veliwe National Park, has a rich flora and fauna and expressive objects of the Radio Park In less than 50 years, the technological progress converted a symbol of innovation and vision into a symbol of vacancy and stagnation. However the local people and authorities considered the Radio park so unique that the remaining building was put on the local heritage list.

Figure 7. In mid-1944 during the retreat of the Nazis forces, they blew up the masts of the main antenna and destroyed all the equipment in the main building. Photo from Radio Kootwijk Archive.

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Importance of the radio park

High

Low

1921 The main transmitter building, the first concrete building in the Netherlands was finished

1918 Beginning of construction

November 1920 The 6 antenna masts (212 meter high) were completed

100

1940

1931 Kootwijk became an important center for world radio communication

5th of May 1923 Kootwijk started its official service

500 workers on site

1925 The importance of the VLF machine became less, in favor of the smaller and cheaper lower power short wave tube transmitters located in Kootwijk

Staff

500

1920

November 1922 The first (tuning) transmission was 1930 made

120

1950

1960

1945 Leading role in communication with IndiĂŤ, the Dutch possessions in mid-America (Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles) and of course the rest of the world, as most of the under seas telephone cables were out of order. 1940 Germany occupied Holland and used Kootwijk Radio for their own purposes (communication with submarines).

1950 The independence of IndiĂŤ in 1950, then Indonesia, changed a lot for Kootwijk

1945 Kootwijk was severely damaged by the retracting Germans. They demolished all equipment and all antennas including the 6 200-meter high VLF towers.

1964 The circuit A started aga help becau cost of com sea cables s of newer te

220

100

1960 Traffic decreased strong and when the diploma relations between the Netherlands and Indon sia were broken, went t zero.

120

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Figure 8. History timeline with main events in Radio Kootwijk

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

iutch rica r-

der ere

pendence of IndiĂŤ hen Indonesia, a lot for Kootwijk

2004 The Radio Park firstly was opened for public visits

1960 Traffic decreased strongly and when the diplomatic relations between the Netherlands and Indonesia were broken, went to zero.

1978 Telecommunication satellites came available for commercial service, the role for Kootwijk left was only mobile communication with ships and planes.

During 2000, all the equipment was removed from the building. The work of the transmitting station was acquired by satellites.

1964 The circuit Amsterdam-Bandung started again. This was not of much help because at the same time the cost of communicating through under sea cables strongly decreased because of newer techniques

On December 31, 1998 Radio Kootwijk was finally decommissioned

120 60 20

O DO EL

Long wave transmitting antenna

Village

INDIE

AN AP

J INDIE INDIE

AN AP

IKA

INDIE INDIE

PA N

INDIE

PA N

IKA

INDIE

Building C

IKA

PA N

52째10'21.2"N 5째49'10.5"E 0 20 50

100

200

500m

52째10'21.2"N 5째49'10.5"E 0 20 50

100

200

500m

INDIE

ME RO

Short wave transmitters park

IKA

M .A

KOOTWIJK

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IKA

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The structure of the Radio Park represented a semi autonomous settlement with two groups of transmitters. Building A with a giant antenna in the shape of hexagon used for communications with Indonesia through long wave signals. Pavilions C, D, E used short-waves transmitters and provided telephone service to the whole world. The particular layout of the park and the antenna arrangement was due to the direction of the signal generated by the antennas. Each group of antennas is responsible for communication with a particular part of the world. Compiled together they formed a surreal landscape of the radio park. The center of the Radio Kootwijk was formed by the village for the radio station personal and service buildings.

Figure 9 left. Radio Kootwijk masterplan with transmitting antennas

Figure 10. View to building C with transmitting anrennas. Photo from Radio Kootwijk Archive.

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2.3 TECHNOLOGICAL CONTEXT

With the invention of satellites in the 60s, a new era in telecommunications came. However, satellites did not manage to take on the entire world traffic. Today, almost as 120 years ago, submarine cables transmit 99% of worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s information Fig. 11, including phone calls, emails, and site browsing. Just one thing changed. With the invention of fiber-optic cables, the bandwidth increased thousands of times. In order to receive this information from people, our planet has become covered with millions of small cellular towers and converted into one big cellular network with a diameter more than 12000 km. It can be explained with the fact that today the telecommunications industry is not just a means of communication and entertainment, it is primarily a tool of power, control and propaganda. Now it is one of the main reasons of the telecommunications boom in the Third World countries. As regards to the Netherlands, according to the web tool www.opensignal.com the coverage and speed of cell phone networks are 136% better than the worldwide average. Even in the most remote areas of the country, one can fell the continuous dissipation into electromagnetic radiation. Returning to the Radio Kootwijk site with this perspective, it is really fascinating that the area which used to generate most of the electromagnetic pollution in the Netherlands 50 years ago now is one of the few sites in the country, which is more or less free from electromagnetic fields.

Figure 11. The world nerves system. Scheme with submarine cables by TeleGeography

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Telecommunication and and today’s society

INVISIBLE WORLD AROUND US Wave frequency (Hertz)

106

107

108

109

1010

1011

1012

1013

1014

1016

1017

1018

1019

Gamma-rays

X-rays

Ultra violet

Visible light

Infra-red

Long waves

Wi-Fi

Radio - TV

1015

Fibre optic networks

3G Mobile Phones

Biological effect

Induced currents

Heating

Ionization - DNA damage

Non-ionizing radiation

Ionizing radiation

Left - Wave freq 20th century

Wavelenght λ (m) 103

102

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-4

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-8

10-9

10-10

10-11

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The interesting trend that in terms of the electromagnetic spectrum, we have been constantly approaching to higher energy states and shorter wavelengths for the 100 years. We started with electrical waves, then moved to long-wave radio, television up to 3G and 4G networks, and fiber channels. Overview on the Figure 12 shows how communications technologies are tending increasingly towards the part of spectrum that is visible to human eye. There were attempts to visualize this invisible infrastructure around us. In works of Nikolay Lamm (figures 54-55) we can see approximate visualization of Wi-Fi and Cell phone networks, but in fact the things are much more complex. After the visible spectrum are the short electromagnetic waves with an extremely high frequency, they are deemed dangerous to humans health and even short-term exposure can damage the DNA of living beings. This type of exposure is called ionizing radiation. Historical trends point to the fact that our development is strongly moderated by photons and electrons. Contiguous discrete webs and barely visible connections in the city are the best proof. Interesting fact that these connections always announce themselves privately and modestly. Communications technologies become our personal tools, friends and entertainment, today one can barely see its impact at the level of the city. At best, it is possible to notice the accumulations of unsightly innocent boxes and antennas. For example, most cell-phone masts in the residential districts are often more or less poorly disguised. An attempt to deny any physical agents that allow the society to exist. The same trend is relevant for telecommunication gadgets, from the brick-like cell phones they are developing toward material disappearance becoming lighter, thinner and less substantial.

Figure 12. The evolution of frequencies in wireless communication in 2oth century

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2.4 EHS AND EMF REFUGEE

The WHO/International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2011) “has classified radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B), based on an increased risk for glioma, a malignant type of brain cancer, associated with wireless phone use”. p.1

Since 2011 the worldwide number of mobile phone subscribers has grown from 5 to 7.5 billion. It is obvious that the level of EMF exposure increases every year. This is especially the case of industry, new electric ways of transportation, electricity transmission and medicine. Medical research examining potential long-term risks from the exposure to EMF mostly searched for a connection between brain cancer and the use of mobile phones. However, these studies cannot show the full picture as mobile phones were not widespread until 1990. Another reason is that today's medicine is not able to detect the cancer until the tumors are formed, therefore it is difficult to build a proven relationship between the EMF and risks to the health. Nevertheless, this started a major discussion about electromagnetic pollution in our environment and it does not stop until now. The exponential electrification of the world, the rise in EMF pollution in homes and communities and publicly available information about their possible dangers led to the emergence of a new syndrome which is now called Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity or EHS. Erica Mallery-Blythe (Lakesideman, 2014) a British doctor proves that electro-hypersensitivity was first recognized in 1932 by the German doctor Erwin Schliephake. He described and put in the German Medical Weekly information about unusual symptoms that his patients were experiencing near radio towers. He called these conditions “radio wave sickness” (EMF Analysis, 2007, para.1) and the observed symptoms were: headaches, severe tiredness and fatigue, fitful sleep at night, and a high susceptibility to infection.

Figure 13. Still image from video “Better Call Saul” series, 2015. Brother Chuck suffers from electromagnetic hypersensitivity syndrome.

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Since then, these conditions have been known for more than 80 years and it had various definitions in different countries around the world. The names included Rapid Aging Syndrome, Microwave Sickness, EMF Intolerance Syndrome and Radio Wave Syndrome. Noe Marcial, a professor from the Karolinska Institute of Sweden believes that "electromagnetic hypersensitivity may become one of the most serious public health issues of the 21st Century" (YutiBruno, 2014) hence it requires an immediate reaction from the government and citizens. He compares the effect from EMF similar to smoking or asbestos, when the people cannot feel the health effects for decades. Despite the fact that the symptoms are real and a lot of work and research has been done, only a few countries officially recognized EHS as a disease and perform disability payments. Today among these countries are Sweden, Norway and Spain. Sweden, the first country that recognized EHS today has approximately 300,000 affected people, which is more than 3 percent of the total population. It converges with the WHO statistics which shows that about 3-5% of people can feel the effects of electromagnetic fields, another 20% can be slightly affected and only 0,5-1% of the population is severely affected. These people are excluded from modern society almost entirely, since their bodies cannot function properly in buildings filled with electronics. They have to move to isolated areas, which are EMF-free zones. Nevertheless there is an opinion that these people are lucky in some ways, because their organism warns them and asks to get away from potential danger.

Figure 14. Green Bank - the only area in the United States free of electromagnetic field. Still from video about electromagnetic hypersensitivity â&#x20AC;&#x153;Searching for a golden cageâ&#x20AC;?

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2.5 DUTCH CONTEXT

Anthropocene - a proposed term for the present geological epoch (from the time of the Industrial Revolution onwards), during which humanity has begun to have a significant impact on the environment. The term was coined by Paul Crutzen a Dutch chemist in the middle of the 20th century. It raised a great discussion about how bad and irresponsible of humanity has changed the Earth in the past 200 years. However in the Netherlands Anthropocene started more than 1000 years ago. The Dutch were and are considered as the prime example of a people who have subjugated nature. Dutch people continued to adapt to hostile conditions and their adaptations have been novel and innovative and they have been able to make them better over time. Radio Kootwijk is the opposite example. First, in the 15th century the natural landscape has been violated with an extensive excavation of peat, then after some recovery, the giant telecommunications infrastructure has been inserted in the middle of the forest. For my part I see this area as inspiration that can show how well-designed interventions can heal and use existing wounds of anthropogenic landscape. These actions will be surely needed to survive in the Anthropocene that now confronts everyone.

At the edge of the woods along the motorway near the Dutch town of Bloemendaal, there stands a mobile telephone mast disguised as a pine tree. This mast is not nature: at best, it is a picture of nature. It is an illustration, like a landscape painting hanging over the sofa. Do we have genuine experiences of nature any more? Or are we living in a picture of it? (Koert van Mensvoort, 2006, para. 1). One can say that nature today is an illusory anthropocentric ideal. As we can see today, nature as something original, not altered by man,

Figure 15. Cell tower disguised as a cypress. Bloemendaal, the Netherlands. Photo by Dillon Marsh

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practically does not exist. It statement is especially relevant for the Netherlands (the country is ranked 3rd in infrastructure development by the World Bank in 2014) and for site of Radio Kootwijk in particular. Even place such as Veluwe National Park which is adjacent to the site, is surprisingly not natural. There are special services and communication infrastructure scattered in forest to support and protect fragile ecosystems and biodiversity from anthropogenic destructive factors. These actions aimed to preserve the nature may result only in totally not natural and man-made environment. However, people in their intention to subdue the nature continuously move to new level of artificial authenticity. The development in genetically modified food, greenhouse vegetables, plastic surgery, beach resorts is the best manifestation of these trends. Nevertheless, designed nature is always more functional, sterile and friendly to humans and here is a big paradox. The more we design the nature - the less nature exists around us and therefore the more uncanny and unfamiliar it becomes. Mensvoort (2006) describes today’s nature in this way: ”hypernatural nature is always just a little bit prettier, slicker and safer than the old kind. Let’s be honest: it’s actually culture in disguise”(para. 6) In the article “The real nature is not green” in respond to this shift in desires and reality, Koert van Mens Voort has proposed to replace the concept of “culture / nature with the terms of a controlled / autonomous, where the culture would be something that we can control and the nature would be everything that we cannot” (Mensvoort, 2006, para. 9).

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In my opinion, this is a very interesting, noteworthy classification which is important to understand the process which changed the Radio Kootwijk site. According to quote of Koert van Mens Voort, any natural thing that modified by humans would belong to the category of culture, as long as it is adjusted, controlled and has the final result which is designed. In contrast, electromagnetic fields, reflecting radio waves, sprawling urban areas and infrastructure can be seen as a new nature. Since in most cases, these processes can not be fully understood and modified by most of the population. In case of Radio Kootwijk, this concept is particularly interesting with regard to how these long and short wave signals which were 80 years ago specifically designed feature, today became a vital part of our environment. Invisible to the human eye, they form a new layer of nature, omnipresent, mostly out of control, but essentially important for the functioning of today`s society. This new non-material layer has a minimal spatial implications that barely visible to humans however this layer forms a continuous virtual landscape. The best manifest of its existence is camouflaged cell towers trying to emulate the original nature, but creating a new instead. Looking at the context of the Radio Kootwijk from the perspective mentioned above, it is important to understand how the impact of this new nature can be reduced or eliminated completely and by what means it is possible to return the existing anthropogenic landscape to its original state of nature.

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ENVIRONMENT

SITE HISTORY

SOCIETY

Invisible EMR pollution - wi-ďŹ , cellular phones, radio waves

Symbol of vision and innovation

EHS - electromagnetic hypersensitivity syndrome

Climate change and sea level rising

State surveillance and total control

Anthropocene / man made nature

Overpopulation Migration Aging population Slow media

ECONOMY / COUNTER ECONOMY

RADIO KOOTWIJK FARADAY CAGE SCENARIO.

TECHNOLOGY

Crowdsourcing / Crowdfunding

Exponential growth of information and infrastructure

Prosumption / prosumer

Personal Data Protection

WEB 2.0 Communal production, distribution, discussion, and valuing

New Virtual Resources - Cryptocurrency

Wikinomics

SUFFICIENCY ENCLAVE / AUTONOMY SURVIVING WITHIN THE DIGITAL REALM VOLUNTARY ISOLATION JAMMER SHELTER / ASYLUM EMF - REFUGEE

Open Code Software Illegal radio neworks - Pirate radio stations Big data collection and analysis Cloud Computing The human genome has been deciphered Technologies are tending increasingly towards the visible part of the spectrum.

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3. SCENARIO FOR THE RADIO KOOTWIJK Figure 16 represents a diagram with the selected trends in different areas of human development and how these trends can build a scenario to recover Radio Kootwijk territory into active area for production and recreation. Personal reaction to these selected trends led me to a proposal where I would like to test a new kind of man-made nature in perfect setting, a prototype for autonomous EMF â&#x20AC;&#x201C; free zone. Enclave of voluntary isolation for people with electromagnetic hypersensitivity syndrome. The site will offer a life with new values of sufficiency and without the factors that you cannot control, feeling of stability is gained through the offer of an escape from the anxiety and uncertainty of things. Detached from the electrified world, this isolated community will represent the hope for a possible recovery and reconstruction. Inside is self-sufficient, miniature version of a perfect environment. To restrain potential contamination with electromagnetic fields from cell phone networks and radio signals, the enclave takes the form of a habitable wall. The only thing that residents of the community share with external world is the sky above.

Figure 16. Selected global trends and their possible interaction in Radio Kootwijk

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4. METHODOLOGY The starting point of the project was the question how to activate the abandoned site of Radio Kootwijk, and transform it into an active territory for leisure and production through the architectural interventions and responsible adaptation of existing buildings and infrastructure. More specific objectives and the program for the area were developed after the visit of the site. To be able to achieve it a methodological approach consisting of several steps has been developed. 4.1 FICTIONAL STORY In order to activate the thinking process on the possible future functions for the site, I started with writing a fictional short story – an imaginary walk through the site. The story is accompanied by a first spatial visualization of the place in the form of collages. The documentation of the site or objects through the lens of the camera is not always effective. Today most of the people are accustomed to a passive and superficial perception of the information, whether it’s photos, articles on the Internet, audiobooks, or podcasts. A description or analysis through writing can be a good method to look at an object really close, to understand the beauty / ugliness, the structure of space. Rem Koolhaas is a great example of an architect who proved that writing is a way of looking at the world. His mode of making architecture through writing, talking about the scale of the city, made him become well known in the architecture world for his texts way before he started building. In his works, the design is treated as a story to tell, as the result of programming and scenarios rather than an interest in the architectural object as an actual design. As Koolhaas himself said years later about his first “written projects” and the ones which came after:

Figure 17. Printed short story booklets with collages

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…almost at the beginning of every project there is ... a definition in words - a text - a concept, ambition, or theme that is put in words, and only at the moment that it is put in words can we begin to proceed, to think about architecture; the words unleash design. All of our projects, or our best projects, are first defined in literary terms, which then suggest an entire architectural program … architecture is an intellectual discipline, writing is the privileged communication of our intellectual disciplines. (Kollhaas, 1993, p.43) Any space can be described in words or drawings. In the second case imagination is of great importance, which opens up virtually limitless possibilities for interpretation and perception of the spaces described. The first exercise describes a fictional walk through the site, in this situation, the design already goes beyond the usual documentation and gives a 4 dimensional description of the site in space and time. Imaginary objects and possible hints on how these spaces can be adapted today, appear on pages of the book and in the imagination of the reader. Therefore it is a very powerful tool of visualization and substitution of the constructed reality at any stage of the design. However it is really difficult to navigate between fiction and reality. Ideas that seemed important in the early stages may lose its importance as the project progresses and new inputs appear. Therefore the short story must be in balance with the fiction and reality, based on the real facts it should give a description of strategies and scenarios on how the site of Radio Kootwijk can be used again. Another possible problem of this method may also be that different people can interpret described architecture in different ways. Since this method lacks precision, it must be used together with traditional methods of the project representation.

What is very important is to distinguish two types of writing: one that I would call writing about architecture and one that I would call writing of architecture. Writing about architecture is the most common… the texts are generally descriptive… but in themselves they are not architecture…since 1968, a number of texts were

Figure 18. Rem Koolhaas, 1972 Exodus or ‘Voluntary Prisoner of Architecture’. The project that demonstrated a revolutionary way of making architecture through writing.

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written that are architecture… They are architectures in themselves. In other words, they propose forms of architectural strategies, literally in the form of a substitute. But isn’t an architectural model also a substitute for the actual building reality? (Tschumi, 1993, pp. 50-51) The fictional writing resulted in a short story text “Dream Catcher” which is complemented by collage drawings. The full text of short story is in Appendix, p. 108 4.2 FIELD TRIP The following step of the research phase includes a series of the studies related to the history of Radio Kootwijk, the environmental and technological background. The detailed history of the park and its technical details were collected during the next step of the research – the field trip. The main goal of the field trip was to find literal or metaphorical links or hints, which could possibly help to imagine how the elements and the infrastructure of Radio Kootwijk can be reactivated, and once again a central element in the formation of the community. In this sense the field trip played an important role in the further development of the project. It formulated the zones of interest in the history, provided data about technological context, and made clear the list of objects which were possible to work with. What is even more important is that helped to formulate a personal attitude towards the place of investigation and its atmosphere. The findings of the field research were summarized in three big groups: photo documentation, physical measurements of the electromagnetic fields on the site and an interview with a park ranger and two locals.

Figure 19. The courtyard of the main machine hall building (Building A) Photo made during a field trip.

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DAY 1 - 151013 52째10'21.2"N 5째49'10.5"E 52째10'21.2"N 5째49'10.5"E

APELDOORN

RADIO KOOTWIJK

A1 RADIO KOOTWIJK

KOOTWIJK

Mobility: Bus: Ede - Otterlo Distance: 9.2 km Time: 20 min

HARSKAMP

Energy: 35 kal

HARSKAMP

Bicycle: Otterlo - Radio Kootwijk Distance: 40.3 km OTTERLO

Time: 6 h-20 min

NATIONALE PARK OTTERLO DE HOGE VELUWE

Energy: 3.220 kal

NATIONALE PARK DE HOGE VELUWE AIRBNB HOME AIRBNB HOME

EDE EDE

NIJM

EGE

10 km 0

10 km

NIJM

EGE

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4.3 PHOTO DOCUMENTATION The photo documentation began with a simple fixation of the landscape, buildings, their interiors and the infrastructure of the park radio. Further attention was devoted to the atmosphere of the picturesque Dutch landscape and how its perception changes when the horizon is filled with power lines and radio telecommunication objects. On the results of the photo analysis visual sectors free from any infrastructure were identified. These sectors determined a spatial and functional scheme of the interventions in the area.

Figure 20 left. Map and information about the first day of field research

Figure 21. The opening in the forest with the Building A in the center. Photo made during a field trip.

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Figure 22: Photodocumentation. Cell phone tower in the middle of a camping park near Otterlo, the Netherlands

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Figure 23. Photodocumentation. Cell phone tower behind the trees on the road to Radio Kootwijk, the Netherlands

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Forest

Area free from EMR

Buffer zone from cell phone towers

0 km

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2 km

4 km

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4.4 MAPPING INVISIBLE INFRASTRUCTURE Due to the highly technological background of the radio park, special attention was paid to the mapping of the modern means of communication, especially cellular towers and wi-fi hotspots. During the first day the visible communication infrastructure was mapped, and at the end of the day the map had been supplemented with more information from internet sources which provide peculiar data about technical specifications and locations of each base station in the chosen area. It resulted in a consolidated scheme of the cell phone network that shows the base stations from three main cell phone operators in the Netherlands (Vodafone, T-Mobile, KPN) and the corridors of communication between these towers. The next step was the physical measurement of the signal strength using a mobile phone and determination of the locations where the signal was absent or minimal. These areas were marked as potentially â&#x20AC;&#x153;safeâ&#x20AC;? zones, free from electromagnetic fields. These spots were checked with the online source www.opensignal.com which shows a coverage area for cell phone networks. Combined together in the form of a heat map, that information resulted in a virtual 3d landscape of the territory with the visual demonstration of the electromagnetic smog in reference points. Even though the measurements on the site have been made with a very simple tool such as a mobile phone, combined with the information from online tools and personal observations, it gives a comprehensive picture about the hidden infrastructure and the human impact on this environment. The main goal of the field research was to find real or imaginary links and hints of how the objects and infrastructure of the Radio Kootwijk can be reactivated and once again become a central element in the formation of a vivid life of the community. The outcome of the seminar week are series of maps, recorded interviews, a photo book with objects of the site, logs about movements, distances and personal notes about atmospheres and feelings during the visit.

Figure 24. Consolidated plan of cell towers around Radio Kootwijk. (Vodafone, T-Mobile, KPN)

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Highest points - areas with value of 10 V/m2 and higher Lowest points - areas with value of 0,01 V/m2 and lower

Protected area

Figure 25. The abstract landscape of the site is built on values of intensity of electromagnetic fields in specific point

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Radio Kootwijk

Figure 26. Cell phone coverage map. According to field research

Weak Signal

Strong Signal

and information from www.opensignal.com

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4.5 INTERVIEW FACTS The interview with a park ranger during a guided tour gave a strong insight about the history and provided facts and figures that could not be found in archives, literature or internet. Lots of information was hidden for political and social reasons. Nevertheless, these findings largely determined the direction and key points of the design. Some of these facts are: In 1928, before the construction, in order to increase the strength of the radio signal without increasing the transmitter power, it was decided to improve the reflectance of the surface under the transmitting antenna. To do this, more than 50 km of copper cable was buried under the ground. After almost 90 years, according to local people, this material still remains in place. For cooling the machines and providing the staff with water, a sophisticated water supply system was constructed. It consists of two wells with a depth of more than 80 meters. In the 15th century extensive excavation of peat took place, and the landscape has been significantly altered. That is why now it is the largest spot in Europe with drifting sand dunes. For the clearing and the levelling of the site for the antenna, 500 homeless people were brought from Amsterdam. It was decided to build a Nuclear Bunker in the centre of the site right before the Cold War. All personnel of the station could live there 3 months without surfacing. The entire staff of the station died of various cancers. Employees lived almost 24 hours under the transmitting antennas and were exposed to short and long waves of electromagnetic fields.

Figure 27. Q/A session with a guide during seminar week, Radio Kootwijk, The Netherlands, Oktober 2015.

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This research was conducted in parallel with established studies from other fields which are relevant to the development of the proposal. It involves studies concerning today`s networks of communication and information transfer, the history of the radio development, and the theory of electromagnetic waves and fields. The investigations are communicated through a series of axonometric drawings and diagrams and documented in the Workbook. Aggregate analysis helps effectively to build scenario based narrative and communicate the general directions of the design. 4.6 RESULTS The research of the site during seminar week was conducted simultaneously with the studying of the fields related to the final proposal. It included contemporary communication networks, data transfer, the history of the radio development, and the theory of electromagnetic waves and fields. The findings of the investigations were presented through a series of axonometric drawings and diagram, documented in the Workbook. The summary of the analysis helps to create the narrative-based scenario and outline the general directions of the future design proposal. The final step of the research part tries to process the findings of the previous investigations and translate them into a first architectural vision through drawing, sketching, and photo montages. The notion of time, crucial for understanding the former prosperity and current oblivion of Radio Kootwijk, is present in the project in forms of timeline and diagrams. The idea of the passing time is also reflected in the form the final project is presented. The Atlas of Production consists of 6 panels, which create a continuous panoramic drawing, which allows to build up a coherent self-telling story.

Figure 28. Sketch made during field trip. The main machine hall building and border of the area.

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5.0 RADIO KOOTWIJK AS AN ENCLAVE FOR EMF REFUGEE 5.1 FORMING A NEW COMMUNITY

People were not made to scurry around in anthills but to spread out over the land that they were meant to build upon. Fragility of the body and vices of the soul are the inevitable consequences of excessive crowding. Of all the animals the one least fit to be a herd animal is the human; people who have been cooped up like sheep soon die. The breath of man is deadly to his own kind. (Taut, 1919, p. 46) The Radio Kootwijk Community is defined by the Habitable Wall which is used to mark and enclose the“safe” space inside the circle. The space is protected from external electromagnetic fields and reserved for private and communal uses. The programmatic approach for the community follows the concept of Disurbanism and was inspired by the publication of Bruno Taut’s “The Earth is a Good Dwelling”, 1919. Disurbanism was a radical theory which fostered an abolition of the traditional concept of the town, adopting a plan of settlements dispersed across the territory. Mikhail Okhitovich was the original developer of the theory of Disurbanism, at a later stage Moisei Ginzburg joined him. They started with questions which cast doubt on the feasibility of the traditional city.

It is necessary to reassess the nature of the possible in accordance with the requirements of the epoch. Under present conditions, with public servicing and utilities whose cost is proportional to the width of the plot, the dwelling has had to be built upwards and backwards, and it must be constructed of strong and durable materials on solid foundations. Does it emerge that the crowded town is the inevitable result of the technical and economic possibilities? Does it emerge that all other solutions to the problem are technically or economically impossible?...The question to be elucidated is now, must the different functions of the ‘city’ exist in one body; will they become fatally estranged by separation, as the parts of a living organism would be? In other words, is the growth of huge crowding, including ‘socialist’ crowding, of people, buildings, and so forth on one spot inevitable, or not?...(Okhitovich, 1929, p.131)

Figure 29. Radio Kootwijk community top view

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Minimal entities working together can develop important cultural enterprises starting from very few means, sharing spaces and producing a network of competences, cooperation, ideas and work. The Kootwijk Radio Park will provide general infrastructures and shared facilities which are the basic needs for those kinds of works and become a social tool for cultural production and knowledge exchange. At the same time its venues and exhibitions will be, mainly, produced within the site itself. The premise is a landscape which is not only a scenography, but a new topography that works as a service platform.

Radio Kootwijk as a platform offers:

Shelter for EHS refugees Rooms for work Territory for farming and agriculture Spaces for perfomance and communication Spaces for exhibitions Rooms for short stay Rooms for education Shared kitchens / wc / living spaces / dining room

farming

local food / goods /

music

electronic / interactive art/media art /

design

interface / interactive /

information

journalism / collaborative projects/ blo

Access to knowledge, technology and instruments

video

making / editing / motion /

performance

theatre / ballet / shows /

games

coding / modeling / designing /

hacking / software programming /

to live happily and richly while enjoying a moderate level of comfort and convenience without depending on electricity.

language

writing / translating / editing /

recreation

wellness / happiness /

Infrastructure

treatment

health /

education

knowledge / skills library /

Skills library Data archives Shared tools New Lifestyle

evelop important cultural enterprises starting from very few means, sharing petences, cooperation, ideas and work. Electricity neral infrastructures and shared facilities which are the basic needs for those for cultural production and knowledge exchange. At the sameWater time its venues d within the site itself. Cable Internet only a scenography, but a new topography that works as a service platform.

m offers:

ation

FOR

Production

Fruition

farming

local food / goods /

food market

music

electronic / interactive art/media art /

festivals

interface / interactive /

conferences

information

journalism / collaborative projects/ blogging /

exhibitions

video

making / editing / motion /

teaching

performance

theatre / ballet / shows /

consulting

games

coding / modeling / designing /

expertise

hacking / software programming /

meeting

language

writing / translating / editing /

workshops

recreation

wellness / happiness /

concerts

treatment

health /

group therapy

education

knowledge / skills library /

medical treatment

design

ning room

a moderate ut depending

Production

Facilities

GSPublisherVersion 0.20.100.100

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Since the cities today are a tangle of visible, invisible connections and discrete webs, it is almost impossible to find a place for people with the Syndrome of Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity. These networks also make the urban environment potentially dangerous for everyone else. Therefore the ideas of disurbanists about scattered communal living is highly relevant for the site. The size of the opening with a diameter more than 1.2 km, surrounding landscape and resources provide an excellent base for creating a self-sufficient community, that is able to meet its basic needs. The different functions and activities are distributed along the perimeter of the wall and mixed with the residential blocks. All production activities are concentrated in servant areas beyond the wall. The territory of 65 ha can provide shelter for maximum 400 people with EHS and at the same time give them areas for non-electric production and agriculture, leaving the inside space for contemplation and reflection. 400 people is a maximum amount with the density of 7 people per hectare. This limitation is caused by the need to provide basic privacy and to avoid congestion but also to maintain the sense of community and to save friendly relations between the residents. PRODUCTION Taking into account the spatial restrictions for the movement for people with EHS and the current state of the economy, a new concept of working needs to be invented. The thesis communicates the idea that through selfâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;organization and promoting innovation and research in non-electric production a new diffusive system can be developed in a wide range of fields: from media art to music, to journalism, to design, to information technology. Small organizations cooperating together within the Radio Kootwijk site will develop important cultural facilities, starting from very few means, sharing spaces and producing a network for cooperation, work and ideas. At the initial stage of the development the wall provides basic infrastructure and shared facilities which are a necessity for those kind of entities. Over time they form a network which acts as a social tool for cultural production and exchange of knowledge. The works which require

Figure 30. Radio Kootwijk as a service platform. Possible programs and activites for the community

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electricity are located outside the wall while the non-electric activities are mainly produced in the common floor of the wall. The whole community works as a service platform providing flexible spaces to work/ study and to perform; tools, shared knowledge, skills and opportunities for meetings and communication. The program for the communal floor is open and can be defined by the users. However the main strategy stays fixed – it generates activities that are produced and consumed in the wall, forming an ecosystem of cultural production and exchange. The different areas of the community are active at different times of the day of the year generating an ever changing combination of users and processes that attract a different public. There are many examples of settlements which entail a way of life voluntarily rooted in equality, mutual support, and sharing. However Radio Kootwijk Community presents a unique entity, which follows the ideas of economic egalitarism, collective ownership and production with the access to knowledge and a healthy environment. Proving its effectiveness and popularity in the area of Radio Kottwijk, this model of community can be reproduced in various places with high levels of electromagnetic pollution. A similar inspiring utopian vision has been written and published in 1919 by Bruno Taut. However today with the exponential growth of wireless technologies and electromagnetic smog in our environment, it could be a good reason to use the Radio Kootwijk site to reassess our lifestyle and priorities.

We are determined to keep a vision of the new countenance of the earth before our eyes: large estates, like we have today, but organized as cooperatives and operated so that more people than today cultivate and live from them; wastelands dotted with small holdings and gardens, in between, woods, meadows, and lakes. Then expansive settlements strewn about with small houses, cottages, and gardens. Industry adheres to this image of itself: it is also scattered among many workshops so that it can most easily satisfy the demand for its products…(Taut, 1919, p. 48)

Figure 31. Collage drawing made by Moisei Ginzburg for the “Green City” project, 1934

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Radio Kootwijk 1928

In 1928 in order to increase the signal strength without increasing transmitter power was decided to improve reflectance of the surface under transmitting antenna. To do this, more than 50 km of copper cable was buried under the ground. After almost 90 years, this material still remains in place.

Radio Kootwijk 2020

For this copper cable project provides another role. Thanks to the excellent ability of copper to reflect electromagnetic waves, the cable is used as a shield to create a zone free from electromagnetic radiation. With the help of it a physical wall is formed, shielding the site from any external impact.

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5.2 THE WALL The project aims to reuse the infrastructure and landscape elements of the Radio Park. The wall, used by the project as an architectural tool, follows the existing circular opening (made to host the transmitting antenna) in the forest and by enclosing the opening divides the area in two different kinds of environment â&#x20AC;&#x201C; protected and tranquil inside and active and noisy outside. The closed circular wall, being the only physical intervention on the site, forms an enclave â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a shelter for EMF refugees. The enclave becomes an isolated area in an endless stream of electromagnetic waves. Apart from reusing the infrastructural elements of the site, the project is looking for opportunities to recycle materials available on the site. In 1928 a decision was made to increase the strength of the signal without increasing transmission power by improving the reflectance of the surface below the transmitting antenna. To make it possible more than 50 km of copper cable were buried under the ground. After almost 90 years, according to a caretaker of the park, the cable still remains there. Taking into account the property of copper to reflect electromagnetic waves, this material could be reused and be embodied into the physical barrier which protects the community from the electromagnetic pollution, the wall. The cable length is enough to encircle the designed community more than 20 times. Figure 31 The history of the wall, being used as an independent architectural element, and not just a mean of protection, goes a long way into the past. One of the first examples can be medieval castles, where the wall did not only have a protective function but also used to establish a clear distinction between servant spaces and those which were served. The main functions were placed in the center and the auxiliary spaces used to be spread around, embodied into the heavy outside walls. Another interesting historical example to look at would be the fortified churches

Figure 31. Scheme of materials reuse for the formation of the Radio Kootwijk Community.

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of Transylvania. Fig. 32. With their development the walls were saturated with warehouses and residential spaces in order to accommodate villagers during long besiegements. From that time the function of the wall has been greatly developed, making possible the application of the wall in unexpected areas. Figures 33 - 36. Nevertheless, the wall is still actively used in our reality as a solution in political and military conflicts by creating boundaries. One could say that the infrastructure itself nowadays can be perceived as a wall, physical or virtual. For example, in the case of railroads and power-lines, the physical barrier they create is obvious. On the other hand, the flows of electromagnetic waves created by a network of mobile operatorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; cell towers is invisible, which does not make them less influential. It is not surprising that the characteristics of the wall such as separation and isolation in most of the cases is perceived as negative. Although, sometimes the radical and technological environment context, such as one of the present project requires radical actions, in order to achieve qualitative changes. Rem Koolhaas, in his work Exodus, or voluntary prisoners of architecture, pushed this idea to an extreme.

Division, isolation, inequality, aggression, destruction, all the negative aspects of the Wall, could be the ingredients of a new phenomenon: architectural warfare against undesirable conditions, in this case London. This would be an immodest architecture committed not to timid improvements but to the provision of totally desirable alternatives.(Koolhaas, Mau, Sigler, 1998, p. 2) The goal of the project is not only to use the wallâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s nature to segregate from the others (in the present case from the polluted environment), but also to create such conditions when the wall and the space of exclusion become a question point from the perspective of an outside observer. Meanwhile the enclosed space would manifest the lifestyle and environment, which are distinct from the outer world.

Figure 32. Rooms as a wall. Prejmer is a fortified commune in BraĹ&#x;ov County, Romania, 1225. Image courtesy of Wikipedia.

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Figure 33. Wall as an artificial microclimate. Nature Within Walls in Montreuil, France, 17th century

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Figure 34. Rooms as wall. Boundary Hotel Elevator, Adam Simpson, 1989

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Figure 35. Dwelling as a wall. Climat de France, Algiers, Fernand Pouillon, 1957

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Figure 36. Wall as a road and dwelling. The 1960s Future Town of Motopia, Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe, 1959

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The citizens of the walled community are people with Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity Syndrome. In addition to the physical protection, the enclosed wall gives a sense of solidarity and collectivism, which is crucial when living in a confined environment. In the project the wall threads the individual dwellings of the residents together, creating a number of small cooperatives of 8-10 people. Although the investigated idea of self-imposed isolation is not new, in the particular case of the Radio Kootwijk community, consisting of people suffering from EHS, it is extremely important. Rem Koolhaas in his project referred to the residents of the designed strip as Voluntary Prisoners, in Radio Kootwijk they are EMF Refugees.

The inhabitants of this architecture, those strong enough to love it, would become its Voluntary Prisoners, ecstatic in the freedom of their architectural confines. Contrary to modern architecture and its desperate afterbirths, this new architecture is neither authoritarian nor hysterical: it is the hedonistic science of designing collective facilities that fully accommodate individual desires. (Koolhaas, et al. 1998, p. 2) The position of the wall in the opening of the forest restructures the existing landscape. The wall becomes a permanent foundation for a gradual growth of the community. The continuously open space of the ground floor is reserved for commercial and civic functions, which will animate the central garden. The wall could also be perceived as an enclosed landscape element, which reflects on the anthropogenic character of the area. Light transparent facade of the residential blocks almost dissolves itself against the backdrop of the dark strip of forest.

Figure 37. Collage drawing, view on the Wall from outside.

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5.3 RESIDENTIAL BLOCKS The ring of the Wall is subdivided with a regular grid of 5,1 m. This scheme provides for flexible arrangements of single units. Small group of two, three or four units can be combined to become different types of dwellings. Larger blocks can occupy several grid bars and host peculiar neighborhood activities. The main program for the site is a collective form of accommodation for EMF refugees. However, it is important to understand that it is not a housing project, but the provision of the most basic form of habitation with shared facilities. According to the plan, each person gets a lightweight individual shelter with the size of 8-12 mÂ˛ integrated into the Wall. Modular lightweight construction allows flexibility in transforming these spaces. In aggregate the units can be developed and form multi-resident assemblies, which give the inhabitants a sense of belonging; both physically to a place as well as to a group of people with the same problems. Since people with EHS often do not find understanding and support from family members, they are forced to live a secluded life which only aggravates the physical and mental health of the person. In the proposal the Wall becomes an infrastructure which not only protects, but also brings residents together by offering common spaces such as: kitchens, toilets, spaces for meetings and activities, dining and living rooms. This spatial organization fosters people to share, move and communicate, helping to avoid loneliness and return them to an active social life.

Figure 38. Fragment from the collage. Residential block section.

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5.4 INTERIOR ATMOSPHERE As an opposition to an urban apartment and a hospital the project searches for the spatial qualities which can provide a strong connection with nature, tranquility, lightness and airiness with a certain degree of protection and privacy. The inspiration for the interior atmosphere of the residential block was the Membrane house by Kenga Kuma in Hokkaido, Japan. The translucent house with the tent-like interior qualities gives the feeling of nature from inside and fills the interior with natural light. Kuma described the idea as follows: the reason we covered the house with membrane material was our longing for a life surrounded by natural light, as if you were wrapped in daylight on the grassland. Without relying on any lighting system, you simply get up when it gets light, and sleep after dark â&#x20AC;&#x201C; we expect this membrane house enables you to lead a life that synchronizes to the rhythm of the nature. (Archdaily, 2013, para. 2)

The external wall of the habitable blocks is designed as a conceptual and physical double skin. It integrates two different level of insulation. The inside wall has a thick layer of polyester insulation sandwiched between the fiber-glass fabric. The outside wall is a wooden frame with less insulation sandwiched between the translucent polycarbonate cladding containing Nanogel. The insulation is made using recycled plastic PET bottles and it allows the light to pass into the house through the walls. The enclosure of undulating panels of translucent polycarbonate gradually also heats up the buffer zone during the day, reducing the energy consumption for heating, and at night becomes one of the lanterns in the darkness of the landscape.

Figure 39. Schemes of a residential block. Double skin facade, spatial organization, flows inside the appartment.

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The double facade also allows to reach a high energetic efficiency without adding special technologies. The inside distribution of activities is rethought with the aim to reach passive house qualities with a minimal thermal dispersion and with optimization of the temperature in relation to the needs of the single spaces. The distance between the outside and inside faรงade is large enough to host inhabitable spaces which become buffer zones. They insulate the rooms inside from the outside cold and at the same time increase functionality within the residential block. The elements which require a lower level of warmth are placed in between the double faรงade. These spaces are: storage rooms, closets, staircases, corridors, built-in kitchens, ateliers, small gyms or spaces whose functions have to be invented by the residents. In this case the double faรงade in addition to its original technical function becomes a tool for production and defining space. The space in between residential units, reserved for future densification, allows the enlargement of the double faรงade to host intermediate space between interior and exterior. These rooms provide possibilities for outdoor activities and allow people to enjoy staying outside even if the weather is not pleasant. The outside layer of the faรงade, made from translucent polycarbonate with a high thermal performance allows a great light diffusion.

Figure 40. Fragment of the collage drawing. Residential block facade.

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Big windows can be opened to let the air flow through and direct light come in when needed. These spaces can be private and public and serve different activities during the year, animating the façade and making the quality of people’s lives richer. The Radio Kootwijk Community cannot operate with the usual understanding of the word “housing”, since the way of life for people with EHS is far away from the usual social conditions, domestic comfort and aesthetic conventions. The hard experience of living in a technogenic world full of wireless technologies and electromagnetic fields may force a man to spend much of their time indoors. Therefore, community residential units should not just provide protection from the adverse conditions of the environment but also to create an optimal microclimate for the life, active mental activity and work. For this reason the main criteria for the living space are: compactness, appropriateness, consistency, flexibility and rational use of natural resources and space. The compact organization of the living cell is based on the principle “necessary vs. sufficient”, according to which the degree of asceticism is determined. This degree, in its turn is expressed in the minimum set of objects to meet the necessary requirements. The fire in a small fireplace, a table near the window, a mattress on the mezzanine, a couch for a rare guest and a closet in the wall.

Figure 41. Collage drawing with the residential block interior

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20 min WC

15 min

8h S

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5.5 PROMOTING NON-ELECTRIC LIFESTYLE

It is not all that long ago when we began using so many electrical appliances in everyday life. Japan’s first “pulsator-type” washing machine, a prototype of current models, reached the market in 1953. Its popularity exploded as it was a convenient product that considerably reduced household work loads. Full-scale television broadcasting also started in 1953. This year set a precedent for the expanding use of various home appliances; so much so that it was later referred to as “year one of electrification” (United Nations Unversity, 2011, para. 1) The further development in household industry, created the so called „three sacred treasures“ that every person craved at that time. These treasures were: the washing machine, the refrigerator and the television. The economic growth skyrocketed the consumption of these home appliances and increased the electricity demand. In the beginning of the 70`s most households were already equipped with these three objects. In the next 40 years the consumption of electricity increased more than 3 times. The most significant growth happened in the household and transportation sectors. However the increase in household sector was mostly because of the transformations in the social structure such as changes in private lifestyles demanding more and more convenience and comfort. Kojima called this period „a time of individual electrification when each individual, rather than each household, came to own a set of electrical appliances”. (United Nations Unversity, 2011, para.3) Even today we see this trend with the continuous growth of electrical appliances and gadgets around us. Even though we did a big step in the transition to renewable sources of energy, our lifestyle should be reconsidered. Therefore, people with EHS can be a starting point in finding the balance between convenience and sufficiency. Some of them can feel the very weak electromagnetic fields emitted by compact fluorescent lamp. A lot of today`s house appliances such as electrical ovens, microwave ovens, electrical teapots, dishwasher machines and blenders generate strong electromagnetic pollution, therefore their use in the community should be reassessed.

Figure 42. Diagram showing the connection and insulation of the activities requiring electricity appliances.

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enclave for people with electromagnetic hypersensitivity 52°10’26.3”N - 5°49’11.3”E

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The whole spatial organization of the Radio Kootwijk Community is aimed to communicate the idea that it is possible to live happily and richly while enjoying a moderate level of comfort without depending on electricity and wireless technologies. The promotion of „non-electric“ lifestyle in the community is designed on several levels: from the translucent façade which reduces the use of artificial light to the spatial design with communal rooms which foster real face-to-face communication and non-electric activities and a minimum set of home appliances needed in everyday life. The term “non-electric” started to be used extensively by the Japanese engineer and inventor Yasuyuki Fujimura, when he began to advocate a lifestyle that intentionally avoids the abundant use of electricity. The term also incorporates his philosophy about the affluent life without depending on energy sources and on money in general. The term Nonelectric may sound familiar, however it differs from the term “anti-electrification” that denounces any electricity use. In 2003 Fujimura established the Atelier Non-Electric, it is an approximately 1 hectare plot near. In the exhibition space he presented a concepts and working home appliences for a totally non-electric life. After few years his Atelier became a very popular showcase that demonstrates how many options and ideas we have around us for affluence and happiness in the area of housing. This concept in the case of Radio Kootwijk Community pushed even further and shows that non-electric buildings can be functional and fulfill all daily necessities, are good for health while consuming little or no electricity. The existing example of the promotion non-electric lifestyle by Fujimura points to a raising awareness of people about energy crisis. Due to economic conditions or man-made disasters more and more people are re-thinking their energy consumption. Therefore, the work in the direction of non-electric technologies will be more demanded. Taking as a basis Electromagnetic Hypersesitivity Syndrome, Radio Kootwjk offers asmall step in this direction.

Figure 43. Fragment of the collage drawing, showing border of EMF free zone.

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5.6 FLEXIBLE FRAMEWORKS FOR DEVELOPMENT In order to create a healthy and vivid environment as a reaction against technological glut it is essential to create a way of space production that differs from reliance upon either the state or private capital. In the case of the Radio Kootwijk Community it is possible with the activation of social capital and use of local resources to create an autonomous model of space production. This does not imply that private investors or state have no role to play in the formation of the community but rather that the development model must use both financial models whilst at the same time ensuring that the emerging society is not subservient to either forces. This concept is applied to the production of the common spaces on the ground and first floors in order to prevent the production of aestheticized and commodified spaces and ensure a variety of uses and users. Therefore it is important that an investigation of possibilities held by flexible frameworks takes place. The existing approach in the design and space production has been developed in the climate of market led development that have often resulted in a fixed structural framework and explicit allocation of uses and functions, developed and controlled in a capitalist model of property construction and management. The vacancy and remote location of the Radio Kootwijk open the door for an alternative prototype model to be established through which a new order can be realized. This means that a spatial framework must be organized in that way which enables a flexible use of patterns and possible varieties of the expansion rather than a finite built form. The most well-known example of this new way of thinking is the Quinta Monroy neighborhood by Chilean architects Elemental, fig 42. The architects refused designing a prescribed finished built form, leaving

Figure 44. Iquique Housing at handover by Elemental. Photo: Taduez Jalocha

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Residential block

Spaces for production

Ground floor activities

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the building intentionally open to further interventions by the residents â&#x20AC;&#x153;by providing a structural framework for the expansion of their property through the utilization of self-construction to suit their individual needs of appropriationâ&#x20AC;?. (Gallant, 2005, p.35) Figure 45. Scheme with a The design tool employed by Elemental provides a structural framework demonstration of the possible that attempts to formalise and direct the use of self-construction as a extensions of space. way of developing the built environment. However it leads to a question to which extent a reversal of this operation is appropriate. The framework acknowledges the requirements of an expandable structure but constrains the extents of intervention and function. It is rooted in a homogenous population and functionality that operates to serve a limited population. In result it lacks civic and social infrastructure except the provision of shared open space. Never the less the gestures and acknowledgements made by Elemental have been used and built upon to develop the Radio Kootwijk Community.

The design tool that is proposed demonstrated in figure 43 provides the flexible structural framework which is outlined above. A civic restructuring occurs, it goes from a traditional industrial construction model and proposes a structural framework that allows a flexible development through self-construction. The ownership model ensures a multiplicity of uses and creates a shared responsibility for the built environment. The EMF refugees become the primary stakeholders for the continued development of the community, utilising self-construction methodology as well as an appropriation of the shared ground and first floor for civic functions and production activities. The flexibility of the model allows a continued growth over time when the needs of residents change. It provides the opportunities for a growing family or an increase in employment opportunities. However, a required set of rules in construction is implemented. It makes a working relationship between users and architects to facilitate an aesthetics and maximise functionality as well as safety.

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5.7 INSIDE SPACE AS HORTUS CONCLUSUS

“A garden is the most intimate landscape ensemble I know of. It is close to us. In it we cultivate the plants we need. A garden requires care and protection. And so we encircle it, we defend it and fend for it. We give it shelter. The garden turns into a place. Enclosed gardens fascinate me. A forerunner of this fascination is my love of the fenced vegetable gardens on farms in the Alps, where farmers’ wives often planted flowers as well. I love the image of these small rectangles cut out of vast alpine meadows, the fence keeping the animals out. There is something else that strikes me in this image of a garden fenced off within the larger landscape around it: something small has found sanctuary within something big. The “hortus conclusus” that I dream of is enclosed all around and open to the sky. Every time I imagine a garden in an architectural setting, it turns into a magical place. I think of gardens that I have seen, that I believe I have seen, that I long to see, surrounded by simple walls, columns, arcades or the façades of buildings - sheltered places of great intimacy where I want to stay for a long time. The centre of my pavilion is a garden; it invites us to gather around. We will meet in the garden. I am looking forward to the natural energy and beauty of the tableau vivant of grasses, flowers and shrubs that Piet Oudolf has created and will plant for our “hortus conclusus.” I am looking forward to the colours and shapes, the smell of the soil, the movement of the leaves, the scent of the Bugbane and Joe Pye Weed. Piet tells me that butterflies and bees love their smell.” (Peter Zumthor, Haldenstein, May 2011)

Figure 46. Serpentine Gallery Pavilion 2011 by Peter Zumthor. Photo courtesy of Serpentine Gallery

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The Wall encloses and marks a “safe” place inside the circle. The space follows the idea of Hortus Conclusus or Enclosed Garden - a pleasure garden designed and executed in 15th century. Even though the site is located in the middle of the forest the only protected space that is available for people with EHS is the inside space. Therefore it is important to convert the anthropogenic landscape under the transmitting antenna into an active territory for contemplation, reflection and leisure without built objects, except the existing ones. In the book “The Enclosed Garden“ there is a quote from Nietzsche which precisely describes the need of such a place for this specific community.

“An insight is needed (and that probably very soon) as to what is specially lacking in our great cities – namely, quiet, spacious, and widely extended places for reflection, places with long, lofty colonnades for bad weather, or for too sunny days, where no noise of wagons or of shouters would penetrate…: buildings and situations which as a whole would express the sublimity of self-communion and seclusion from the world. … We want to have ourselves translated into stone and plant, we want to go for a walk in ourselves when we wander in these halls and gardens.” Friedrich Nietzsche (1882) as cited in The Enclosed Garden (p. 10) Within the walls of the Hortus Conclusus the landscape is designed, cultivated and isolated. The garden creates its own context – an interior space of artificial ponds, trees, flowers and herbs. The presence of the Wall stresses the containment of the space by making visible the limitless sky. The Garden raises juxtapositions of the limited dimensions against the endless space, the volume of the Wall against the space of the garden, the invisible outside world against the view of the sky. These aspects are important tools for residents to enjoy the protected nature and forget about the undesirable environment outside the Wall. The inside space becomes a miniature version of a perfect environment, a man-made nature in a perfect setting, an idyllic landscape converted into a theatre of permanent tranquillity.

Figure 47. The Orto Botanico in Padua was one of the first enclosed gardens. The building started in 1545 on the premises of the S. Giustina cloister. The circular form with the four central parts tried to reflect existing tetradic ideas.

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The programme of the inside space reflects the ideas of Hortus Contemplationis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; one of the three types of Hortus Conclusus. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Integrity or perfection can be found in the spatial completeness of the cloister garth or hortus contemplationis, the garden of reflection, which depicted the hierarchy of the Universe with God as its centre. This was a space surrounded by a gallery and with the sky for a ceiling, and the monastery was organized around it.â&#x20AC;? Aben, Wit p.38 In the Radio Kootwijk community the Main Machine Hall is in the centre of the garden. The building has a great potential to host different kinds of meetings and exhibition events and it is converted into a Community Hall. An initial exploration into the possibility of the re-using of radio park relics by defining a new programme that completely changes their function demonstrates the capacity to redefine the industrial nature of the context whilst maintaining and even enhancing its existing character to provide a rich experience of the intervention. All the other activities are located in the ground and first communal floor of the Wall. The Wall contains spaces for immaterial work and non-electric production. In the case of the community it is a strong medium, that provides social integration and new work opportunities, but also helps to establish a strong connection with the neighbourhood. The enclosed territory will not be used only for health / mental recovery and recreation activities. It is also open for public visits and educational purposes. With the strong material border around, it helps visitors to raise awareness of EMR pollution in our environment and shows the real possibilities of living/producing with a minimal consumption of resources and energy. The secluded life of people in the community with a non-electric lifestyle is the best demonstration of the new values of sufficiency.

Figure 48. Fragment of the collage drawing, showing inside space.

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RADIO KOOTWIJK enclave for people with electromagnetic hypersensitivity 52°10’26.3”N - 5°49’11.3”E

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6. CONCLUSION The thesis critically assesses the current trend of technogenic development of the society and urbanization with the exponential and uncontrolled growth of sources of electromagnetic radiation in our environment. Today, an increasing number of architects pay a great attention to material sustainability and energy consumption. However one of the most common and fastest growing environmental influences in more than one hundred years remains out of sight of professionals. Although the World Health Organization still does not officially recognize the harm and health consequences from the exposure to short-wave electromagnetic radiation in the long term, current research with the real examples from the history of the Radio Kootwijk and documented cases of electromagnetic hypersensitivity prove the existence of the problem. The entire population of the world is being exposed to EMF to a different extent, and it will only continue to rise with the advance of technology. Therefore, starting with the small effect caused by the electromagnetic fields, it could cause substantial harm to public health. The thesis converts the site of a former radio park in the Netherlands which used to generate most of the electromagnetic pollution into an EMF free community. The proposal also raises public awareness about our highly electrified environment and potential danger of our everyday gadgets such as microwave ovens, mobile phones, compact fluorescent lamps etc. The area is protected by means of the habitable wall which gives shelter to people with EHS and marks a safe area, creating a community. The wall forms a rigorous physical boundary between two states, and gives a sense of security being inside. The functions of the existing buildings and infrastructure are transformed to serve the communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs with almost no physical interventions.

Figure 49. Collage drawing. The Wall with entrance in section

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RADIO KOOTWIJK New Masterplan

The existing copper cable that was used to amplify the signal, now is recycled to form a wall around the community. Thanks to the copper`s properties it is an ideal material for reďŹ&#x201A;ecting electromagnetic radiation coming from the outside. The length of the existing cable is more than 60 km which allows to wrap the community more than 20 times

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Blocks of different functions are strung on the wall structure forming a Radio Kootwijk Community. Flexible construction sheme allows to densify residential blocks and dispose polluting activity behind the perimeter of the wall.

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The non-electric lifestyle, specifically designed for the community of Radio Kootwijk, might become a prototype to be used for further development in built structures for creating and supporting a healthy environment. The concept of sufficiency is revised and incorporated into the project on many levels. Integrated spaces for production and non-electric activities act as a tool to establish strong social bonds inside the community and speed up the return of the EMF refugee to a happy life and work. The flexible framework for the production of space and growth of the community brings an alternative model for the construction and development, which will result in a vivid communal life. The establishment of the new forms of cooperation and production are essential in the formation of the Radio Kootwijk Community. It helps to increase the level of self-sufficiency and reduce the role of state and private market, allowing the development of the built environment to become a reflection of the new reality of its inhabitants. Because of the very specific problem and the lack of research in the long perspective the project requires a thorough technical analysis and justification. In the future, there may be new ways to protect and regulate the level of electromagnetic radiation in the environment, it can also be a temporary solution, while the project provides an elimination of the problem by means of rethinking the current values, promoting a new lifestyle and design solutions. At this point a theoretical and conceptual base has been developed for the electromagnetic fields free community on the Radio Kootwijk site. There is now the need to refine the details further in order to precisely define and assess a technical and design solution built upon this basis.

Figure 50. Collage drawing. Radio Kootwijk Community masterplan

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LIST OF REFERNCES Aben, R., & Wit, S. d. (2001). The enclosed garden: History and development of the Hortus Conclusus and its reintroduction into the present-day urban landscape (2nd rev. ed.). Rotterdam: 010 Publishers. ArchDaily. (2013). Meme Experimental house by Kengo Kuma and Associates. Retrieved from http://www.archdaily.com/322830/meme-experimental-house-kengo-kumaassociates Tschumi, B. (1993). Modes of inscription. Taut, B. (1919). The Earth is good dwelling. Housing and human Settlements. (4). Canella, G., & Meriggi, M. (2007). SA, Sovremennaja arkhitektura 1926-1930. Architettura e cittĂ . Bari: Dedalo. Easterling, K. Extrastatecraft: The power of infrastructure space. EMF Analysis. Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity Syndrome Symptoms. Retrieved from http://www.emfanalysis.com/ehs-symptoms Gallanti, F. (2005). Elemental, Aravena. Domus. (886). International Agency for Research on Cancer; Weltgesundheitsorganisation; Meeting. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. (2013). IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, volume 102, Nonionizing radiation: Part 2 ; radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: Vol. 102. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Retrieved from http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol102/ mono102.pdf Mensvoort, K. (2006). Real nature is not green. Retrieved from http://www.nextnature. net/2006/11/ real-nature-isnt-green/ Koolhaas, R., Mau, B., & Sigler, J. (Eds.). (1998). Small, Medium, Large, Extra-Large (Second ed.). New York, NY: Monacelli Press. Koolhaas, R. (1993). Why I wrote Delirious New York and Other textual Strategies. Lakesideman. (2014). Dr. Erica - Blythe:British Society of Ecological Medicine. Video file. Retrieved from http://vimeo.com/100623585 Mikhail Okhitovich. (1929). On the Problem of the City. Sovremennaia arhitektura. (4). United Nations University. (2011). Life Without Electricity. Retrieved from http://ourworld. unu.edu/en/life-without-electricity World Health Organization. (2002). Establishing a dialogue on risks from electromagnetic fields. Radiation and environmental health. Geneva. World Health Organization: IARC. (2011). Press release 208: IARC classifies radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans. Lyon, France. Yuti Bruno. (2014). 10 Scientific dangers ot the Mobile and Wi-Fi by Noe Marcial. Video file. Retrieved from http://youtube.com/watch?v=BSsMeiJ60uc

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BIBLIOGRAPHY RADIO KOOTWIJK: 'Forward' to nature. (2006-2007). Retrieved from http://radiokootwijk.nu/hetdorp/bewonersvisie-radio-kootwijk/ Aureli, P. V. (2011). The possibility of an absolute architecture. Writing architecture series. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. Retrieved from http://site.ebrary.com/lib/alltitles/docDetail. action?docID=10476083 Craig, J. A., & Ozga-Lawn, M. (2012). Pamphlet architecture 32: Resilience / Stasus, Howard, E. (2010). Garden cities of tomorrow (Illustrated ed.). [Gloucester, Gloucestershire]: Dodo Press. Lefebvre, H. (1991). The production of space. Oxford, OX, UK, Cambridge, Mass., USA: Blackwell. Magee, S. (2014). Curing electromagnetic hypersensitivity (Edition 2). USA: Steven Magee. Marot, S. (2003). Sub-urbanism and the art of memory. Architecture landscape urbanism: Vol. 8. London: Architectural Association. Morton, T. (2007). Ecology without nature: Rethinking environmental aesthetics. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Pallasmaa, J. Encounters: Architectural essays (2nd ed.).

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IMAGE CREDITS All of the visual materials included in the thesis book are owned and were produced by the author if not explicitly stated otherwise. Fig. 1 Building A the main machine hall for long wave transmitter. Retrieved from http:// radiokootwijk.nu/het-radiozendstation/fotografie-zendstation-rkwk/fotogallerij-1930-1950/ Fig. 3 Radio Kootwijk during construction. View of Building A and central mast of the main antenna. Retrieved from http://radiokootwijk.nu/het-radiozendstation/fotografie-zendstation-rkwk/ fotogallerij-1930-1950/ Fig. 5 Main Building A and train station in the beginning of 1926. Retrieved from http://radiokootwijk. nu/het-radiozendstation/fotografie-zendstation-rkwk/fotogallerij-1920-1930/ Fig. 7. Destroyed main building during the Second World War. Retrieved from http://radiokootwijk. nu/het-radiozendstation/fotografie-zendstation-rkwk/fotogallerij-1930-1950/ Fig. 10. View to building C with transmitting anrennas. Retrieved from http://radiokootwijk.nu/hetradiozendstation/fotografie-zendstation-rkwk/fotogallerij-1930-1950/ Fig. 11. Map with submarine cables. Retrieved from http://telegeography.com Fig. 13. Still image from video “Better Call Saul” series, 2015. Fig. 14. Still image from video “Searching for a golden cage”, 2014. Fig. 15. Cell tower disguised as a cypress. Bloemendaal, the Netherlands. Photo by Dillon Marsh Retrieved from http://www.whudat.de/images/cellphone_tower_trees_02.jpg Fig. 18. Rem Koolhaas, 1972 Exodus or ‘Voluntary Prisoner of Architecture’ Retrieved from http:// socks-studio.com/img/blog/Exodus7-800x653.jpeg Fig. 31. Collage drawing made by Moisei Ginzburg for the “Green City” project, 1934 Fig. 32 Fortified commune in Braşov County, Romania, 1225. Image courtesy of Wikipedia. Fig. 33 Wall as an artificial microclimate. Nature Within Walls in Montreuil, France, 17th century Retrieved from http://socks-studio.com/img/blog/building-microclimate-murs-a-peches-02.jpg Fig. 34 Boundary Hotel Elevator, Adam Simpson, 1989 Retrieved from http://socks-studio.com/img/ blog/as.jpg Fig. 35. Climat de France, Algiers, Fernand Pouillon, 1957 Retrieved from http://socks-studio.com/ img/blog/climat-france-01.jpg Fig. 36. The 1960s Future Town of Motopia, Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe, 1959 Retrieved from http://socksstudio.com/img/blog/motopia-03.jpg Fig. 44. Iquique Housing at handover. Photo: Taduez Jalocha Fig. 46. Serpentine Gallery Pavilion 2011 by Peter Zumthor Retrieved from http://www. serpentinegalleries.org/exhibitions-events/serpentine-gallery-pavilion-2011-peter-zumthor Fig. 47. The Orto Botanico in Padua. Retrieved from https://c1.staticflickr.com/5/4056/4266369441_ 64c568141e_b.jpg Fig. 54-55 The works of Nikolay Lamm Retrieved from http://nickolaylamm.com/art-for-clients/whatif-could-see-your-cellular-network/

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Glossary according to the World Health Organization (2002) ABSORPTION In radio wave propagation, attenuation of a radio wave due to dissipation of its energy, i.e. conversion of its energy into another form, such as heat. BASE STATION (mobile telephone) A base station consists of the antenna(s) emitting electromagnetic radiation in the radio frequency range, the supporting structure, the equipment cabinet and the cable structure BASIC RESTRICTION Health-based exposure limits that relate to certain electromagnetic phenomena that, if exceeded, may lead to health impairment in the human body. For static fields these limits are the electric and magnetic field strengths, for alternating fields up to around 10 MHz, they are the electric current that is induced in the body, and for alternating fields greater than about 100 kHz they are the conversion that takes place in the body from electromagnetic energy into heat. Between 100 kHz and 10 MHz, both the induction of currents in the body and the generation of heat are important. CAUTIONARY APPROACH Cautionary approaches are used for management of health risks in the face of scientific uncertainty, high potential risk, and public controversy. Several different policies promoting caution have been developed to address concerns about public, occupational and environmental health issues. CARCINOGENIC A substance or agent that causes cancer. ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD (also EMF or EM field) is a physical field produced by electrically charged objects.[1] It affects the behavior of charged objects in the vicinity of the field. The electromagnetic field extends indefinitely throughout space and describes the electromagnetic interaction. It is one of the four fundamental forces of nature (the others are gravitation, weak interaction and strong interaction). The field can be viewed as the combination of an electric field and a magnetic field. The electric field is produced by stationary charges, and the magnetic field by moving charges (currents). ELECTROMAGNETIC HYPERSENSITIVITY The ability of certain individuals to perceive or react to EMF at significantly lower levels than most people EMF REFUGEE - people that are forced to leave their usual place of residence, or to change lifestyle because of thr electromagnetic hypersensitivity. LONG-TERM EFFECT Biological effect that only manifests itself a long time after exposure.

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MAGNETIC FIELD A region associated with forces acting upon ferromagnetic particles or moving electric charges. MICROWAVES Electromagnetic fields of sufficiently short wavelength for which practical use can be made of waveguide and associated cavity techniques in its transmission and reception. The term is taken to signify radiation or fields having a frequency range of 300 MHz to 300 GHz. MOBILE TELEPHONY A means of telecommunication where at least one of the users has a mobile phone to communicate via a base station with a stationary or another mobile phone user. NON-IONIZING RADIATION Non-ionizing radiations (NIR) are electromagnetic waves that have photon energies too weak to break atomic bonds. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE All exposure to EMF experienced by individuals in the course of performing their work. PUBLIC EXPOSURE All exposure to EMF experienced by members of the general public, excluding occupational exposure and exposure during medical procedures. PUBLIC HEALTH The science and practice of protecting and improving the health of a community, as by preventive medicine, health education, control of communicable diseases, application of sanitary measures, and monitoring of environmental hazards. RADIOFREQUENCY (RF) Any frequency at which electromagnetic radiation is useful for telecommunications. Here, radiofrequency refers to the frequency range 10 MHz – 300 GHz. REDUCTION FACTOR Size of the reduction or “safety factor” in the exposure limit that incorporates uncertainties in the data. (WHO, 2002, pp. 60-62)

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Radio Kootwijk as a platform offers:

Production

Facilities Shelter for EHS refugees Rooms for work Territory for farming and agriculture Spaces for perfomance and communication Spaces for exhibitions Rooms for short stay Rooms for education Shared kitchens / wc / living spaces / dining room

farming

local food / goods /

music

electronic / interactive art/med

design

interface / interactive /

information

journalism / collaborative proje

Access to knowledge, technology and instruments

video

making / editing / motion /

performance

theatre / ballet / shows /

games

coding / modeling / designing

hacking / software programmin

to live happily and richly while enjoying a moderate level of comfort and convenience without depending on electricity.

language

writing / translating / editing /

recreation

wellness / happiness /

Infrastructure

treatment

health /

education

knowledge / skills library /

Skills library Data archives Shared tools New Lifestyle

Electricity Water Cable Internet

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FOR

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rprises starting from very few means, sharing and work. ed facilities which are the basic needs for those nowledge exchange. At the same time its venues

ew topography that works as a service platform.

Figure 51. Scheme with possible programme and activities for Radio Kootwijk Community

Production

Fruition

farming

local food / goods /

food market

music

electronic / interactive art/media art /

festivals

design

interface / interactive /

conferences

information

journalism / collaborative projects/ blogging /

exhibitions

video

making / editing / motion /

teaching

performance

theatre / ballet / shows /

consulting

games

coding / modeling / designing /

expertise

hacking / software programming /

meeting

language

writing / translating / editing /

workshops

recreation

wellness / happiness /

concerts

treatment

health /

group therapy

education

knowledge / skills library /

medical treatment

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Figure 52. Residential block. Exploded perspective view

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Figure 53. Residential block. Exploded axonometry view

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Figure 54. The work of Nikolay Lamm. Cell phone hexagon grid in New York City. The image shows data instantaneously transmitted over different frequencies from a Wi-Fi antenna as blue, indigo and yellow fields.

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Figure 55. The work of Nikolay Lamm. Cell phone hexagon grid in New York City

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Appendix

Methodology: fictional short story

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DREAM CATCHER Introduction I had once entered a dream, a dream to escape real world entered Figure 56. Collage composition â&#x20AC;&#x153;Dream Catcherâ&#x20AC;? into the unconscious. Tempted by fate and a thirst for curiosity, I knew very little about the world in which I walked in and it was significantly different from the one you and I are familiar with. Dream smelled of pine needles, autumn and damp dew grass, I was struck by the beauty of the unnatural and frightening aura of mysticism. The landscape has been carefully constructed from sand dunes, similar to the skin of a giant animal, dense pine forests and man-made structures, the purpose of which is difficult to determine. The north wind, as if an invisible gardener, led the dunes in motion simultaneously, slowly moving them grain by grain toward the horizon where they merged into one with fine clouds of the sunset sky. At a sufficient distance from me huge stone sphinx was watching majestically and quietly everything going on. Thin strands of the web cut the sky, gleaming in the sun, resembling a giant kaleidoscope. Several pieces have been filled with likeness of small mirrors. Shadows were practically absent, a large moon shone almost as brightly as the setting sun against her.

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However, Let me start from the beginning, how I believe I arrived to that world. It happened in an ordinary autumn day. I can remember strolling in the woods not far from a large red farm. The forest was alive, full of wonderful smells of countless plant and animal tracks. Coming to edge of the forest, I saw a boy flying a kite. The wind was considerably strong and green/red kite was soaring easily and especially gracefully against the gray autumn sky. At one point the wind suddenly cut the bond between a boy and flying kite, launching it on the top of the tree just above me, it slowly sunk onto the orange crown. Without thinking, at the same moment I easily climbed onto a large branch and tried to capture the corner of the kite when suddenly, with a loud crash, branch broke, sending me falling down ... opened my eyes and rose to my feet, I discovered that the forest in which I have been dissolved and a new strange world took his place. I find myself in the middle of a huge field in the form of a regular hexagon, surrounded by a dark wall, reminiscent of wood. In the center is grey stone sphinx still standing, facing back to the setting sun.

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Approaching The contrast long shadows now are visible and travel along the smooth curves of the sand dunes. Moving sand under my feet creates a strange feeling of weightlessness and absence of connection with the environment. However as soon as I try to make a move - feet bogged down in the quicksand substance, shoes filled with grains. Everything looks warm and viscous. The complete silence reigns. I scarcely could hear the rustle of sand grains and easy singing of the web overhead. I feel as uninvited guests and at the same time, as if I belonged there. Was it a dream that I fell in? The weightless masts stand alone, sharing no common ground, but connected with barely visible web on top. Some masts are towering above the clouds. They are individually made from stone, wood and metal. The feeling that it is a refined device responsible for special, vital function. Each of the columns carefully mounted by several metal cables which end with a large stone stalagmites, covered with gray moss. Some are deeply rooted in the ground, some floating above the surface, causing a childish delight and curiosity. With the height of the two-storey house, these rocky boulders, form an intricate three-dimensional kind of Stonehenge.

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A gust of cool north wind, caused the whole system to move slightly. The air smells of the approaching storm. I unconsciously heading towards the center of the system - to the stone sphinx. The path, neatly paved with white matt mosaic leads me through the sand dunes. In some places the trail disappears almost completely, in another place becomes the railroad, and somewhere - wooden walkways. Here and there I see traces of people, but as soon as I try to focus my view on them, the wind instantly erase them from the surface. Despite the seeming closeness, the way takes considerable time, I realize this when I see how the sun nearly sets behind a dark wall framing the Field. Approaching the giant, a light rain has begun, Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m standing in the middle of a rectangular courtyard with a dry pool, in front of me majestically rises stone object with sharp chopped edges, totally contrast and strange to the environment. The upper part of the central tower aims into the sky with a smooth transition in one of the soaring towers. It is still illuminated by the setting sun while the environment is gradually begins to dissolve in the mist. Central entrance with openwork iron fence and symmetrically arranged lamps light up with warmly welcoming light. A moment later, lamps light up in reflections of the puddles.

Figure 57. Collage composition â&#x20AC;&#x153;Dream Catcherâ&#x20AC;?

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Courtyard Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m in no hurry to go inside and take shelter from the beginning rain. I stopped to look at the surface of the foreign object. The rough, overgrown with moss in some places it is already begin to turn black from the rain, but it is still discernible with cracks, chips and dents, jammed labels. Each square meter of surface like page in a book. I was overcome by curiosity, I rushed to touch it. Placing my hand, I closed my eyes ready to see the pictures and scenes from the past, however I felt only a silent fatigue and a heat of the stone surface. Mixed feelings came flooding back, enthusiasm, excitement and at the same time, frustration and sadness because of its reticence and secrecy. It smells of dust and dampness. Raindrops louder and more rhythmic tap on the rusty light cover. I look back, the storm is inevitably approaching, I could barely see the outline of the entrance group that I passed a few minutes ago. Water flows down through intricate channels directly to the rectangular pool that is already filled with a few tens of centimeters. White lilies float on my eyes, lining up in a geometric order. In the tremulous light of lanterns, illuminating the perimeter of the court, I can almost recognize the shape of fish floating in pool.

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The Cathedral Inside is a dim maze of small rooms with a warm musty air, tiny dusty windows under the ceiling hardly allow to the last light to pass. It becomes cramped and anxious, as if I were familiar with the arrangement of the rooms, I rush forward, as I move through - rooms recreate themselves, self-constructed idioms, memory banks appear. In some rooms rainwater pours from the punctured water pipes with rhythmic noise, concealing private things and distinctive pattern of the mosaic on the floor. Some doors and gates kept away, locked. Every corner once inhabited was now is haunted by shadows of the past. I want to get out as soon as possible, the path is born through the layering of my intuition, actions, memories and reality. At the end of a dark corridor- a flight of stairs leading up to the glowing rectangular hole in the ceiling. Eyes strongly buzz from a sharp contrast of light and shadow. Gradually, I find myself in the middle of the machine room. Temple of technological progress and the triumph of science. On the floor is the same repetitive geometric pattern of tiles. Lighting fixtures hanging from the ceiling, from weaves of colored wires and pipes, giving an intense warm light. The air is cool and electrolyzed as if I were outside in the middle of the rain right now.

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After a while I begin to differentiate in complete silence sound of Figure 58. Collage drawing â&#x20AC;&#x153;Cathedralâ&#x20AC;? drop, wind noise, deformation of metal trusses and beams. Blended together, they sound like a strange musical instrument, amplified with echo of numerous drops. . I feel like as if I was inside the body of the whale. The massive stone arches form its skeleton. A huge stained glass window in the back of the room looks like an inverted church iconostasis. It is the only link with the familiar world to me. Outside is a violent nature, the storm, a solid wall of rain. I can discern the silhouette of trees and giant masts in the distance illuminated with the light lightning. Feeling as if the room hovers and moves through the storm. Inside is the quiet and peaceful atmosphere however there is a vague the solemnity, I find myself familiar with this place, despite the fact that the proportions are distorted, images are disillusioned, perspectives coincide one with another. The awakening Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m standing on the balcony of the main tower and look at the world that is built around. The rain had stopped, at the top I feel the coolness of the morning. Within a radius of several kilometers in the dark strip of the wall I can now discern fragments of buildings and spaces that are familiar to me. It dawns.

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Figure 59. Collage drawing made after field trip

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Figure 60. Collage drawing made after field trip

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Figure 61. Collage drawing made after field trip

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RADIO KOOTWIJK New Masterplan

RADIO KOOTWIJK enclave for people with electromagnetic hypersensitivity 52°10’26.3”N - 5°49’11.3”E

The existing copper cable that was used to amplify the signal, now is recycled to form a wall around the community. Thanks to the copper`s properties it is an ideal material for reﬂecting electromagnetic radiation coming from the outside. The length of the existing cable is more than 60 km which allows to wrap the community more than 20 times

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Appendix | Atlas of production

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Figure 62. The Atlas of Production. Side 1

RADIO KOOTWIJK

Wall fragment on level + 3.300. M 1 : 200

Residential block

Resdential block interior

Promoting non-electric lifestyle

Double skin as a buffer interior/exterior zone External / lnternal shell

Shell organization

Double skin circulation

Storage space

External shell wooden frame with translucent policarbonate filled with Nanogel provides thermal insulation

Transparence / opening

Kitchen / toilet E 4h

Vertical circulation 3h

Core concrete pillar hosts various functions: vertical circulation, cooking, heating, hygiene facilities

20 min WC

Horizontal circulation

Green / possible extension 15 min

Internal shell wooden frame with a membrane material of polyester fluorocarbon coating. Inner part is covered with removable glass-fiber-cloth membrane.

Collective exhibition

Servant spaces

Residential block ďŹ&#x201A;oorplans GSPublisherVersion 0.2.100.100

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+ 0.000

+ 3.300

+ 6.000

+ 8.700

+ 11.100

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Section 1-1

Section 2-2

Section 3-3

Section 4-4

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RADIO KOOTWIJK

enclave for people with electromagnetic hypersensitivity

Building A - from radio machine hall to community hall

Meteo balloon Mounted around the perimeter of the community meteorological balloons are equipped with Radio Frequency meters that measure the level of electromagnetic pollution in the atmosphere and signal any changes in it.

Water tower gets back its original function: to supply Radio Kootwijk Community with water

Building A Main machine hall

Protective wall Wall as a landscape element and a a symbol of protection. Inside is recycled copper cable for protection and reďŹ&#x201A;ection of the external electromagnetic radiation

Water tower water supply system has great potential for the recovery of the landscape after intensive anthropogenic impact

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with the creation of the EHS community, the main building of the Radio Park is no longer vacant. From the machine hall, it was converted into a community center for meetings, exhibitions, workshops and presentations.

Park

to red buildin forme aroun

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Figure 63. The Atlas of Production. Side 2

RADIO KOOTWIJK hotel and administrative block

Park to reduce the presence of the main building and the association with the former radio park, the lush park is built around. It hides most of the building.

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10.

11.

Figure 64. Script for animation sequence

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Appendix | Physical model | Section of the residential unit

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Appendix | Physical model | Section of the residential unit

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AFFIDAVIT I hereby declare under penalty of perjury that the present paper has been prepared independently by myself and without unpermitted aid. Anything that has been taken verbatim or paraphrased from other writings has been identified as such. This paper has hitherto been neither submitted to an examining body in the same or similar form, nor published.

Vaduz, 26.01.2016 Vladimir Sergeev