Yhk 8 3 cyber deviance

a quarterly journal from the hongkong federation of youth groups

Youth

September 2016

Volume 8 Number 3

HONG KONG

Cyber Deviance

Contents

OVERVIEW 4 Cyber deviance Between illicit and illegal

September 2016 | Youth Hong Kong

Volume 8 Number 3

INSIGHT 7 Scams and swindlers 9

Dicky Wong Cyber Security & Technology Crime Bureau

Financial fraud and malware

Michael Leung President, HK Computer Society

11 What makes a hacker?

Francesca Bosco

13 Reaction and response

SC Leung HK Computer Emergency Response Team

YOUTH SPEAK 14 Vulnerable targets: victims online Blackmailing Jack; Cyberbullying Tina

7-13

4-6

INSIGHT

OVERVIEW

ON THE AGENDA Criminalizing cyberbullying 18 Loopholes in legislative framework

18-27

14-17

Stephanie Hung

ON THE AGENDA PERSPECTIVES

YOUTH SPEAK

19 Changing the back door approach Andrew Lau

PERSPECTIVES 21 Frontline reports from HKFYG

Wilson Chan & Ka Wu Youth Crime Prevention Centre

28-37

23 Cyber strategies: legal and illegal

TALKING POINT 36 What does Brexit mean?

25 Online games: the good, the bad and the novelty

38 From writing to reading

YOUTH WATCH 28 Online and at risk: international statistics

HKFYG 40 Books and boutiques without boundaries

CITY SPACE 32 Accessorize the athletic way

42 New titles for 2016 Special Offer 44 Youth IDEAS think tank reports LegCo; Lifelong learning; Tourism 47 LEAD building up STEAM 49 Awards Youth Service and Youth Business

Gary Heilbronn

Hsu Siu-man Supervisor, Counselling, HKFYG

Jennifer Lam

Joy Pamnani

Jean Letterman

Cyrus Cheng

34 Leaders to Leaders Ana Maria Castro Monzón, Felix Chan & Saida Ibrahimava

YOUTH HONG KONG published quarterly

by The Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups

INTERVIEWS & FEATURES Elaine Morgan Ada Chau

EDITORIAL BOARD Rosanna Wong Elaine Morgan (Editor) Ada Chau (Assistant Editor) William Chung Andy Ho Lakshmi Jacotă Angela Ngai Hon Advisers Henry Poon Veronica Pearson

OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Stephanie Hung Andrew Lau Gary Heilbronn Virginia Addison Joy Pamnani Felix Chan Mindy Li HKFYG Youth Research Centre

CIRCULATION (unaudited) 11,000-12,000 in Hong Kong, throughout the region and overseas VIEWS EXPRESSED are the authors’ and interviewees’, may come from official sources, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the editorial board or publisher REPRODUCTION OF CONTENTS without written permission from the publisher is prohibited

YOUTH WATCH CITY SPACE

Mindy Li

TRANSLATION Ada Chau & Angela Ngai PHOTOGRAPHS Acknowledged as captioned, pixabay, stock images, or in public domain TRADEMARKS All brand names and product names are registered trademarks. Youth Hong Kong is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in articles.

ARTWORK, DESIGN, LAYOUT & PRINTING nestworkshop

38-51 CULTURE HKFYG

ISSN 2071-3193 WEB youthhongkong.hkfyg.org.hk CORRESPONDENCE to The Editor, Youth Hong Kong, 21/F, The Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups Building, 21 Pak Fuk Road, North Point, Hong Kong TEL 3755 7084, 3755 7108 FAX 3755 7155 EMAIL youthhongkong@hkfyg.org.hk ADVERTISING enquiries to Ada Chau 3755 7108 The Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups was founded in 1960 and is the city’s largest non-profit youth organization. Its programmes and activities at over 60 locations have annual attendance of 5 million.

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Editorial

September 2016 | Youth Hong Kong

There is a dark side to using the internet and social media. Cyber deviance and cybercrime — including cyberbullying and blackmail, trolling and phishing, hacking and pornography — are not just “fringe events” that happen to other people. They have become mainstream and can affect very ordinary people in their everyday lives.

As young people are the greatest consumers of technology, the risks and temptations they face are increasing day by day so it becomes a critical challenge for us all to know how to protect potential victims and how to punish perpetrators, especially when legislation and legal recourse have not kept up with the growth and breadth of deviant cyber activities.

This issue of Youth Hong Kong explores the Hong Kong context of cyber deviance, looking at prevention, awareness and education, the loopholes in the law and the impact on victims. Experts offer suggestions on what might be changed in order to make cyber space a less threatening and safer place, especially for young people.

What are your experiences and what do you think should and could be done? Please let us know. Together we need to act on what is already a worrying development. Let it not get even worse.

Dr Rosanna Wong, DBE, JP Executive Director, HKFYG September 2016

3

Overview

September 2016 | Youth Hong Kong

Cyber deviance between illicit and illegal I

n Hong Kong, there is no formal definition of cybercrime or cyber deviance but they are associated with intimidation, extortion and fraud. When committed online with intent to harm these activities are classified as “technology crime.” Child pornography law may come into force when mobile phones are used to create and distribute sexual images, otherwise known as “sexting.” 1 Identity theft and illegal downloading of copyrighted media, including films and music, are also criminal offences.

The most common forms of cyber deviance here are hacking and cyberbullying. The latter is not a crime in Hong Kong and many other jurisdictions. However it can border on the criminal when it involves repeated harassment and threats. Trolling is one of the many forms of such bullying which can have devastating effects. They are easy for an online bully with a vast internet-enabled audience to achieve and difficult for police to investigate and prosecute.

Hacking ranges from curious exploration to inquisitive searching for weaknesses and to outright criminality. 2 Many borderline cases are not reported to police.

Other traps in Hong Kong’s cyber world include underage compensated dating via social media, 3 online auction fraud, and sextortion or “naked chat blackmail.” Again, many cases go unreported and form no part of official crime statistics. Then there is the phenomenon of mass online “naming and shaming” which is sometimes borderline illegal. In every situation of cyber risk and danger, young people can be both perpetrators and victims.

How common is risky behaviour in cyberspace?

There is no breakdown of official technology crime statistics by age group, but findings of a 2013 collaborative study by City University and the Federation are indicative of worrying trends.4 Over 1,500 16-17 year-olds were surveyed in this study. They were secondary or tertiary students and included marginalized youth-at-risk. Findings revealed that cybercrimes are not only committed by those on society’s margins. On the contrary, nearly three-quarters of all respondents admitted to having illegally downloaded music and software. More than a third had faked their identity on social media, a third had traded pornographic material on the internet and over a fifth had stolen virtual money and other online game paraphernalia.

4

These findings are reflected in other countries. In Australia, for example, a survey of over 2,000 respondents found that almost half had sent a sexual picture or video of themselves to another party, while two-thirds had received a sexual image. 13-15 year-olds in particular were likely to receive such images.5 In Britain, a 2016 survey of teenagers shows that an alarming 10% would be impressed if a friend hacked into an air traffic control system － even if it had disastrous consequences － and some 35% would admire anyone who managed to hack into a bank website.6 These snapshots are just an indication of worldwide trends.

What should parents do?

Striking a balance between allowing free exploration and providing appropriate oversight is a real challenge, especially as it appears that youth may have a false sense of immunity and anonymity when they are online. Parents’ concerns are reflected in a 2016 Pew Research Center survey. It finds that a wide range of parental monitoring of 13-17 year-olds takes place.7 See Figure 1. https://www.flickr.com/photos/wocintechchat/25392428253/

Even more worrying is evidence of online drug-buying, web-based triad activity, soliciting for paid sex, and widespread exchange on social media of sexually explicit photos and videos by youth.

Figure 1 Parental checks on 13-17 year-olds’ online and smartphone use

Activities monitored

by percentage of parents

Proactive controls used

by percentage of parents

Websites visited Social media profiles Messages and phone calls

Parental controls of online activity Parental restrictions of smartphone use Location tools on smartphones

61% 60% 48%

39% 16% 16%

Source pewinternet.org/2016/01/07/parents-teens-and-digital-monitoring

5

by Todd Mecklem flickr.com/photos/toddmecklem/3474780511/

The way forward Cyber activity will always be a concern for parents and educators. New legislation for juvenile cybercrime is on the drawing board but there are valid concerns about infringements of freedom of speech and in most cases of youth involvement the argument comes back to the responsibilities shouldered by parents.

However, the survey also shows that parents are less likely to use technology-based tools to block or track their teenagers’ online activities, a finding that is consistent with past Pew surveys. Nevertheless, the vast majority of parents try to take a proactive approach and 94% say they talk to teenage children about the difference between unacceptable and appropriate online behaviour.

The reality is that young people do not always tell their parents what they are doing. A survey conducted for the European Schoolnet found that 44% of children aged 8-16 hide potentially dangerous online activity from their parents. This figure rises to 51% for 14-16 year-olds. Furthermore, up to 70% of parents whose children successfully hide what they do online do not know about the inappropriate content viewed, nor about the interactions with inappropriate people or the incidents of cyberbullying that take place.8

For youth at risk of cyber deviance, the Federation and the Hong Kong Police Force have community crime prevention projects such as Project iSmart and Project R.9 These use education and early intervention which aim to prevent youth falling into cyber traps, and counselling for victims and suspects.10 Parents’ and teachers’ worries may also be lessened if they use the same online tools and platforms as their children, becoming familiar with the same technology, social media and devices that youth favour. Otherwise, staying alert and aware, and keeping traditional channels of communication open are the most reliable safeguards, as well as raising the alarm when action is really needed.

互聯網使人們的社交接觸大幅增加。但與此同時，大家可在 網絡世界隨意隱藏個人真實身分，道德界線亦因此容易變得 模糊。尤其在一些灰色地帶，青年更容易出現偏差行為，甚 至犯上刑事罪行。這正是網絡危機所在。據香港青年協會與 香港城市大學一項調查發現，超過三分之一受訪青年（16至 17歲）表示曾經非法下載音樂及電腦軟件，情況不容忽視。 其他網絡偏差行為或罪行，包括恐嚇、勒索、詐騙、網絡欺 凌和使用黑客技術犯罪等；我們除了需了解網絡罪行受害人 及犯案者的情況，亦應了解現行法例在打擊網絡罪行方面的 發展，以及其不足之處。總括而言，要有效處理青年所面對 的網絡危機，以及有關的偏差行為，實有賴家長、警方，以 至社會各界攜手協力，共謀對策。

Further reading and other sources 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

6

Crofts, T & Lee, M 2013.Sexting: children and child pornography. Sydney Law Review 35(1): 85–106, 2013.

Richet, Jean-Loup. From young hackers to crackers. International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction, 9(3), 53-62, 2013. scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-crime/article/1983136/underage-girls-rape-and-handbags-inside-murky-world-hong HKFYG and City University of Hong Kong. Cyber-crime and cyber deviance among adolescents in Hong Kong (in Chinese) July 2013. Synopsis quoted in “Alarm over youth cybercrime” South China Morning Post, 12 July 2013. scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1280501/alarm-over-youth-cyber-crime Lee, M, et al. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, December 2015. aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/tandi/501-520/tandi508.html mirror.co.uk/tech/teenage-cybercrime-wave-sweeps-britain-7332893 pewinternet.org/2016/01/07/parents-teens-and-digital-monitoring kaspersky.com/about/news/product/2016/One-in-Two-Children-Hide-Risky-Online-Behavior-from-Parents-Kaspersky-Lab-Research nfo.gov.hk/gia/general/201312/23/P201312230575.htm ycpc.hkfyg.org.hk/

Insight

September 2016 | Youth Hong Kong

Scams and swindlers Youth are most susceptible to online deception and blackmail, says Detective Inspector Dicky Wong of the Cyber Security and Technology Crime Bureau. While education is the key to prevention, adult stakeholders can be the hardest to convince.

How is cybercrime defined in Hong Kong?

In Hong Kong these crimes are defined according to classification used in legislation. They involve technology, whether on a computer, a smartphone or any other device.

Definitions vary according to different jurisdictions.

If they are playing an online game with somebody who pretends to have virtual weapons to sell, a youngster who wants to buy gets tricked into depositing money into a criminal’s bank account. They never get their desired weapon. Another type of fraud is via e-auction and online shopping websites where crooks pretend to be selling Could you give some examples of typical recent cases? desirable goods cheaply. Their victims make payment but Naked chat blackmail or sextortion is one of the technology the goods are never delivered, just as in the online game deception cases. crimes that we see most often involving young people.

Originally, victims were usually male but now the trend is How easy is it to commit a cybercrime? for just as many victims to be female. The majority of It’s becoming increasingly easy. Take illegal hacking. We victims and suspects are between 25 and 35 years old. call it unauthorized access to computers with the intention Have there been many convictions? to commit an offence. This is another category with significant youth involvement. An example is the DDoS1 Sad to say, no. The suspects usually live outside Hong attack against the Hong Kong government during the Kong, making prosecution difficult. It appears that such 2014 Occupy Central Movement. The tools needed for crooks have identified a certain vulnerability in young this kind of DDoS attack, where hackers send large Hong Kong people, many of whom use a lot of social amounts of traffic to a target computer, causing slow media. responses or a breakdown in the system, are easy to find How does the crime scenario begin? on the internet and they are free.

It usually starts with a seemingly genuine online conversation. First, the aim of blackmailers is to develop trust. They usually use seductive photos on social media to lure the victim. Then the victim loads his or her racy-looking photos in return. With the victim hooked, blackmail begins.

So the perpetrators are clever?

Yes certainly. They can analyze their victims’ wants and needs from online conversations. They are good actors too.

Still, to me it seems very odd that people should be so susceptible to such a deception, but you would be surprised how many people fall into these traps. We see new cases of naked chat blackmail every day.

Which other crimes often involve youth?

Youth are often a target of deception through online games.

As these have become more sophisticated in recent years so adults have also become targets too but young people are the most common victims. They have more energy, more time to play, they are early adopters of new technology and always looking for something new. While they learn easily and want to explore, they can also be deceived easily.

1 DDoS: Distributed Denial of Service

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How do the police go about detecting cybercrime?

We use the combination of technology and police officers’ investigation skill set. Our Technology Crime Division includes investigation and forensic teams. The Cyber Security Division provides proactive cyber security protection to critical infrastructure in Hong Kong around the clock, and the Intelligence and Support Division gathers illegal activity intelligence on the internet related to Hong Kong.

With which overseas law enforcement or intelligence agencies does the Hong Kong Police cooperate?

The Hong Kong Police Force actively collaborates with private and public bodies. As cross-border crime is common, we have developed a mature collaboration channel with overseas law enforcement agencies. On a global scale Hong Kong is average in terms of cyber risk according to various research reports published by cyber security vendors.

What kind of penalties are there for convictions?

The penalty depends on the charge being laid. One recent case involved a young hacker who launched a DDoS attack against a bank. He claimed that his act was not intentional and the penalty was a fine. There was no custodial sentence.

The Hong Kong Police Force set up the new Cyber Security and Technology Crime Bureau in 2015 to prevent and combat the rise in cybercrime and to respond to cyber security threats.

How are you trying to prevent cybercrime?

Largely through education and raising awareness. If the victim is young, we speak to their parents to try to find out what’s going wrong. Often it turns out that the child is emotionally neglected and is at risk because they are seeking the attention online that they fail to find at home. We also have a proactive approach with schools where we give talks and seminars. We think education is one of the important prevention methods and we also have a public awareness programme which included a Cyber Security Summit 2016 this year.

Should there be widespread concern?

Yes. The web is attractive and easily accessible to most young people today. Almost everything they do, they do online. Our task is not only to educate young people but also their teachers and parents. Adults could be harder to teach as they think they already know it all so it is an uphill task for us to reach them.

Year

Technology crime cases in Hong Kong

2014

6,778

2015

6,862

2013 香港警務處網絡安全及科技罪案調查科黃廸奇偵緝督察認為，青 少年網絡危機不容忽視。青少年比成年人更早接觸最新的資料科 技，他們在日常生活中亦處處依賴網絡。要有效解決此問題，黃 督察認為需要提升大眾關注和警覺性，並積極與學校合作，舉辦 各式講座及工作坊，讓青年明白網絡世界的潛在危機。而在眾多 網絡危機中，「裸聊」和「性勒索」最為常見；其他網絡罪行， 亦包括連線遊戲詐騙等。黃督察表示，警方會深入了解受害青少 年背後的個人成長問題，並與家長合作，協助青少年解除危機。 另外，由於個案犯罪者大多身處外地，警方亦積極與外地公營及 私營機構合作，打擊跨境網絡罪行。黃督察特別指出，有時成年 人自以為全然了解網絡風險，反而容易成為網絡罪案的受害者。 故此，警方亦會加強市民大眾的防犯意識。

5,133

2012

3,015

2011

2,206

2010

1,643

2009

1,506

Source infosec.gov.hk/english/crime/statistics.html

Types of crime

Social Media Deception Blackmail ("naked chat")

Number of cases 2015

Financial loss (HK$ million)

1,422

60

1,098

3.5

Source police.gov.hk/ppp_en/01_about_us/cp_ye.html

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Insight

September 2016 | Youth Hong Kong

Financial fraud and malware In the face of mounting financial cybercrime, the need for security has become acute. Michael Leung, President of the Hong Kong Computer Society and Chief Information & Operations Officer at China CITIC Bank International, gives advice and insight.

“I don’t think so,” says Michael Leung. “It depends on the market and on peer pressure.” In fact, he points out that some mobile phones are deliberately made less secure by “jailbreaking” or “rooting,” for instance in mainland China.3 “If everyone else’s phone has been “rooted” in order to access certain contents, you will be thought somewhat abnormal not to follow suit. Whether you follow conventional rules on cybersecurity depends on the local culture.”

H ong Kong people of all ages are very receptive to new technology but new weaknesses, especially in mobile devices, are revealed regularly. These are causing a rise in online personal banking fraud and Michael Leung says the risks mean we all need to stay vigilant.“Young people know about the traps but I think they are less risk-averse than the older generation. They have less to lose.”

Not only should we be alert, we also need to be aware of the extent of cybercrime and the prevalence of malware.

According to IBM’s security team, cybercrime will become a US$2.1 trillion problem by 2019. The sophistication of threats to mobile devices is set to escalate, as are incidents of credit card fraud, even with Chip-and-PIN security measures.1

A common weak spot in bank cybersecurity is lack of care with passwords. The most common password around the world is still “123456” so this is one area where avoidance tactics can easily be improved.4 Even though nobody likes cumbersome passwords, the Hong Kong Monetary Authority now expects multilevel, two-factor authentication (2FA) and strong passwords. However, attackers may use overlay malware apps designed to steal credentials such as usernames and passwords on mobile phones. Inevitably, financial institutions have a tough time staying ahead.

“There is always a trade-off between convenience and risk in bank cybersecurity and we recommend a ‘carrot and stick’ strategy with customers to overcome resistance to new security measures,” Michael Leung says. Banks offer incentives such as coupons and discounts as carrots to persuade customers to use more secure 2FA authentication.

The stick is no compensation after a security breach: the penalty for failure to use recommended avoidance measures.

What can be done to avoid attacks? Some advice for keeping mobile devices safe is complex, whereas simple tips from the Hong Kong Cyber Security Information Portal include turning off location services and disabling connections to any unknown/unsecure WiFi networks.2 However, this makes some applications dysfunctional so do people follow any of this advice?

9

Realizing that criminals take advantage of users’ trust in bank applications in order to do this, banks warn customers not to open links or attachments to suspicious-looking e-mail to avoid their accounts being hacked. There is a constant risk of exposure and it is important to know when to raise the alarm.

Where vulnerable financial information is concerned, Michael Leung recommends reporting incidents directly to the bank concerned. Underground criminals use phishing and social engineering to trick people into giving away confidential information. They design pop-up windows that have the look and feel of real bank applications and online payment platforms.

“Many people consider themselves too unimportant to have their mobile phones hacked into, but they should be aware that they could be used simply as scapegoats for bigger crimes.”

He cites the recent case of small investors’ accounts being manipulated by attackers. They used the accounts to buy cheap Hong Kong stocks then artificially boosted prices before shorting the market and selling off shares in a tactic known as “pump-and-dump.”5 Fraudsters also make use of chat rooms, posts on bulletin boards, blogs and spam email to induce investors to buy stocks in schemes such as these.

Are there any innovations on the drawing board to replace passwords? Michael Leung tells us that CITIC bank was the first in Hong Kong to use biometrics. “We introduced Touch Banking with fingerprinting, no password required, and we are now looking at facial and voice recognition. We try to make it simple for mobile users, but this often means some compromise: the maximum amount per e-Wallet top-up is HK$3,000, for example.”

He says the cybersecurity field is wide open to innovators and investors and thinks that events like the Cyber Security Competition6 help raise awareness of the need for

self-protection. “More such contests would be a good thing.

There are many young people with creative and ingenious ideas, but very few that I know of are innovating in cybersecurity.

Perhaps they find it too specialized and technical?”

When asked about the next big thing in cyber threats, his advice is “Always look for the weakest link.” Recalling recent incidents of “jackpotting” at ATMs in Taiwan and Thailand, he says an antiquated voice recording server overseas was targeted by hackers. The Internet of Things is also at risk given the extent of digital data for everything from medical records to public transport. “Threats are everywhere. Think about the potential threat of drones. They can be bought for a few hundred dollars. Remote controls can be hacked. Drones can be hijacked and then they can carry a payload anywhere a terrorist wants.” Big data is another area of huge potential risk given the analytical tools available. “Steal the data first, simply making a copy, and then use data mining to discover a malicious way to use it.”

Is there an aide memoire for avoiding cybersecurity risks?

Michael Leung tells us to remember the four As:

•Aware: be wary of security risks •Alert: watch out for strange activity on your mobile device •Avoid: don’t make silly mistakes with passwords and other vulnerable information

•Alarm: if trouble happens, take action and raise the alarm 香港電腦學會會長及中信銀行（國際）資訊科技及營運總監 梁建文先生認為，與智能電話相關的網絡罪案，未來將會繼 續增加。雖然青年對資訊科技的掌握較高，但由於他們一般 資產不多，對手機上網所帶來的風險，反而沒有成年人高。 另一方面，從最常用的密碼是「123456」可見，部分人士對 密碼設置掉以輕心。銀行除了以優惠吸引客戶更改安全的密 碼外，亦會透過懲罰來處理問題。例如當客戶拒絕使用安全 度較高的密碼而導致損失時，銀行將不會作出賠償等。

by Dan Tentler flic.kr/p/8pxH6P

Further reading

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1.securityintelligence.com/2016-cybercrime-reloaded-our-predictions-forthe-year-ahead/ 2. cybersecurity.hk/en/about.php 3.trustedreviews.com/opinions/what-is-jailbreaking-android-ios-exploitsexplained 4.polyu.edu.hk/its/general-information/newsletter/58-year-2014/june-14/187top-10-most-commonly-used-and-worst-passwords-are-you-using123456-as-password 5.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-crime/article/1982323/crooked-pumpand-dump-trades-double-hk53m-hong-kong 6. hkcybersecuritycompetition2016.net/en/

Insight

September 2016 | Youth Hong Kong

What makes a hacker?

Profiles of hackers have changed over time. Once thought of as shy youth with inquisitive minds, they are now more likely to be considered criminals, but according to Francesca Bosco of the UN Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute, many start early in life.

I

magine the stereotypical hacker: a shy teenage boy who spends hours hunched over a desk-top in his darkened room. Today, that profile has changed. Hackers are often considered criminals or potential criminals. Nevertheless, according to a 2010 United Nations report, 60% of them start hacking when aged 10-15 and 30% of all hackers are aged 10-20.1 Updating this scenario, Francesca Bosco says that “26-35 year-olds have increasingly become involved in serious digital criminal activity.” She says that a service-based industry has grown out of hacking. “Miscreants are usually very creative and we should be the same when it comes to understanding possible future scenarios.” It is important to try to understand their psychology and the factors that draw young people into the world of cybercrime, seeing their activities not only from a technical point of view but also from the human angle, says Ms Bosco.

Pop culture and peer recognition are considered to be significant factors. Another is the emergence of underground markets in the “deep web” offering free, easily accessible hacker tools combined with easy access to financial service websites and areas normally denied to youth in the real world. The fourth factor that drives young hackers is usually either greed or curiosity of a malicious kind.

Hacker profiles White Hats are self-styled vigilantes seeking out flaws in IT systems and software and helping to solve them for the common good. They are often security researchers who, when they discover a vulnerability in software, notify the vendor so that the hole can be patched.

Black Hats are criminals who find or develop software weaknesses and methods to break into computers or networks and steal data including passwords, email, intellectual property, credit card details and bank account credentials. They also sell information to other criminals.

Grey Hats fall into the middle ground between the other categories. They sell or disclose software and system vulnerabilities to governments which then use those security flaws to hack into the systems of adversaries or criminal suspects.

Script kiddies or skiddies are unskilled hackers who vandalize websites for the thrill of it and to impress their friends. They use scripts or programmes available in the “dark web” to attack computer systems and networks and deface websites. It is generally assumed that script kiddies are juveniles but the term does not relate to the actual age of the participant.

Sources wired.com/2016/04/hacker-lexicon-white-hat-gray-hat-black-hat-en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Script_kiddie wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_hacker

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Some notorious young hackers 1979 Kevin Mitnick at the age of 16, gained unauthorized access to a computer network - a crime he was eventually convicted of in 1988.

1991 Julian Assenge of Wikileaks, hacked into several high profile targets before of being caught while hacking into Nortel at the age of 20.

1998 Ehud Tenenbaum, aged 19, broke into the computer systems of NASA, the US and Israeli military, and several US and Israeli universities.

Where cyber security is concerned Ms Bosco says, “The human factor is said to be weakest link in the security chain.” This is true for both victims and attackers. “The paradigm we originally had for information security is based on a world that doesn’t exist anymore. We need to change this paradigm and teach people a new mindset. That’s the hardest but the most interesting challenge we are facing.”

What has been done in response to this challenge? Britain and the US have created campaigns for parents, teachers and students as well as contests for young hackers.2 Contest entrants complete tasks such as analyzing a hard drive to find evidence to convict criminals or defending a network from attacks. The aim is to encourage them to consider careers in internet security instead of criminality.3 A colleague of Francesca Bosco, Andrew Dornbierer, explains that underlying these responses is the conviction that “Young people need to be taught the legal and ethical rules of the internet, as well as how to use the internet responsibly. Currently, most children do not view cybercrime in the same light as crime in the physical world and they need to understand that illegal actions online carry real consequences and cause large scale emotional and financial costs to victims.” 4

2000 Michael Calce, aged 14, launched a series of denial-of-service attacks against large commercial websites, including Yahoo!, Fifa.com, Amazon.com, Dell, eBay and CNN. 2002 Gary McKinnon, aged 36, was accused of the “biggest military computer hack of all time” but he escaped extradition from Britain to the US on the grounds of autism.

2013 Edward Snowden, aged 30, became a household name when he exposed NASA’s spying programme which targeted regular Americans.

Sources and further reading

Bosco, F. “Cybercrime is getting organized.” Presentation, NCSC Conference, 2013.

Bosco, F. Addressing the Challenges of Youth Cybercrime & Online Malfeasance. izm.gov.lv/images/DGmeeting/Riga-Youth-Cybercrime-2.pdf Bosco, F. Interview. honeynet.org/node/1252 1. Chiesa, R, Ducci, S & Ciappi, S. Profiling Hackers: the science of criminal profiling as applied to the world of hacking. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2010.unicri.it/special_topics/securing_cyberspace/current_activities/hackers_ profiling/ 2. US Department of Justice. Cyberethics for Teachers justice.gov/criminal/cybercrime/rules/lessonplan1.htm 3. UK National Crime agency NCA Choices Lesson Plan.cybersecuritychallenge. org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Lesson-Plan.pdf 4. f3magazine.unicri.it/?p=88 5. pewinternet.org/2015/04/09/teens-social-media-technology-2015/

When 24% of teens go online “almost constantly,”5 and 13-24 year-olds spend 75% longer online than those aged over 45, this message is worth taking very seriously.

聯合國區域間犯罪和司法調查研究所Francesca Bosco表示，大部 分黑客都在10-15歲開始其黑客行為。而整體而言，約有三成黑客 的年齡為10-20歲。Francesca認為，要換個角度了解黑客背後的 行為動機，不能單從技術層面著手，才有可能對症下藥。

Francesca Bosco kindly gave permission to use extracts from her work in this article.

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Insight

September 2016 | Youth Hong Kong

Reaction and response 2

SC Leung of the Asia-Pacific Advisory Council (ISC) , talks about what and when young people should learn about cyber security and the way cyber criminals think.

How aware do you think youth are today about cyber deviance?

They are digital natives, born when the internet was available and aware of many of its capabilities. However, their security awareness varies. Some may know nothing about malware, online privacy or social engineering attacks.

How should lessons about cybersecurity be given and by whom?

Cybersecurity must be integrated into general safety education, teaching kids in the early years about the need for safety online for survival purposes. Later, when they have grown up, you can teach them online security and privacy, how to tackle online bullying and what they should know about cyber ethics.

What are the most important rules for avoiding common cybersecurity risks?

Observing patch security and software updates for apps and vulnerable systems is very important as well as the human equivalent: awareness of the need for security.

Should large organizations offer mentoring for young employees with hacker-like behaviour in the workplace?

It should be done with care. It is like teaching kids karate. It needs to be accompanied by ethical education. We must make sure the kids are mature enough to manage the skills they learn.

What should young people know about the risks of breaking ethical and legal rules on internet use?

We must teach young people the impact and consequence of hacking, including the risks of collateral damage.

What do you think might be the next big thing in tools for cybersecurity?

Anonymity is the next big thing in tools for cybersecurity because people are afraid of espionage by nation states.

Some experts say that the only way to understand cyber risks is to “think like a hacker.” Do you think that ethical hacking should be part of general education?

A demonstration of “offensive” cyber security skills is fine once young people have learned about online safety but teaching them how to go on the offensive needs careful handling. Such lessons should be delivered only to mature, stable people.

香港電腦保安事故協調中心梁兆 昌先生與我們分享如何提高青少 年對網絡危機的警覺，以及網絡 犯罪者一般的思考方法，從而減 低潛在風險。

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Youth speak

September 2016 | Youth Hong Kong

Vulnerable targets victims online Jack got involved in naked chat blackmail or sextortion.

Tina has been relentlessly cyberbullied by an ex-boyfriend.

How did their problems start and where will they end?

Jack: predators’ prey

Jack, a 24 year-old university student, has never really had a successful relationship with a girl though he has good schoolmates. When it comes to girls he prefers social media. “I’ve been finding friends and meeting girls online since I was 18. Usually we just talk. One asked if I wanted to pay for sex. I was looking for love, real love, but I’ve never found it.”

About a year ago, a girl Jack met online sent him a message on Facebook. “I trusted her − at that stage − and was happy to chat.

I had no idea how she would cheat me.” The “girl” then posted sexy photos online. Jack assumed they were real.

“A couple of days later she asked if I wanted to meet for lunch. She looked great in those photos so of course I said yes. Then it happened. She asked me to post naked photos of myself and said she would only meet me if I did.

I should have known I was getting into trouble but it was so tempting.”

Sexually explicit, exploitable images Jack uploaded the photos she wanted, but that wasn’t enough. “She wanted a really compromising video as well. I’d never done naked chat before.

I must have seemed so naive but at the time it seemed harmless. I hesitated but in the end I did what she wanted.”

The very next day the “girl” started demanding money. “She said unless I sent HK$50,000 to her foreign bank account she’d send my photos to all my friends. She said she had a screenshot of my Facebook friends and so I’d better pay up.”

14

Jack never met the “girl” or talked to her on the phone.

“I’ve no idea what she really sounded like. Maybe she never really existed. My only impressions came online.”

Exchanging sexts, damaging lives Jack was left worrying for weeks. “I imagined my friends looking at those pictures of me. I felt so ashamed. I couldn’t bring myself to ask them. But time passed and they said nothing. Eventually I plucked up courage and asked, had they seen any strange messages from strange people?

They hadn’t. What a relief.”

by Jull flickr.com/photos/julishannon/2142768708/

“I went straight to the police. I couldn’t pay that kind of money. They told me to block her on Facebook, but that was all. After that, the messages just stopped.”

Some of Jack’s best friends told him to stop making friends online. “But I still do. There are fewer blocks online. We can talk about ourselves more easily, but I would never get tricked like that again. I hesitate before trusting anyone. I’ve set boundaries and changed my privacy settings. Nobody can reach my friend list easily any more.”

When asked about real-life girlfriends, Jack described one. “I was 20 at the time and she was older than me.

I was still a student and she was working. We lasted just two months. In the end we split up. We were too unalike. Also, I don’t want to be like one of those Guanyin soldiers* (觀音兵), those men who are subservient, just waiting all the time at the beck and call of pretty women. I don’t want to be made a fool of again.”

Jack’s social worker says he is “good-hearted but an emotionally needy guy, frustrated about relationships. He considers himself ugly but he’s not, neither is he stupid. He lacks self-esteem but has many strengths and should appreciate himself more while being more aware of the risks of the cyber world and the need for self-protection.”

為了解青年面對網絡危機的真實情況，我們特別邀請兩位網絡 危機的受害者接受訪問。24歲的阿Jack（化名）享受在網絡認

Project iSmart

The victims in the stories on pages 14-17 are participants in Project iSmart, a collaboration of the Hong Kong Police Force and the HKFYG Youth Crime Prevention Centre.

More details ycpc.hkfyg.org.hk/

識朋友，認為可以突破大家對樣貌等外在條件的成見，從而深 入了解對方的喜好及性格等。他更曾經透過網絡，結識第一位 女朋友。及後，其中一位女網友要求與阿Jack互傳裸照。由於 阿Jack深受這位女網友吸引，故此按要求把裸照及短片傳送， 翌日即受到對方敲詐，阿Jack立刻報警求助。

Note Names have been changed to protect identities. *Guanyin soldiers refers to boys who are being absolutely obedient to their "Guanyin," or goddess, willing to do anything for her to win her heart, ready to sacrifice time, effort and money to please her.

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Tina: ex-boyfriend bully Tina, a Secondary 6 student, broke up with her boyfriend after two years of rows. “He was always a bit crazy but then he became furious.”

First, the boy followed her home and attacked her father.

He bit him viciously and managed to break a couple of ribs before throwing paint at the front door.

“We called the police. The CID are investigating,” says Tina, “but it happened months ago.”

by beryl_snw flickr.com/photos/beryl_snw/12496710745/

Revenge porn It didn’t stop there. The ex-boyfriend wanted revenge. He tried many strategies to try to get Tina back, deplorable, aggressive strategies, Tina’s first experience of cyberbullying. She paid little attention to her ex-boyfriend’s nasty messages and thought he would never actually do what he threatened.

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Ever since the assault on her father, Tina has been in contact with her HKFYG social worker. “They told me that my only option was to go to the police. During the interview they seemed sceptical, especially when I said that the boy had taken photos of me skimpily dressed without my knowing. They also kept asking me whether other people could have those photos too.”

Sinister things started happening. On her Instagram account, photos disappeared and were replaced by others in sexy underwear. “He must have taken those photos without telling me. Then I remembered how he had kept asking for my social media password when we were dating…,” but she never expected him to use it for such a vile purpose.

Power play and humiliation “He kept calling and threatening. I tried to stop him by blocking his phone number. That didn’t work for long. He changed his SIM card, called me from a different number and threatened me again. “Come back to me or all your friends will see these photos.”

“Of course I kept trying to delete them. Then he uploaded them again, and so it went on, again and again.

He tried to change my Instagram password too but I managed to change it first so at least my own account is secure. Then he tried a new trick. He created many different fake accounts, all in my name. I couldn’t access them because I didn’t know the passwords.”

Evidence and investigation “I reported the problem to Instagram but got nowhere. My message was redirected to a webpage where I had to fill in a lot of information but when they eventually got back to me they said they could do nothing because the accounts were not in my name.”

Tina got a new phone number to try to deflect the boy’s threats. Then her friends started to notice strange things going on. The boy even tried calling them to get Tina’s new number. “I was so embarrassed, but my friends never let me down. Now, one of them always walks home with me from school.”

She made a written statement. The police told her the boy was under investigation because of the attack on her father. “They had visited his home, taken his computer and mobile phone, but they still had no conclusive evidence.”

One day, the boy appeared and tried to stop her on the street. “Just after it happened, I saw a policeman. Maybe it means they are watching him. Waiting for him to make a wrong move. Maybe one day there will be enough evidence for them to arrest him.”

Tina wants the boy punished. She wants a probation order placed on him and his access to the internet blocked. “But I know there is no such law and so there will be no such punishment, for now.”

The social workers who have been helping Tina explained that the absence of laws against cyberbullying in Hong Kong means that unless a suspect is found guilty of a criminal offence such as child pornography, slander or intimidation they cannot prosecute. The social workers also say that special training and specialized investigative skills would be needed to handle cases like this.

中六學生Tina（化名）跟前度男朋友經常因小事吵架，拍拖兩 年後便決定分手。但前男友自此開始滋擾Tina的家人、朋友， 更會在Tina居所附近等候，要求復合。後來，Tina發現前男友 利用以前拿取的密碼，登入她的社交媒體帳戶，不但刪除了 Tina所有照片，更上載Tina身穿內衣褲的照片，以威脅Tina復 合。Tina多次要求社交媒體跟進不果，為此深受困擾。

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On the agenda

September 2016 | Youth Hong Kong

Criminalizing cyberbullying In the absence of legislation to govern cyberbullying, discussion about possible avenues of advance includes a Model Statute for Hong Kong schools and an offence based on anti-stalking law say two young lawyers.

Loopholes in legislative framework by Stephanie Hung Cyberbullying in Hong Kong is only sometimes covered by criminal or civil sanctions and this means that cases often slip through the gaps. One vivid example is that of the 11 year-old Hong Kong English Schools Foundation schoolgirl. Her father claimed she was a target of cyberbullying, that her email account had been accessed illegitimately and that the school’s staff were “negligent and unwilling to make changes to guarantee child safety.”1 The effects on the child were devastating. She suffered nightmares and panic attacks. Worst of all, she will be made to relive horrible memories in court, notwithstanding the possibility of no redress.

Why might redress not be given? The current legislative framework is filled with loopholes. For instance, if a cyberbully sends messages through the internet, he or she is not criminally liable under section 20 of the Summary Offences Ordinance (Cap 228) as this only provides protection against cyberbullies who use “telegraph, telephone and wireless telegraphy.” Similarly, the Unsolicited Electronic Messages Ordinance (Cap 593) does not address sending offensive, indecent or obscene content in electronic messages either.2 To make matters worse, these loopholes cannot be fixed by judges and legislative reform may take time.

But all is not bleak. We can take the initiative ourselves. In the UK, it is a statutory duty of schools to implement anti-bullying policies.3 Schools in Hong Kong should also work with parents, teachers, students, law enforcement agencies and community stakeholders to implement a school policy4 with the following objectives: 1. To include a strong definition of cyberbullying If it is too broad or vague it could cause confusion and might contradict the principle of free speech.

2. To address off-campus behaviour Cyberbullies may use devices not owned by the school or located outside school premises.

3. To include requirements for teachers, students and parents to have regular training These would publicize the policy, invite reports of incidents of cyberbullying and confirm that cyberbullying is inappropriate conduct and a serious concern.

4. To set out clear reporting and investigation procedures Victims will then know it is safe and effective to report incidents.

5. To establish consequences Penalties to deter potential cyberbullies from offending or re-offending and to punish their inappropriate behaviour must be known.

6. To provide counselling The effects of cyberbullying often have long-lasting effects.

7. To gather statistics Schools can then evaluate the success of their policies and try to improve them.

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Although the internet may be abused, it also brings many benefits to society and the school environment and schools should point this out.5 After all, they are not only supposed to protect their students. They are also there to inform, inspire and encourage. By fostering a positive environment at school, and through healthy discussions and participation, more ways of building a supportive system will become evident, thus helping students grow and become responsible citizens.

Mui Thomas, a cyberbullying survivor and fighter, has set up a Facebook page to let others suffering the crippling internet disease know they’re not alone. “The internet is a double-edged sword. I experienced so much hate through it, but the support I’ve received from strangers across the world is amazingly empowering.”6

有關網絡罪行的立法方面，實習大律師 Stephanie和法律系學生Andrew，與我們 分享其見解。Stephanie認為，香港現存法 例在處理網絡相關罪行方面有太多漏洞， 以致很多網絡欺凌個案最終不獲受理。要 填補不足，香港可借鑒一些歐、美國家的 做法。例如在英國，當地在學校大力推行 防止網絡欺凌的政策，並要求學校、老師， 以至家長一起配合。另亦設立簡單直接的 調查程序，令受害學生可有效求助，得到 適當支援及輔導。

Stephanie Hung, a pupil-barrister, is a strong believer in building a positive Hong Kong and a compassionate society. She wrote about cyberbullying for the 2015 Law Reform Commission Essay Competition and was among the five finalists.

Changing the back door approach by Andrew Lau An electoral officer recently had his full personal details published on Facebook after

disqualifying a localist candidate from running in the 2016 Legislative Council election.

He was then subject to abusive posts which included deplorable suggestions about his family. A barrister, calling the messages “menacing … not mere curses,” said the suspect could be prosecuted for intimidation and jailed for up to five years. “If it were a youth, lacking social experience, who only tried to make a joke, he or she could still be sued for access to a computer with criminal or dishonest intent, for which the maximum penalty is also five years in jail.”1

According to the Privacy Commissioner, this is an example of one of many recent cyberbullying incidents. A five-fold rise in such cases took place in Hong Kong from 2013 to 2014 and yet there is currently no specific legislation to govern cyberbullying.2 Most common law jurisdictions such as the UK use existing anti-stalking offences because cyberbullying shares many characteristics with stalking, which is defined as a course of conduct amounting to harassment of another.

Cases of cyberbullying may also include criminal intimidation or blackmail, but invoking these offences only provides a backdoor approach to reach cyberbullies. The former would be inapplicable if a cyberbully harasses by merely sending unwanted messages without making any threats, while the latter would be useless if the cyberbully’s demand were not made with a view to gain or with the intent to cause loss.

19

Since cyberbullying cases sometimes exhibit unique features, it would not be prudent to keep stretching old laws to fit new situations. Even if reform were carried out it might not deter the majority of cyberbullies, many of whom are youths.3 This can be seen from the failure of young people in Australia and Canada to appreciate their potential for attracting criminal liability, despite legislation enacted there.

Nevertheless, by imposing sanctions the law can change people’s minds about what is right and wrong and, in time, influence social norms, as evidenced by bans on corporal punishment in Sweden and New Zealand.4 It is therefore recommended that Hong Kong adopt the approach set out as follows.5 1. The new offence should be based on a repeated course of conduct which causes a person to reasonably fear for his own safety, thus filtering out complaints from hypersensitive individuals.6 2. The legislation should stipulate an exhaustive list of prohibited acts to avoid unnecessary challenges on the grounds of vagueness or overbroad terms.

3. The prosecution should bear the additional burden of proving mens rea, showing that the cyberbully has acted either with the intention of causing a person to fear for his or her safety, or has been reckless as to whether his conduct might cause such fear.

4. A catchall defence should be included as the line between a legitimate expression of opinion and seriously threatening speech is not always easily distinguishable.

Enacting such anti-cyberbullying legislation can be a way forward, but to withstand constitutional scrutiny there may be a relatively high threshold for prosecution, thus many incidents could be excluded. For this reason, educational outreach needs to continue, especially at the primary and secondary school levels. These can inculcate and encourage safe online habits in youth.

Sources

Andrew Lau, a PCLL student at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, has worked as a news reporter/anchor for TVB. He was another of the five finalists in the 2015 Law Reform Commission Essay Competition.

法律系學生Andrew認為，近年跟網絡欺凌相關的個案大為增加，現 行法例未必能有效檢控這些日新月異的個案。然而，為網絡罪行相 關行為立法需時，故此首先應加強公眾與青年教育，特別有關網絡 欺凌、網絡罪行等相關知識，並培養青年良好的上網習慣。

Stephanie Hung 1. Chu, J & Mok, D.“Top economist from exclusive bank forced to change Hong Kong schools over daughter’s bullying: claims HK$500,000 spent in ordeal.” South China Morning Post, 25 November 2015. scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-crime/article/1883192/costly-experience-parents-girl-who-changed-hong-kong 2. “HKSAR v Chan Yau Hei [2014] 17 HKCFAR 110 at §91 3. Von Marées, N and Petermann, F. “Cyberbullying: An increasing challenge for schools.” School Psychology International 33(5) pp.467–476, 2012.

4. Anti-Defamation League. Cyberbullying prevention law: An ADL model statute. 2012. adl.org/assets/pdf/education-outreach/ADL-Cyberbullying-Prevention-Law-Model-Statute.pdf 5. Patchin, JW & and Hinduja, S. “Bullying Today: Bullet points and best practices.” California: Corwin, 2016.

6. Yuet, Yu. “‘Girl behind the face’ tackles cyber bullies.” South China Morning Post, 13 June 2016. scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education-community/article/1974496/girl-behind-face-tackles-cyber-bullies#comments Andrew Lau 1. Un, P. “Sick online attacks on poll officer condemned.” The Standard 2 August 2016.

2. “Cyber-bullying (tracking down personal data) May Violate the Privacy Ordinance”, Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data, Hong Kong, 1 August 2016. pcpd.org.hk/english/news_events/media_statements/press_20160801.html 3. Paul, S et al. Investigating legal aspects of cyberbullying. Psicothema, 24(4) 40, 2012.

4. Campbell, M et al. A school’s duty … does this include cyberbullying? ANZTLE, 13(2), 21, 2008 5. The proposed offence is based vis-à-vis on the Centre for Comparative and Public Law’s findings. See Centre for Comparative and Public Law, “Study on the Experience of Overseas Jurisdictions in Implementing Anti-Stalking Legislation,” 2013.

6. Langos, C. Cyberbullying: The Challenge to Define. CyberPsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 15 (6) 285, 2012.

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Perspectives

September 2016 | Youth Hong Kong

Frontline report HKFYG Youth Crime Prevention Centre staff, Wilson Chan and Ka Wu, share reports of cybercrime. The cases are from projects run by the Centre with the Hong Kong Police Force.

Imoney. t’s difficult to stereotype cyber-deviants. Some are clever students. Others are pimps, or girls in need of easy They can be hackers or triads or just youngsters without a moral compass. Some find themselves unwittingly on the margins of legitimate behaviour while others deliberately flout the law.

Nini is a 17 year-old secondary school student

with a good academic record. It was a real shock for her middle-class parents and teachers when she was caught hacking into the school’s computers.

That night, feeling proud of herself, she emailed the files to her best friends. They were impressed, but when she got to school the next day she found that the data breach had been detected by the intranet’s security software and she had been identified as the culprit. The police were called. She was found guilty of access to a computer with dishonest intent.

She claimed that she knew she had broken school rules but did not know she had broken the law. She said she wasn’t aware of the serious consequences of hacking into the school system, that she didn’t expect to be found out, and that even if she were discovered by the school she believed they would never report her to the police.

Instead, she found herself cautioned and placed on the Police Superintendent’s Discretion Scheme.* Nini has learnt her lesson and regrets what she did, but she’s still interested in IT and programming. Although she has no concrete career plans yet, she wants to study computer science at university. Under suitable mentorship, we think perhaps her skills might be put to good use as an employee in a big corporation. She understands hacking but has a clearer idea of what’s legal now. That can be valuable in a world where cyber security is in short supply. * Information about the Police Superintendent's Discretion Scheme at police.gov.hk/ppp_en/13_faqs/faq_cri.html#q2

by Hldrmn flickr.com/photos/halderman/7349691184/

One day after class, she found herself alone in the computer lab, finishing off an assignment. She was bored and started playing around. She knew about hacking tools and had always been good at IT so it wasn’t hard to get access to the intranet system. “I’ll just see if I can find the exam papers ...” she thought to herself. It was quick, easy and exciting. Without a second thought about whether it was legal, she downloaded the files, saved them on a thumb stick and walked out.

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Dave is a rather inexperienced 20 year-old who used Skout, a dating app, to meet girls. He had a nasty surprise when he found himself trapped in a three-way compensating dating scam.

He really liked the look of one of the girls he met online and since his sex life had been less than satisfactory he couldn’t resist asking for a paid sex date. He offered HK$1,500 and she accepted. They exchanged mobile numbers and arranged to meet.

Worrying a bit about the girl’s age, Dave set out by taxi for the rendezvous. On the way, he looked at the girl’s photo on WhatsApp again. He admitted to himself that she looked younger than 18. But was she underage?

It was as if somebody was reading his mind. The phone rang. He was already close to the meeting point. The caller said he was responsible for the girl and that Dave would have to prove that he was not a policeman on an undercover operation. The caller told him to send his ID card photo on WhatsApp and to pay a guarantee of HK$2,000; if not, the date was off.

Dave paid the taxi fare and got out at the nearest convenience store. He made the online payment by Alipay, as he was told to do, but he already felt trapped.

Then the caller started sending WhatsApp messages. He said he was a triad. He demanded more money and threatened him. Scared witless, Dave sent more money.

He ended up paying HK$8,000. 青年網絡犯罪者的犯案動機，很難一概而論。

Eventually, the calls stopped. Dave went to the meeting point but of course there was no girl. He wandered around, waiting for more calls. Finally, he came to his senses and went to the police. They told him he’d been tricked and asked for the evidence for investigation: the chat dialogues from his mobile, the WhatsApp pictures and the call log. as well as proof of payment.

This all happened about four months ago. Initially, Dave was very nervous about his details coming out in a criminal case. He didn’t want help from relatives or friends. He asked many questions about the consequences of being a victim. Then the police told him about Project iSmart and he came to us. He still needs emotional support and counselling but although he’s not very assertive he will certainly be more careful in future.

有些青年不自覺地誤墮法網，有些青年則存心 挑戰法律。香港青年協會青年違法防治中心督 導主任陳文浩及社工胡嘉燕，與讀者分享兩個 跟警方合作處理的個案。 Nini是校內高材生，對電腦應用的認識很深 入，一次機緣巧合下，獨自留在校內電腦 室。她為了挑戰自己實力，運用黑客技術 下載試卷，最終校方報警，而Nini亦需接受警 司警誡。而Dave則為滿足自己生理需要，在 網上參與援交買賣，結果途中受自稱黑社

The Nini report comes from the HKFYG Youth Crime Prevention Centre (YCPC) Project R. Its aim is to provide crisis intervention and counselling for 10-24 year-olds under arrest who are being investigated by the police.

Services are intended to reduce the chance of recidivism during investigation, reduce emotional problems and family conflict between juveniles and relatives, and help young people and their parents handle their problems. Dave’s case is from Project iSmart. Its aims are to prevent youngsters falling prey to cyber criminals and being ensnared while online.

Both projects are run in collaboration with the Hong Kong Police Force.

會成員要脅，損失大量金錢。

HKFYG Youth Crime Prevention Centre (YCPC) Wilson Chan is in charge of the YCPC and Ka Wu is a front line case worker. The stories and reports on pages 14-17 and 21-22 are all based on real YCPC cases.

More information ycpc.hkfyg.org.hk/page.aspx?corpname=youthlaw&i=8815

Wilson Chan

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Note Names have been changed in these reports to protect identities.

Alipay* is an online payment system originating in mainland China.

Ka Wu

Perspectives

September 2016 | Youth Hong Kong

Cyber strategies: legal and illegal As the internet’s influence expands so do its uses and abuses. Gary Heilbronn, author, advocate and former lecturer at the University of Hong Kong’s Faculty of Law, writes about the borderline between socially acceptable and illegal activities.

Internet-based petitions for change and social justice such as those sponsored through Change.org1 and SumOfUs2 are perfectly legitimate. These are signed and supported financially by vast numbers of ordinary people who oppose wrongs perpetrated by governments, institutions or corporations in all parts of the world. On the other hand, internet vigilante campaigns, usually on interactive forums with a high profile in China and Hong Kong, represent a somewhat different phenomenon. This so-called renrou sousuo (人肉搜索), “human flesh searching” in English and yan yuk sau sok in Cantonese, is a form of parallel or participative justice.

Human flesh search There is a geo-cultural difference between the two different internet social action campaigns mentioned above. Online petitions for change are notable in the western world whereas renrou sousuo are common in China and the extended Chinese community. This may be because of the social-political context in which they have emerged, although that may be little more than speculation. Two controversial and much commented upon incidents of “naming and shaming” involved human flesh searching by vast numbers of people. They are the mainland China Government Official Child Molestation case of 2008 and the 2012 Cat Abuse Case in Hong Kong. In the former, an arrogant government official was targeted. He suffered considerable reputational and career damage as well as other losses. In the latter, misinformation resulted in the manipulation of internet users whereby teenagers were accused unjustly of animal abuse and suffered considerable harassment before the police cleared their names.

Targets of renrou sousuo The renrou sousuo movement, like various petitions for change, is usually driven by ordinary members of the public acting together and operating completely in the open. Another of its characteristics is that individual, lower-level wrongdoers are usually targeted whereas in the petitions for change, it is mostly governments, leaders and wealthy corporations. Perhaps the willingness of individuals to participate in renrou sousuo comes from the lack of an outlet for an understandable desire to combat social injustice.

by Charis Tsevis flickr.com/photos/tsevis/13103128655/

M

ass social campaigns are among the activities that have proliferated on the internet. They are especially evident during divisive political events such as the US presidential election, the Brexit referendum and the Middle East refugee crisis. Mass cyber activity such as trolling, cyberbullying and “hate speech” also seem to have become increasingly rife, while cybervigilantism − also known as doxing and netilantism − has been shown to have both invidious and socially beneficial results.

What are the rights and wrongs involved in these activities and where does violation of society’s norms become illegal?

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One could also speculate that the tolerance shown by the government of these activities can last only as long as the targets are minor officials, private citizens or celebrities and that indeed, allowing citizens this outlet for their desire for social justice diverts their energy away from criticism of more important government policies or government leaders.

Effecting social change Internet sabotage and the targeted political activities of groups like Anonymous3 and WikiLeaks fall into a different category again. These are hidden, loose networks of computer hackers who target groups and individuals, from ISIS terrorists to purveyors of racism and hatred such as US presidential candidate, Donald Trump. While they aim to effect change internationally and to combat injustice through increased governmental transparency, they are more or less “underground” movements driven by a small number of persons with expertise and political commitment, whereas the petition and renrou sousuo movements are more “above ground” and have greater mass participation.

The dividing line between legal and illegal in many of these activities is a grey area and it is extremely difficult to estimate how fast cybercrime and antisocial activity is growing. Interpol has two distinct categories. They are “advanced” cybercrime, which includes sophisticated high-tech attacks against computer hardware and software, and “cyber-enabled crime” where traditional crimes that now find a home in the “dark web” use the internet not just to hide and escape detection but also to identify victims globally over a wider range of society.

Dark web activity The “dark web” – distinct from the “deep web,” which also includes relatively innocuous private networks not

網絡的影響，無遠弗屆。它同時帶來不少需要處理的新興問題。 Gary Heibronn帶領我們探討，如何形成「人肉搜索」這種網絡審 判風氣，以及怎樣影響人們的生活。此外，我們亦應了解近年愈 來愈普遍、由民間發起對抗權力架構的情況，例如「匿名者」 （Anonymous） 及「維基解密」 （WikiLeaks） 的出現及其影響等。 Gary認為， 「暗網」 （Dark Web）為公眾帶來龐大風險，但問題卻 非一朝一夕能夠解決。 Notes 1. Change.org is a petition website with popular topics including economic and criminal justice, human rights, education, environmental protection, animal rights, health, and sustainable food.

2. SumOfUs, a non-profit organization, is a global consumer watchdog and online community that campaigns on issues such as climate change, workers’ rights, discrimination, human rights, animal rights, corruption, and corporate power.

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3. Anonymous is an international network of activist and hacktivist entities.

It became well-known for publicity stunts and distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks including the attack on Hong Kong government websites in 2014 during the Occupy protests and an allegedly threatened to attack official mainland websites concerning the missing Causeway Bay booksellers this year.

indexed by conventional search engines – is the internet’s underworld and is sometimes called the “darknet.” It is the small part of the “deep web” that is built on “darknets,” usually operated by individuals in small networks, or accessible only with special software that often involves what would otherwise be identified as criminal activity, perhaps the least pernicious of which is spamming botnets (robot networks).

Mention of the “dark web” seems to occur most often in connection with the evil, insidious practices of paedophile rings and child pornography, human slavery and trafficking, armament sales and marketing, or terrorist recruiting networks. It is also widely associated with financial scams, from phishing to credit card and money laundering, including “darknet” drug and other markets using Bitcoin services. Legislation varies from one country to another and the criminal justice systems of many jurisdictions struggle to deal with these activities in the absence of international agreements, a state of affairs which is unlikely to change soon.

A mixed future More intensive and globalized policing efforts to combat cybercrime are bearing fruit. Interpol continues to have various levels of success in fighting these crimes and has recently arrested in Nigeria the ringleader of a global network behind online scams and hundreds of people involved in credit card, travel document and online gambling scams. However, new strategies need to be developed to minimize and punish the detrimental effects of renrou sousuo, internet hate-speech and the like.

The serious crimes on the “dark web” are in another category completely and require eternal vigilance.

Though they are punishable worldwide, they are incredibly difficult to investigate and appear likely to be with us for quite some time.

Perspectives

September 2016 | Youth Hong Kong

Online games the good, the bad and the novelty A few years ago, parents, counsellors and social workers were very concerned about the possibility of youth addiction to online games. Hsu Siu-man explains a changed perspective.

T

oday, hundreds of millions of people play video games, for hours every day, at home, on the bus, during lunch breaks. The vast majority are perfectly normal people of all ages and I don’t think there is any cause for concern about so-called “addiction” to games like Angry Birds or Solitaire.

Multiplayer games are more of a worry for parents, especially if young players don’t know who they are playing with, but that’s less likely in Hong Kong than in many places. Here online gamers often know their opponents in real life.

Multi-level, multiple challenges games take time to develop and skills that we adults would also have to work hard to achieve. The games can be played in a team and are

never-ending. There is no ultimate goal, except, for some, to enter an eSports competition. Games like League of Legends (LOL) can keep youngsters engrossed all night long, especially if parents don’t stay awake to keep an eye on them! That can lead to poor performance at school, and eventually to poor health. However, some good reasons for playing online games have emerged.

As 17 year-old Ah Lung told me: “I have a dozen friends who all play CSO.1 I treasure my time with them. As a team, we set goals and can achieve a mission if we play together and cheer each other on. Also, playing online games helps my critical thinking and I have to be good at decision-making. After all, it’s not easy to win these online games!”

I am not saying the problem has gone away. Some Hong Kong youth lack social skills, especially “hidden” youth, and playing games will not help them. But games are not the root cause of poor social skills, nor are they the reason behind excessive gaming among troubled youth who want to escape into a shared fantasy world with both real life and online friends.

In general, I prefer not to use the term “internet addiction.”

In fact, there has been an attitude change, reflected in the falling demand from parents and teachers for counselling of students who spend a lot of time playing online games.

Perhaps gaming has become less noticeable because of smartphones. There is no need to sit in front of a computer screen to play any more.

Perhaps it is also a question of balancing time. Compare the time students spend online gaming with the time they spend practising piano or training for football, say. In order to get an extra line in a school portfolio, many students spend hours and hours at a piano keyboard or at the sports ground. Of course, we applaud extra-curricular success such as reaching piano Grade 3 or being selected for a school sports team. They both involve a lot of time, but there is never any question of them becoming addictive. There is no equivalent plaudit for reaching Level 99 in Minecraft, but that too takes hours and real skill.

1 Counter Strike Online

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“I started to play online games after I moved to Hong Kong from mainland China. I missed my relatives and friends and was very lonely here with just my mother for company. Then I discovered online games with classmates and schoolmates. They helped me make friends and now the internet and online games are real necessities!”

Of course, fellow team members can coerce one another to keep on playing when they might prefer to call it quits. But many young players, such as 14 year-old Ah Ho, say they continue to reach an achievable goal, quite unlike unrealistic goals set by parents and teachers: “I know my mother worries but she always asks me to focus on studying and improve my English, even though I’m really not good at it. I think 80% of my study time comes from her pushing me. Actually, I think I would get better results if I decided on goals myself, as I do when I play online games.”

What else makes these games so attractive, especially to boys?

It’s the team work, they say, the goal setting, the strategy.

There are rewards for perseverance that create a sense of achievement. Some of these young gamers are rather low academic achievers who find little satisfaction at school but although they find it difficult to concentrate in class they can concentrate for hours on the games.

by Ryzom - flickr.com/photos/ryzom/14608349209/

People in our profession, and the education sector too perhaps, have realized that the labelling effect of calling a youngster an “internet addict” is undesirable and inappropriate if no harm to the individual is taking place.

They may be wasting time, but there are benefits to playing games too, as 13 year-old Smile told me:

Real life practical skills are part of the game, like building and creating. It also has educational functions that allow practice in coding and programming too.

They keep playing to reach an achievable goal, quite unlike the unrealistic goals set for them by parents and teachers.

I let my children play games like Minecraft. It is more like playing Lego. It can also be multiplayer and is available on smartphones but is not violent like other games.

Pros and cons of Pokémon Go from a student’s perspective

Video games are not what they use to be. Gone are the days of huddling in internet cafes. Now all we need is a smartphone and the latest gaming craze app. Since Pokémon Go arrived in Hong Kong, enthusiasts have been seen roaming the city, heads down, night and day, looking for virtual creatures to capture. I was obsessed with the game too, for a week, but now I see both good and bad sides.

They say Pokémon Go promotes exercise because gamers have to walk, but they don’t look where they are going. It’s supposed to encourage social interaction because it gives people of all ages a common interest, but it does somewhat limit conversation. You might say it adds a new dimension to friendship because friends try to beat each other, chasing rare Pokémon creatures, but what value does that add, really?

There could be better ways to spend, or waste, your time but whatever your views, video games are not going away any time soon. There will always be plenty of new ones and plenty of us playing them.

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The current craze for Pokémon Go comes from novelty value. There are mainly positive reviews about the way it increases exercise and face-to-face interaction but I wouldn’t allow my kids to play. They would become too focused on the phone, forget all about the traffic and ignore other environmental risks.

Some researchers say that video games are bad because of violent content. Certainly, video games can desensitize, but what about the other media, TV, films, the evening news?

It’s not just computer games that are to blame. Much of people’s lives is spent online. Maybe we all waste time online. Maybe we could all be called “addicted”. Perhaps it’s truer of adults than youth. At least at school pupils can’t keep looking at their phones in class!

Hsu Siu-man, Supervisor at HKFYG, oversees student counselling including media counselling services. She regularly gives talks and offers training on youth emotional health, study planning and media education.

Her publications, produced in collaboration with her professional colleagues, include 真．網樂#從敘 事實踐看青少年的「迷網」框外. [Beyond the Internet: Narrative Journeys with Young People]. More details on page 42.

Email siuman.hsu@hkfyg.org.hk

香港青年協會督導主任徐小曼認為，社會大眾近年對打機成癮 的看法有所改變。隨著智能手機日益普及，不同年齡人士均有 機會選擇在空閒時間，以手機應用程式參與遊戲解悶。現今家 長更關注的，是網絡連線遊戲；因為這類遊戲往往需要長時間 連續上網，以完成任務，有機會令青少年晚間睡眠不足，影響 學業。 不過，喜歡玩網絡連線遊戲的青少年表示，這些遊戲有助他們提 升思考及決策能力，亦能幫助他們在學校認識新朋友。徐小曼指 出，「網絡成癮」這種標籤，對情況毫無幫助。她認為，家長不 應抱先入為主的心態去看待青少年打機，而是應該深入了解子女 對打機的看法。 香港青年協會今年出版的《真．網樂#從敘事實踐看青少年的 「迷網」框外》，書中結集十三個真實個案，由社工以敘事治療 方式，讓青少年自述與網絡遊戲的故事。青少年從中能清楚分析 自己與網絡遊戲的關係，並整理出自己在成長、生活、學業所面 對的困難，以至對未來發展的期望及抱負。

Catch-up on games

Are online games free?

Sometimes, but they may have charges for extra content, controversial with parents caught out by big bills as children download extra bill-later content.

Where are they made?

The top five video game producing countries are the US, Japan, Canada, the UK and mainland China.

Which are most popular in Hong Kong?

For smartphones, Pokémon Go, a virtual reality game, and puzzle games like Candy Crush Saga. For PCs, massive multiplayer games (MMPORGs): eg League of Legends, World of Warcraft, Grand Theft Auto. For consoles, sports, fitness and dancing games like Wii Fit and Just Dance [see pages 34-35].

What does Pokémon mean?

“Pocket Monster” is abbreviated from the Japanese title (ポケットモンスター Poketto Monsutā).

When should children start playing video games?

Experts advise against any screen time, including TV, for children under two.

Can games be useful?

After the age of three, there is evidence that some games help children with numeracy and literacy.

Which ones are educational?

Minecraft, for example, can teach building architecture, physics, electronics, coding and geology. MinecraftEdu can be used in the classroom as can Classcraft, a free online, role-playing game for teachers and students to play together.

What about limits?

Advice from experts says keep games machines in a communal area of the home so that play can be monitored.

Limit total screen time to two hours a day.

Should I play?

Sure, and in this way you can keep an eye on what the children are playing!

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Youth watch

September 2016 | Youth Hong Kong

Online and at risk How vulnerable are young people who use the internet and social media heavily?

Jennifer Lam offers snapshots from around the world and legislation that is intended to deter threats and protect the public.

Global views

Hong Kong

In a 2016 global poll, nearly 90% of 10,000 young people said they knew how to protect themselves and how to avoid dangerous situations online. However, 57% thought their friends’ behaviour online was risky, with 53% of 18 year-olds strongly believing that other youth were in danger of sexual abuse or exploitation.

Nevertheless, 50% of them thought they knew how to deal with online sexual harassment.

• Cyberbullying 63% had been bullied or been involved in bullying online according to another 2013 survey.2 Instagram is the most commonly used social media among teenagers, who also use WhatsApp, WeChat and Line for such postings.

66% of all respondents and 78% of Asians believed they would never personally be subject to online bullying or abuse. Only 54% of adolescents polled in the US and the UK were so confident. Just 28% of 18 year-olds from Asia and 30% of adolescents in the US and the UK thought they could determine whether or not anybody was lying about their identity online.1

• Legislation There is currently no statute on cyberbullying. If such actions involve criminal offences, such as blackmail, perpetrators can face a maximum penalty of 14 years imprisonment.3 • Hacking and trafficking Among secondary students aged 16-17 (63.3%), university students (29.1%) and youth at risk (7.6%), 49% had tried hacking into computers and 40% had been involved in drug trafficking online.4 • Compensated dating Underage compensated dating – where a man pays for a girl’s companionship and often for sex – has gone “underground” according to police, who say it has moved to media such as WeChat and Instagram where users can chat privately. Reporting is low and reluctance to contact police may be the result of a misunderstanding that underage girls would be arrested.5 • Hacking Hackers stole over HK$507 million in August 2016 from Bitfinex, the popular Hong Kong-based crypto-currency exchange company.

Bitfinex told customers they would lose about 36% of assets held on the platform but would be compensated with tokens exchangeable for shares in its parent company.6 • Cybercrime Sextortion, also known as naked chat blackmail, is on the rise.

1,098 cases cost victims HK$3.5 million in 2015.7 The victims were mostly young men aged 15-30. By contrast, in nearly 90% of online romance scams from 2013-2015, victims were female.

Romance scam victims lost a total of more than HK$30 million to imposter partners.8

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Australia

• Legislation Possession of an image of a naked or partially naked person under 18 on a phone or computer can be considered an offence with a custodial sentence.12 In some states it is illegal to menace, harass or threaten anyone online and serious cases of abuse on social media sites such as Facebook or Twitter have been punished.13 • Cheating Smartwatches have been banned in high school exams.14 Some universities in Sydney are also banning wristwatches in exams to avoid online cheating.15 About 70 students faced expulsion from Australia's top universities in 2015 in connection with a widespread cheating scandal centred on a company called MyMaster, run by a mainland Chinese person, for ghost-writing assignments and online tests.16 • Cybercrime A 2015 survey found 50% of teenagers sent sexual images of themselves to others, mostly to relationship partners. 40% had sent such an image to more than one person in the past year.17 Up to June 2016, 1,518 romance and dating scams had been reported.18

Singapore • Cyberbullying In 2014, a third of children aged 13-18 had been a cyberbullying victim.19 WhatsApp is the most popular social network.20 • Legislation In 2014, cyber harassment and stalking was made illegal. Victims may apply for Protection Orders requiring harassers to stop causing further harm and forcing them to remove offending material.21 • Cheating In 2016, a 32 year-old Russian student was jailed for 2 months when he was traced for hacking.22 When he realized he had done badly in exams, he accessed his teachers’ eLearn accounts and deleted examination scripts by other students, hoping for another chance to sit the exam.

• Cybercrime Victims of online credit-for-sex scams, where mobile messages ask victims to purchase gift cards or virtual credit in exchange for sexual services, surged to 1,203 in 2015. There were losses of S$1.59 million in the first 6 months.23 There were also 383 cases of “internet love scams” involving losses of S$3.7 million.24 Criminal gangs use Facebook to recruit vulnerable teens who are pressured to join because of social media's “visibility.”25

by Christiaan Colen flickr.com/photos/132889348@N07/21382577412/

• Cyberbullying In 2014, 20% of Australian children aged 8-15 experienced cyberbullying and 75% of all Australian schools reported incidences of it.9 In 2015, 80% of all teens used smartphones.10 Youth aged 2-15 spent an average of 11.5 hours on the internet each week.11

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South Korea

United Kingdom

• Cyberbullying In 2014, nearly 28% of 12-17 year-olds were subjected to cyberbullying.26 12% had private information leaked online by peers, 10% suffered abuse while playing online games while others suffered verbal abuse on messaging apps, in chat rooms and on social media. KakaoTalk, Facebook and Twitter are the most popular social networks among youth.27

• Cyberbullying In 2014, 35% of 11-17 year-olds had been bullied online and a rise in use of social networking sites, online activity and messaging apps, was paralleled by an increase in cyberbullying. Twitter (40%), WhatsApp (37%), YouTube (32%), Instagram (35%) and Snapchat (26%) are favourites. Nearly a quarter of 12-15 year-olds use Snapchat at least 10 times a day.34

• Cheating In May 2013, the SAT college-entrance exams were cancelled throughout the country because exam materials had been leaked.31 It happened again in June 2016, in South Korea and Hong Kong.32 [See “In the news” opposite.]

• Cybercrime In 2014, the country suffered a large-scale financial data security breach when personal information of about 100 million South Korean credit card-holders and of accounts was stolen.33

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• Legislation It is illegal for anyone under 18 to send naked images of themselves to others and they risk being put on the sex offenders register.35 Young people getting involved with any cybercrime could face warnings from police, arrest, loss of computers and prevention of internet access, a penalty or fine and up to 10 years in jail.36 • Hacking In 2015, a 25 year-old final-year bioscience student was jailed for 4 months for hacking into the University of Birmingham’s computers using a keyboard spying device to steal staff passwords and improve his exam marks. He is thought to be the first ever British student to be jailed for cheating.37 • Cybercrime In 2015, revenge pornography – the sharing of private sexual photographs or films without consent – became a criminal offence. In the 6 months after it was introduced, nearly 200 cases of revenge pornography were reported.38

by Blue Coat photos flickr.com/photos/111692634@N04/15327739193/

• Legislation Search engines are required to verify users’ age via national identity numbers as in mainland China. Site access is blocked by government when minors use keywords deemed inappropriate.28 A law aimed at curbing cyberbullying by preventing internet users from hiding behind false IDs came into force in 2008.29 A bill seeking to prohibit employers from sending work-related messages by telephone, text, social media or via mobile messaging apps after working hours went before parliament in June 2016. It refers specifically to KakaoTalk, a chat app used by around 80% of South Koreans.30

In the news

Application fraud Companies in mainland China which polish or ghostwrite students’ university applications and tests have been identified by Reuters. The students receive Chinese-language advertisements by email and the companies are also accused of cheating in online versions of tests for courses including law and economics at universities in Iowa, Washington, Alabama and Pennsylvania.39 Under new legislation in mainland China, students found guilty of cheating in the gao kau university entrance exam are to face up to 7 years in prison.40 Hiding from parents 27% of 14-16 year-olds globally use tools available online to anonymize their activity and 61% of this group say they are “constantly” online. 13% of 8-16 year-olds in the US and 5% globally admit to having downloaded prohibited of illegal material.41 Human flesh searching Naked pictures of a 31 year-old woman from Hebei province in mainland China were posted on the internet by a vengeful ex-boyfriend who claimed she was a prostitute with AIDS. Then he posted her personal details plus phone numbers of 200 people who had ostensibly slept with her. She received abusive calls and death threats and lost her job before the police revealed the case as a hoax. Investigators found 157,000 web pages, 6,420 online reports and 735 video clips about her online and the 32 year-old ex-lover was sentenced to 3 years in prison having been found guilty of slander.42

Notes and sources 1. Young people means refers to those under 25 unless otherwise stated. unicef.org.hk/upload/NewsMedia/publication/UNICEF_Growing-up-online.pdf 2. hongkong.coconuts.co/2013/11/11/survey-finds-more-teens-affected-cyber-bullying 3. police.gov.hk/ppp_en/04_crime_matters/tcd/ 4. ycpc.hkfyg.org.hk/files/youthlaw/download/201307-web-cyber-crime_and_cyberdeviance_among_adolescents_in_hong_kong.pdf [in Chinese] 5. scmp.com/print/news/hong-kong/law-crime/article/1983136/underage-girls-rapeand-handbags-inside-murky-world-hong 6. theregister.co.uk/2016/08/03/67m_in_bitcoin_stolen_as_hacking_typhoon_lashes_ hong_kongs_bitfinex/ 7. chinadailyasia.com/hknews/2016-05/16/content_15433695.html 8. scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-crime/article/1826582/online-romance-scammerscheat-love-struck-victims-out-hk30m 9. mamamia.com.au/cyberbullying-statistics-in-australia/ 10. acma.gov.au/theACMA/engage-blogs/engage-blogs/Research-snapshots/Aussieteens-and-kids-online 11. quiip.com.au/social-media-statistics-usage-trends-february-2015/ 12. findlaw.com.au/articles/4720/sexting-and-australian-law.aspx 13. theguardian.com/technology/2016/apr/12/online-abuse-how-harrassment-revengepornography-different-countries-deal-with-it 14. theconversation.com/students-are-using-smart-spy-technology-to-cheat-in-exams59241 15. smh.com.au/national/education/universities-crack-down-on-cheating-students20160421-gobq1m.html 16. smh.com.au/nsw/mymaster-essay-cheating-scandal-more-than-70-universitystudents-face-suspension-20150312-1425oe 17. smh.com.au/digital-life/mobiles/fifty-per-cent-of-teens-sext-by-mobile-phone20150731-giot3z.html 18. scamwatch.gov.au/types-of-scams/dating-romance 19. straitstimes.com/singapore/one-in-three-singaporean-teens-have-encounteredcyber-bullying-study 20. techinasia.com/talk/state-social-singapore 21. thediplomat.com/2014/03/singapore-criminalizes-cyber-bullying-and-stalking/ 22. channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/smu-law-student-jailed-2/2519788.html 23. women.asiaone.com/women/relationships/online-dating-scams-more-women-asiafalling-prey-swindlers 24. channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore-s-crime-up-4-in/2509028.html

Looking for love

2.7 million members of the most popular dating site in Japan were duped when it was revealed that only one member of the site was actually female. Men were paid to pretend they were potential girlfriends so members would pay fees. Eight executives were arrested.43 Girls get back at boys

In Britain, girls are ganging up on boys in a new cyberbullying craze called “roasting” using mobile apps such as WhatsApp, Instagram or Facebook. The girls create an online chat room about a boy then abuse him.

They also use any bad news in the media to create unpleasant memes.44 Taking stupid risks

At least five deaths in Britain were linked to a YouTube challenge known as “Neknominations”. This drinking game involves participants filming themselves drinking alcohol then nominating someone else to continue likewise.45 A 14 year-old boy in the US had his hair ripped out and risked blindness in one eye after attempting the “duct tape challenge” where people wrap each other in duct tape and then try to break free.46 White-hat hackers

Almost 70% of white-hat hackers, also known as “ethical hackers” were born in the 1990s. They advise businesses and government departments about web security risks.

The youngest white-hat hacker in mainland China in 2015 was 13.47 In late July 2016, Fang Xiaodun, the founder of Wooyun, considered the largest “ethical hacking” community in China, was arrested by the authorities.48 25. todayonline.com/singapore/gangs-using-social-media-recruit-members 26. blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2014/11/03/one-in-four-korean-students-hit-bycyberbullying-poll-shows/ 27. koreaobserver.com/facebook-most-popular-social-media-tool-in-s-korea-poll-62060/ 28. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_South_Korea 29. wiki.nus.edu.sg/display/cs1105groupreports/South+Korea+enforces+new+law+ to+curb+cyber+bullying 30. theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/24/south-korea-mulls-ban-on-bosses-messagingemployees-at-home 31. google.com.au/#q=online+cheating+exams+south+korea+ 32. businessinsider.com.au/act-cheating-south-korea-and-hong-kong-2016-6?r=US&IR=T 33. dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2543167/Data-100MILLION-South-Korean-creditcards-stolen-scam-affecting-40-population-including-President-Park-Geun-hye.html 34. econsultancy.com/blog/66824-key-social-media-statistics-from-ofcom-scommunications-market-report/ 35. telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-health/10985660/Sexting-scare-6-sexting-mythsbusted.html 36. nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/about-us/what-we-do/national-cyber-crime-unit 37. telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/11560173/Exam-cheat-jailed-forhacking-into-university-computer-system.html 38. theguardian.com/technology/2016/apr/12/online-abuse-how-harrassment-revengepornography-different-countries-deal-with-it 39. reuters.com/investigates/special-report/college-cheating-iowa/ 40. nytimes.com/2016/06/08/world/asia/china-exam-gaokao-university-cheating.html?_r=0 41. kids.kaspersky.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/KL_Report_GUO_What_Kids_ Conceal.pdf 42. chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-05/04/content_9804512.htm 43. dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3116784/Dating-site-2-7-million-members-one-womanBosses-online-scam-arrested-Japan.html#ixzz4CYOWrxSs 44. telegraph.co.uk/education/2016/07/24/girls-gang-up-on-boys-in-new-cyberbullyingcraze-called-roasting/ 45. news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/wtf/youtube-challenges-instagram-selfies-the-dangeroustrends-not-worth-dying-for/news-story/43bcd4721f286dc2d0c0a4eeb3443d89 46. independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/failed-duct-tape-challenge-leaves-14-yearold-in-hospital-with-serious-head-injuries-a6836446.html 47. chinadailyasia.com/nation/2015-02/05/content_15224013.html 48. hongkongfp.com/2016/07/30/founder-chinas-largest-ethical-hacking-community-arrested/

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City space

September 2016 | Youth Hong Kong

Accessorize the athletic way! fitness trackers, apps and more

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wenty years back, exercise for the keen individual usually meant a session in the gym or a hike in the hills. Now, with the growth of the fitness industry, people can explore alternatives, squeezing exercise into hectic schedules while monitoring progress with fitness wearables.

Once seen as a status symbol, today most wearable devices are a long-term health investment. They act as an electronic finger on the pulse, monitoring condition through heart rate, step count and calories, then providing detailed summaries of workouts. Prices range from HK$400 upwards and it is worth asking yourself before buying whether you’re serious about fitness or just want to look good.

by Tamara Maz flickr.com/photos/tamarapaz/5221687986/

Joy Pamnani takes a look at today’s fitness industry and how it has transformed not only how Hong Kong people stay fit but also the way fashion and accessories can motivate them.

Training plus gaming

by Eddie Gustavsson flickr.com/photos/eddieg/191310694/

Bear in mind that running is the number one sport for most tracking devices although a few wearables cater to cyclists and swimmers. Some brands offer GPS functions, sensors for skin temperature and reports on sleep quality. Top-of-the-range smartwatches can run an entire mobile (body) operating system. The latest

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innovations are not devices at all in the conventional sense. They are clothes with digital identities and data profiles. Just two examples are running shoes from Under Armour with built-in tracking and smart clothes from Athos with built-in sensors that use electromyography to measure muscle activity.

Many parents fear their children will get addicted to video games but some game developers have added a new positive element, bringing fitness into the world of entertainment. The Nintendo Wii introduced active games with a remote control in 2006 but the real deal started with the Wii Fit accessory, introduced at the Electronic Entertainment Expo in 2007. Acting as a wireless balance board, it sparked the release of video games involving aerobics, yoga and strength training.

Xbox released the controller-free Kinect in 2010 with specialized sensors to detect body movement. It was followed by the launch of many dance and sports games, a few of which incorporated personal training. “Just Dance,” available on the Wii and Xbox, is one example, with accurate point-scoring and user-designed workouts, while Nike+ Kinect Training is for people of all shapes and sizes with tests to assess progress and compare fitness levels with family and friends.

by Billie Grace Ward flickr.com/photos/wwwardo/16532982622/

Added apps The perfect workout playlist for your exercise routine is a must − especially for runners − because speed of pace can be linked to music tempo. Spotify, a music streaming service, has a clever function that matches tempo and workouts with playlists containing songs that have the same rhythm. A few apps also allow you to make a few bucks if you stick to your goals while others make donations if you stay on track.

Both the Apple and Android app stores have software for devices, many catering to those who want a workout session involving weight loss, strength training or cardio.

Some apps are created by top trainers and most feature simple videos of short workouts but a few boast an entire online fitness community to connect with.

As someone who did not look forward to physical education at school, I am glad the world of online fitness reached out to me at a young age. One summer, wanting to tone up before classes began, I tried running along the waterfront. It wasn’t much fun. Turning on my Wii and playing dance games was much more exciting. Today, it’s amazing to see how many others have discovered a passion for exercise by stepping into the world of hi-tech fitness. It’s a new way to commit to a lifetime of health and happiness.

by Jareed flickr.com/photos/jareed/7885564472/

Some fitness instructors use YouTube and other social media for yoga, Pilates, cardio workouts and Zumba routines. Others run independent blogs and websites, like award-winning American Pilates instructor Cassey Ho with her “Call Me Maybe Squat Challenge.”

Another independent site, “Nerd Fitness,” is programmed with a variety of quests and challenges whereby users can not only reach their peak fitness but can also enjoy being the main character in a video game.

Joy Pamnani is an aspiring young journalist who hopes to travel the world

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City space

September 2016 | Youth Hong Kong

Leaders to Leaders Youth empowerment in Russia, poverty alleviation in Mexico, peace-building and disaster relief worldwide: these are just a few of the careers of visiting young leaders in a new Federation initiative.

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ummer 2016 saw a new departure for HKFYG’s Leadership 21 centre when its Leaders to Leaders programme sent invitations to young leaders around the world. Already, nine have visited and inspired youth here. The first group included dynamic humanitarian project organizers, innovators, trainers, designers, developers and NGO founders.

Two are featured here and there will be more to follow.

Ana Maria Castro Monzón, a 25 year-old architect, talked about her experience of positive change as director of the Street Store in the town of Obregon in Mexico. The Street Store movement originated in South Africa and was founded by Maximilian Pazak, another Leaders to Leaders speaker. It is the world’s first rent-free, premises-free, free pop-up clothing store for the poor. Recognizing that homelessness is a global problem, the founders encouraged people all over the world to follow suit. Its success in the first two years means it now reaches over 41,000,000 people in more than 450 stores. “Being conscious of the needs of one’s community is the first step,” says Ana. “I was inspired by Muhammad Yunnus. Other people saw how passionate he was and wanted to join him. Now I want to share my passion with others.”

While she was here, Ana worked side by side with Leadership 21 to organize a street store in Sham Shui Po. Felix Chan (pictured below right), a medical student and former Leadership 21 Co-Creator participant, who has been working with the homeless since 2012, reports: “My friends and I are taking a small step towards change, connecting individuals and offering them equal chances with StreetDrobe. It’s an open community ‘wardrobe’ with free food, healthcare and personal hygiene products for those who cannot afford them. I already knew about Spain’s Solidarity Fridge network that saves surplus food in Spanish towns. Now Ana has given me inspiration and encouragement with the Street Store in Mexico.”

“First, we set up the StreetDrobe sharing platform to tell people about what we do. The platform is a crossroads for sharing. At its heart is redistribution but a side-effect is environmental protection. By sharing, we also recycle and reuse.”

“Anyone who visits the StreetDrobe can benefit. It is unpressured and non-stigmatizing and those who are neglected − especially the homeless − can be cared for.”

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“We had a great kick-off with Ana in Sham Shui Po. Hundreds of people came along. It was the first small step for our community. Next we can take a bigger step, into other corners of Hong Kong. StreetDrobe’s social platform means give and take, but most importantly it gives dignity to the needy. They get freedom to choose, just like everyone else.”

Talking about Y2Y’s Action Hub, Saida describes it as, “an online incubator for socially beneficial ideas and businesses created by youth and for youth.” It is also a space for networking and team-building, skills-acquisition and knowledge-sharing.

Saida Ibrahimava is the Belarusian co-founder and director of the Youth to Youth Initiative (Y2Y). This non-profit umbrella organization works in such fields as education and employment, human rights, social inclusion, gender equality, transparency and anticorruption. Its focus is on youth development, especially youth participation in the decision-making process.

Y2Y’s Action Hub 2016 projects include Lensational which works for female empowerment through photography. Another aims for election transparency in Ghana. A project in Moscow is about corruption and one in Indonesia is about bribery. Each year, Y2Y holds a Youth to Youth Summit which presents challenging youth topics and facilitates panel discussions, cultural activities and workshops that aim to inspire participants to cooperate on production of joint projects. The best projects, selected during the Summit, automatically receive a year-long unlimited support for development and implementation under the Youth to Youth Action Hub. Saida says, “At present, Y2Y is seeking a venue for its 2017 Youth Summit.” Watch this space!

More information Street Store thestreetstore.org/ Facebook facebook.com/StreetDrobeHK/ Youth to Youth Initiative y2yinitiative.org/index.php Leaders to Leaders leadership21-leaderstoleaders.com/

Backpackers: One Belt, One Road, One Friendship Season 4

With 3,000+ applications so far and 60+ travel subsidies, this goal-oriented, eye-opening, mind-broadening, sponsored travel programme moves forward into the next phase with new destinations and new horizons.

Age & group size 18-35; 2- 6 per team; half must be Hong Kong residents

Destinations

Central and Eastern Europe, Africa

Asia including mainland China, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Middle East including Bahrain, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia

Subsidies

HK$2000 per person for mainland China

HK$3000 per person for South and Southeast Asia HK$6000 per person for Central and West Asia,

Middle East and Africa, Central and Eastern Europe

Applications

deadline 5 December 2016

Groups of 2-6, 18-35 year-olds with independent travel plans Travel period February-April 2017

Apply m21.hk/friendship/backpacker/apply.php

Enquiries

Iki Chan 2169 0255

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Talking point

September 2016 | Youth Hong Kong

What does Brexit mean?

Mindy Li contemplates the referendum in the UK this summer and the effects of Britain’s planned exit from the European Union. She says that understanding its implications is important for young people everywhere.

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To understand the implications of Brexit on individuals and groups, we need to understand events leading to and immediately following the vote. Faced with immigration policies and European Union (EU) taxes, “Brexiters” claimed that leaving would mean regaining control. On the other hand, “Remainers” highlighted the estimated three million jobs linked to UK exports to EU countries, although they are not dependent on EU membership.

Mobility of labour within the EU was also a powerful argument for upwardly mobile youth.

Months of debate by opposing groups ended in a very close result: 51.9% to 48.1%, just a 3.8% margin in favour of leaving the EU. Only one third of the electorate voted and turnout among the young was low. Many who did not vote said they thought it would make no difference to the outcome. Three-quarters of those aged 18-24 who did vote wanted to stay in the EU.

Racism on the rise What alarmed me most in the aftermath were the racial slurs and hate crimes recorded by the media. I saw people justifying their racism by the country’s wish to establish border controls pending exit from the EU. Statistics from the National Police Chiefs Council showed that reports of hate crime rose by 57% two days after the vote. In a week, 331 cases were reported compared to an average of 63 per week pre-Brexit. It is hard to understand why so many people are xenophobic, but racism is deplorable.

by fernando butcher com/photos/kelsey97/27678701211/

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by Simon Goldsworthy flickr.com/photos/sgoldswo/27230025574/

he results of the Brexit referendum in the UK came down like a bucket of cold water. Some welcomed the outcome with open arms, like a cool shower on a hot summer’s day. Others shivered violently in the aftermath. Many were just confused. The simple fact is that it happened and the world looks different, especially for young people in Britain and Europe.

Due to the fear induced by radical Islamist terrorist activities in recent past years, immigration has earned a bad reputation. Instead of seeing the help given to innocent families as humanitarian kindness, many see only danger signs associated with refugees. They were seen as non-belongers and we would be hypocrites to say, “That would never happen in Hong Kong.” In fact, the situation in the UK echoes the dispute between Mainlanders and Hongkongers as well as attitudes to other minorities.

Prejudice is a problem that we must all address.

After all the wars the world has engaged in, we should have learnt how to live in harmony with people from different backgrounds. Instead, the reaction we see is retrograde. Surely we should be focusing on the benefits brought by skilled workers to a tolerant, multicultural society, and the ways in which advancing technology and strengthened intergovernmental cooperation could bring nations closer together.

by Alex flic.kr/p/Jzt2iW

Intergenerational injustice The EU referendum also provoked another argument.

Young city dwellers often find their views diametrically opposed to those of the grassroots and this was no exception. 53% of voters in the Brexit referendum aged under 40 voted to remain in the EU. They were very dissatisfied to learn that older generations had, essentially, determined the future for younger generations.

In any fully democratic state, all votes carry equal weight, giving citizens the opportunity and the responsibility to contribute their vote. It is important for every individual to participate so that results reflect the views of the majority. Teaching the younger generation that every vote matters is the key to a fair community.

Change is part of nature but sometimes we get a little too comfortable with the present. Maybe the referendum results would have been different if terrorists and wars had not provoked a refugee crisis. Maybe young people should have made more of an effort to vote, believing that their views mattered. Maybe the reasons for holding this referendum should have been more carefully considered in the first place. But these are all “maybes,�

and unless someone magically builds a working time machine, we cannot change what has happened.

What now? Now we learn to accept reality. In a globalized community, we learn to accept diversity and to be open-minded towards other cultures and beliefs.

We learn to treat others as equals and judge ourselves according to the same standards. In order to move towards a better future, we have to adapt. Furthermore, even though the news gives us information, we should stay wary of the insidious role the media can play in shaping public opinion, especially in an era of social media where a short tweet from an influential person can have momentous consequences.

Mindy Li is a graduate of St. Stephen’s College who is now majoring in International Studies at The College of New Jersey.

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Culture

September 2016 | Youth Hong Kong

From writing to reading a brief glance through time Jean Letterman looks at ways in which people have communicated, the ways in which we read and today’s reading devices.

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n order to make thoughts and language readable, people first had to discover a way to write. Egypt, Mesopotamia and Harappa in Pakistan are considered by experts to be the birthplaces of writing between 3500 BCE and 3100 BCE. Egyptian hieroglyphs, from around 3300 BCE, are most commonly considered to be the earliest form of writing.

However, some experts believe earlier writing, dating back 5,500 years, may have been unearthed at Harappa.

However, in 2009, a ground-breaking study revealed that markings from sites in Ice Age France might be the precursor to a Paleolithic system of written communication dating back nearly 30,000 years.

Modern technology was used to compare images from nearly 150 locations, revealing striking similarities in the markings. Jiahu symbols, dated to 6600 BCE, carved on tortoise shells and found in China, are thought of by scholars not so much as writing but as undecipherable marks. Oracle bone script, dating from 1500 to 1000 BCE, is the earliest known form of Chinese script.

Next, humans began searching for the perfect material to write on. Ancient Egyptians used papyrus, a thick type of paper made from the pith of a plant. This was replaced by parchment, made from animal skin. Paper came into the spotlight around the 200 CE, when paper-making arrived in China. Paper scrolls were

Ancient symbols and signs

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Paleolithic symbols (France) 35000-10000 BCE

Jiahu symbols Hieroglyphs (Egypt) (China) 6600 3300 BCE BCE

Oracle bone script (China) 1500-1000 BCE

Paleolithic signs: by JosĂŠ-Manuel Benito

Jiahu symbols: Nature, April 28, 2003

Oracle bone script: by BabelStone

Egyptian hieroglyphs on papyrus: by By Flembles Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp

widely used before 300 CE. Then the codex, an ancient version of the modern-day book, was developed by the Romans from wooden writing tablets. Prepared by stacking pages and fixing one edge, the codex brought in the idea of including a table of contents. Compared to the scroll, the codex proved easier to rest on the table for reading and taking notes and when a hardback cover was added, the modern day book we all know and love emerged.

Hong Kong has a solid foundation as a “connector” between mainland China and to overseas countries. it upgrade to a “super-connector” by Writing, printing, to Can e-books effective use of the competencies which promote economic co-operation Until the printing press was invented in 1440, books with Belt and Road countries? were copied by hand on request. The press saw production costs fall rapidly, sparking a mass revolution of printing activity. Lower costs translated into widespread distribution of books and rapid growth in the number of readers.

The local scene

The first microprocessor was invented in 1971, opening the door to the e-book industry. In the 1980s, CD-roms saw literature moving into electronic editions and becoming available in digital form. 1989 marked the creation of the World Wide Web and digital libraries like Google Books began to emerge. The first online bookstore, Amazon, was started in 2000 with its Kindle e-book reader. It was followed by devices with similar functions including Apple’s iPad and Barnes and Noble’s Nook.

Hong Kong people enjoy reading, as is evident from huge crowds at the annual Hong Kong Book Fair.

However, compared to older generations, young people don’t seem to spend much time in the world of fiction. “Students’ lives are so busy. I have very little time to read,” said one Book Fair visitor, 14 year-old Helen Leung. 18 year-old Priya Gandhi commented, “I just finished my public exams and in my last few years of school I never had time to read for pleasure.

I’m glad to see these students at the Book Fair have some spare time.”

Since then, e-books and devices have improved to cater to readers’ needs. In 2013, the Association of American Publishers announced that e-books accounted for about 20% of all book sales. Now there are waterproof tablets, elements of interactivity with text and software and aspiring authors can share their content worldwide. Digital technology has also taken reading into undeveloped areas around the world.

Ready to Read Literacy decreases inequality and breaks the cycle of poverty. Still, half the schools in Africa have few or no books. However, thanks to the increasing ubiquity of digital technology, in sub-Saharan African hundreds of schools and libraries now have access to local African textbooks, storybooks, world newspapers, and classics from around the world via the Worldreader app. In partnership with publishers and other charities like Camfed, this initiative is scaling up and taking literacy into some of the world’s most needy places.

Although tablets and e-books have been on the rise, young people in Hong Kong say they still prefer printed books. “I like the feel and smell of a book and I enjoy flipping the pages!” says 14 year-old Tracy Tsui. She also thinks tablets tire the eyes whereas she can carry on reading a hard copy book for hours.

On a personal level I was an avid reader throughout childhood and a huge fan of detective stories but at high school I was also too busy to pick up a novel. Nowadays, I read a lot of online news but it doesn’t make up for the joy of being absorbed in a book. For me, that’s always like going on an adventure, living with the main characters and solving mysteries together.

I hope young people will discover a similar joy of reading, be it in electronic or hard copy form. To quote American novelist George R.R. Martin: “A reader lives a thousand lives before he dies. The man who never reads lives only one.”

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HKFYG publications

September 2016 | Youth Hong Kong

Books and boutiques without boundaries Tired of wandering round shopping malls where all you find are the same old brands? Try one of these unusual shops instead, says Cyrus Cheng, in an introduction to an autumn special offer on new books: see pages 42-43.

Bike the Moment

This is a cycle shop with a difference. It pioneers the concept of urban cycling as Hong Kong lifestyle.

University graduate Queenie and her boyfriend Hughes opened it two years ago. Queenie used to work in the media but it was too hectic. “I was so busy there was time for nothing but work and the only stress-relief was crazy shopping. I spent far too much on luxury brand bags!”

So Queenie started saving and when she thought she had saved enough she quit her job and began a long journey in Europe and Britain with Hughes. “It was truly unforgettable, but at the time we had no idea that it would change our lives entirely,” she said, as she began telling me their story.

Everywhere they went, they rode bikes, exploring cities like Paris, Amsterdam and London as they went. “Some cities have embraced the idea of bicycles wholeheartedly … for daily life, for commuting, for shopping … for everything!” Facilities for cyclists are provided by the municipality which sees them as real road users, catered for in the transport system just like everyone else. So different from Hong Kong where cycling is considered a 40

gentle pastime or a necessity for low-paid delivery men.

Fascinated by the concept of urban cycling, Queenie and Hughes decided to promote it as a way of life. Their store, Bike the Moment, was born. “We show that urban cycling in Hong Kong can be much more than a recreational activity reserved for weekends. Instead, a bicycle can revolutionize your life.”

To begin with, they promoted cycling by posting activities on Facebook and inviting everyone to come along. “These were not high-level cycling competitions.

Anyone with a bicycle could join us! By bike, you can appreciate a new place better and even your own district looks different at a gentle pace.”

As more and more people joined in, they got attention from overseas. Tokyobike, Japanese bicycle makers, contacted Queenie and Hughes and said how much they appreciated their efforts. A working relationship was established and Bike the Moment now sells Tokyobikes in their Kwun Tong store.

Address Unit B11, 11/F, Mai Hing Industrial Building Block B,16-18 Hing Yip Street, Kwun Tong, Hong Kong Facebook facebook.com/BikeTheMoment Web store.bikethemoment.com/ Opening hours Friday - Sunday 2pm - 8pm

“We choose brands carefully and hope customers are interested in the story behind them rather than just the end-products and the prices. Take our “rice bicycle bell” as another example. It’s a recycled part of an old rice cooker that works brilliantly as a bike bell.”

Queenie and Hughes have achieved a great deal in just two years but they have no plans to ease the pace. As Queenie concluded, “In the end, our dream is for Hong Kong people to see that bicycles don’t just mean recreation.

They can also mean part of daily life, enjoyed by bike.”

Some people thought Jerry made the wrong decision but for him it was just logical. “I wasn’t sad to quit studying.

I’m passionate about the shop, with lots of ideas to develop and if I don’t follow my dream now, I will regret it when I grow up.”

Despite all his efforts, business was hard. Takings were were far too low to cover the rent, let alone give Jerry a salary. “I couldn’t ask my family for more support. All I could do was tighten my belt and keep up the struggle.”

Journalize: a living passion Can you imagine running your own store when you are just 18 years old? Can you imagine having only four days off each year? Can you imagine giving up your degree for the sake of the shop? Jerry, the young owner of the shop Journalize, will tell you that it is all worth it.

“I have loved stationery ever since I was a little boy and so after my end-of-school examinations I decided to open my own stationers’ shop.” To begin with, life went smoothly and Jerry was happy, but it wasn’t all plain sailing. Soon the challenges began to appear.

Jerry was lucky in some ways. “My kind customers knew my story and always encouraged me. Sometimes they even brought lunch!” The media picked up on the story too eventually and as people got to know about the shop, business came good. “From choosing products to setting prices, I have learnt a lot. Now I sell special stationery that I think will suit my best customers and I display new brands that will catch the eye of passers-by. I am not sure how far I can go from here but for now, I’m on the right track, satisfied just to have the real thing: my dream shop.”

Boutiques without Boundaries Buy this book now at a discount price.

Turn to pages 42-43 for details.

“I chose the location - a shop opposite the Central Library because there are plenty of passers-by. That meant a high rent so to save on costs, I had no staff to mind the shop and took no days off in the first year except at Chinese New Year.”

The need to cut costs wasn’t Jerry’s only problem. He was ambitious. “I had enrolled for a Chinese medicine degree programme too and hoped I could somehow fit both the shop and study into my life. But it didn’t work and soon my degree course leader told me either to keep my shop or focus on study. For me, there was no choice. I quit the degree.”

Address 6A, Moreton Terrace, Causeway Bay, Hong Kong Facebook facebook.com/journalize Opening hours Monday - Sunday 1pm - 9pm

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New books for 2016 Handicrafts, online gaming, social innovation, tips for teachers and stories about local boutiques: all this and much more in new HKFYG books this year, and now at amazing prices.

Special Discounts for readers!

With the coupon on the opposite page, Youth Hong Kong readers can enjoy special 50% discounts on all new titles. Visit our office any time from 1 October till 31 December to collect!

Make an appointment by:

Calling 3755 7109 or emailing CPS@hkfyg.org.hk

Come to collect at:

21/F, The Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups, 21 Pak Fuk Road, North Point, Hong Kong

Beyond the Internet: Narrative Journeys with Young People 真網樂#從敘事實踐看青少年的「迷網」框外 ISBN: 978-988-12446-4-2

Price: $80

Now at $40: See story page 15-17

A dozen real stories of young people’s lives with online computer games and counsellors who have helped them with narrative therapy.

From Shoplifting to Life-lifting 盜路─青少年盜竊問題探討 ISBN: 978-988-12446-6-6

Price: $90

Now at $45

From the latest statistics to case studies and counselling activities, this book asks why young Hong Kong people steal and provides some solutions for social workers.

SchooLike 2.0 – More Inspiration from Schools 讚好校園2.0 ISBN: 978-988-77132-3-4

Price: $90

Now at $45

Principals, teachers, students and celebrities all contribute to the SchooLike website and their stories are inspiring and touching. SchooLike 2.0 brings together 30 of their stories. For parents and general readers who want to know more about what happens at school.

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TeachLike: Essential Smarts for Teachers 教得喜─新世代教師必讀手冊 ISBN: 978-988-77132-0-3

Price: $80

Now at $40

The SchooLike website has a wide range of articles to help teachers deal with problems encountered in school. These include helping students with special educational needs (SEN). All teachers and school professionals who work with young people will find something of use.

50 Essential Questions For Startups 創業50問 ISBN: 978-988-12445-8-1

Price: $100

Now at $50

For anyone who wants to know more about setting up and running a new business: keeping accounts, the legal aspects of doing business, human resources and hiring and many other aspects. This book offers help, with 50 questions answered by professionals.

Know-how for Pet Practitioners 智在寵愛─寵物護理入行必讀手冊

Life’s Twists and Turns 逆轉•亦樂

Price: $90

Price: $90

More and more people in Hong Kong keep pets and a huge potential industry has emerged to service their needs. This book, written for those who want to work in the pet industry, has many tips and all the background needed to see the big picture.

It is the tenth year of the Felix Wong Award and this tenth anniversary compilation of 20 inspiring life stories from young people will definitely cheer you up. They all tell tales of hardship and challenge, bravely overcome at a young age.

ISBN: 978-988-12446-8-0

Now at $45

Arts & Crafts with Young Makers 選擇造物 ISBN: 978-988-12446-7-3

Price: $90

Now at $45

Young people in Hong Kong like to make things and to share what they make with others.

Read the life stories of people in the world of handicrafts and learn a few tricks of their trades in this well-illustrated book.

ISBN: 978-988-12446-5-9

Now at $45

Boutiques without Boundaries 慢遊小店 ISBN: 978-988-77132-2-7

Price: $90

Now at $45.

See stories on pages 40-41.

Introducing 10 local shops run by passionate young people, this book invites readers to visit and share a slower life that really does exist in another side of Hong Kong.

Startupedia─初創百科 ISBN: 978-988-12446-9-7

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43

Ideals, Dedication, Engagement, Aspirations and Service: young people’s opinions shape and build the future.

LegCo’s performance could do better

What do young people think of the roles and functions of the legislature ?

O verall, young Hong Kong respondents find the running of the Legislative Council [LegCo] unsatisfactory and nearly 60% feel distrustful about it. Almost a third lament its lack of rational debate or complain about its disorderly procedure.

These problems are evident in the controversial filibustering used to block or delay the passage of government policies and the unruly behaviour of certain members who are well-known for throwing bananas and bottles to deliberately disrupt proceedings.

Comments The think tank group involved in this report hope to see a more orderly, rational culture in future LegCo meetings.

An improved relationship with the government and more public engagement in LegCo affairs are also on their wants list.

Richard Cheng, group convener “Young people’s reservations about LegCo include lack of trust. It’s time that the legislature made more effort to engage the public and improve levels of both understanding and communication.”

by Tksteven commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17242665

Ansel Lam, group member “LegCo should raise the standard of debates and discussions in order to rebuild its image and restore public trust.”

What does LegCo do?

LegCo’s 70 members consist of 35 who are directly elected, 5 so-called super seat members who are district council-based, and 30 members who represent trade-based functional constituencies . Members’ duties are to enact, amend or repeal laws, to examine and approve budgets, taxation and public expenditure, and to raise questions on the work of the government.

Report No. 11 HKFYG Youth I.D.E.A.S.

Governance & Constitutional Development group.

“Young People’s Views on the Roles and Functions of the Legislative Council.”

539 18-34 year-olds were polled in a territory-wide random survey. Five specialists and 20 youth were also interviewed.”

Full details [in Chinese] yrc.hkfyg.org.hk/news.aspx?id=f4497f6f-6cd6-4203-a3b5-a6 69002850e0&corpname=yrc&i=9559

44

Lifelong learning blocks and hurdles

Participation in continuous learning is declining, especially in 18-34 year-olds.

What’s the explanation?

There’s a mismatch between belief and reality according to the findings of this survey. The majority of respondents believe in the value of continuous learning and about a third recognize the importance of upgrading and adding value to skills. However, during the past five years only a third of respondents had enrolled in a course and 46% had no plan to do so in future. Expensive tuition fees and making time for courses were the main problems.

Support not available?

Over 60% of those who had taken courses in the past five years had not received support from the Continuing Education Fund, usually because the courses chosen were not subsidized. At present the Fund offers reimbursement for recognised courses if applications are made within four years of commencement of study. The ceiling is HK$10,000 per course.

Details of subsidized courses wfsfaa.gov.hk/cef/intro.htm

Comments Employers need to be open to the needs of all employees and educational institutions could be more flexible with schedules and e-learning.

Janis Tong, group member “Subsidies could be doubled to HK$20,000 and the range and number of course sectors could be increased to encourage lifelong learning.”

Mac Chan, group member “Tax concessions could be offered to employers who support employees’ continuous learning. Flexible timetables and online courses would be convenient for those with irregular working hours.”

Report No. 12 HKFYG Youth I.D.E.A.S. Education and Innovation group. “Young People’s Views on Continuous Learning.” 527 18-39 year-olds were polled in a territory-wide random survey. 20 were interviewed as were four specialists.

Full details [in Chinese] yrc.hkfyg.org.hk/news.aspx?id=93aad322-639a-49b9-b087-59458af5c46 f&corpname=yrc&i=9587)

49 45

Hong Kong tourism time for change

Why don’t Hong Kong’s travel services diversify to respond to today’s market?

The profile of visitors to Hong Kong has changed. Once attracted mainly by the shopping here, today nearly half

Jess Yeung, group convener “The tourism sector should consider launching more themed tourist routes with cross-sector collaboration to promote local culture. The participation of local groups in the design of such routes would benefit sustainable development.”

spend most of their time sightseeing. Only 17.5% are interested in luxury products and just 14.4% spend the majority of their time in the shops. Visitors also prefer not to travel on group tours. They are not satisfied with only the famous tourist attractions. Instead, they want to learn more about Hong Kong’s culture and are interested in a more personalized travel experience.

Bird Tang, group member “The Travel Industry Council should consider an accreditation system. Residents with professional knowledge of communities at the district level could qualify as walking tour guides for visitors within this system.”

Comments

Kyle Si, group member “Cycling tours could be promoted on routes such as Sha Tin to Tai Mei Tuk. More mountain bike facilities could also be built on Lantau Island. These would help in environmental conservation as well as attracting visitors.”

Members of this think tank group believe the tourism sector should offer a range of travel options in Hong Kong to provide visitors with a more satisfying, rounded experience.

Number of visitors from 2006 - 2015

70,000 60,000

60,839 Total

Mainland China

54,299

50,000

48,615 41,921

40,000

36,030

30,000 20,000

28,169 25,251 13,591 15,486

29,591

29,507 16,862

17,957

59,308

47,248

40,745

45,842

34,911 28,100

22,684

10,000 2006

by Dennis Wong https://flic.kr/p/67WHLJ

number of visitors

46

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

source: http://partnernet.hktb.com/tc/home/index.html

Report No. 13 HKFYG Youth I.D.E.A.S. Employment & Economic Development group “Diversifying Hong Kong’s Attractions to Boost Tourism” 570 visitors aged 15 or above responded to the survey at The Peak, in Central and Tsim Sha Tsui.

19 stakeholders from the tourist industry were interviewed, including experts and young people.

Full details [in Chinese] yrc.hkfyg.org.hk/news.aspx?id=d92f20fe-b4c4-48a1-8a d3-e14958492630&corpname=yrc&i=9551

HKFYG news

September 2016 | Youth Hong Kong

lab building up STEAM The LEAD creative education programme is taking STEM education an extra step forward, building on its experience and reputation with the new LEAD lab and a pioneering venture in STEAM.

Y

oung people today need practical skills and useful knowledge to tackle challenges and find jobs. LEAD (Learning through Engineering, Art and Design) is a creative education programme spearheaded by HKFYG to help them.

The LEAD concept has been developed in collaboration with the MIT Media Lab and the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Since 2005, it has introduced youth to technologies from the Lifelong Kindergarten Group at the MIT Media Lab, instilling a new way of learning that is free of “right” ways and “wrong” answers. The goal is inventive education through engagement in hands-on, design-based strategies in multiple disciplines which include STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics).

The 2015 and 2016 policy addresses refer to STEM education as the route to renewal and enrichment in the school curricula. LEAD fosters this type of integrated, multidisciplinary education and is committed to supporting holistic development in line with educational reforms in Hong Kong. Its new one-stop STEM learning centre, the LEAD lab, focus on three elements: Academy, Competitions and Talent & Exchange.

Academy – where learning takes place For the coming academic year, HKFYG’s LEAD lab will foster STEM education and provide support to the next generation of scientists and innovators.

A wide range of workshops with state-of-the-art facilities will be available for schools, parents and students. These workshops will revolve around STEM, building momentum in STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art & Design and Mathematics), an added extra which sparks innovative ideas, helping participants consolidate new skills and giving them experiential learning.

Learning works best through doing, as Confucius, the great Chinese philosopher said, “I hear and I forget, I see and I remember, I do and I understand.” Likewise, at LEAD knowledge is applied and not wasted. Fully engaged students at LEAD lab workshops will have hands-on activities which stimulate their young minds, but they will also be fun and keep children focused: thinking, questioning and making connections.

47

Putting STEM skills first Knowledge and skills in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) are needed for many occupations and indicators used by researchers at the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) predict that economic growth will be dependent on STEM education. Their recent report* envisages that the best performing economies will have the most students graduating in STEM degrees. By 2030, in absolute terms, India and China are estimated to come out on top, with a forecast 1.7 million STEM graduates in the Indian workforce and about 400,000 in mainland China. The report also points out that China’s problem may be finding jobs for such graduates. It also indicates little change for Hong Kong between now and 2030.

Thus the LEAD lab initiative, putting STEM skills first. *eiuperspectives.economist.com/talent-education/education-2030

Competitions – where application of theory occurs Confucius also said, “The essence of knowledge is: having it, to apply it; not having it, to confess your ignorance.” Competitions offer young people an interactive learning experience, a chance to share innovative ideas, recognize what they don’t know and appreciate each other’s talent and contribution.

To challenge young learners and provide them with a platform to demonstrate what they know, LEAD collaborates with primary and secondary schools across the territory, encouraging participation in local and oversea competitions. This is the second focus of its work and the competitions include the Hong Kong FLL Robotics Tournament, the Hong Kong Student Science Project Competition, the Hong Kong GreenMech Contest, the Creative Coder Competition and the Hong Kong 4D Frame Maths & Science Creativity Competition.

Gathering STEAM at LEAD Hong Kong schools face a challenge: how to ensure that pupils stay ahead and become well equipped for the future job market. Demand is rising for non-routine, analytical and technical skills that are little taught before tertiary level. Even then, many such skills are taught only in vocational training centres. Therefore, LEAD lab will add another dimension to STEM. By including elements of art and design, STEM education is transformed into STEAM, drawing on applied design principles and encouraging practical, creative solutions.

This integrated, interdisciplinary approach brings the sciences and the arts together and shows students how to make use of the skills and knowledge they learn in all STEAM fields.

More on STEAM at edudemic.com/stem-vs-steam-why-the-amakes-all-the-difference/ and at steamedu.com/

48

Outstanding undergraduates in the innovation and technology field may apply for the Innovation and Technology Scholarship Award Scheme. Awardees have the opportunity to gain industry experience with a mentor while broadening their perspective on the discipline studied.

Talent mentoring & exchange – where we connect with the world The learning journey does not stop at competitions and so the third part of LEAD’s work involves a range of programmes to quench the thirst of talented young people who want to go further. The Seeds Project, for example, invites primary schools to nominate outstanding pupils with a passion for science. 90 children are then given intensive science training to encourage them to continue their exploration.

LEAD lab: coming soon The LEAD lab will be headquartered in Quarry Bay and will have six satellite labs in the community and in the HKFYG primary and secondary schools in Tin Shui Wai. The labs will give schools and families easy access to a new way of STEM learning. The LEAD lab and its satellites will provide the space, environment and encouragement that young people need for innovative, practical thinking, generating the culture of creative education that creates the foundation of life-long learning through Exploration Experience Creation Sharing.

Stay tuned for further news from HKFYG of this exciting new departure.

Stay tuned and LEAD !

Another example is the 1+1 Science Tip-top Talent Scheme. Schools nominate groups of students aged 15 or above to present science projects and share ideas with others. Groups with the most feasible project ideas receive subsidies of HK$12,000 to take their work further under the instruction of a mentor, usually a university lecturer.

More information lead.hkfyg.org.hk/ Enquiries Edmond Hui 3106 0600 49

HKFYG news

September 2016 | Youth Hong Kong

Awards for community service and Hong Kong Youth Service Award 2016 Finalists to be announced soon These awards, given since 2013, are open to 18-35 year-olds who are committed to serving others with dedication and integrity, exemplifying the true spirit of service to the community. Winners’ service record reflect the core values and beliefs, including the commitment to Hong Kong, and a willingness to contribute to Hong Kong.

Awards ceremony Tuesday 8 November 2016 Guest of Honour Mr Rimsky Yuen, SC, JP, Secretary for Justice, HKSARG Some past winners Stanley Cheung Yun-hang was badly burned in a hill fire when younger but is now Director of the “Kinetic Life Training and Counselling Centre” nurturing others for positivity and health. (Award winner 2014.)

Emmy Li Yuen-mei ophthalmologist, uses her knowledge and skills to help the poor, the elderly and those who live on Comprehensive Social Security Assistance. (Award winner 2013.)

Kenneth Ng Yiu-fai is a disabled IT specialist and is convenor of GIVERS, advocating volunteerism in daily life, and founder of You Will Succeed, a job-matching platform for the disabled. (Award winner 2015.)

Carrie Tang launched “DreamMag”, a journal with stories of young people in pursuit of their dreams. Then she realized her own childhood dream by setting up the "Go Inside" café, employing deaf staff thus enabling their better integration in society.

(Award winner 2014.)

Walter Tsui Yu-hang is the visually impaired cofounder of CareER (Care in Education and Recruitment) which links disabled university graduates with employers. (Award winner 2015.)

Kong Wan-ki established the Hong Kong Sign Language Association with her partner. Both of them have a hearing impairment and work to raise awareness of the needs of the deaf. (Award winner 2014.)

Supporting Organization Home Affairs Bureau Media Partners Hong Kong Economic Journal, M21 More details ysa.hkfyg.org.hk facebook.com/HKFYG.YSA Enquiries Johnson Cheung 2169 0255

2015 winners including Kenneth Ng (centre) and Walter Tsui

50

youth entrepreneurship HSBC Youth Business Award 2016 with new Innovative e-Business Award Sole sponsor HSBC Commercial Banking This award has been organized by HKFYG since 2011 to promote entrepreneurship and recognize successful young Hong Kong entrepreneurs.

Winners have the best products or services, market positioning and competitiveness, marketing and promotion tactics, management and business strategies, finance and cost control.

Boaz International Education Institute Special Education Needs (SEN) and Support

• Support for reading, writing and speech therapy • Approved international Davis Dyslexia Correction Program • Parents’ talks and teacher training Creote Studio Ltd Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) technology

• Combination of ARVR messages with traditional products and services • “WedCam” platform for customers • Wedding invitation cards, photo albums and other wedding products Master Archer Adventure activities and archery

• Training with a psychologist and social workers; special trainers for SEN students • Combines experiential learning and active progress reviews • Main customers: schools, youth centres, commercial institutions Monica Tsang Designs Ltd Ceramic design and sales

• Combines traditional and modern ceramic techniques • Introduces modern design elements • Provides tailor-made services for well-known HK restaurants, hotels and brands

More PR & Marketing Ltd One-stop marketing services

• Advertisements, social media, marketing plans, press releases etc • Combines traditional PR and online marketing for brands • Main strength: female market with online reach to 3 million+ readers Vote online for your favourite finalist

ybhk2.hkfyg.org.hk/ybaward2016/en/home/index.php

VOTING ends 10 October

More details ybhk.hkfyg.org.hk/ybaward2016 51

Publisher : The Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups

香港青年協會

hkfyg.org.hk．m21.hk

Youth Hong Kong: 21/F, The Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups Building, 21 Pak Fuk Road, North Point, Hong Kong Tel : 3755 7084．3755 7108．Fax : 3755 7155．Email : youthhongkong@hkfyg.org.hk．Website : youthhongkong.hkfyg.org.hk

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