Youth STEM Initiative Annual Journal 2024

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Youth STEM Initiative Annual Journal 2024 #Chapters #Webinars #Workshops

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Message From Our Founder Amirali Banani Showcasing and Connecting Rising Science Minds Globally

It's been a fantastic 2024 for Youth STEM Initiative, which was founded last year in August 2023.

Over the past 12 months, we have all been privileged to welcome over 130 new members to our team consisting of researchers, editors, outreach directors, chapter leaders, course directors, and social media managers who all have contributed to writing and editing research articles, creating courses, hosting webinars, organizing research workshops, showcasing the organization in other countries, and publishing and sharing high-quality content produced by our global team of young aspiring scientists. The incredible array of scientific work and programs that have been showcased on our website, blog and social media has garnered the attention of many and is a testament to the dedication and collaborative spirit of our members. In addition to this, we've had 6 incredible webinars this year with doctors, professors, and scientific researchers—namely, Abisola Zainab Kehinde, Dr. Amy Tsurumi, Dr. Michael S. Kobor, Dr. Kevin Bermea, Alexander Gebreamlak, and Dr. Taieb Ach—working at institutions like Harvard Medical School, Johns Hopkins Medicine, University of Toronto, UBC Medicine, and Tunisia who shared their fascinating academic journeys and the impact they've had in the world of science through research and innovation. To wrap up the year, we co-hosted the Wallah We Can workshops with Tech Girls Tunisia as well as our biggest workshop series to date: STEM Quest, in partnership with MedXplorer, a healthcare company from Pakistan.

This collective effort of Youth STEM Initiative has not only showcased the innovative research and ideas emerging from young minds worldwide but has also strengthened our mission to make scientific research more accessible and engaging to a broader audience. As we look forward to the coming years, we are excited to continue building on this momentum, expanding our reach, and inspiring the next generation of scientists and science communicators. Thank you to everyone who has been a part of this remarkable journey in the past year!

Sincerely,

Amirali Banani Founder & Executive Director Youth STEM Initiative 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS RESEARCH ARTICLES (pg. 10-811) MEDICINE (pg. 13-212) CRISPR/Cas9 Screening Technology on Drug Identification by Elif Hangül (pg. 14-23) Production and Anti-cancer Activity of L-Asparaginase from Bacillus sp. by Elina Rostami (pg. 24-39) T-OBE, or not t-OBE? by Francesca Romana Centini (pg. 40-44) Identifying the Role of Environmental and Genetic Factors in the Formation of Schizophrenia at the Latent Level by Nergis Çelebi (45-62) The New Age of Treating Depression: Psilocybin by Arshia Akhgari (pg. 63-70) The Genetics Behind Anxiety and Enzymes as a Potential Treatment? by Vasiliki Avgeri (pg. 71-81) Neuroethics: Navigating Through Brain Implants, Organoids, and Nootropics by Nicole Yeung (pg. 82-90) Immunotherapy Interventions in Lymphoma by Hamnah Zaman (pg. 91-96) How Biomaterials Work Their Magic in Dentistry by Souad Menif (pg. 97-117) Alice in Wonderland Syndrome by Nicole Yeung (pg. 118-122) The Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in Tumour Angiogenesis and Anti-Angiogenic Therapeutic Methods to Treat Cancer and Various Retinal Diseases by Amirali Banani (pg. 123-134) The Unnerving Reality About Human Consciousness by Tisha Malla (pg. 135-141) Bridging the gaps in Liquid Biopsies: Challenges and Innovations in Early Cancer by Eman Mohammed (pg.

142-152) Investigating Neural Connectivity in Autism Spectrum Disorder by Lana Almansour (pg. 153-158) Revolutionary Stem Cell Treatment Offers New Hope for Diabetes Patients by Manal Hakeem (pg. 159-161) Neuroprotective Agents in Parkinson’s Disease: Evaluating Natural Compounds and Novel Drugs by Deniz Guler (pg. 162-187) Functional Imaging in Neurology by Hamnah Zaman (pg. 188-194) 3

The Use of Hypomethylating Agents as a Therapeutic Against DNA Hypermethylation in ccRCC by Amirali Banani (pg. 195-203) CAR T-cell Therapy in Cancer: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Prospects by Jisara Wuttikreekiat (pg. 204210) The Science Behind Skincare by Reindy F. Sanon (pg. 211-212)

BIOLOGY (pg. 213-376) Synthetic Biology: Principles and Applications by Nayra Cadavid (pg. 214-225) Nature vs Nurture: The Interesting Case of Jim Lewis & Jim Springer by Abeer Iftikhar (pg. 226-230) The Gene for Cellular Respiration — COX6B by Izabela Ninu (pg. 231-235) The Differences Between Male & Female Bodies in Humans by Amirali Banani (pg. 236-243) Baking Bright Ideas: How I Genetically Modified Yeast To Produce GFP by Nayra Cadavid (pg. 244-255) Transcriptional & Translational Reporter Genes by Izabela Ninu (pg. 256-265) Is Your Brain Constantly Eating Itself? by Abeer Iftikhar (pg. 266-270) Synthetic Biology in Vertical Farming; An Unexplored Path by Zoe Triantafyllidou (pg. 271-289) Microalgae as Carbon Sinks: Genetic Innovations for Enhanced CO2 Fixation by Nayra Cadavid (pg.

290-303) The Cell Cycle and Mitosis by Amirali Banani (pg. 304-316) Review Paper: Using Genetically Modified Bacillus Subtilis BMT4i (MTCC 9447) to Degrade PM2.5 Particles by Nayra Cadavid (pg. 317-334) Exploring the Depths of Bioinformatics: Unraveling the Process by Elif Hangül (pg. 335-348) Review Paper: Algae Biofuels — A Sustainable Alternative to Fossil Fuels by Nayra Cadavid (pg. 349369) How Energy Drives The Production of Essential Molecules in Living Organisms by Amirali Banani (pg.

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CHEMISTRY (pg. 377-392) Why Perfect Icing is a Culinary Challenge by Ali Salman (pg. 378-381) The Effects of Caffeine on Cognitive Function — Can Drinking Coffee Enhance Cognition? by Amirali Banani (pg. 382-389) Cyanide Poisoning Explained by Fareeda Shamloul (pg. 390-392)

PHYSICS (pg. 394-508) What is Physics? by Doruk Öge (pg. 395-397) The Search for Magnetic Monopoles co-authored by Judy Ayman (pg. 398-414) Optics & Lasers by Bardia Malekzadeh and Sasan Kamran (pg. 415-436) Antimatter Propulsion in Space: Unlocking The Future of Deep Space Exploration by Samarth Kumar & Batool Atef (pg. 437-449) Inconsistencies of The Standard Model of Particle Physics by Amirali Banani (pg. 450-453) What If You Created a Sun on Earth? by Vlada Yarosh (pg. 454-461) Newton's 3 Laws of Motion Explained by Amirali Banani (pg. 462-466) Research on the Fourier Transform Effect in Rubik's Cubes by Anderson Gao (pg. 467-482) Dark Energy’s Powerful Influence on The Universe by Amirali Banani (pg. 483-508)

MATHEMATICS (pg. 509-524) Investigating Probability in Cylindrical Dice by Myrto Terpsiadou (pg. 510-516) What is the Hilbert Hotel and What Does Infinity Even Mean? by Renzo Honorato (pg. 517-524)

ENGINEERING (pg. 525-574) The Engineering Behind The World’s Thinnest Skyscraper: The Steinway Tower by Bardia Malekzadeh (pg. 526-533) 5

Solar Panel and Coating Manufacturing From Lunar Regolith Decomposition by Oğuz Kirmizi (pg. 534-559) Riding the Cosmic Highway: The Future of Space Elevators by Haley Best (pg. 560-574) Freezing at the Iranian Yakhchal by Bardia Malekzadeh (pg. 575-579)

COMPUTER SCIENCE & PROGRAMMING (580-656) Advancements in Machine Learning: Current Trends and Innovations by Sean Thumb (pg. 581-584) Wind Turbine Damage Recognition Model by Parker Manci (pg. 585-589) Building a Neural Network from Scratch by Renzo Honorato (pg. 590-596) How to Deal with Small & Inaccurate Datasets in Neural Networks by Mark-Daniel Leupold (pg. 597-639)

Preprocessing EEG Data for ML Model Use by Amina Kalandarova (pg. 640-656)

CLIMATE & ENVIRONMENT (pg. 657-753) Revolutionising the Future: AI-Powered, Enzyme-Assisted Carbon Capture System for Generating Electricity from Floodwater by Jemimah Fadare Owolabi (pg. 658-688) Is The Metaverse The Last Hope For Disappearing Countries? by Zofia Hardek (pg. 689-692) Direct Air Capture (DAC) The World’s Largest Air Purifier by Mielle van den Berg (pg. 693-714) Nuclear Energy's Promise and Peril by Gitobu Clay Mwandiki (pg. 715-723) The Effects of Climate Change on Global Health by Amirali Banani (pg. 724-7453)

TECHNOLOGY (pg. 754-811) How Cool are Quantum Computers? by Anastasiia Kratiuk (pg. 755-763) What Neuralink Can’t Do (Yet?) by Amina Kalandarova (pg. 764-790) The Importance of Binocular Vision in VR Technology by Zofia Hardek (pg. 791-795) The Mechanisms Behind Brain-Computer Interfaces by Maria Fujisawa (pg. 796-803) How Can BCI-controlled Hand Prosthetics Improve the Lives of People Without Hands? by Jodie Lechtenberg (pg.

804-811)

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GAME-CHANGING INITIATIVES (pg. 812WEBINARS (pg. 813-826) Webinar 1: Abisola Zainab Kehinde (pg. 815-816) Webinar 2: Dr. Amy Tsurumi (pg. 817-818) Webinar 3: Dr. Michael Kobor (pg. 819-820) Webinar 4: Dr. Kevin Bermea (pg. 821-822) Webinar 5: Alexander Gebreamlak (pg. 823-824) Webinar 6: Dr. Taieb Ach (pg. 825-826)

GLOBAL CHAPTERS (pg. 827-857) Türkiye Chapter (pg. 829-830) United Arab Emirates Chapter (pg. 831-832) Tunisia Chapter (pg. 833-834) Germany Chapter (pg. 835-836) Greece Chapter (pg. 837-838) Egypt Chapter (pg. 839-840) Poland Chapter (pg. 841-842) Spain Chapter (pg. 843-844) Brazil Chapter (pg. 845-846) Canada Chapter (pg. 847-848) United States Chapter (pg. 849-850) 7

Peru Chapter (pg. 851-852) India Chapter (pg. 853-854)

Chapters in Development (pg. 855-857) Cyprus Chapter (pg. 855) Japan Chapter (pg. 856) Saudi Arabia Chapter | Kenya Chapter (pg. 857)

COURSES (pg. 858-869) Laboratory Procedures: Become a Rockstar in The Science Lab (pg. 859) Neuroscience: The Brain and Nervous System Uncovered (pg. 860) Biomedical Engineering: Revolutionizing Health Through Tech (pg. 861) Medicine: Learn Anatomy, Physiology, Treatment, and Disease (pg. 862) Biology: The Science of Life (pg. 863) Biotechnology: Innovating Life, Shaping The Future (pg. 864) Genetics: The Science of Heredity and Biological Variation (pg. 865) Physics: Matter, Energy, and Forces (pg. 866)

COURSES IN DEVELOPMENT (pg. 867-869) Biochemistry: The chemical basis of biological processes (pg. 867) Astronomy: The Science of Outer Space (pg. 868) Engineering: Building with Mathematics (pg. 869) 8

RESEARCH WORKSHOPS - STEM Quest Recap (pg. 870-879) BOOK PUBLISHING (pg. 880-883) Guia de Viagem Espacial (Space Travel Guide) - eBook written in Brazilian Portuguese by Maria Rita Coelho (pg. 880) Break Through To Your Breakthrough by Shevansh Nagar (pg. 881) The Anatomy of The Human Eye Explained - eBook by Amirali Banani (pg. 882) Forces of Evolution: A guide to the elemental forces that drive evolutionary processes eBook by Amirali Banani (pg. 883)

PARTNERS APPRECIATION (pg. 884-885) Youth STEM Initiative in Numbers - 2024 (pg. 886-887) Final Remarks (pg. 888)

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Research Articles YOUTH STEM INITIATIVE

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Head of Research

Francesca Romana Centini MILAN, ITALY

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Francesca Romana is a fourth-year medical student at Humanitas University in Milan, Italy. As a modern Renaissance woman, she tries to embrace the Renaissance spirit of learning and growing across multiple disciplines. Francesca Romana's journey spans from neuroscience research to creating digital content and exploring multiple arts such as writing and photography, music and drawing, and sees science as an art form that bridges knowledge and creativity. She is also the President of the Humanitas University Undergraduate Neurological Society (HUUNS) and the Associate Founder of a B2C service provider called Brightdale, with a goal to inspire others to pursue their passions while also excelling in their academic and professional lives. Along with her role as our Head of Research, Francesca Romana is also the Chapter Leader for Italy and an Ambassador for YSI. We look forward to the greater growth and success of our global Research Team under the leadership of Francesca Romana!

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BIOLOGY

MEDICINE

ENGINEERING

PHYSICS CHEMISTRY

COMPUTER SCIENCE & PROGRAMMING

CLIMATE & ENVIRONMENT

MATHEMATICS

TECHNOLOGY

Our Research Team has been busy researching, writing, editing and re-editing their articles all year, publishing articles on topics ranging from CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technolgy and synthetic biology to the metaverse and brain-computer interfaces. In this journal, we have compiled all the articles written by our Researchers and edited by our Editorial Team in 2024—a total of 69 of them—and divided them into 9 sections in the following order: Medicine, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, Engineering, Computer Science & Programming, Climate & Environment, and Technology.

We hope you enjoy reading the articles, learn something new in STEM, and to everyone who wrote or contributed to an article, thank you for sharing your scientific knowledge and insights!

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Medicine

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CRISPR/Cas9 Screening Technology on Drug Identification

by Elif Hangül 14

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Production and Anti-cancer Activity of L-Asparaginase from Bacillus sp.

Elina Rostami

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T-OBE, or not t-OBE? Francesca Romana Centini

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T-OBE, or not t-OBE? Francesca Romana Centini Humanitas Medical University, Milan, Italy

Introduction Have you ever fantasized about floating above your own body? Your mind moves, or perhaps something even deeper - your consciousness.

That is the core of the "Out-of-Body Experience" (OBE), a feeling that completely oustands ordinary perception (Bruce, 1999). Historically dismissed as supernatural or mystical, OBEs might hold profound implications for neuroscience and consciousness studies (Monroe, 1971).

Today, thanks to neurotechnology, we have moved from merely studying these experiences to actually replicating them within controlled environments, and this unprecedented capability makes OBE a tool of unbelievable value to understand the neural basis of the ‘self’; insights from here might revolutionize the neurotech space.

What is an Out-of-Body Experience?

OBEs occur when individuals perceive themselves as existing outside their physical bodies, often observing themselves from a third-person perspective (have you ever played Fortnite?).

These experiences are reported in diverse scenarios, including near-death experiences, sleep paralysis, meditation, and psychedelic states (Greyson, 2003).

Neurological theories explain OBEs in terms of disrupted integration within the brain's sensory processing, particularly within the temporoparietal junction (later mentioned as “TPJ”), which is an area that plays a critical role in creating our sense of self in space (Blanke, Arzy, 2005).

The OBEs, in a philosophical way, challenge the materialist view of consciousness, opening questions about the mind-body problem. Do OBEs provide evidence of non-local consciousness, or can they be explained as an illusion of the brain? This places the OBE in the middle of debates both in neuroscience and philosophy.

Neurotechnology for Investigation of OBEs Neurotechnology has finally opened the door to the systematic study of OBEs. Virtual reality could now offer a way to replicate OBE-like experiences through manipulating the sensory perspective within controlled environments. For example, VR body-swapping experiments and the "Rubber Hand Illusion" show how changes in visual and tactile feedback disrupt self-perception.

Beyond VR, electrical brain stimulation has been instrumental in this field. Dr. Olaf Blanke’s groundbreaking research showed that stimulating the TPJ with electrodes could induce sensations similar to OBE’s (Blanke, Arzy, 2005).Tools like fMRI and EEG enable researchers to observe neural activity during these experiences, uncovering patterns that YOUTH STEM INITIATIVE | MEDICINE

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highlight how the brain constructs the self. Neurotechnology is not only observing OBEs-it is replicating them. The ability to do this enables unique opportunities to investigate selfhood boundaries under conditions of control and can turn these mysterious phenomena into a valuable experimental model (Ehrsson, 2007).

What OBEs Can Tell Us About Consciousness OBEs show that the "self" is not fixed but malleable. The brain constructs it by means of integration of vision, touch, and balance. In disrupting this integration, the brain creates an illusion of a self that has been externally located. These insights emphasize the role of the brain in shaping our identity and embodiment.

At the philosophical level, studying OBEs enables us to further understand the human experience and the boundaries of the self. They require us to question whether consciousness is restricted to the brain or can exist on its own. More than that, OBEs provide a framework to begin to explore the nature of altered states of consciousness that bridge normal waking states with dreams, meditation, and near-death experiences (Metzinger, 2009).

The Neurotechnology Potential of OBEs The ability to induce OBEs has transformative implications for the neurotech space.

Therapeutically, OBEs could offer innovative treatments for trauma, such as detachment therapy for PTSD, allowing patients to reprocess distressing memories from a "safe distance." Similarly, altering body perception through OBEs might help individuals with phantom limb pain or body dysmorphia (Roskies, 2002).

Beyond therapy, induced OBEs can have many other uses in training environments. Surgeons or athletes may use the third-person perspective to improve their skills, and astronauts may find it useful during their orientation in space in zero gravity (Farah, 2012).

The Future of OBEs in Neurotechnology From replicating those experiences to actually studying them, neurotechnology might come up with tools to explore those altered states of consciousness. Such experience may further our insight into some of life's most profound questions about the nature of consciousness and even contingent existence beyond death.

From a more practical perspective, OBEs could extend the frontiers of immersive technologies, enhancing VR's capability of creating lifelike environments, or allowing remote workers to "embody" virtual avatars with an unprecedented level of realism. These developments place OBEs at the bleeding edge not only as a very interesting research topic but also as an enabler of innovation across the neurotech landscape (Slater, Sanchez-Vives, 2014), could OBEs lead to neurotech tools that redefine our concept of individuality, enabling people to explore consciousness beyond the self?

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Conclusion Out-of-Body Experiences, once relegated to the realm of the mystical, now stand at the frontier of neuroscience and neurotechnology. In replicating and studying OBEs, we learn about consciousness, about selfhood, about the malleability of identity. The capability of stepping out of our bodies-literally or figuratively-changes the face of neuroscience; it changes the understanding of existence.

Neurotechnology transforms the question of ‘t-OBE or not t-OBE’ into an actionable framework for exploring selfhood and consciousness, coming closer than ever before to answering mankind's universal question:

What does it really mean to exist?

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REFERENCES 1. Blanke, O., & Arzy, S. (2005). “The Out-of-Body Experience: Disturbed SelfProcessing at the Temporo-Parietal Junction.”

2. Ehrsson, H. H. (2007). “The Experimental Induction of Out-of-Body Experiences 3. Greyson, B. (2003). “Near-Death Experiences in a Clinical Setting.”

4. Metzinger, T. (2009). *The Ego Tunnel: The Science of the Mind and the Myth of the Self.

5. Slater, M., & Sanchez-Vives, M. V. (2014). “Transcending the Self in Immersive Virtual Reality.

6. Monroe, R. A. (1971). Journey out of the body 7. Bruce, R. (1999). Astral dynamics: The complete book of out-of-body experiences 8. Roskies, A. L. (2002). “Neuroethics for the new millennium.” Neuron 9. Farah, M. J. (2012). “Neuroethics: The ethical, legal, and societal impact of neuroscience.” Annual Review of Psychology DECLARATIONS During the preparation of this work the author used GRAMMARLY to check grammar and readability of the essay. After using this tool/service, the author reviewed and edited the content as needed and takes full responsibility for the content of the publication.

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Identifying the Role of Environmental and Genetic Factors in the Formation of Schizophrenia at the Latent Level

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The New Age of Treating Depression: Psilocybin Arshia Akhgari

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The new age of treating depression: Psilocybin

Arshia Akhgari Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia SCIE 113: Science Seminar Professor Yuliya Kuzimenko November 19, 2024

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The search for the most effective treatment for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) has skyrocketed following its continuous exponential growth over the last decade. Through this search one unresolved question persists: can alternative treatments such as psilocybin therapy be a replacement to traditional antidepressants? Current antidepressants work as “selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors” (SSRIs). SSRIs work by increasing serotonin levels in the brain which helps stabilize moods but they require daily dosing and cause immense amounts of painful side effects.

However, psilocybin, a psychoactive compound found in mushrooms which can be synthesized, has shaken up the field of research with its promising attributes in initial studies. Psilocybin is a superior treatment for major depressive disorder compared to SSRIs due to its minimal dosing requirements, rapid symptom relief, and fewer side effects, which together improve adherence and enhance patients’ overall well-being.

Most people diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder seek rapid symptom relief, a need not satisfied by traditional antidepressants that take weeks to work. Psilocybin offers an alternative outcome where patients are met with their needs due to its unique mechanism of action.

Unlike SSRIs, which increase serotonin levels gradually by blocking its reuptake (NHS, 2021), psilocybin directly activates serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, healing neural circuits associated with self-reflection and negative thought patterns (NIH,2023). This allows psilocybin to improve symptoms quickly. A study on MDD treatment plans effects on serotonin receptors, it was found that psilocybin’s action on 5-HT2A receptors caused change mainly in the default mode network (DMN), which is the area of the brain causing depressive symptoms. This resulted in a ‘reset’ in the DMN which in turn gave patients symptom relief within days. The study also

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showcased that SSRIs do not target the DMN, hence the longer wait for symptom relief.(Carhart-Harris, 2017). In 2021 the same research group ran a trial comparing psilocybin with escitalopram, where the patients received a 25 mg dose of psilocybin which according to figure 1 in the study led to a 6.6 point reduction in their depression scores on the “Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology–Self Report (QIDS-SR)” in just one week, compared to a group of patients who took daily doses of 10-20mg of escitalopram over 6 weeks who had only 4.5 point reduction in the time period. This showcases how rapid psilocybin works compared to escitalopram. Figure 2 in the same study showcases that 57% patients that were treated with psilocybin showed clinical responses after just one dose (≥50% reduction in symptoms), compared to only 28% of the escitalopram group, highlighting the rapid efficacy of psilocybin. (Carhart-Harri, 2021). These results further support psilocybin’s potential in delivering rapid relief to patients in dire need of immediate treatment more effectively than traditional SSRIs.

Adherence to daily antidepressant regimes is a critical barrier for MDD patients, often due to motivational and/or cognitive challenges inherent to the disorder. A cross-sectional study of over 400 MDD patients concluded that 52.9% of patients reported low adherence to their antidepressant medication (Al Jumah et al., 2014). In table 2 of the study, a MMAS-8 analysis (Morisky Medication Adherence Scale) showcased that 40.6% of patients admit to forgetting to take medication, and 46.8% stopped adhering to their medication without telling their doctors due to stigma/hassels. These findings are further supported by Figure 3 in a meta-analysis which reviewed several studies and showed that patients on weekly (QW) regimens had nearly double

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the odds of adhering to their treatment plans compared to those on daily (QD) regimens, with an odds ratio of 1.90 (95% CI, 1.81–2.00). Both fixed-effects and random-effects models produced consistent results, underscoring the reliability of this association.(Iglay et al. 2015). Psilocybin’s biweekly dosing schedule leverages this principle by minimizing the practical and emotional burdens of daily medication adherence. This combination of reduced dosing and fewer side effects directly addresses major barriers to adherence, offering a promising alternative that could improve treatment outcomes for MDD patients.

SSRIs are associated with a range of disruptive and persistent side effects, including fatigue, weight gain, and emotional blunting. These side effects often last as long as the medication is taken daily, leading to reduced patient satisfaction and adherence (NHS, 2021). In contrast,psilocybin’sshort-termadministrationsignificantlyreducestheriskofprolongedside effects, enhancing overall well-being and improving treatment outcomes. Figure 3 from the same trial by Carhart-Harris in 2021 shows that 86% of participants given the dosage of psilocybin noticed notable reduction in side effects compared to only 40% in a traditional SSRI. Additionally, figure 4 showed that psilocybin-treated patients experienced less fatigue, weight gain, and emotional blunting, with 57% of patients improving their emotional range and 65% having enhanced social connection. By minimizing fatigue, weight gain, and emotional blunting, psilocybin not only improves treatment adherence but also enhances overall well-being, addressing one of the most significant challenges of traditional antidepressant therapy.

Psilocybin therapy can pose significant risks of psychological distress due to its psychoactive compounds, which may deter patients and complicate its accessibility. A qualitative

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study analyzed practitioner and patient experiences during psilocybin therapy to assess the severity of emotional distress. The study documented adverse emotional responses, with Figure 1 showing that 61% of patients experienced psychological distress, and 28% described these effects as severe (Nordin, 2024). These responses, including fear, anxiety, and intrusive thoughts, often required immediate intervention from trained professionals. Unlike psilocybin, SSRIs induce only acute psychological distress as they do not have psychoactive compounds, making them a less emotionally disruptive option for managing depression. However, SSRIs’ long-term use is associated with emotional blunting and a lack of trauma resolution, posing their own challenges. (Mayoclinic, 2024). This comparison raises questions about whether psilocybin can serve as a practical alternative for patients seeking a stable and predictable treatment experience.

While psilocybin therapy can cause temporary psychological distress, such episodes are integral to its therapeutic process and often contribute to long-term healing. In a study where patients underwent two supervised psilocybin sessions over 12 months, figure 1 highlights that 75% achieved a clinical response (≥50% reduction in depressive symptoms), and 58% reached full remission despite some reporting discomfort. (Gukasyan,2022). This demonstrates that short-term distress, when managed in a controlled environment, facilitates breakthroughs rather than undermines efficacy. Additionally, psilocybin addresses underlying emotional trauma, unlike SSRIs, which often blunt emotions over time. These long-lasting benefits make psilocybin a safer and more transformative option for treatment-resistant depression when administered with proper oversight.

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Psilocybin therapy offers a new perspective towards antidepressants for individuals with severe depression. Its minimal dosing requirements, sustained effect , and reduced side effects make it advantageous over daily antidepressant regimes that often lower overall well-being due to adherence challenges and undesirable side effects. Although psilocybin therapy currently requires controlled supervised dosing sessions, its long-lasting relief of symptoms make it a cost-effective and accessible option in the long-term. Expanding research and clinical trials on psilocybin safety, efficacy and accessibility could open new doors in the treatment of depression, especially for those who do not respond well to conventional antidepressants or therapies. Future studies should shift their focus on providing evidence to help understand the safety around psilocybin, optimizing its protocols to ensure safe use, to improve widespread use and lasting impact on mental health care.

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WORK CITED NHS. (2021, December 8). Overview - Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). NHS choices. https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments/medicines-and-psychiatry/ssri-a ntidepressants/overview/#:~:text=After%20carrying%20a%20message%2C%20serotonin,messages%20b etween%20nearby%20nerve%20cells.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2023, March 28). How psychedelic drugs may help with depression. National Institutes of Health. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/how-psychedelic-drugs-may-help-depression Carhart-Harris, R., Giribaldi, B., & Watts, R. (2021, April 14). Trial of Psilocybin versus Escitalopram for Depression. the New England Journal of Medicine . https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2032994 Carhart-Harris, R. L., Bolstridge, M., Day, C. M. J., Rucker, J., Watts, R., Erritzoe, D. E., Kaelen, M., Giribaldi, B., Bloomfield, M., Pilling, S., Rickard, J. A., Forbes, B., Feilding, A., Taylor, D., Curran, H. V., & Nutt, D. J. (2017, November 8). Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: Six-month follow-up - psychopharmacology. SpringerLink. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00213-017-4771-x Jumah,K.A.,Hassali,M.A.,Qhatani,D.A.,&Tahir ,K.E.(2014,October28).Factorsassociatedwith adherence to medication among depressed patien: NDT. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. https://www.dovepress.com/factors-associated-with-adherence-to-medication-among-depressed-patien-pe er-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT Iglay, K., Xiting Cao, Simon, J. A., Kendler, D., Cramer, J. A., McCombs, J. S., Toy, E. L., Osterberg, L., Weiss, M., Thomas, B. H., & Armijo-Olivo, S. (2015, June 25). Systematic literature review and meta-analysis of medication adherence with once-weekly versus once-daily therapy. Clinical Therapeutics. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149291815008449 Nordin, M., Hlynsson, J. I., Håkansson, J., & Carlbring, P. (2024a, April 2). A double-edged sword: Insights from practitioners on the short and long-term negative effects of psilocybin-assisted psychological interventions. AKJournals. https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/8/2/article-p196.xml Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2024, September 11). The type of antidepressant prescribed most often. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/in-depth/ssris/art-20044825 Gukasyan, N, & Davis, A. k. (2022, February 15). Efficacy and safety of psilocybin-assisted treatment for major depressive disorder: Prospective 12-month follow-up . Sage Journals. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811211073759

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The Genetics Behind Anxiety and Enzymes as a Potential Treatment?

by Vasiliki Avgeri

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Neuroethics: Navigating Through Brain Implants, Organoids, and Nootropics

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Immunotherapy Interventions in Lymphoma

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How Biomaterials Work Their Magic in Dentistry Souad Menif

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Alice in Wonderland Syndrome

by Nicole Yeung

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The Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in Tumour Angiogenesis and Anti-Angiogenic Therapeutic Methods to Treat Cancer and Various Retinal Diseases

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The Unnerving Reality About Human Consciousness

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Bridging the gaps in Liquid Biopsies: Challenges and Innovations in Early Cancer Eman Mohammed

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Investigating Neural Connectivity in Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Revolutionary Stem Cell Treatment Offers New Hope for Diabetes Patients (in English & Arabic)

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Neuroprotective Agents in Parkinson’s Disease: Evaluating Natural Compounds and Novel Drugs

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Functional Imaging in Neurology

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The Use of Hypomethylating Agents as a Therapeutic Against DNA Hypermethylation in ccRCC

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CAR T-cell Therapy in Cancer: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Prospects

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Synthetic Biology: Principles and Applications

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Nature vs Nurture: The Interesting Case of Jim Lewis & Jim Springer

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The Gene for Cellular Respiration — COX6B

by Izabela Ninu

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The Gene for Cellular Respiration — COX6B We all assume that genes in different organisms differ enormously. But are plant genes very different from human genes? How are they organized?

Izabela Ninu We might think that genes differ: when we think of a flower and a person, we might not see any similarities between the two. But in reality, the genes are not that different in their organization: the double helix and the components (different base pairs — A, G, C, T) are identical, except that they code for different information.

The second difference that we can observe is the number of genes in the genetic code of different species:

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This table shows the differences in genome sizes and the number of genes that they have. Of course, the human will always have the most genes, having 46 chromosomes. The plant A. thaliana, in contrast, only has 10 chromosomes, so the number of genes will obviously be smaller.

But the similarities between plants and humans are held in the function of the genes that are encoded: the most important one is cellular respiration.

Cellular respiration is a process that will allow, in an aerobic environment, to convert oxygen and sugars to CO2, water but also ATP: the molecule that carries all the energy that is used in the cells of humans, plants, and all the other organisms in order to function.

Indeed, ATP is produced in the mitochondria: the organelle that will integrate glucose (so sugars), into a series of chemical reactions, together with water, to yield the ATP molecule.

The most important process that happens is oxidative phosphorylation: this is the step that allows the most ATP production. The process is allowed mainly because of a very important protein: the Cytochrome C Oxidase complex, also called COX. This complex is composed of the base, plus 12 adjacent proteins, one of them being the 6B protein (see below how it looks both in plants and humans).

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The COX protein is always present in the mitochondria, and ATP production would not be possible without it.

The interesting phenomenon that we can observe, however, is the presence of the gene that encodes the COX6B protein in both humans and plants:

(*Small side explanation: this gene encodes the production of ATP from oxygen and sugar in the third step of cellular respiration — in humans, this is the only cellular respiration process. However, plants also “breathe” oxygen; in parallel to photosynthesis, they also absorb O2, and not only CO2. Indeed, CO2 is used for

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photosynthesis to produce the sugar that will later be used for cellular respiration. But the phenomenon of the intake of CO2 and output of O2 from photosynthesis is much more prominent than the small intake of O2 for respiration, that is as such ignored).

We can see in this photo the exact sequence of the COX6B gene in humans and in the A. thaliana plant that we talked about earlier. The red letters show the similarities between the two genomes. As you can see, they are quite similar! As such, we can assume these are the genes that encode for their exact function, and the differences that occur are the ones that change along with the evolution of the two species. As such, plants and humans are not so different after all!

Sources https://www.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/articles/2005/ask83/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11130711/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_c_oxidase https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/pfam/PF02297/ https://quizlet.com/449157518/cellular-respiration-diagram/ https://www.bio.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/bio212/biotech2.html

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The Differences Between Male & Female Bodies in Humans

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The Differences Between Male & Female Bodies in Humans Amirali Banani

Muscular system of female (left) vs. male (right) human | Image credit: Turbosquid

Male and female bodies have some distinct differences in terms of their anatomy, physiology, and genetic makeup. These differences manifest in various ways and are evident in the physical appearance, physiological functioning, reproductive systems, and overall health of both sexes. Understanding these differences can help us appreciate the uniqueness of each gender and how their bodies function.

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Anatomical Differences The anatomical differences between males and females are significant and encompass a range of physical features and structures. These differences are the result of variations in hormonal levels, genetics, and developmental processes. The overall body shape is one of the most apparent anatomical differences between males and females. Males tend to be taller (average height in males is 5'9" vs. 5'4" in females), with a more muscular build, and broader shoulders. Females, on the other hand, tend to be shorter with a higher percentage of body fat and wider hips.

These differences are due to variations in hormones and genetics.

The skeletal system of males and females differs in a few significant ways. Males tend to have larger and denser bones, particularly in the skull, jaw, and brow ridge.

They also tend to have longer and thicker limbs and more pronounced muscle attachments. Females, meanwhile, have a smaller and lighter skeletal structure, particularly in the hips and pelvic area, to accommodate pregnancy and childbirth.

The female pelvis is wider and more shallow than the male pelvis, which allows for the passage of the baby’s head during birth.

The muscular system of males and females also differs significantly. Males tend to have more muscle mass, particularly in the upper body, which gives them a more pronounced “V-shape” physique. Females, on the other hand, have a higher percentage of body fat, which gives them a curvier, more rounded appearance (often known as the “hourglass figure”). The differences in muscle mass are due to variations in testosterone levels, which promote muscle growth in males.

The reproductive system is perhaps the most significant anatomical difference between males and females. Males have external genitalia, including the penis and scrotum (testicles), while females have internal genitalia, including the vagina, uterus, and ovaries. The testes in males produce sperm, while the ovaries in females produce eggs. Fertilization occurs in the female reproductive system, where a fertilized egg implants in the uterus and eventually develops into a fetus.

Additionally, females have breasts, which males do not have.

The endocrine system, which produces and regulates hormones, differs between males and females. Males produce higher levels of testosterone, which promotes muscle growth, deepens the voice, and promotes the growth of facial and body hair. Females produce higher levels of estrogen and progesterone, which regulate menstrual cycles, promote breast/uterus development, and maintain pregnancy.

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Chemical structures of testosterone and estrogen | Image credit: GenderGP

The digestive system of males and females also differs slightly. Females tend to have a longer digestive tract, which means that food takes longer to pass through their system. This can make them more susceptible to constipation and other digestive issues. Additionally, females tend to have a more sensitive digestive system, which can lead to nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.

Physiological Differences The physiology of males and females also differs significantly and are primarily determined by the different reproductive roles the two genders play in the continuation of the human species. Hormones play a critical role in these differences. Once again, males produce higher levels of testosterone, while females produce higher levels of estrogen and progesterone. These hormones are primarily responsible for the differences in a wide range of physiological functions between the two genders. A few of these significant physiological differences are explained below.

When it comes to energy production, males and females differ in terms of their metabolism. Men typically have a higher basal metabolic rate than women, which means they burn more calories at rest. This is partly due to the fact that men tend to have more muscle mass than women. Women, on the other hand, tend to have a higher percentage of body fat, which can impact their metabolism and overall health.

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In terms of the cardiovascular system, males tend to have larger hearts and blood vessels than females, which means they can pump more blood and oxygen to their muscles. This can give them a performance advantage in certain types of physical activities, such as running and weightlifting. However, females tend to have lower blood pressure and higher levels of HDL (high-density lipoprotein) — good cholesterol — which means that they have a lower risk of cardiovascular disease than males. Another reason for this is the hormone estrogen, which is known to have protective effects on the heart as it helps to improve the function of the inner lining of blood vessels, known as endothelial cells. This can lead to improved blood flow and decreased inflammation in the arteries, which also contributes to a lower risk of cardiovascular disease in females. After menopause, however, when estrogen levels decline, this protective effect diminishes and a female’s risk of cardiovascular disease rises exponentially.

Physiological differences in the respiratory system are also present between males and females. Males tend to have larger lungs and a higher lung capacity than females, primarily due to their larger size and higher muscle mass. This, however, can make them more susceptible to respiratory diseases such as lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The reason for this is not entirely unknown, but research suggests that it is most likely because the larger airways and lung capacity in males means that a greater volume of carcinogens present in the air (such as tobacco smoke) are inhaled over time. This, in turn, means that a greater surface area of lung tissue is exposed to such carcinogens in the long term, potentially leading to the aforementioned diseases.

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Genetics

Karyotype shows the 23 pairs of chromosomes that humans possess. As can be seen on the bottom right, the 23rd pair is either XY or XX, which determines whether a human is biologically male or female. | Image credit: National Human Genome Research Institute

The genetic differences between males and females are fundamental and are determined by the sex chromosomes. Males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome, while females have two X chromosomes. These genetic differences lead to differences in physical and behavioural traits, as well as the risk of certain genetic diseases.

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, with one pair being the sex chromosomes.

Males have an XY pair, while females have an XX pair. The Y chromosome carries the genes responsible for the development of male characteristics, while the X chromosome carries the genes responsible for the development of both male and female characteristics. Despite these basic genetic differences, since both genders

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contain the X chromosome, they share common anatomical and physiological characteristics most of the time.

The inheritance of sex chromosomes follows a specific pattern. Females inherit one X chromosome from each parent, while males inherit an X chromosome from their mother and a Y chromosome from their father. This means that if a genetic disorder is carried on the X chromosome, females are less likely to be affected because they have a backup X chromosome, while males are more likely to be affected because they only have one X chromosome.

The genetic differences between males and females result in differences in physical traits. As explained before, males tend to be larger in size and have more muscle mass due to their higher levels of testosterone and have deeper voices, more body hair, and a more prominent Adam’s apple; females tend to have a more curvaceous body shape, higher body fat percentage, and a higher voice pitch.

The genetic differences between males and females also affect behavioural traits.

Males tend to be more aggressive and competitive, which is thought to be linked to their higher levels of testosterone. They also tend to take more risks and have a stronger sex drive. Females, on the other hand, tend to be more nurturing and empathetic, which is thought to be linked to their higher levels of oxytocin (the “love hormone”). They also tend to be better at multitasking and have better verbal communication skills than males. I mean, that’s a given when millions of studies have shown that women generally have higher focus than men.

Genetic Disorders The genetic differences between males and females also lead to differences in the risk of acquiring certain genetic disorders. As mentioned earlier, males are more likely to be affected by genetic disorders carried on the X chromosome because they only have one X chromosome. Y chromosomes are about a third the size of X chromosomes and only have 55 genes compared to 900 genes on the X chromosome. Thus, they often can not compensate for a defective X chromosome.

In females, however, a healthy X chromosome with non-mutated, dominant genes can mask the effects of the defective, recessive genes on the other X chromosome.

For this reason, males are much more prone to diseases such as hemophilia, colour blindness, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. These are known as sex-linked disorders as they tend to affect one sex much more than the other (risk for males >> risk for females). Males can only inherit them from their mother, who “contributes” the X chromosome. The only way that females can acquire the aforementioned sex-linked disorders is by contracting the defective gene on both X chromosomes, which is very rare.

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The Undeniable Role of Evolution The underlying cause of all the anatomical, physiological, and genetic differences between male and female bodies that have been discussed in this article is evolution. These differences have primarily been created with function in mind, and the distinct evolutionary roles that males and females have played throughout history. Nature purposefully designed wider hips for women to better accommodate childbirth and greater muscle mass/bone density for men, as in early humans males would depend on stronger bones and muscles to hunt. Therefore, the differences in sex that can be observed today in modern humans are no coincidence and are rather the product of nothing short of millions of years of evolution. For this reason, we should appreciate our sexual differences and celebrate the fact that we literally have ancient history embedded in us as we still bear some of the most prominent sex-defining characteristics of our earliest ancestors.

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: s a e d I t h g i r B g Bakin d e i f i d o M y l l a c i t e n How I Ge P F G e c u d o r P o Yeast T

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Transcriptional & Translational Reporter Genes Izabela Ninu

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Transcriptional and Translational Reporter Genes Izabela Ninu

Reporter Genes Reporter Genes are used to express a specific gene visually. The main purpose of the reporter gene assay is to investigate the promoter of a gene, whether that particular promoter is active and how that promoter is regulated. They would help us to visualize the overall rate of transcription from a promoter.

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There are different types of reporter genes, and we will be diving into some of them.

1. Luciferase

Luciferase is an enzyme which gives rise to bioluminescence, and it is common in fireflies. Firefly Luciferase enzyme converts substrates like luciferin into oxyluciferin.

In this process, light is generated, and this is the bioluminescence phenomenon.

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The first step is to determine if a specific promoter is active. To do this, we clone the promoter upstream of a luciferase reporter sequence. If this promoter is active, it will produce mRNA for Luciferase, which will then be translated into the Luciferase enzyme. When we introduce a substrate, this enzyme will exhibit bioluminescence.

We need to transfect these expression vectors into a cell and allow some time for the luciferase enzyme to be expressed. After that, the cells are homogenized and the substrate is added. Once the substrate is introduced, the luciferase will convert luciferin into oxyluciferin, and the bioluminescence activity can be detected using a detector. This is the principle behind the luciferase reporter assay.

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from “Animated biology with Arpan”

Let’s go deeper into some examples. First, suppose we want to determine if a specific gene is expressed in a tissue-specific manner. We clone our promoter of interest upstream to a Luciferase reporter gene, then transfect it into various cell types and check the bioluminescence activity. This activity serves as a readout, indicating whether the gene is expressed in that particular cell type.

In the example below, bioluminescence was observed in the epithelial and fibroblast cells, but not in the neuronal cell. This suggests that this specific gene of interest is specific to epithelial or fibroblast cells and is not expressed in neurons.

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The advantages of this luciferase reporter assay include its sensitivity, reproducibility, and compatibility with internal controls and reporters. These internal controls help manage variability, making the assay highly sensitive and reproducible. Additionally, this method does not use any radioactive substances, making it hazard-free.

2. Green Fluorescence Protein Green fluorescence protein or GFP is a protein that exhibits bright green fluorescence if exposed to a blue or ultraviolet light. This green fluorescence protein has a beta-barrel-like structure (see below) and it was discovered from the jellyfish Aquaria victoria.

The main use is in determining the subcellular localization of a protein of interest, which we will refer to as protein X. Using recombinant DNA technology, protein X is tagged with GFP. This involves cloning the coding region for protein X along with the GFP sequence into an expression vector. This vector is then transfected into a cell. When protein X is transcribed, its location can be determined by observing the fluorescence. In this case (see below), all the fluorescence comes from the nucleus, indicating that protein X is localized in the nucleus. This method is sensitive, reproducible, and does not involve any hazardous substances.

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Additionally, if we want to track a specific vesicle, we can label it with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). If we tag a protein like RAB that is associated with the vesicle, the vesicle will also be labeled. This allows us to track the vesicle’s position in real-time by following the fluorescence.

This is also especially relevant for studying the trafficking of neurotransmitter-containing vesicles in neurons. These neurotransmitters are generated in the cell body and transported to the synapse, a process that involves a long journey along microtubules. Kinesins act like vehicles on this highway, moving the vesicles to the synapses.

By labeling these vesicles with GFP, we can monitor their motion in real-time.

This allows us to understand various aspects of their movement, including time scales, kinetics, and direction.

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In the example above, a GFP fluorescent protein is tagged with a calmodulin protein that can bind to calcium and an M13 helix from a myosin light chain kinase. When calcium binds, a conformational change occurs, making the protein fluorescent. By observing these fluorescence levels in real time, we can understand how calcium fluctuations occur. For instance, when a neuron fires, the fluorescent intensity increases and then decreases when the neuron stops firing. This serves as an indicator of neural activity.

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Transcriptional and Translational Genes

Reporters are genes that are fused to genes of interest, abbreviated GOI, to monitor their activity at the transcriptional or translational level. Transcriptional reporter genes are fused to the promoter of the gene of interest, which is depicted in Figure A below: Translational reporter genes, on the other hand, are fused to the gene itself, as seen in Figure B. The reporter could be fused to just a segment of the gene or the entire gene.

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As such, transcriptional reporters are fused to the promoters of genes, which provides information on where the gene is transcribed, but not where the translated protein ends up.

Translational reporters that are fused to the entire gene of interest provide information on where the translated proteins are located, and not necessarily where the RNA was transcribed.

On the other hand, transcriptional reporters are used to study gene expression by linking a gene of interest to a reporter gene. This allows researchers to observe where and when the gene is transcribed within the cell.

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Synthetic Biology in Vertical Farming; An Unexplored Path Zoe Triantafyllidou

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Microalgae as Carbon Sinks: Genetic Innovations for Enhanced CO2 Fixation

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The Cell Cycle and Mitosis

by Amirali Banani

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Review Paper: Using Genetically Modified Bacillus Subtilis BMT4i (MTCC 9447) to Degrade PM2.5 Particles

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Exploring the Depths of Bioinformatics: Unraveling the Process

by Elif Hangül

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: r e p a P w e i Rev s l e u f o i B e a g Al e l b a n i a t s u S A — o t e v i t a n r e t l A Fossil Fuels

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How Energy Drives The Production of Essential Molecules in Living Organisms Amirali Banani

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Chemistry

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Why Perfect Icing is a Culinary Challenge

by Ali Salman

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The Effects of Caffeine on Cognitive Function — Can Drinking Coffee Enhance Cognition?

by Amirali Banani

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Cyanide Poisoning Explained

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What is Physics?

by Doruk Öge

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The Search for Magnetic Monopoles Co-Authored by Judy Ayman

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Optics & Lasers Bardia Malekzadeh, Sasan Kamran

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Antimatter Propulsion in Space: Unlocking The Future of Deep Space Exploration Samarth Kumar & Batool Atef

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Inconsistencies of The Standard Model of Particle Physics

by Amirali Banani

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What If You Created a Sun on Earth?

by Vlada Yarosh

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Newton's 3 Laws of Motion Explained

by Amirali Banani

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Research on the Fourier Transform Effect in Rubik's Cubes

by Anderson Gao

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Dark Energy’s Powerful Influence on The Universe Amirali Banani

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Investigating Probability in Cylindrical Dice Myrto Terpsiadou

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What is the Hilbert Hotel and What Does Infinity Even Mean?

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The Engineering Behind The World’s Thinnest Skyscraper: The Steinway Tower Bardia Malekzadeh

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Solar Panel and Coating Manufacturing From Lunar Regolith Decomposition

Oğuz Kirmizi

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Riding the Cosmic Highway: The Future of Space Elevators Haley Best

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Freezing at the Iranian ‫ الچخی‬/ Yakhchal Bardia Malekzadeh

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Advancements in Machine Learning: Current Trends and Innovations Sean Thumb

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Wind Turbine Damage Recognition Model Parker Manci

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Wind Turbine Damage Recognition Model

by Parker Manci Wind turbines are so important to the goal of going completely green they provide a reliable electricity source that emits almost no greenhouse gases. Like any machine, however, they cannot perform at their best if they are not working properly. Damage has a huge impact on how a machine operates, so it is important to identify and fix it as fast as possible. In the case of a wind turbine, it is slightly difficult to do this because of their height, which ranges from 450-850 feet.

Drones have been used for a long time to help aid this issue, as they can take pictures of hard to reach places that can then be analyzed for damage. There is still room for improvement, however as a human is still needed to differentiate between damaged and not damaged wind turbines.

This is where image classification, a type of computer vision that categorizes images, comes in. By training one of these models off of images of wind turbines, it can learn to tell apart damaged and not damaged just as well as a human can.

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I built an image classification model that can make this process more efficient, as it can determine whether a wind turbine is damaged or not damaged based off of an image. I worked in PyCharm and used scikit-learn for the body, as shown in the picture above, and was able to achieve an accuracy rate of about 70%.

To summarize how it works, it takes in file of images during training that it resizes and sorts into categories. It then splits the data into a training set and testing set, and creates multiple image classifiers to find the best one for the data. Once it find this, it predicts the labels for the test set.

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Here are some examples of images I used to train my model, with the left side being damaged and the right side being not damaged. While they are not perfect, I used them to train my model because I think they give a good representation of what surface damage usually looks like on a wind turbine.

While building this, one of the major challenges I faced was trying to find the right workspace to write my code in. I usually code artificial intelligence in Google Colab, so I had to pivot when I realized I could not load local files onto the platform. I ultimately worked in PyCharm, where I was able to upload the images needed to train my model.

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This was my first time building an image classifier, so it was a learning experience modifying code to adapt to images instead of written data. After reading lots of articles and watching a lot of tutorials (This one in particular was super helpful), I was able to build a working model and gain many skills along the way.

For my next project, I want to use generative AI to predict cloud movements in a specific area for small period of time. I have never worked with this type of artificial intelligence before, so I know I will have to learn a lot of new skills in order to build it. I am up for the challenge however, and am very excited to see what comes next

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Building a Neural Network from Scratch Renzo Honorato

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How to Deal with Small & Inaccurate Datasets in Neural Networks Mark-Daniel Leupold

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Preprocessing EEG Data for ML Model Use Amina Kalandarova

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Revolutionising the Future: AI-Powered, Enzyme-Assisted Carbon Capture System for Generating Electricity from Floodwater

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Is The Metaverse The Last Hope For Disappearing Countries?

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Direct Air Capture (DAC) The World’s Largest Air Purifier Mielle van den Berg

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Nuclear Energy's Promise and Peril Gitobu Clay Mwandiki

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The Effects of Climate Change on Global Health

Amirali Banani

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y g o l o n h c e T

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How Cool are Quantum Computers?

Anastasiia Kratiuk

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What Neuralink Can’t Do (Yet?) Amina Kalandarova

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The Importance of Binocular Vision in VR Technology Zofia Hardek

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The Importance of Binocular Vision in VR Technology

by Zofia Hardek

source: https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widzenie_przestrzenne#/media/Plik:Gwiazda_okulary.jpg

Would you buy a pig in a poke? Me neither. Mostly, because I like to be sure that I spent my money wisely. I think all of us do. And still, when it comes to VR headsets not many people know what makes them functional. What if this thing is dangerous? Have you thought about your safety? What if VR melts your brain? Don’t worry… I’m only joking. The secret behind the utility of the headset is not rocket science. The answer is binocular vision.

How do we use binocular vision?

Binocular vision is simply a type of vision which is provided by two eyes, but what’s more important, it provides the ability to see in 3D which is called Stereopsis. To explain this phenomenon, let's do a simple experiment. Grab two things and place them in front of you. Let one be closer to you than the other. Can you tell which pencil is nearer to you? That’s what I thought. Now, try it with one eye closed. It’s not so easy anymore. Assessing the distance is one of the functions of binocular vision. Because our eyes are placed on different positions on the face, they give the brain a slightly divergent perspective of the same view. The brain then compares them, forming a single vision. This function of our brains is called sensory fusion. For its occurrence some certain conditions must be met. The images, for example, should be in the same size, brightness and sharpness. So to ensure that these qualities are the same, we possess the skill to align the eyes in this way, which is called motor fusion. Stereopsis is also a part of egocentric localization, which is the method of object

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localization with the respect of one's body. This is the most deep and accurate method people have developed.

Is binocular vision exclusive for humans?

The studies of binocular vision have always been rather anthropocentric, however, it has been proved that binocular vision is not reserved only for humans. Even so, compared to us other species use it very differently, for instance birds. For these animals two things are essential.

Optic flow, which is the occurrence of the movement of the objects around us when we’re moving, and center of expansion, which is this one place where nothing is moving in respect to one’s body. It’s usually the direction of our destination. A bird has to quickly determine the right course where it’s flying, and, although stereopsis has a lot of advantages, it’s time consuming.

Hence, even though birds have a binocular lap, they see the center of expansion with each eye individually. Horses are also an extremely interesting example and they stand for a counterpoint example. As I emphasized before, binocular vision and stereopsis connected with it have many benefits, however we had to resign from some potentially useful quantities, like range of vision.

Horse’s eyes are placed on the sides which means that its binocular overlap is very small, nevertheless it exists. More important for this animal is its monocular vision, because every eye has a colossal range of vision. Thus the horse's eyes cover approximately a 340-degree angle.

For comparison, a human's vision has a range of 180 degrees.

source: https://askanimalweb.com/equine-vision/

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How is it used in VR headsets?

It’s commonly known that the essential advantage when it comes to VR technology is total immersion, one part of which is 3D vision. We can achieve this effect by using stereopsis to our advantage. Actually, the origins of this solution are much older than the VR tech itself. Everything started with Charles Wheatson and his invention from 1838, stereoscope.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscope#/media/File:Charles_Wheatstone-mirror_stereoscope_XIXc.jpg

This device allowed people to get a three dimensional view by looking at 2D pictures.

Stereoscopes started a craze for trying to understand how our binocular vision works and how our brain combines the views to receive one 3D image. This invention was later improved by David Brewster, who added lenses and made stereoscopes a little more practical.

https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/brewster-lenticular-stereoscope-museo-nazionale-della-scienzae-della- tecnologia-leonardo-da-vinci-sir-david-brewster-1781-1868/JAHqz_OrScXwmw?hl=en

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His invention also became very popular, especially because of its portable form. In the 20th century lenticular stereoscopes were improved by combining its achievements, electronics and computer technology. In modern VR headsets we use slightly different displays for each eye.

Sometimes on one screen and sometimes on two. The choice of displayers also play a pivotal role in this type of technology, because we want to mimic the natural function of the human eye as accurately as possible. If something’s not right we can experience visual discomfort or distortions. That’s why the commonly used displayers are liquid crystal displays (LCDs) which provide low-latency and high-resolution capabilities. The other type which often occurs is organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) which are superior in terms of contrast and color reproduction.

The Potential for the Future Binocular vision has many unanswered questions. We don’t know yet how our brain combines the images or why some people have better stereopsis than others. That’s why the research on binocular vision is still in progress. VR technology is still an emerging discipline and we don’t have a lot of information about it, which is an obstacle in popularisation of this tech in everyday use. By deepening our knowledge of binocular vision we might find our solutions for preventing discomforts such as cybersickness. Additionally, developers will be one step closer to creating displays that match the human eye’s resolution.

References: 1.https://www.seevividly.com/info/Binocular_Vision 2.https://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/tutorials/bhola-binocularvision.htm#gsc.tab=0 3.https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-vision-093019-113212 4. https://www.extension.iastate.edu/equine/vision-equine 5. https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_widzenia#cite_note-Okulistyka_weterynaryjna-11 6. https://drawandcode.com/learning-zone/what-is-stereoscopic-vr-technology/

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The Mechanisms Behind Brain-Computer Interfaces Maria Fujisawa

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How Can BCI-controlled Hand Prosthetics Improve the Lives of People Without Hands?

Jodie Lechtenberg

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How Can BCI-controlled Hand Prosthetics Improve the Lives of People Without Hands?

Jodie Lechtenberg

Theodor

This is Theodor. He loves being outside to climb rocks or go swimming in the lake.

But unfortunately, he lost his hand to cancer and isn't able to do his favorite activities anymore. He first tried normal prosthetics but that didn't work because the movements his fingers could perform were limited.

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So, his doctor recommended that he could try BCI-controlled prosthetics.

These would allow him to gain more control over his fingers/hand movements and better mimic his natural capabilities.

How does this work?

The process begins with acquiring the brain signals. This is done by using electroencephalography (EEG). EEG involves placing electrodes on the scalp to detect the electrical activity in the brain: Neurons in the brain communicate through electrical impulses. When neurons fire (to transmit information, to help the brain and body communicate), they create small electrical currents. EEG electrodes pick up these signals as they travel through the scalp and skull.

The raw brain signals collected from EEG are then processed. The first step is to remove any unwanted signals caused by e.g. blinking or external interference.

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mu wave frequency

The primary step involves applying a bandpass filter. The purpose of this filter is to isolate the frequency bands that are relevant for intention. Common frequency bands for hand prosthetics include the mu waves (8 – 13 Hz), which are similar to alpha waves.

Machine learning tools, specifically Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), are trained to recognize patterns and relationships within the preprocessed brain signal data. In a learning phase, people do different tasks, teaching this system how the brain behaves when we think about various movements, like opening or closing a hand or moving fingers.

These brain signals are then turned into specific instructions for the prosthetic hand. Each thought about moving triggers an action in the prosthetic hand, for instance, grabbing something, letting go, or moving fingers individually.

After this translation, these instructions are sent to the prosthetic hand’s “muscles” called actuators (BCI output). When the person tries to move their own muscles, they produce tiny electrical signals (EMG signals). Electrodes catch these signals by sensing the small electrical changes caused by these muscle movements:

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Theodor’s prosthetic hand is practically getting messages directly from his thoughts and muscle movements!

As weeks passed, Theodor could feel significant change, not just in the movements of his bionic hand but also in how he felt all in all.

“Why am I feeling better Doctor?”

His brain adapted to the new reality of controlling his prosthetic hand, which is called Neuroplasticity.

How does this work though?

Inside our brain, we have billions of tiny cells called neurons. These neurons communicate with each other through connections called synapses.

When we do something repeatedly or focus on a particular skill or thought, the neurons involved in that activity become more active. This increased activity strengthens the connections between these neurons and also forms new ones.

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The synapses between neurons are not fixed. They can change based on our experiences and activities. When these neurons are frequently active, the synapses between them undergo structural and chemical changes, which e.g. can lead to Theodor behaving differently than before having a hand prosthetic.

Current Challenges When Theodor uses a prosthetic hand controlled by his thoughts, there’s a challenge.

Getting the brain signals just right can be a bit tricky.

Here’s why: The electrodes on the head need to be in perfect spots to understand the signals. If the person controlling the hand gets tired, the signals might not be clear. Also, our brain changes over time, making it a bit of a moving target.

Now, why does this matter?

If we don’t get the signals exactly right, the prosthetic hand might not do what the person wants. It could move in ways they didn’t mean, or it might not work smoothly.

But, good news! Scientists are working on making this better. They’re figuring out ways to get more precise signals by improving how the electrodes are designed.

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Prosthetic Design

When designing artificial limbs, it’s important to consider these individual brain differences.

Imagine Theodor and his friend Mike who have both lost their left hands. While both share the same basic need for a left-hand prosthetic, the design would differ based on the specific neural patterns of each person.

But why would they be different from each other?

One distinction lies in the motor cortex. The motor cortex is often depicted as a somatotopic map. The prosthetic is designed to mirror the organization of this map, which means that the prosthetic hand is programmed to respond to neural signals in a way that corresponds to the brain’s natural mapping of body parts.

For example, if the hands and fingers occupy a large portion of the motor cortex, the prosthetic is configured to interpret signals related to hand and finger movements with lots of precision.

This optimization results in more natural and intuitive movement. Users can control the prosthetic hand in a way that feels instinctive, as the prosthetic’s responses align with the brain’s natural representation of body parts.

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Future Directions / Challenges Research in brain-computer interfaces for controlling prosthetics is advancing, but it faces several challenges and has exciting future directions.

Scientists and engineers are working on developing advanced electrode technologies, decoding methods, and neural pathway bridging to unlock the full potential.

One of the key challenges is the need to address BCI inefficiency and speed of learning, which may be improved by using multimodal or multi-stage BCI approaches.

Despite these challenges, the potential relevance of BCI is expanding, presenting promising opportunities for the future.

Ending After losing his hand due to cancer, his doctor proposed to try out a BCIcontrolled hand prosthetic. At first, he had some problems using it but with time passing his neurons formed new connections improving the quality of natural movements with his hand.

As Mike’s birthday was nearing, Theodor got his dear friend this special prosthetic.

And who knows, maybe one day when technology has advanced, they’ll both be able to climb rocks and swim in their favorite lakes again, thanks to BCI-controlled hand prosthetics!

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GAME CHANGING INITIATIVES YOUTH STEM INITIATIVE

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Webinars YOUTH STEM INITIATIVE

FEATURING ABISOLA ZAINAB KEHINDE

DR. MICHAEL KOBOR

DR. AMY TSURUMI

DR. KEVIN BERMEA

ALEXANDER GEBREAMLAK

DR. TAIEB ACH

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Our Webinars initiative this year saw 6 incredible researchers, scientists, and medical doctors join us from some of the top institutions around the world and speak about their extensive experience, the research that they do, and lessons for future scientists who plan to pursue similar career paths as themselves. We had 2 graduate students from Canada pursuing their PhD and graduatelevel research in biochemistry and epidemiology from institutions including the University of British Columbia and the University of Toronto: Abisola Zainab Kehinde and Alexander Gebreamlak. In addition, we had 4 medical doctors—Dr. Amy Tsurumi, Dr. Michael Kobor, Dr. Kevin Bermea, and Dr. Taieb Ach—speak at our webinars who came from diverse backgrounds and institutions, each specializing in a particular field of medicine from medical genetics and gastrointestinal surgery to endocrinology and cardiac immunology. These amazing doctors work at world-class institutions such as Harvard Medical School and Johns Hopkins Medicine in the United States, UBC Medicine and BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute in Canada, and the Faculty of Medicine of Sousse in Tunisia.

Together, these brilliant graduate student researchers and doctors provided Youth STEM Initiative members with new insights into the paths you can take for different careers in medical fields, the research you can get involved with and the impact that their own research has had in the world of medicine, lessons they’ve learned along the way, and invaluable advice for aspiring medical researchers and doctors who plan to pursue similar careers in the future.

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Webinar 1: Abisola Zainab Kehinde SATURDAY, JULY 6, 2024 Vanier Ph.D. Scholar at University of British Columbia and British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute | Graduate Research Assistant VANCOUVER, BC, CANADA

About Abisola

Abisola is a Ph.D. candidate in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the Parker Lab (BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute and UBC). She holds a BSc in Biochemistry from the University of Lagos, Nigeria, and an MSc in Biochemistry from UBC in Canada. With over six years of laboratory experience, Abisola is skilled in various cutting-edge cellular and molecular techniques. Her research focuses on understanding how nutrients and their transporters can be leveraged to mitigate or treat metabolic diseases. Abisola is a recipient of the prestigious Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarship and is currently investigating the metabolic consequences of systemic alanine depletion in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. She also serves as the chair of the Trainee Omics Group, providing support to fellow scientists in managing their research data.

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1 on 1 Webinar with Abisola

Scan QR code to watch the entire webinar

In this webinar from early July 2024, Amirali Banani interviews Abisola Zainab Kehinde, a Ph.D. candidate in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the Parker Lab at BCCHR, asking her about her background in the biological sciences, why she decided to study Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, why she decided to pursue her education in Canada from Nigeria, and the advice she would give to those looking to pursue a career in a similar scientific field. You may watch the entire webinar through the QR code provided above.

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Webinar 2: Dr. Amy Tsurumi SUNDAY, JULY 21, 2024 Assistant Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School Assistant Investigator in General and GI Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute BOSTON, MA, UNITED STATES

About Dr. Tsurumi

Dr. Amy Tsurumi is an Assistant Professor of Surgery at Harvard Medical School and an Assistant Investigator in General and Gastrointestinal Surgery at Mass General in Boston, Massachusetts. Her research involves mechanistic characterization and prediction model development for aging and agingrelated diseases, inflammatory conditions and traumatic injuries. She uses a wide variety of methods, including machine learning applications to analyze 'omics (transcriptomic, epigenomic and proteomic) and electronic health record datasets, conducting epidemiological studies using national survey data, and characterizing clinically relevant molecular mechanisms using Drosophila, mice, and cell culture models. Along with her work at Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, Dr. Tsurumi teaches the Epigenetics and Gene Regulation course at Harvard Summer School, a class that our Founder, Amirali Banani, attended in July/August 2022.

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1 on 1 Webinar with Dr. Tsurumi

Scan QR code to watch the entire webinar

In this webinar, Dr. Amy Tsurumi talks about her scientific background beginning in Japan and how she found her way into becoming an Assistant Professor at Harvard Medical School and Mass General in Boston including the mentors she worked with and the research and networking she did along the way, as well as a few of the obstacles she faced. Her research and teachings span from epigenetics to epidemiology and everything in between. You may watch the entire webinar through the QR code above.

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Webinar 3: Dr. Michael Kobor MONDAY, JULY 22, 2024

Professor in Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia | Founder of The Kobor Lab @BCCHR VANCOUVER, BC, CANADA

About Dr. Kobor

Dr. Michael Kobor, Canada Research Chair in Social Epigenetics, is exploring how childhood experiences can get “under the skin” to affect health and behaviour throughout a person’s life. Dr. Kobor’s research links fundamental molecular biology with psychology, pediatrics and anthropology, to name just a few fields of study. He and his research team are using a newly created biological clock to measure children’s developmental maturity, and assessing the factors that associate with epigenetic tags on DNA and how they change over time. Their work will improve our understanding of how gene/environment interactions lead to lifelong inequities in health outcomes, and could lead to the development of interventions that support at-risk populations. Our Founder, Amirali Banani, had an internship at the Kobor Lab—a lab run by Dr. Kobor and a team of biomedical researchers specializing particularly in DNA methylation research—at the BC Children's Hospital Research Institute in August 2023.

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1 on 1 Webinar with Dr. Kobor

Scan QR code to watch the entire webinar

In this webinar Dr. Michael Kobor talks about his medical background which began in Germany, how he continued his education in Canada, and the research he does in Epigenetics. Dr. Kobor also explains the work that his research team at UBC Medicine and BCCHR are doing to create a biological clock that measures the developmental maturity of children, and to better understand how childhood experiences affect health and behaviour later on in life.

You may watch the entire webinar through the QR code above.

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Webinar 4: Dr. Kevin Bermea MONDAY, JULY 22, 2024

M.D., M.Sc. | Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Adamo Lab, and previously at Johns Hopkins Medicine BALTIMORE, MD, UNITED STATES

About Dr. Bermea

Kevin Bermea is a post-doctoral fellow in the Adamo Cardiac Immunology Lab, with a previous fellowship at Johns Hopkins with Anne Margaret Murphy. He completed his M.D. and a M.Sc. in molecular biology and genetic engineering at the Universidad Autónoma de Nueva León. He worked as a physician in Monterrey, Mexico before moving to the University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley to work as a research associate.

Among other endeavors, he has worked to discover proteomic biomarkers for cardiac disease, and his work with the Adamo Lab aims to unscramble enigmas involving complex immune processes in the heart. Kevin has authored a book chapter on the implications of interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein in diabetic retinopathy, and his work will be featured in several upcoming publications. Our Founder, Amirali Banani, attended a two-week Pre-College program in his "Medical School Intensive" class at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in July 2022.

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1 on 1 Webinar with Dr. Bermea

Scan QR code to watch the entire webinar

In this webinar Dr. Kevin Bermea talks about his medical background which began in Monterrey, Mexico and has taken him all the way to Johns Hopkins University. In addition, he explains in detail the research that he does at the Adamo Cardiac Immunology Lab and its far-reaching implications, particularly in treating heart disease such as those caused by autoimmune conditions. Dr. Bermea also provides valuable advice that is worth listening to. You may watch the entire webinar in the video below.

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Webinar 5: Alexander Gebreamlak TUESDAY, AUGUST 20, 2024

Master of Public Health (MPH) Epidemiology Student at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto | Toronto Public Health TORONTO, ON, CANADA

About Alexander

Alexander (Alex) Gebreamlak is a currently a first-year MPH Epidemiology student at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto. He also works as a part-time clinical data analyst at The Hospital for Sick Children and is a student epidemiologist in Toronto Public Health’s Epidemiology and Data Analytics Unit. Alex’s academic and professional interests include both analytical and descriptive epidemiology, and he is eager to apply his skills across clinical research, statistical data analysis, causal inference, and fundamental machine learning to address healthcare gaps and health inequalities in Canada and the rest of the world.

Our Founder, Amirali Banani, had the pleasure of having Alex as his teacher for two courses at the University of Toronto’s Youth Summer Programme in Medicine (MedYSP) during the summer of 2021.

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1 on 1 Webinar with Alex

Scan QR code to watch the entire webinar

In this webinar, Alexander Gebreamlak talks about his incredible academic journey as an undergrad at the University of Toronto studying Immunology and Health & Disease and his current research as an MPH Epidemiology Student at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health, while simultaneously working as a student epidemiologist at Toronto Public Health and SickKids.

Alex also provides valuable advice to students interested in pursuing similar studies. You may watch the webinar through the QR code provided above.

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Webinar 6: Dr. Taieb Ach SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 9, 2024

M.D., M.Sc. | Doctor & Researcher in Diabetology, Obesity, and Reproductive Endocrinology. Advocate for Women's Reproductive Health and Fertility in Tunisia

SOUSSE, TUNISIA

About Dr. Ach

Dr. Taieb Ach is a medical doctor and researcher specializing in diabetology, obesity, and reproductive endocrinology. He is a prominent advocate for women’s health and fertility in Tunisia, consistently conducting free workshops to prevent infertility. In addition to his advocacy work, he is as a professor and a member of the Society of EndocrinologistsDiabetologists at the Faculty of Medicine in Ibn el Jazzar Sousse, Tunisia. Dr. Ach holds a Master’s degree in Gynaecology of Reproduction and Fertility and serves as a healthcare consultant at FEM TECH CONNECT. He has earned a CEC in therapeutic medicine education and research methodology, as well as a DU in hypothalamic-pituitary pathology and endocrinology from CHU Kremlin Bicêtre Paris South in France. Dr. Ach has authored over 60 publications, including the award-winning paper, Cortisol Cutpoints for the Glucagon Stimulation Test in the Evaluation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis, which earned him the 21st Sanofi Prize in Health Practices Research. In addition, Dr. Ach contributes as a clinical reviewer for numerous prestigious scientific journals, including the U.K.-based BMC and the Cureus Journal of Medical Science in the U.S., among others.

Through his diverse roles, Dr. Ach plays a crucial role in advancing healthcare in Tunisia and internationally.

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1 on 1 Webinar with Dr. Ach

Scan QR code to watch the entire webinar

In this webinar, our final one of the year, Dr. Taieb Ach talks about his research as a reproductive endocrinologist and the work that he does as an advocate for women’s health and fertility in Tunisia. Dr. Ach, who is also a professor and a member of the Society of Endocrinologists-Diabetologists at the Faculty of Medicine in Sousse, Tunisia, has authored 60+ publications, including an awardwinning paper which earned him the 21st Sanofi Prize in Health Practices Research. Watch the entire webinar through the QR code above to learn more!

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Global Chapters YOUTH STEM INITIATIVE

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Our Chapters initiative this year saw the establishment of 13 chapters across 4 months from 5 continents globally—4 in North and South America; 2 in Africa; 2 in Asia; and 5 in Europe—and 4 that are in the process of developing and will launch in 2025. These international chapters showcase Youth STEM Initiative globally, allowing students with similar interests in STEM to connect and join the organization through groups in their own countries.

Each chapter is led by a Chapter Leader, usually someone who is already an active YSI member (typically a Researcher) and has many connections with STEMpassionate students and professionals within their country who can potentially contribute to the organization. Our incredible Chapter Leaders showcase Youth STEM Initiative through school STEM events, programs that they’re a part of, and social media → each chapter has an Instagram page through which we showcase YSI online and provide updates, resources, as well as instructions on how to become involved with the organization to people who are interested.

We are proud of the rapid growth of this new initiative and the interest among YSI members in stepping up to lead a chapter in their respective countries, and we look forward to the establishment of more chapters globally in 2025 and beyond!

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Türkiye Chapter YOUTH STEM INITIATIVE Youth STEM Initiative’s Türkiye Chapter is our first ever international chapter, launched in early September. Led by Elif Hangül, an active member of YSI and the first person to join the organization from Türkiye, this chapter has so far been our biggest and most successful. With over 30 members and counting from Türkiye, aspiring Turkish scientists like Elif herself have been contributing to the growth and impact of the organization like never before in all aspects!

Istanbul Bursa

ANKARA

İzmir

Konya

Aydın

Antalya

Youth STEM Initiative’in Türkiye Bölümü, Eylül başında faaliyete geçen ilk uluslararası bölümümüzdür. YSI'nin aktif bir üyesi ve Türkiye’den organizasyona katılan ilk kişi olan Elif Hangül'ün liderliğinde bu bölüm, şimdiye kadar en büyük ve en başarılı bölümümüz olmuştur. Türkiye'den 30'dan fazla üye ile, Elif gibi geleceğin Türk bilim insanları, organizasyonun her yönünde daha önce hiç olmadığı kadar büyümesine ve etkisinin artmasına katkı sağlamaktadır!

Chapter f o r e d a e L e y i k r ü T I YS

Elif Hangül

Elif was the first person to join Youth STEM Initiative from Türkiye and has since been an integral part of the organization starting as a researcher and now also leading her country's chapter. Elif has a strong passion for molecular biology, seeking to deepen her studies in the field at college in the United States from 2025. She has worked with tools like Benchling to design sgRNA and has even explored the depths of bioinformatics with her knowledge in genomics and the R programming language. Elif has also written an indepth research article titled "CRISPR/Cas9 Screening Technology on Drug Identification" which can be found in the Research section of our website. In her free time she loves to read (no matter the topic!) and her main hobby is dancing.

Elif also recently completed a study abroad program as an AFS Exchange Student in Latvia.

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YSI TÜrkiye In Numbers

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Our Instagram

Meet The Team

MEMBERS

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CITIES REPRESENTED ACROSS TÜRKIYE

129%

Elif Hangül

Zelal Canpolat

Naz Oğuz

Kerem Yaman

GROWTH IN NUMBER OF MEMBERS FROM TÜRKIYE SINCE CHAPTER INCEPTION

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United Arab Emirates Chapter YOUTH STEM INITIATIVE Youth STEM Initiative’s UAE Chapter is our first chapter to launch in the Middle East. The chapter is led by Abeer Iftikhar, a consistently active member of YSI who is involved in contributing articles, organizing research workshops, and, of course, showcasing the organization in her country. The chapter has so far garnered the attention of multiple STEM-inspired students in the UAE and was the supporting chapter in organizing our recent STEM Quest research workshop series in partnership with MedXplorer, thanks to the leadership of Chapter Leader Abeer.

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arj

ah

Ras Al Khaimah

i hab D u i Ab Duba

‫ في اإلمارات العربية‬Youth STEM Initiative ‫فرع‬ .‫المتحدة هو أول فرع نطلقه في منطقة الشرق األوسط‬ ‫ عضو نشط بشكل‬،‫يتم قيادة الفرع من قبل عبير افتخار‬ ،‫ حيث تساهم في كتابة المقاالت‬،YSI ‫مستمر في‬ ‫ وبالطبع تسلط الضوء عىل‬،‫وتنظيم ورش العمل البحثية‬ ‫ القى الفرع اهتماًم ا من‬،‫ حتى اآلن‬.‫المنظمة في بلدها‬ ‫ في‬STEM ‫العديد من الطالب المهتمين بمجاالت‬ ‫ وكان الفرع الداعم في تنظيم سلسلة ورش‬،‫اإلمارات‬ ‫ األخيرة بالشراكة مع‬STEM Quest ‫العمل البحثية‬ ‫ وذلك بفضل قيادة رئيسة الفرع عبير‬،MedXplorer .‫افتخار‬

Chapter I S Y f o r e d a Le b a r A d e t i n U Emirates Abeer Iftikhar

Abeer was the first person to join Youth STEM Initiative from the UAE, originally as a researcher and now taking on the role as the leader of her country's chapter. She is currently pursuing a BSc in Biotechnology at the American University of Ras Al Khaimah (AURAK) in Sharjah and is deeply interested in molecular biology, genetics, immunology and all things biology. Abeer has written intriguing research articles that can be found on our website and blog ranging from the Nature vs. Nurture debate to investigating whether your brain eats itself.

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YSI United Our Instagram Arab Emirates In Numbers

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MEMBERS

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An Impactful Chapter Back in September, YSI United Arab Emirates partnered with the Pakistani healthcare company MedXplorer to launch a research workshop series called STEM Quest, thanks to Abeer reaching out to their CEO. This 3-week program, running from November 15 to December 1, which consisted of 8 sessions and a set of presenters— mostly doctors or professional researchers—has, by far, been our most successful workshop series.

CITIES REPRESENTED ACROSS THE EMIRATES

200%

GROWTH IN NUMBER OF MEMBERS FROM UAE SINCE CHAPTER INCEPTION

832

Tunisia Chapter YOUTH STEM INITIATIVE Youth STEM Initiative’s Tunisia Chapter is the first chapter we launched in Africa. The chapter is led by Mariem Degdagui, a bright student from Tunis with a strong passion for technology, entrepreneurship and innovation. With the brilliant leadership of Mariem, our Tunisian member count has increased five-fold and has led to a great webinar with Tunisian reproductive endocrinologist and women’s health advocate, Dr. Taieb Ach, as well as a coding workshop series in partnership with Tech Girls Tunisia called Wallah We Can. Together, these have made the YSI Tunisia chapter one of our most impactful and successful ones so far, thanks to Mariem’s dedicated and continued leadership.

TUNIS

Sousse

‫ هو أول فرع أطلقناه‬Youth STEM Initiative’s Tunisia Chapter ‫ وهي طالبة متميزة من‬،‫ تقود هذا الفرع مريم دغدغي‬.‫في إفريقيا‬ ‫ تحت‬.‫تونس بشغف كبير بالتكنولوجيا وريادة األعمال واالبتكار‬ ،‫ زاد عدد أعضائنا التونسيين خمسة أضعاف‬،‫القيادة الرائعة لمريم‬ ‫مما أدى إىل تنظيم ندوة مميزة عبر اإلنترنت مع الدكتور الطيب‬ ،‫ أخصائي الغدد التناسلية والداعم لصحة المرأة في تونس‬،‫عش‬ Tech Girls ‫باإلضافة إىل سلسلة من ورش البرمجة بالتعاون مع‬ ‫ جعلت هذه المبادرات‬،‫ مًع ا‬.Wallah We Can ‫ تحت عنوان‬Tunisia ،‫ أحد أكثر فروعنا تأثيًرا ونجاًحا حتى اآلن‬YSI Tunisia chapter .‫وذلك بفضل التزام مريم المستمر وقيادتها المتميزة‬

Chapter Leader of YSI Tunisia Mariem Degdagui

Mariem Degdagui is a 17-year-old from Tunisia, North Africa, with a keen interest in STEM and technology. Currently, she is a rising high school senior specializing in physics, biology, and mathematics, and she has already graduated with a French baccalaureate. Her passions extend beyond academics, as she has a deep love for music and the arts, including painting and photography. Mariem has had the honor of participating in multiple initiatives driven by her passion for public entrepreneurship and activism. Her goal is to make the world a better place by leveraging every opportunity to create a positive impact, and she hopes to do so through a scientific lens as part of the Youth STEM Initiative. Fun fact: She can play three different musical instruments!

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YSI Tunisia Our Instagram In Numbers

10

MEMBERS

2

Partnership Scores Big Tech Girls Tunisia partnered with Youth STEM Initiative through the YSI Tunisia Chapter and Chapter Leader Mariem to run a 3-part series of website development workshops in November and December, with the aim of teaching web development skills through coding in HTML and CSS primarily to girls in Tunisia who are interested in tech. This program turned out to be a big success, providing the bright students who were part of it with the web development skills needed to succeed in the industry.

CITIES REPRESENTED ACROSS TUNISIA

500%

GROWTH IN NUMBER OF MEMBERS FROM TUNISIA SINCE CHAPTER INCEPTION

834

Germany Chapter YOUTH STEM INITIATIVE Youth STEM Initiative’s Germany Chapter is one of the leaders of our European chapters. The chapter is led by Mark-Daniel Leupold, a student of many talents; a champion of judo and a master of neural networks and AI. His busy schedule hasn’t hindered his commitment to YSI as he has contributed so much to the organization over the past 9 months since he joined as a Researcher in the spring. With Mark’s hard-working spirit, our Germany chapter has increased Youth STEM Initiative’s outreach amongst students in Germany, leading to enhanced interest from students in the country in joining the organization.

Chapter Leader of y n a m r e G YSI

Das Deutschland-Kapitel der Youth STEM Initiative ist eines der führenden europäischen Kapitel. Geleitet wird das Kapitel von Mark-Daniel Leupold, einem vielseitig begabten Studenten, der sowohl ein Judo-Champion als auch ein Experte für neuronale Netze und KI ist. Trotz seines vollen Terminkalenders hat Mark in den letzten 9 Monaten seit seinem Eintritt in die Organisation im Frühjahr als Forscher viel zur Youth STEM Initiative beigetragen. Dank Marks Engagement und harter Arbeit hat unser Deutschland-Kapitel die Reichweite der Youth STEM Initiative unter deutschen Schülern erheblich erhöht, was zu einem gestiegenen Interesse an der Organisation im Land geführt hat.

Mark-Daniel Leupold

Mark, from Wolfsburg, Germany, is young scholar of many talents, originally joining YSI as a researcher and now leading our Germany chapter.

Fascinated by cars, AI, and ultimately autonomous driving, Mark is knowledgeable on how to work with emerging tech like neural networks and other machine learning models to develop self-sufficient technology--a lot of his fascinating work can be found on his website: marklpd.com. Also a martial artist of many forms and a pianist, Mark can tackle any challenge and is adept at multiple skills across a variety of fields.

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YSI Germany Our Instagram In Numbers

4

Mark’s introduction to YSI Germany

MEMBERS

3

CITIES REPRESENTED ACROSS GERMANY

300%

GROWTH IN NUMBER OF MEMBERS FROM GERMANY SINCE CHAPTER INCEPTION

Hamburg Duisburg

Wolfsburg

836

Greece Chapter YOUTH STEM INITIATIVE The Youth STEM Initiative Greece Chapter was established in late September and has since doubled our number of members from Greece.

The chapter is led by Zoe Triantafyllidou, who herself joined YSI earlier this year as a researcher focusing on emerging tech and its applications in things like synthetic biology in vertical farming.

Thanks to Zoe’s leadership, our Greece chapter has led to increased interest among students in Greece in joining the organization, including our Director of Neuroscience, Yaren Duru Kara, a first year medical student in Thessaloniki who discovered YSI through our Greece chapter.

Chapter f o r e d a e L e c e e r G I S Y

Το Κεφάλαιο της Youth STEM Initiative στην Ελλάδα ιδρύθηκε στα τέλη Σεπτεμβρίου και έκτοτε έχει διπλασιάσει τον αριθμό των μελών μας από την Ελλάδα. Το κεφάλαιο ηγείται από τη Ζωή Τριανταφυλλίδου, η οποία εντάχθηκε στη YSI νωρίτερα φέτος ως ερευνήτρια επικεντρωμένη στις αναδυόμενες τεχνολογίες και τις εφαρμογές τους, όπως η συνθετική βιολογία στη κάθετη γεωργία. Χάρη στην ηγεσία της Ζωής, το κεφάλαιο μας στην Ελλάδα έχει αυξήσει το ενδιαφέρον μεταξύ των μαθητών στη χώρα για να ενταχθούν στην οργάνωση, συμπεριλαμβανομένης της Διευθύντριας Νευροεπιστήμης μας, Γιαρέν Ντούρου Κάρα, μια πρωτοετή φοιτήτρια Ιατρικής στη Θεσσαλονίκη, η οποία ανακάλυψε τη YSI μέσω του κεφαλαίου μας στην Ελλάδα.

Zoe Triantafyllidou

Zoe, from Thessaloniki, Greece, is one of the hardest working people to join Youth STEM Initiative, at first as a researcher and now becoming the leader of our Greek chapter. Fascinated by emerging technologies, Zoe loves to research and write about all the brilliant tech that is being developed around the world. An enthusiast for community service, she also loves volunteering her time to help those around her.

837

YSI Greece In Numbers

Our Instagram

6

A couple pieces of work produced by Greek YSI Researchers

MEMBERS

1

by Vasiliki Avgeri

CITY REPRESENTED ACROSS GREECE

100%

by Myrto Terpsiadou

GROWTH IN NUMBER OF MEMBERS FROM GREECE SINCE CHAPTER INCEPTION

i k i n o l a s s The

838

Egypt Chapter YOUTH STEM INITIATIVE Heading just south of Greece across the Mediterranean Sea, we encounter Youth STEM Initiative Egypt! This chapter, our 2nd one in Africa, was established in late September concurrently with our Greece chapter and has led to a substantial increase in applications from Egyptian students to join the organization. The chapter is led by Judy Ayman, an incredibly intelligent girl from Cairo who is passionate about research in math-heavy subjects like the quantum field and experimental/engineering physics. With Judy’s committed leadership, Youth STEM Initiative has attracted interest from Egypt that has doubled the number of STEM-inspired students in YSI from the country. ‫ بنالقي‬،‫متجهين جنوب اليونان عبر البحر األبيض المتوسط‬ ‫ التاني بتاعنا في‬،‫! ده الفصل‬Youth STEM Initiative Egypt ‫ تأسس في أواخر سبتمبر بالتزامن مع فصلنا في‬،‫أفريقيا‬ ‫ وقد أدى إىل زيادة كبيرة في طلبات االنضمام من‬،‫اليونان‬ ‫ بنت‬،‫ الفصل بقيادة جودي أيمن‬.‫الطالب المصريين للمنظمة‬ ‫ذكية جًدا من القاهرة وشغوفة بالبحث في المواضيع اللي فيها‬ ‫رياضيات كتير زي مجال الكوانتوم والفيزياء التجريبية‬ Youth STEM ‫ قدرت‬،‫ مع التزام جودي بقيادتها‬.‫والهندسية‬ ‫ مما ضاعف عدد‬،‫ إنها تجذب اهتمام من مصر‬Initiative .‫ من البلد‬YSI ‫ في‬STEM ‫الطالب الملهمين بـ‬

Chapter Leader of YSI Egypt

Judy Ayman

Judy, a mathematics and quantum computing enthusiast from Cairo, joined YSI in 2024 originally as a researcher and is now the chapter leader for YSI Egypt! Fascinated by everything related to math-based fields, Judy seeks to pursue her education in computer engineering and make meaningful contributions to the quantum field through her research. A well-rounded student who is involved in many activities outside of her quantum research endeavours, Judy is more than ready to lead our Egypt chapter!

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YSI Egypt In Numbers

Our Instagram

4

Physics reseach paper on Magnetic Monopoles CoAuthored by Chapter Leader, Judy Ayman

MEMBERS

2

CITIES REPRESENTED ACROSS EGYPT

100%

GROWTH IN NUMBER OF MEMBERS FROM EGYPT SINCE CHAPTER INCEPTION

Our Director of Astronomy, Omar Elgaar a El Shohad

CAIRO

840

Poland Chapter YOUTH STEM INITIATIVE Heading back up to Europe from Egypt—this time to the heart of the continent—we meet Youth STEM Initiative Poland. This chapter is our 2nd largest in Europe after Türkiye, and comprises a crucial part of the organization with multiple Researchers, our Editor in Chief, and partner organization Ponad System all from Poland and affiliated with our Polish chapter. With Chapter Leader Zofia Hardek’s leadership, we were able to secure the partnership with Ponad System and their leader, Zosia Serek, playing a key part in expanding Youth STEM Initiative’s outreach in the country mainly through school-wide STEM events.

Chapter f o r e d a e L d n a l o P I S Y

Wracając do Europy z Egiptu – tym razem do serca kontynentu – przedstawiamy Youth STEM Initiative Polska. Ten oddział jest naszym drugim co do wielkości w Europie, zaraz po Türkiye, i stanowi kluczową część organizacji, skupiając wielu badaczy, naszego redaktora naczelnego oraz organizację partnerską Ponad System, które są związane z naszym polskim oddziałem. Dzięki przywództwu liderki oddziału, Zofii Hardek, udało nam się nawiązać współpracę z Ponad System, a ich liderka, Zosia Serek, odegrała kluczową rolę w rozszerzeniu zasięgu Youth STEM Initiative w kraju, głównie poprzez organizowanie ogólnoszkolnych wydarzeń STEM.

Zofia Hardek

Zofia Hardek is a high school senior from Poznań, Poland. Originally joining YSI as a Researcher earlier this year, she has now stepped up to lead the Polish chapter of the organization. Her main interest in science and research lies in Virtual Reality (VR) technology. In her spare time, she plays the violin and practices acting. She is also an alumna of The Knowledge Society (TKS). Fun fact: her dream is to attend Stanford University and join a bilingual class!

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YSI Poland Our Instagram In Numbers

8

Youth STEM initiatives partner organization for student STEM events in Poland: Ponad System

MEMBERS

4

CITIES REPRESENTED ACROSS POLAND

300%

GROWTH IN NUMBER OF MEMBERS FROM POLAND SINCE CHAPTER INCEPTION

Poznań

Our Editor in Chief, Wojciech Kowalski

Toruń Konin

Tarnów

842

Spain Chapter YOUTH STEM INITIATIVE Heading south again to the Mediterranean, we encounter the Youth STEM Initiative Spain chapter! This chapter, launched in early October, has propelled interest from the country from Barcelona to the Canary Islands.

All of this is thanks to Chapter Leader Nayra Cadavid’s outreach and dedication to expanding the organization among young STEM enthusiasts in this European powerhouse full of wonders, rich culture, and scientific innovation. We look forward to the greater expansion of YSI Spain!

r e t p a h C f o r e d a Le n i a p S YSI

Dirigiéndonos nuevamente al sur, hacia el Mediterráneo, nos encontramos con el capítulo de Youth STEM Initiative España. Este capítulo, lanzado a principios de octubre, ha despertado interés en todo el país, desde Barcelona hasta las Islas Canarias. Todo esto ha sido posible gracias al alcance y la dedicación de la líder del capítulo, Nayra Cadavid, para expandir la organización entre los jóvenes entusiastas de STEM en este país europeo lleno de maravillas, rica cultura e innovación científica. ¡Esperamos con entusiasmo la mayor expansión de YSI España!

Nayra Cadavid

Nayra, who originally joined YSI as a researcher and has published several amazing research articles related to biology and climate change, has now stepped up to lead her country’s chapter! Hailing from the beautiful city of Barcelona in the heart of Catalunya, Spain, Nayra is the first person to join YSI from the country and has since made a lot of valuable scientific contributions to the organization. She is excited about the future of YSI Spain and stoked to be the leader of what is set to become one of our organization's largest chapters.

843

YSI Spain In Numbers

Our Instagram

4

A couple of fascinating articles written

by Spanish YSI Members

MEMBERS

2

by Chapter Leader, Nayra Cadavid

CITIES REPRESENTED ACROSS SPAIN

100%

GROWTH IN NUMBER OF MEMBERS FROM SPAIN SINCE CHAPTER INCEPTION

by Vlada Yarosh

Barcelona

Cana r

slands yI

Tenerife

844

Brazil Chapter YOUTH STEM INITIATIVE Heading down all the way to South America, we encounter Youth STEM Initiative’s first chapter launched in the Southern Hemisphere: YSI Brazil!

This chapter extends the organization’s global outreach, particularly to an area that is often overlooked but in reality is filled with STEMinspired students with a strong drive for innovation. Led by Maria Rita Coelho, who herself embodies one of these students, this chapter represents our largest demographic of any country in South America and the Southern Hemisphere.

We seek to further expand the organization’s reach in Brazil and the surrounding region through this new chapter!

r e t p a h C f o r e d a Le l i z a r B YSI

Descendo até a América do Sul, encontramos o primeiro capítulo da Youth STEM Initiative lançado no Hemisfério Sul: YSI Brasil! Este capítulo amplia o alcance global da organização, especialmente para uma região que muitas vezes é negligenciada, mas que, na verdade, está repleta de estudantes inspirados por STEM e com uma forte vontade de inovar. Liderado por Maria Rita Coelho, que é um exemplo perfeito desses estudantes, este capítulo representa nossa maior demografia em qualquer país da América do Sul e do Hemisfério Sul. Buscamos expandir ainda mais o alcance da organização no Brasil e na região ao redor por meio deste novo capítulo!

Maria Rita Coelho

Maria is a 16-year-old Brazilian girl who radiates excitement about Aerospace Engineering. As an 11th grader, she dreams big—imagining herself designing legendary airplanes like her favorite, the SR-71 Blackbird. Maria thrives on meaningful discussions about aerospace technology and believes in the transformative power of combining science with communication to improve the world. As both a Researcher and the Brazil Chapter Leader for YSI, she’s eager to make her mark and inspire others to reach for the skies—literally!

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YSI Brazl In Numbers

Our Instagram

5

Guia de Viagem Espacial, or Space Travel Guide, an eBook about space exploration by Chapter Leader Maria Rita Coelho

MEMBERS

3

CITIES REPRESENTED ACROSS BRAZIL

150%

GROWTH IN NUMBER OF MEMBERS FROM BRAZIL SINCE CHAPTER INCEPTION

Renzo Honorato, Brazilian YSI Researcher and Tutor

Franca

Rio de Janeiro São Paulo

846

Canada Chapter YOUTH STEM INITIATIVE Heading thousands of kilometers up to North America, we encounter the Canadian chapter of Youth STEM Initiative! As the country where YSI was established, Canada represents the largest demographic of YSI members consisting of researchers, editors, directors and executives who actively contribute to the organization and we look forward to further expanding its presence in cities across this modern, innovative nation from Vancouver to Toronto to Halifax under the leadership of Chapter Leader Amirali Banani.

r e t p a h C f o r e d a Le a d a n a YSI C

Amirali Banani

En remontant à des milliers de kilomètres jusqu'en Amérique du Nord, nous découvrons le chapitre canadien de la Youth STEM Initiative ! En tant que pays où la YSI a été fondée, le Canada représente la plus grande démographie de membres de la YSI, comprenant des chercheurs, éditeurs, directeurs et cadres qui contribuent activement à l'organisation.

Nous sommes impatients de continuer à étendre sa présence dans les villes de cette nation moderne et innovante, de Vancouver à Toronto en passant par Halifax, sous la direction du leader du chapitre, Amirali Banani.

Meet Amirali, the Chapter Leader for Canada who is also the Founder and Executive Director of Youth STEM Initiative. Having been raised in Vancouver on Canada's west coast all his life, Amirali is delighted to be the leader of his country's chapter for YSI alongside Ali, his Canadian counterpart from the opposite side of the country in Toronto. Currently a student pursuing a Bachelor of Science in Neuroscience at the University of Washington in Seattle, USA, Amirali is deeply interested in human biology and psychology as well as their intersections in order to gain a better understanding of how our brains influence our biological and behavioral functions. An enthusiast for research, he hopes to discover more about this through his studies at UW and beyond!

847

YSI Canada In Numbers

Our Instagram

40

A few of the brilliant research papers written by our team of Canadian Researchers

MEMBERS

8

CITIES REPRESENTED ACROSS CANADA

60%

GROWTH IN NUMBER OF MEMBERS FROM CANADA SINCE CHAPTER INCEPTION

A W A T OT

Saskatoon

Vancouver Calgary

Thunder Bay

Montreal Hamilt on Toronto 848

United States Chapter YOUTH STEM INITIATIVE

Heading just south of the 49th parallel to the United States, we meet the American chapter of Youth STEM Initiative. A country rich in modern-world scientific innovation and saturated with talented scholars, we are delighted to have launched a chapter in the United States, which represents YSI's third largest demographic after Canada and Türkiye. With this new chapter, we look forward to expanding the reach of the organization across this vast nation from Seattle to New York City under the leadership of Chapter Leader Abhi Kothapalli.

With 16 members and growing—most of whom are Researchers—our number of YSI members from the United States has almost doubled since the chapter’s inception in early November, and will only grow from here.

Chapter I S Y f o r Leade s e t a t S d Unite

Abhi Kothapalli

Abhi is a 10th grader from Bellevue, Washington, with a deep passion for healthcare. His academic journey includes subjects like physics, biomedical science, AP Psychology, AP World History, and pre-calculus, showcasing his commitment to a well-rounded education. Abhi has honed his leadership skills through roles in safety patrol, peer mentoring, ASB, and the WEB program. As both a rower and coxswain at Sammamish Rowing Association, Abhi has developed exceptional teamwork and time management abilities.

His entrepreneurial spirit was sparked by The Young Entrepreneurs program, leading to his participation in the Global TYE competition and winning the Entrepreneurial Olympiad at Stanford University. Abhi's dedication to service shines through his volunteering with Seattle Prep Academy and the Gratitude Network, where he enhanced his communication and problemsolving skills. Selected for the University of Washington’s Young Scholars Program, he explored neuroscience, solidifying his aspiration to become a medical doctor and serve communities in need. An internship with Medical-X introduced Abhi to the importance of training simulations in medical education, further fueling his passion for healthcare innovation. Now, as part of Youth STEM Initiative, Abhi is eager to contribute his skills, learn continuously, and make a meaningful impact.

849

YSI United States In Numbers

Our Instagram

16

A few of the brilliant research papers written by our team of American Researchers

MEMBERS

9

CITIES REPRESENTED ACROSS THE USA

100%

GROWTH IN NUMBER OF MEMBERS FROM USA SINCE CHAPTER INCEPTION

Seattle Rochester

Chicago

New York

Indianapolis

San Francisco

Los Angeles Houston Miami 850

Peru Chapter YOUTH STEM INITIATIVE For our final stop in the Americas region, we head all the way back south to the west coast of South America, where we encounter the Youth STEM Initiative Peru chapter. As one of the most innovative nations on the continent, Peru is a key hub for scientific institutions and rising young scholars in the region. We are thrilled to expand our reach by opening this new chapter in this beautiful South American nation, led by Belen Montesinos who herself is a Peruvian native with a bright scientific mind. Under Belen’s leadership we look forward to further expanding YSI in this key South American nation which constitutes members who have contributed so much as part of different initiatives in the organization.

Chapter f o r e d a e L u r e P I S Y

En nuestra última parada en la región de las Américas, nos dirigimos nuevamente al sur, hasta la costa oeste de América del Sur, donde encontramos el capítulo de Youth STEM Initiative Perú. Como uno de los países más innovadores del continente, Perú es un centro clave para instituciones científicas y jóvenes académicos emergentes en la región. Estamos emocionados de ampliar nuestro alcance con la apertura de este nuevo capítulo en este hermoso país sudamericano, liderado por Belen Montesinos, una peruana con una mente científica brillante. Bajo el liderazgo de Belen, esperamos seguir expandiendo YSI en este importante país sudamericano, que cuenta con miembros que han contribuido enormemente a diversas iniciativas de la organización.

Belen Montesinos

Belen Montesinos is a Peruvian freshman at Bowdoin College who is passionate about combining her interests in neuroscience and government. Her research topics focus on gravitational wave physics, binary black holes, neurotechnology, among others. This knowledge has led her to publications and international presentations in educational programs for young people. In recent years, she has been an activist for girls in STEM and a writer on related topics. Outside of science, she works in her eco-friendly sanitary napkin venture, practices water sports, and takes care of her pets.

851

YSI Peru In Numbers

Our Instagram

4

Astrophysics research article co-authored by Chapter Leader Belen Montesinos

MEMBERS

1

CITY REPRESENTED ACROSS PERU

100%

GROWTH IN NUMBER OF MEMBERS FROM PERU SINCE CHAPTER INCEPTION

Marcela Peralta Berrios, Peruvian YSI Researcher and Director of Biomedical Engineering

LIMA

852

India Chapter YOUTH STEM INITIATIVE Finally, we head across the world from Peru to South Asia, where we encounter the Youth STEM Initiative India chapter. As one of the most innovative nations on the continent, Peru is a key hub for scientific institutions and rising young scholars in the region. We are thrilled to expand our reach by opening this new chapter in this beautiful South American nation, led by Belen Montesinos who herself is a Peruvian native with a bright scientific mind. Under Belen’s leadership we look forward to further expanding YSI in this key South American nation which constitutes members who have contributed so much as part of different initiatives in the organization.

Finalmente, nos dirigimos al sur hasta la costa oeste de América del Sur, donde encontramos el capítulo de Youth STEM Initiative Perú. Como uno de los países más innovadores del continente, Perú es un centro clave para instituciones científicas y jóvenes académicos emergentes en la región. Estamos emocionados de expandir nuestro alcance con la apertura de este nuevo capítulo en este hermoso país sudamericano, liderado por Belen Montesinos, una peruana con una mente científica brillante. Bajo el liderazgo de Belen, esperamos seguir expandiendo YSI en este importante país sudamericano, cuyos miembros han contribuido significativamente como parte de diferentes iniciativas de la organización.

Chapter f o r e d a e L a i d n I I S Y

Jiya is a high school senior from Vadodara, India, with a deeply altruistic spirit and a passion for exploring meaningful topics like effective altruism.

She finds inspiration in thoughtprovoking books such as The Precipice.

Jiya's interests extend to the fascinating intersection of neuroscience and astronomy, where she hopes to make impactful contributions. Outside of academics, Jiya expresses her creativity by writing songs and playing the guitar.

Eager to share valuable science with the world, Jiya looks forward to collaborating with others to make a difference through her work and passion as both a Researcher and the YSI Chapter Leader for India.

853

YSI India In Numbers

Our Instagram

11

A psychological book about maximizing your mind’s cognitive power by Indian YSI Researcher, Shevansh Nagar

MEMBERS

5

CITIES REPRESENTED ACROSS INDIA

83%

GROWTH IN NUMBER OF MEMBERS FROM INDIA SINCE CHAPTER INCEPTION

Delhi & New Delhi Vadodara Kolkata

Mumbai Vijayawada

854

Chapters in Development YOUTH STEM INITIATIVE

YSI Cyprus EUROPE

Welcome to YSI Cyprus, led by Roza Anastasiadou! We are delighted to launch yet another chapter in the Mediterranean, this time on the beautiful island of Cyprus, which is home to many young and brilliant scientists. We hope to see more outstanding Cypriots like Roza join us

🫶🏻

Follow @ysi.cyprus on Instagram for more!

CHAPTER LEADER

Καλώς ήρθατε στο YSI Κύπρου με επικεφαλής τη Ρόζα Αναστασιάδου! Είναι χαρά μας να εγκαινιάσουμε ένα ακόμη κεφάλαιο στη Μεσόγειο, αυτή τη φορά στο πανέμορφο νησί της Κύπρου, το οποίο φιλοξενεί πολλούς νέους, έξυπνους επιστήμονες. Ελπίζουμε να δούμε περισσότερους λαμπρούς Κύπριους όπως η Ρόζα να εντάσσονται μαζί μας

🫶🏻

Roza Anastasiadou Roza, who originally joined Youth STEM Initiative as a researcher specializing in organic chemistry and cancer research, has now taken the responsibility of leading her home country’s chapter! Hailing from the mesmerizing city of Paphos on the west coast of Cyprus, Roza is currently pursuing a Bachelor of Science in Economics at the University of Macedonia in Thessaloniki, Greece. She looks forward to expanding the reach of YSI in Cyprus and is excited to be the leader of it all!

855

YSI Japan ASIA

🌸

Welcome to YSI Japan! At Youth STEM Initiative, we are thrilled to represent Japan—one of the most scientifically and technologically advanced countries in the world—by bringing together the country's incredible scientific talent and contributing to the organization's growth. From Osaka to Kyoto to Tokyo, this futuristic and innovative nation is filled with some of the world's brightest and most accomplished individuals. Under the leadership of YSI Japan Chapter Leader Maria Fujisawa, we are excited to welcome Japan’s knowledgeable and ambitious young scientists to join us in the near future through this new chapter in Asia

🇯🇵🙌🏻

🌸

Follow @ysi.japan on Instagram for more!

CHAPTER LEADER

YSI Japanへようこそ！ Youth STEM Initiativeで、世界で 最も科学的および技術的に進んだ国の一つである日本を代 表し、この国の素晴らしい科学的才能を集め、組織の発展 に貢献できることを大変嬉しく思います。大阪から京都、 そして東京まで、この未来的で革新的な国は、世界で最も 賢く、実績のある人々で溢れています。だからこそ、YSI Japanチャプターリーダーのマリア・フジサワさんのリーダ ーシップのもと、日本の知識豊富で志高い若い科学者たち がこの新しいアジアのチャプターを通じて近い将来私たち に加わることをとても楽しみにしています

🇯🇵🙌🏻

Maria Fujisawa Hi! My name is Maria Fujisawa, and I’m from Tokyo, Japan. I am a junior in high school who's passionate about neurotech / brain-computer interfaces, AI, and research. Outside my academic interests I enjoy playing volleyball, and I also recently started taking dance classes.

I am interested in researching more about brain-computer interfaces—especially its applications in assistive communication and healthcare. Through my projects and research, I hope that I can contribute to the developments in this exciting and ever-changing field.

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YSI Saudi Arabia ASIA

Say hello Youth STEM Initiative’s Saudi Arabia chapter, led by Lana Almansour! Saudi Arabia is one of the fastest-growing countries in the fields of STEM and Technology, with an incredible drive for innovation. We are stoked to launch this chapter in a nation that’s becoming a global leader on so many fronts, particularly in scientific industries

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Youth ‫قل مرحبًا بفصل المملكة العربية السعودية من‬ ‫ بقيادة النا المنصور! ُتعد المملكة العربية‬،STEM Initiative STEM ‫السعودية واحدة من أسرع الدول نموًا في مجاالت‬ ‫ نحن متحمسون‬.‫ مع دافع مذهل نحو االبتكار‬،‫والتكنولوجيا‬ ‫إلطالق هذا الفصل في دولة ُتصبح رائدة عالمية في العديد‬ ‫ وخاصة في الصناعات العلمية‬،‫من المجاالت‬

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Follow @ysi.saudi on Instagram to stay updated!

YSI Kenya AFRICA

Introducing Youth STEM Initiative’s Kenya chapter, led by Clay Mwandiki Gitobu! Kenya is a growing powerhouse in East Africa with some of the most innovative scientific innovations in the region coming from the country. With this new chapter in Africa, under Clay’s leadership, we seek to expand the organization in this region through online initiatives and school-wide STEM events in Nairobi and beyond that bind students together with a common interest in science, research, and innovation

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Kenya ni taifa linalokua kwa kasi katika Afrika Mashariki, likiwa na baadhi ya uvumbuzi wa kisayansi bunifu zaidi katika kanda hii kutoka nchini humo. Kupitia sura hii mpya barani Afrika, chini ya uongozi wa Clay, tunalenga kupanua shirika la Youth STEM Initiative katika eneo hili kupitia mipango ya mtandaoni na matukio ya STEM ya shule nzima jijini Nairobi na kwingineko. Matukio haya yatawaleta wanafunzi pamoja kwa shauku ya pamoja ya sayansi, utafiti, na uvumbuzi.

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Follow @ysi.kenya on Instagram to stay updated!

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Courses YOUTH STEM INITIATIVE Biochemistry: The chemical basis of biological processes

Laboratory Procedures: Become a Rockstar in The Science Lab Biomedical Engineering: Revolutionizing Health Through Tech

Neuroscience: The Brain and Nervous System Uncovered

Medicine: Learn Anatomy, Physiology, Treatment, and Disease Genetics: The Science of Heredity and Biological Variation

Physics: Matter, Energy, and Forces

Biology: The Science of Life Biotechnology: Innovating Life, Shaping The Future

Astronomy: The Science of Outer Space

Engineering: Building with Mathematics

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CATALOGUE OF COURSES

DIRECTOR OF EDUCATION

Zehra Naz Balcıoğlu ISTANBUL, TÜRKIYE

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Hi, I’m Zehra Naz Balcıoğlu, and I’m excited to be the Director of Education for Youth STEM Initiative!

I’m from Türkiye and currently a second-year IBDP student at FMV Işık High School in Istanbul, where I’m pursuing a future in digital marketing. I absolutely love reading—Virginia Woolf is my favorite author—and I’m also the Creative Director of our school’s tech magazine and the Editor of the literature magazine. Beyond academics, I’m really p1assionate about giving back, so I’m involved in various social charities. I also love staying active as a tennis player and lead as the PR captain of our FRC team. I can’t wait to contribute and make a difference in this wonderful scientific organization!

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CATALOGUE OF COURSES

DIRECTOR OF NEUROSCIENCE

Yaren Duru Kara

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THESSALONIKI, GREECE

My name is Yaren Duru, I’m from Türkiye and have recently graduated from high school with high honors. I started medical school at the Aristotle School of Medicine in Thesaaloniki, Greece in Octobeer. During high school, I studied under an international curriculum, which allowed me to specialize in biology and chemistry. I had access to advanced courses, experiments, and internship opportunities, all of which have deepened my expertise in these fields. I have a deep interest in neurology, neuroscience, and neuropsychology. My ultimate goal is to specialize as a neurosurgeon, delving into the philosophical and physiological dimensions of consciousness and intelligence. I’m currently conducting research in neurology and artificial intelligence, focusing on how AI can develop consciousness with the scope of neurology. In addition to my academic pursuits, I’ve actively participated in Model UN conferences and I’m also a strong advocate for the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs) with a focus on promoting good health and innovation in science and technology. I’ve also participated in competitions and have publications in science, politics, art, and music.

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CATALOGUE OF COURSES

DIRECTOR OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

Marcela Peralta Berrios

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LIMA, PERU Hi! I’m Marcela, a 17-year-old from Peru with a passion for scientific innovation. I’m currently on a gap year, exploring different fields and working towards becoming a biomedical engineer. In my free time, I enjoy coding, reading biomedical engineering magazines, and dancing, especially Afro-Peruvian styles. I also love learning new languages. I am delighted to be the Director of Biomedical Engineering for Youth STEM Initiative and look forward to making a positive difference in this incredible organization.

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CATALOGUE OF COURSES

DIRECTOR OF MEDICINE

Eman Mohammed

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SHARJAH, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES My name is Eman Muhammad. I’m 18 years old and a senior in high school, originally from Pakistan but I was born and raised in the United Arab Emirates. I have a deep passion for public speaking and actively participate in Model UN conferences.

Beyond public speaking, I am enthusiastic about art, reading, and writing. I have been involved in various school competitions and served as the lead writer for our school magazine. I have always been interested in volunteering and STEM initiatives, often engaging in biology debates related to environmental issues and human rights. A fun fact about me is that my interest in public speaking began early — I once dressed as an octopus in third grade and surprisingly won first place with a poem titled “Jiggly Jolly Jellyfish.”

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CATALOGUE OF COURSES

DIRECTOR OF BIOLOGY

Berk Alan Gedzik

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GRONINGEN, NETHERLANDS

My name is Berk Alan Gedzik, but please feel free to call me Alan.

I was born and raised in Istanbul, Türkiye, and completed my education there up until university. I graduated with distinction from FMV Işık Okulları, where I also took AP courses in preparation for university. Currently, I’m in my final year of a bachelor’s program in Biology at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, focusing on Molecular Life Sciences. Although my studies are heavily focused on molecular biology and chemistry, my foundation in biology was solidified during my first year. Additionally, I’m pursuing a minor in Psychology: Cognition, Development, and Performance. This minor reflects my passion for understanding human behaviour and its connections to neuroscience and biology. After completing the minor, I will wrap up my bachelor’s program with a research project and thesis. Outside of academics, I enjoy staying active by going to the gym, playing football, and basketball, as I thrive on competition. I’m also an avid reader, particularly of Russian literature, and have been a fan of Rock and Metal music since high school. Lastly, I have a strong affection for animals—while I don’t currently own a pet, my family and I have always cared for the neighbourhood cats in my hometown.

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CATALOGUE OF COURSES

DIRECTOR OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

Naïma Nissaraly

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LONDON, ENGLAND, UNITED KINGDOM Hi! I’m Naïma, a biotechnologist in the making from Madagascar currently studying at Imperial College London in the United Kingdom. I'm passionate about science solutions that make healthcare more accessible to everyone and more eco-friendly.

Outside of academics, I love to travel, play racket sports, and spend time in nature. I also have the cutest kitten (she’s just 5 months old!).

By showcasing the incredible potential of science applications in different fields, from medicine to fashion, I hope to ignite the same fascination that I have for biotechnology and biochemistry in our students. I’m excited for what’s coming and hope you are too!

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CATALOGUE OF COURSES

DIRECTOR OF GENETICS

Shewit Tsegay Hadera OSLO, NORWAY

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Hi everyone, my name is Shewit and I'm delighted to be the Director of Genetics for Youth STEM Initiative! The human body intrigues me; thus, I chose to partake a BSc in Biotechnology with the aspiration of continuing my academic journey in biomedicine. I study at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences in Norway at the moment, but I am eager to complete my master's abroad as I love travelling and exploring cultures. I seek experiences that challenge my perspectives and broaden my horizon. I have truly become that friend who is always on the move! Through the past years I have discovered the value of volunteering, and most of all the importance of community work. Even though volunteering demands a lot of my energy and time, I occasionally read, mostly non-fiction books – anything from psychology to philosophy.

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CATALOGUE OF COURSES

DIRECTOR OF PHYSICS

Doruk Öge

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ISTANBUL, TÜRKIYE

Hey everyone! My name is Doruk and I'm a 9th grader who lives in Istanbul. I am interested in science, learning, chess and basketball. I also receive training on coding such as C550x. During the pandemic, I made publications on science communication on the "doruk oge" YouTube channel. I added subtitle support to these publications, and we can benefit from these publications in our course training. I love sharing what I have learned and look forward to being the YSI Physics course director.

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COURSES IN DEVELOPMENT Biochemistry: The chemical basis of biological processes DIRECTOR OF BIOCHEMISTRY

İlker Yasin Dağaşan ISTANBUL, TÜRKIYE

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My name is İlker Yasin Dağasan. I am 19 years old and currently a second-year student studying Medical Laboratory Techniques at university in Istanbul. I am curious about all things related to people and strive to learn as much as I can. For instance, I enjoy researching human physiology and anatomy, as well as exploring the intersections between these fields and psychology. I am also working to break into the software sector and am learning Python and 3D modelling, with a focus on AI. I have been involved in various student clubs, served on several academic teams, and contributed to PR and social media efforts. Although I planned to write articles in the field of psychology, I had to put that project on hold due to personal reasons. My hobbies include reading books and articles, particularly on biology and physiology, writing novels, and participating in sports, especially fitness, swimming, and basketball.

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Astronomy: The Science of Outer Space

DIRECTOR OF ASTRONOMY

Omar Elgaar

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AL MINUFUYAH, EGYPT

I am Omar Elgaar, a Senior high school Student at STEM High School for Boys 6th of October (STEM Egypt). I was born and raised in Menofia, Egypt. I am passionate about Robotics and Technology and currently, I am on the high board of the STEM Egypt Robotics Club. I have always been interested in Astronomy and Astrophysics and how I can integrate Robotics and Technology with this science. I am currently participating in the STEM Astronomy Club and working on experiments and research papers in the field of Astronomy. Finally, I am delighted to be the Director of Astronomy for Youth STEM Initiative and hope to make a significant impact.

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Engineering: Building with Mathematics DIRECTOR OF ENGINEERING

Bardia Malekzadeh

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VANCOUVER, BC, CANADA

Hey everyone, my name is Bardia and I'm a 17 year old in my last year of high school in Vancouver, Canada. I'm an aspiring engineer and I'm also into art and sports. My interest lies in the intersection of these fields. I will be more than happy to share my ideas and projects with the Youth STEM Initiative community and I'm delighted to be the Director of Engineering for this wonderful scientific organization!

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Research Workshops YOUTH STEM INITIATIVE

In partnership with MedXplorer and YSI United Arab Emirates

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RECAP November/December 2024

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STEM Quest was a research workshop series we hosted in partnership with MedXplorer, a healthcare company based in Pakistan, from November 15 to December 1. This workshop series was launched thanks to Abeer Iftikhar, Youth STEM Initiative’s United Arab Emirates Chapter Leader, who reached out to MedXplorer CEO Muhammad Aadil Abbas to create such a program with the goal to provide STEM-inspired students worldwide with the opportunity to enhance their scientific research skills through a series of workshops over three weekends. Over a 10 day application period right before the program commenced, 120 people from 20 different countries applied, making this by far the biggest and most international workshop series we’ve ever organized and hosted.

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120 applicants representing 20 different countries...

🇦🇪 🇵🇰 🇹🇷 🇨🇦 🇪🇬 🇧🇪 🇨🇲 🇳🇬 🇺🇸 🇹🇳 🇵🇱 🇮🇳 🇮🇩 🇺🇿 🇬🇧 🇸🇾 🇸🇦 🇪🇹 🇬🇷 🇧🇩 120 people, most high school and undergraduate students, from 20 different countries around the world including the UAE, Greece, Ethiopia, Canada, Indonesia, Belgium, Cameroon and Pakistan applied to attend the 9 sessions hosted by doctors, research professionals, and students who shared their knowledge and insights in scientific research—particularly in the medical field. With such an international audience, we were able to impact students on five continents and thus help teach the next generation of people globally the skills they will need to discover and innovate in science further than we have ever before.

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1-Hour Sessions on everything from Biostatistics and EvidenceBased Medicine to Grant Writing and the Application of AI in Medical Diagnostics and Research...

Each week of the 3-week program had 3 different sessions (for a total of 9 sessions, 2 of which were introduction/conclusion sessions) that each covered a particular topic in research and was presented often by a medical doctor, in the following order: 1) Biostatistics in Healthcare & Science Communication presented by Dr. Roma Ehsan; 2) Systemic Review & Meta Analysis by Joweria Ekram; 3) The Application of AI in Medical Diagnostics & Science by Muhammad Aadil Abbas; 4) Evidence-Based Medicine by Dr. Ahtisham Ali; 5) Ethics in Research by Usama Muhammad Nadeem; 6) Data-driven Research by Dr. Pashmeen Lakhani; and 7) Grant Writing & Funding Opportunities in Research by Amirali Banani 875

...Presented by Doctors, Students, and Researchers from the following Institutions:

Our list of 8 speakers come from different parts of the world and are part of institutions such as the American University of Ras Al Khaimah (AURAK) in the United Arab Emirates, the University of Washington in the United States, the University of Lahore in Pakistan, and the University of Calgary Medical School in Canada. These world-class research institutions are the places where our speakers themselves learned much of the research skills that they taught STEM Quest attendees during the sessions, and are the centers at which they’ve gained the bulk of their research experience.

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STEM Quest List of Speakers

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Thank you to everyone who hosted and presented: Muhammad Aadil Abbas Abeer Iftikhar Roma Ehsan Dr. Ekram Dr. Lakhani Dr. Nadeem Dr. Ali Amirali Banani ...and to everyone who attended these sessions as part of the STEM Quest program!

-Youth STEM Initiative & MedXplorer

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A Comprehensive Note of Reflection and Appreciation Regarding STEM Quest -Amirali Banani, YSI Executive Director A heartfelt thank you to Muhammad Aadil Abbas and MedXplorer for partnering with us on providing such a valuable program to enhance student involvement and enrichment in scientific research. Also a massive thank you to Abeer Iftikhar, Researcher and Chapter Leader for the United Arab Emirates at Youth STEM Initiative, for organizing and co-hosting this enlightening research workshop series—a game changer for many students around the world! We really couldn't have done this without you Abeer, collaborating with MedXplorer on behalf of Youth STEM Initiative and helping organize the entire program, so thank you from the bottom of my heart for making this workshop series possible!

I had the honour of presenting a session on Grant Writing and Funding Opportunities in Medical Research on Saturday, November 30. In this session, I talk about the importance of grant writing in medical research, how to write and structure grant proposals NIH-style, tips & strategies to successfully obtain funding for research from institutions, and more in a 50-minute presentation. It was a great pleasure to be part of STEM Quest as a presenter and this is certainly something I would do again!

In addition to Abeer and Muhammad Aadil, I am also super grateful to the five other speakers—Roma Ehsan, Dr. Ekram, Dr. Lakhani, Dr. Nadeem, and Dr. Ali— who stepped up to present a variety of intriguing topics in research from Biostatistics to Evidence-Based Medicine to the Application of AI in Medical Diagnostics and Research. Together, you have helped broaden the insights of aspiring scientists and equipped them with some of the most valuable skills they will need to succeed in their research. We look forward to more workshops like these while partnering again with MedXplorer for other initiatives in the future

🙌🏻

All the presentations from STEM Quest can be found on the Youth STEM Initiative website: youthsteminitiative.com 879

Book Publishing YOUTH STEM INITIATIVE

Check out these scientific books written and published by Youth STEM Initiative members

Guia de Viagem Espacial (Space Travel Guide) - eBook written in Brazilian Portuguese by Maria Rita Coelho SYNOPSIS Guia de Viagem Espacial, or Space Travel Guide, authored by Brazilian YSI Researcher and Brazil Chapter Leader Maria Rita Coelho, is an exploration of space through the wondering eyes of an adolescent narrator. This e-book opens with an introduction to humanity's initial forays into space flight, capturing the excitement and wonder of space exploration. It acts as a guide, proposing books, videos, websites, and social media pages that explore the wonders of the universe, making space more approachable to young readers. The story is built on the "shoulders of giants," giving tribute to the historical pioneers of astronomy and space research who have enabled today's understanding of the universe. The book also seeks to "demystify the stars," distinguishing between the scientific field of astronomy and astrology while also providing insights into crucial subjects such as astronautics and aviation. Coelho even discusses complicated phenomena, such as black holes, in simple terms, providing a comprehensive and entertaining reference on space. The tour concludes with comments on the grandeur of the universe, leaving readers with a sense of awe and curiosity about what exists beyond Earth. This book is written in Portuguese, with an English version coming out soon!

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Break Through To Your Breakthrough

by Shevansh Nagar Unlocking The Inner Chambers of Your Mind Using Evidence from Neuroscience and Psychology Research

on Amazon Kindle SYNOPSIS "Break through to Your Breakthrough" is a treasure map to hidden chambers of your mind, ready to unleash. Compiled from psychology, neuroscience, and personal development pioneers, it's the key to fulfilling your purpose. The journey begins with mind-body union, delving into the subconscious whispers influencing your thoughts and emotions. Harness positive thinking to silence negativity, cultivating a growth mindset - your armor against life's inevitable challenges. Next, discover mindfulness and meditation, potent tools for inner peace. With each conscious breath and visualization, stress evaporates, replaced by clarity and focus. But selfmastery goes beyond observation. Cognitive behavioral therapy equips you to identify and challenge self-sabotaging thoughts, manage anxiety and depression, and build unshakeable self-esteem. The negative becomes a springboard, not a wall. Visualization takes center stage, as you craft vivid mental images of your goals, fueling them with emotion and detail.

Watch dreams morph into reality, fueled by your focused mind. Habits, seemingly mundane, become your life's architects. Learn to harness their power, breaking free from unwanted patterns and weaving new ones that propel you towards success. But mastery extends beyond the mind. The realm of emotional intelligence awaits, where you'll understand the full spectrum of emotions, both within yourself and others. Cultivate empathy and compassion, becoming a beacon of positivity in a world shrouded in negativity. To nurture this holistic well-being, explore the mind-body connection. Discover powerful stress management techniques, prioritize self-care for resilience, and unlock optimal brain health through sleep, nutrition, and physical activity. Remember, a healthy mind thrives in a healthy body. Life isn't a walk in the park, though. Stumbles, falls, and moments of darkness arise. This is where resilience shines. Learn to bounce back, embrace challenges as growth opportunities, and cultivate unwavering optimism that fuels your journey forward. The final piece lies in the power of words. Affirmations, whispered promises to yourself, become potent tools for shaping your inner narrative. Learn to craft powerful affirmations, drowning out negativity with unwavering belief in your own potential. This journey culminates in gratitude, a lens through which you appreciate the present moment and find joy in the everyday.

Through journaling and reflection, you'll weave a tapestry of positive experiences, spreading sunshine not just within yourself, but outwards, into the world around you. "Break through to Your Breakthrough" isn't a destination; it's a lifelong adventure. Embrace its wisdom and embark on your own extraordinary journey of self-discovery and transformation. Let your life be a testament to the boundless potential that lies within.

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The Anatomy of The Human Eye Explained - eBook by Amirali Banani on Amazon Kindle & Rakuten Kobo SYNOPSIS From what we know, the human eye is anything but simple. Though it may look like nothing more than merely a white sphere with a central coloured ring at its anterior that encircles a small dark opening, that is just the tip of the iceberg. Within this hollow, 6-cubic-centimetre globe is over two million interacting parts that work to ensure light is gathered and processed into visual information as smoothly as possible. Its enormous complexity relative to its small size is the reason that the eye is considered the second most complex organ in the human body after the brain. This gorgeous, highly resilient organ can adjust accordingly to changing conditions and environments within a matter of milliseconds. The human eye is incredibly productive, working nonstop to manipulate the laws of physics by altering the trajectories and angles of incoming electromagnetic radiation, initiating biochemical pathways in our retinae to form visual details that biologically make sense. The fact that light entering our eyes from all different directions and distances is focused and projected onto our retinae as a clear, 2D image, and then information from that 2D image is used in our brain to construct 3D images that allow us to perceive the world in three dimensions is truly a work of genius by nature. Even the muscles that surround the bulb of the eye and regulate its movements are the swiftest and most powerful muscles in the human body relative to their function. Just like how the eye is the window to the outside world, this book is a window into the anatomical structures that form this biological powerhouse of energy-converting cells that help us discern vision.

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Forces of Evolution: A guide to the elemental forces that drive evolutionary processes - eBook by Amirali Banani on Amazon Kindle & Rakuten Kobo SYNOPSIS Have you ever paused to ponder what accounts for the immense biological diversity that can be seen on Earth? Or have you ever wondered why certain organisms survive and pass on their genes to the next generation while others do not? These questions can be addressed by Evolution, a seemingly subtle yet powerful natural phenomenon that has affected nearly every species that has ever existed throughout the evolutionary history of Earth and is constantly at play in all the ecosystems of the planet.

Evolution is not a single force, but rather an agglomeration of forces — most prominently genetic mutations, Natural Selection, and Artificial Selection — that altogether drive change in species. Each of these forces are essentially based on the science behind the inheritance of genes and how the genotypes of an organism determine its phenotypic characteristics. Throughout the evolutionary history of Earth, Natural Selection has directly influenced the differential survival and reproduction of organisms as a result of changes in DNA due to mutations, favouring particular traits over other ones which has resulted in the survival of certain species and the death of others. While most of Evolution is and has been influenced by natural forces, the development of Gene Editing and Genetic Engineering techniques (such as CRISPR) by humans is granting us the power to artificially influence the evolution of species. Through Artificial Selection, we can modify or create new genes to increase the frequency of desirable traits in organisms to suit our necessities — or possibly even solve the current extinction crisis. Whether you are keen to learn more about the mechanisms behind genetic mutations or the processes underlying Natural and Artificial Selection, or if you are simply seeking to expand your knowledge on Evolution, this book has it all covered!

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OUR PARTNERS A big shoutout to our global partners who have supported us over the past year: PONAD System - Poland

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Thanks to our partnership with PONAD System, we have been collaborating on a variety of science projects and initiatives, particularly through the YSI Poland chapter. This includes both online and in-person events in schools across Poland, aimed at promoting the development of scientific research skills among young, aspiring Polish scientists.

MedXplorer - Pakistan

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Our partnership with MedXplorer, a healthcare company from Pakistan, entailed the establishment of the STEM Quest research workshop series—our biggest and most impactful research workshop series to date. With such a successful workshop series, we look forward to continuing and expanding our partnership with MedXplorer for more initiatives in the future.

Tech Girls Tunisia - Tunisia

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Our partnership with Tech Girls Tunisia, particularly through the YSI Tunisia chapter, led to the launch of the Wallah We Can—a workshop series on web development in which attendees gained hands-on experience with HTML, CSS, and project presentations.

The workshop series brought together girls with a passion for web development and computer programming from all over the Middle East and were led by 3 trainers—Kods Oueslati, Yosr Rouatbi, and Eya Lahiani—who taught many valuable skills with these programming languages over 3 sessions.

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OUR PARTNER PUBLICATION Insights of Nature Understanding the universe through science

‘Insights of Nature’ is where curiosity meets knowledge. Science is all around us, all the time.

We only need to look and ask a little deeper to unveil the fascinating wonders of nature. Join us on a journey of discovery and deepen your understanding of the natural sciences!

Insights of Nature is Youth STEM Initiative’s partner publication on Medium in which many of our Researchers write and publish articles as freelancers on a variety of scientific topics.

Launched by our Founder, Amirali Banani, and Christopher Lee, a Neuroscience major at Johns Hopkins University in December 2023 with a mission to share scientific knowledge with the world, many of our Researchers have joined the organization through this publication and vice versa. As an emerging and quickly growing science publication on Medium, we’re always looking for new writers who are able to contribute their knowledge and research in science.

You may check out our articles through the QR code provided above!

@insights_of_nature 885

YOUTH STEM INITIATIVE IN NUMBERS - 2024

69

Research Articles

13

New Chapters

162

Members

+134

3

New Partners

11

Course Directors

6

Webinars 886

Countries Represented by Youth STEM Initiative Members

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Thank you everyone for a wonderful year!

You’ve all worked incredibly hard this year and contributed to the world of STEM in one way or another with your innovative spirit and drive to better understand the world around you. 2024 was a fabulous year for YSI and it’s incredible how far the organization has come over the past 12 months with the joining of over 130 new members globally and the launch of multiple new initiatives and partnerships with other organizations.

It’s a pleasure to have all of you in this organization and we look forward to an even better 2025

🥂❤️

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