Youngbin ts

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST AA Diploma School Technical studies 2019-20 Youngbin Shin Diploma unit 8 Architectural Association School of Architecture

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COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

TECHNICAL STUDIES STATEMENT

The technical studies explore the formation of a snow ice layer through natural means and in parallel the structural strategy that informs it. The following three main scales are explored to respond different extremety of climate in parallel with the design process of the building.

PROJECT DESIGN GATHERING INFORMATION (a) Different circumstances of the site (b) Structural strategy (c) Material property of snow 1. Snow accumulation on the angled surface 2. Wind carries snow to the structure 3. Computational simulation (Autodesk Flow) EVALUATION Pre-Design evaluation (a) Snow (b) Wind Post-Design evaluation (c) Structure (d) Lighting (e) Thermal performance DESIGN APPLICATION (a) Base camp (b) Camp 3 (c) Camp 4

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

TABLE OF CONTENTS MT. EVEREST 1 BACKGROUND 1.01 SITE LOCATION 1.02 NUMBER OF CLIMBER AND DEATH RATES 1.03 CURRENT CAMPS OF EVEREST 1.04 SEASONS IN MT. EVEREST 1.05 CLIMBING HOURS TO SUBMIT 1.06 ANNUAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE 1.07 ANNUAL AVERAGE WIND DIRECTION 1.08 PREVAILING WIND DIRECTION 1.09 ANNUAL AVERAGE WIND SPEED 1.10 SNOW QUALITIES BY ALTITUDE 1.11 CHARACTERS 1.12 CAMP INSTALLATION BY TERRAIN 1.13 CURRRENT TENT TYPOLOGY 2. PROTOTYPE 2.01 MINIMUM COMFORT SCALE AND PROXEMICS 2.02 DESIGN CONSTRAINTS 2.03 CAVE-IN VOLUME 2.04 COMPACT UNITS 2.05 SPACE SEQUENCE 2.06 COMPACT MODULE 2.07 METABOLIC RATES AT ACTIVITIES 2.08 PITCHED ROOF

STRUCTURE 3 STRUCTURAL STRATEGY 3.01 TIMBER FRAME 3.02 SKELETON SYSTEM 3.03 TYPES OF TRUSS 3.04 STRUCTURAL ELEMENT 3.05 STRUCTURE ADOPTATIOON ON TERRAINS 4 ROBOTIC FABRICATIION 4.01 A RAPID MANUFACTURING JOINERY MACHINE 4.02 JOYNERY MACHINE PRODUCTION 4.03 JOINT RESULTS FROM MACHINE 5 MOCKUP 5.01 STRUCTURAL DESIGN METHODOLOGY 5.02 SPATIAL FRAME 5.03 JOINTS 5.04 PROPERTY OF MATERIAL 5.05 FRAME SIZES 5.06 MATERIAL CONSUMPTION 5.07 MOCKUP PROCESS 5.08 ASSEMBLY SEQUENCE 5.09 DISASSEMBLY SEQUENCE 5.10 CAPACITY OF SHELTER 5.11 TESTING COMFORTNESS OF SHELTER

RESEARCH 6 RESEARCH REFERENCES 6.01 VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 6.02 LIFE SPAN OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

EXPERIMENT : PREDESIGN EVALUATION 7 SNOW 7.01 TRANSFORMING SNOW TO ICE 7.02 SNOW INSULATION VALUE 7.03 BEST PROPERTIOON OF SNOW AND ICE 7.04 TOOLS AND MATERIALS 7.05 ROUGHNESS OF SURFACE TO CAPTURE THE SNOW 7.06 PITCHED ROOF AND SNOW 7.07 SNOW FRICTION CALCULATION 7.08 SNOW FRICTION FOR ROUGH SURFACE 7.09 STRUCTURAL MEMBERS AND SNOW LOAD 7.10 EXPERIMENT

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8 WIND 8.01 EXPERIMENT DESCRIPTION 8.02 TERRAIN CONDITION 8.03 EXPERIMENT AND CONCLUSION 8.04 AGGREGATION TESTING MODEL 8.05 TURBULANCE STUDIES 9 LIGHTING 9.01LIGHT TRANSMISSION 9.02 SUBSURFACE SCATTERING 9.03 EXPERIMENT 9.04 LIGHT TRANSMISSION GRAPH

ANALYSIS : POSTDESIGN EVALUATION 10 AUTODEST FLOW DESIGN 10.01 BASECAMP MODEL WIND TESTING 10.02 OPTIMAL GEOMETRY OF BASECAMP 10.03 CAMP3 MODEL WIND TESTING 10.04 OPTIMAL GEOMETRY OF CAMP3 10.05 CAMP4 MODEL WIND TESTING 10.06 OPTIMAL GEOMETRY OF CAMP4 11 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 11.01 CAMP3 GIVEN VALUES FOR ANALYSIS 11.02 CAMP4 GIVEN VALUES FOR ANALYSIS 11.03 STRUCTURAL CALCULATION OF CAMP3 11.04 STRUCTURAL CALCULATION OF CAMP4 12 THERMAL PERFORMANCE 12.01 U VALUE REFERENCE 12.02 SNOW PROPERTIES 12.03 CAMP3 HEAT LOSS AND INDOOR TEMPERATURE 12.04 CAMP4 HEAT LOSS AND INDOOR TEMPERATURE 13 CAMP AGGREGATION 13.01 CURRENT CAMP CONDITIONS 13.02 AGGREGATION STRATEGIES 13.03 BASE CAMP 13.04 CAMP3 13.05 CAMP4

SITE ASSESSMENT 14 LOCAL ECONOMY 14.01 SHERPA 14.02 MOUNTAINEERS 14.03 MOUNT EVEREST 14.04 PROBLEM OF HIKING TOURISM 14.05 NON LOCAL MATERIAL CONSUMPTION 14.06 EXPANDING PROJECT INFLUENCE 14.07 LOCAL MATERIAL RESOURCE 14.08 VERNACULAR SHERPA HOUSING

DESIGN CONCLUSION 15 INSTALLATION MANUAL FOR SHERPA 15.01 CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE FROM CAMP3 15.02 WOVEN SURFACE 15.03 LOCAL ENGAGEMENT GUNDRI 15.04 CAMP SEQUENCES

CONCLUSION

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

ACKNOWLEGEMENTS

A sincere gratitude is dedicated to Head of Environmental and Technical Studies for diploma school Javier Castanon for constantly motivationg the project to have rich research and experiments and for giving amazing tutorials and juries.

I would also like to express my special thanks to, For the structure comments, Xavier Aguiló i Aran and David Illingworth For the materials and project outline, Nacho Marti For the environment advice, Joana Carla Soares Gonçalves, Giles Bruce, and Alan Harries For the experiments and project structure comments, Anna Pla Catala, Angel Fernando Lara Moreira For the Lighting advice, Francesco Anselmo For the project structure and drawing advice, Sho Ito 24th Apr 2020 Youngbin Shin

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

PHYSICAL EXPERIM

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

MENT

COMPUTATIONAL EXPERIMENT

THERMAL PERFORMANCE

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

PROJECT THESIS The project suggests a comfortable snow shleter and new social space to replace traditional camp fire, and plastic tent at Mt. Everest. It creates a relaxing and cold-resistant shelter with the use of natural materials, snow, in the unforgiving freezing climate in order to enhance human comfort to acceptable levels with local materials, reduced construction time and less carbon consumption with easily deployable materials by porters. The shelter is composed of manufactured and pre-fabricated timber-built elements for less impact on the ground and the spaces based on climate, geography, and available materials. During non climbing season, the shelter is shaped by nature to get ready for climbers’ visit in climbing season.

The built element transforms according to seasons, usage, and the camp spot; it turns to a cold resistant shelter, a landmark for mountaineer, a gambling space for sherpas, and gathering space for all. While isolated in extreme climates, social interaction becomes an important component in surviving nature’s peril, therefore, project suggests the shelter which can provide a community for weary trekkers.

The tectonic timber module holds snow as a building skin and thermal insulation. Spaces are configured based on the learning from vernacular architectures for proving the relation between compactness of space and its thermal performance in snow-built structures. Deploying timber module for assembly on site and attracting snow accumulation are the main methodologies of construction.

BASECAMP

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

CAMP3

CAMP4

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

MT. EVEREST

1 BACKGROUND

1.01 SITE LOCATION 1.02 NUMBER OF CLIMBER AND DEATH RATES 1.03 CURRENT CAMPS OF EVEREST 1.04 SEASONS IN MT. EVEREST 1.05 CLIMBING HOURS TO SUBMIT 1.06 ANNUAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE 1.07 ANNUAL AVERAGE WIND DIRECTION 1.08 PREVAILING WIND DIRECTION 1.09 ANNUAL AVERAGE WIND SPEED 1.10 SNOW QUALITIES BY ALTITUDE 1.11 CHARACTERS 1.12 CAMP INSTALLATION BY TERRAIN 1.13 CURRRENT TENT TYPOLOGY

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

MOUNT EVEREST/ BACKGROUND SITE LOCATION

Mount Everest

MT. Everest

(Nepali: Sagarmatha; Tibetan: Chomolungma; Chinese: Zhumulangma) Elevation: 8,848 metres (29,029 ft) Coordinates: 27°59′17″N 86°55′31″E Location: Solukhumbu District, Province No. 1, Nepal; Tingri County, Xigazê, Tibet Autonomous Region, China Main Industry: Tourism accounts for 4 percent of Nepal's Gross National Product 14

FIG.01 World’s highest peak

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

NUMBER OF CLIMBERS AND DEATH IN MT. EVEREST 825

900 800 700 600 500

658

633

People who reached the summit 1953-2019 more than 4,000

400 300 200 100

New Zealander Edmund Hillary and Nepalese Sherpa Tenzing Norgay were the first to reach the summit on May 29,1953

1953

1960

1960

1970

1975

2

2 6

127 1985

1980 2

3

Sherpas/ local staff Expedition members

44

6 8 11

4

7 10

2000

1995

2

3

8

1990

3 5

5

8

44

8

2 5

7

5

6

7

4 8 10

11

17

from camp 4 to Summit 12 hours

Summit 8848m

Camp 4 7950 m

Death zone Snow quality

from camp2 to camp 3 4-6 hours

Base camp

Camp 4 frozen snow

3

4

15

Current camps on Everest

Camp 3 fresh snow

3

2010 2014 2015 2019

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13 others who attempted to reach Everest summit died from 1922-1952

Camp 2 fresh snow

2005

Camping time 5-6 hours Camping time 7 hours Camping time 4 hours

from camp3 to camp 4 6-9 hours *oxygen

Camp3 7470 m

Camp 2 6500 m

From base camp to camp1,2 3-5 hours

Camp 1 6065 m

icefalls Khumbu Glacier Base camp 5,350m 18 people were killed in the 25 April 2014 quake-triggered avalanche which hits base camp

Epicentre 7.8-magnitude quake Nepal

Kathmandu Mount Everest

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

MOUNT EVEREST/ BACKGROUND SEASONS IN MT. EVEREST

Winter

Very Windy, Very Cold, Dry, Dark

Spring

Windy, Cold, Dry

Dec 1 to Feb 28

Summer

Spring Window Dry, Warm, Calm

Mar 1 to May 20

Autumn Window

Very Wet Monsoon

May 20 to June 6

Dry, Warm, Calm

Autumn

Very Windy, Cold, Very Dry, Dark Oct 20 to Nov 30

Oct 1 to Oct 20

June 7 to Sep 30

CLIMBING HOURS IN MT EVEREST

Altitude (meter)

7000 6000 5000 4000 2835m

3000 2000

3445m

3926m

3850m

4350m

5364m 4950m

5554m 5160m

4317m 3753m 2835m

2860m

1400m 1400m 01

1400m 03

02

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

14

DAYS

ANNUAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE -40

summit

-35 -30 -25 -20

Camp 2,3

-15

Base camp

-10 -5 0

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Base camp

Crevas between camp 2 to camp 3 16

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

ANNUAL AVERAGE WIND DIRECTION

PREVAILING WIND DIRECTION

N

W

E

S

ANNUAL AVERAGE WIND SPEED 80

knots (1knot = 0.5m/s) 8-12 12-17

60

17-23 40

20

%

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Camp 4 to summit

Camp 2 site 17

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

MOUNT EVEREST/ BACKGROUND CURRENT CAMPS OF EVEREST

Everest summit

Death zone camp3

camp1

Base camp

ICEFALL

camp4

camp2

GLACIAL

14.8km CONDITION OF SNOW Spring window

FRESH SNOW SUNNY LIGHT WIND

AVERAGE SNOW SHADY STRONG WIND

Autumn window

AVERAGE SNOW SUNNY LIGHT WIND

Spring window

FRESH SNOW SUNNY LIGHT WIND

AVERAGE SNOW SHADY STRONG WIND

SNOWFALL Spring window

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Autumn window

Spring window

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

SNOW FALL 7CM (ANNUAL)

SNOWFALL

SNOW FALL 30CM (ANNUAL)

SNOW FALL 7.1CM (ANNUAL)

Spring window SNOW FALL 5CM (MONTHLY)

SNOW FALL 40CM (MONTHLY)

SNOW FALL 5CM (MONTHLY)

Autumn window SNOW FALL 4CM (MONTHLY)

SNOW FALL 30CM (MONTHLY)

SNOW FALL 8.3CM (MONTHLY)

camp3

camp1

camp4

camp2

Base camp

14.8km

Spring window

Autumn window

AVERAGE SNOW SUNNY LIGHT WIND

FRESH SNOW SUNNY LIGHT WIND

Autumn window

AVERAGE SNOW SHADY STRONG WIND

Spring win-

Autumn window

AVERAGE SNOW SUNNY LIGHT WIND

Autumn window

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

MOUNT EVEREST/ BACKGROUND CHARACTERS

Sherpa

Sherpas fix ropes, carry heavy loads and genrally do the hard work. The cooks kept us fed at most of the camps. They melted snow and hauled ice to the stoves at BC, C2 and C4. They dug out tent platforms and set up tents as well as took them down and off the mountain.

They checked crampons and harnesses, helped with climber’s oxygen and made sure the regulators were set correctly.

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Mountaineer

the number of visitors to Everest base camp trek and tours are about 35000 each year. Mount Everest is one of the most popular places for tourism all over the world. It is not difficult to understand why that is. After all, it is the tallest mountain in the world. Because of that, there have been a lot of changes over recent years in the field of tourism in places like Nepal and the surrounding areas of this mountain.

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

MOUNT EVEREST/ BACKGROUND TENT INSTALLATION BY TERRAIN

camp1 camp2

camp3

camp4

Fresh snow (30cm)

Average snow (10cm)

Fresh snow (30cm)

Ice (20m)

Glacier 40°

Rock

Ice (20m) Rock

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

SITE SELECTION / MOUNT EVEREST CURRENT TENT TYPOLOGY

one person Camp 3,4

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2 people Camp 3,4

4 people Base camp, camp 2

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

4 people Base camp, camp 2

4 people Base camp, camp 2

4 people Base camp, camp 2

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

2. PROTOTYPE

2.01 MINIMUM COMFORT SCALE AND PROXEMICS 2.02 DESIGN CONSTRAINTS 2.03 CAVE-IN VOLUME 2.04 COMPACT UNITS 2.05 SPACE SEQUENCE 2.06 COMPACT MODULE 2.07 METABOLIC RATES AT ACTIVITIES 2.08 PITCHED ROOF

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

PROTOTYPE / MINIMUM COMFORT SCALE PROXEMICS

Intimate space Close phase – 1 to 2cm Far phase – 15 to 46 cm Personal space Close phase – 46 to 76 cm Far phase – 76 to 122 cm Social Imformal space Close phase – 1.2 to 2.1 m Social formal space Far phase – 2.1 to 3.7 m Social formal space Close phase – 3.7 to 7.6 m Far phase – 7.6m or more

400

1280

HUMAN SCALE

490

375

875

710

850

1625

1450

2000

2000

1025

625

825

1200

RELAX

610

1750

850

1850

2000

1450

850

TALK

1400

2000

1000

1250

2000

400

2000

1250

COOK 26

550

1000

SLEEP

Hall described the interpersonal distances of man (the relative distances between people) in four distinct zones: intimate space, personal space, social space, and public space. The four distance zones of proxemics are concerned with distance between people. The distance surrounding a person forms a space. The space within intimate distance and personal distance is called personal space. The space within social distance and out of personal distance is called social space. And the space within public distance is called public space.

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

PROTOTYPE / DESIGN CONSTRAINTS DESIGN CONSTRAINTS Snow fences

Positioning the building

Wedge forms

Deviating walls

Partially below-grade construction

The walls facing a descending avalanche must be constructed in the correct form and with adequate strength to resist the applied force of an avalanche. The larger the surface of the resisting wall, the larger the pressure this wall will be exposed to in the event of an avalanche.

Therefore, it is ideal to position the building in a way so as to minimize the length of the impact surface. For example, when a wall is perpendicular to the avalanche direction, it must bear the entire kinetic force of this avalanche, while orientating the walls differently lessens the required strength of resistance. Acute angles or curved forms are also capable of splitting the course of a descending avalanche and reducing the applied force.

Structures with strength equal to the kinetic force of avalanches in the form of dams, walls, galleries, and deflecting walls can deviate, divide, or channel an avalanche. These protective structures can be built against isolated buildings or constructed in their immediate vicinity in order to divide an avalanche and alter its track to avoid the building. 25 A stone wedge positioned on the hill-ward side of a building is a traditional avalanche proofing method with a long history. The interior angle of the wedge should not exceed 60 degrees in order to effectively split the avalanche. The sides of the wedge must be long enough to prevent snow from eddying and engulfing the protected building.

Affixment strategies foundation wall types

Foundation wall types

Pitched roof vulnerable

Safer Cohesive bond drag load

temperature sensitive frictional bond

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

PROTOTYPE / CAVE-IN VOLUME MINIMUM - MAXIMUM SCALE

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

PROTOTYPE / COMPACT UNITS SPACE CONFIGURATION

sleep sleep

Atrium

Entrance Seating

Seating

SLEEP

SITTING

STORAGING ENTRANCE

heat floats

cold sinks

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

PROTOTYPE / SPACE SEQUENCE SPACE SEQUENCE

sleep relax

talk

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

PROTOTYPE / COMPACT MODULE MINIMUM COMFORT SCALE

01

ROOF & BED

02

03

SEAT

ENTRANCE & CORRIDOR & STORAGE

2.6 m²

5.6 m²

4.8 m²

Highest Floor Sleeping Maximum Heating

Middle Floor Seating Average Heating

sleeping 0.7met 40W/m² 70W(av)

seated, at rest 1.0met 58W/ m² 100W(av)

Lowest Floor Storaging Entrance Minimum Heating

reclining, lying in bed 0.8met 46W/m² 80W(av)

standing, sedentary work 1.2met 70W/m² 120W(av)

standing, sedentary work 1.2met 70W/m² 120W(av)

very light work (shopping, cooking, light industry) 1.6met 93W/m² 160W(av)

The metabolic rates changes from person to person, the intensity of the activity and the layers of clothes.

per unit body surface area (W/m²), as the power itself for an average person (W) or in a unit devised for thermal comfort studies, called the met. 1 met = 58.2 W/m².

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e.g. for a person of 1.7 m height and 70 kg body mass AD = 0.202 • 700.425 • 1.7 0.725 = 1.8 m2

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

PROTOTYPE / METABOLIC RATES AT ACTIVITIES MINIMUM COMFORT SCALE

01

03

02

ROOF

ENTRANCE & CORRIDOR & STORAGE

SEAT

100W

warm 70W

100W

80W 100W

120W

100W

100W

5.37 chu/min

13.901 chu/min

8.846 chu/min

120W

cold

100W + 70W = 170W =

100W x 2 + 80W = 280W =

120W x 2 + 100 x 2 = 440 W =

5.37 Celsius heat units (IT)/minute

8.846 Celsius heat units (IT)/minute

13.901 Celsius heat units (IT)/minute

2.6 m²

5.6 m²

4.8 m²

Highest Floor Sleeping Maximum Heating

Middle Floor Seating Average Heating

sleeping 0.7met 40W/m² 70W(av) reclining, lying in bed 0.8met 46W/m² 80W(av)

seated, at rest 1.0met 58W/ m² 100W(av) standing, sedentary work 1.2met 70W/m² 120W(av) very light work (shopping, cooking, light industry) 1.6met 93W/m² 160W(av)

Lowest Floor Storaging Entrance Minimum Heating standing, sedentary work 1.2met 70W/m² 120W(av)

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

PROTOTYPE / PITCHED ROOF WHY PITCHED ROOF? Roof geometry matters. Flat and low pitched roofs are the most vulnerable to accumulationg snow.

Cohesive bond drag load

temperature sensitive frictional bond

vulnerable

During snowstorm sunlight is occluded and snow pack is retained on the roof by two bonds..

Safer

Snow’s heavy load Types of snow 0.12 cubic meter would weigh..

0.02 cubic meter of snow would weigh..

weight for 0.02cubic m

1.3 kg

7.8kg

1.8 m man

9.5 kg 1.3 kg

0.3

m

Light, dry

Heavy, wet

0.3m

More than 183cm of mostly light, dry snow fallen in Boston since January. That accumulation can add up to significant weight on a roof.

A flat or sloped roof On a 3m by 3m space, 1.8m of snow would weigh 816kg but a 1.2m or less accumulation would still be significant

3m

3m

1.8m high 816kg

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3m

3m

1.2m high 544kg

3m

3m

1m high 408kg

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

Vertical Roof Snow vertical force =19.15Kpa

vertical force

5

Roof

12 sine = .382 127cm

(roof angle)

Panel is 40cm wide (roof length) 1.9 Kpa x .382 0.73 kpa x 15.24m x 0.44m

3.3 m² 4kg

5 m² 6.5kg

=460 kilogram per vector = vertical x sine panel of angle slope :12

Degrees

Sine

1

4°45”

0.08281

2

9°28”

0.16447

3

15°

0.25832

4

13°30”

0.3173

5

22°30”

0.38268

6

26°30”

0.4462

7

30°15”

0.50377

8

33°45”

0.5557

9

36°45”

0.59832

10

39 °45”

0.63944

11

42 °30”

0.67559

12

45 °

0.70711

1.5m 15kg

1.5m 21kg

1m 10kg

1m 14kg

0.5m 5kg

0.5m 7kg

https://support.s-5.com/support/solutions/articles/42000039045-howto-calculate-snow-retention-on-roofs-over-12-12-pitch-

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

STRUCTURE 3 STRUCTURAL STRATEGY

3.01 TIMBER FRAME 3.02 SKELETON SYSTEM 3.03 TYPES OF TRUSS 3.04 STRUCTURAL ELEMENT 3.05 STRUCTURE ADOPTATIOON ON TERRAINS

4 ROBOTIC FABRICATIION

4.01 A RAPID MANUFACTURING JOINERY MACHINE 4.02 JOYNERY MACHINE PRODUCTION 4.03 JOINT RESULTS FROM MACHINE

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

STRUCTURE / STRUCTURAL STRATEGY TIMBER FRAME

CLOSED SYSTEMS

OPEN SYSTEMS

st

d o o

l

SKELETON SYSTEM

ee

w

PANELISED SYSTEM

MODULAR SYSTEM

concrete LIGHT WEIGHT SYSTEM

38

MEDIUM WEIGHT SYSTEM

HEAVY WEIGHT SYSTEM

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

PROTOTYPE / STRUCTURAL STRATEGY SKELETON SYSTEM

ADVANTAGES

70%

Flexibility of design and planning process Large span widths/structural height Efficiency of fabrication Efficiency of assembly and installation process for multi-storey buildings.

Accessibility of technical and mechanical equipment

Linear (monolithic) parts column | Beam | Girder

Two-dimensional parts

wall | floor slabs | core slabs

Two-dimensional parts

interior walls | Facade panels

30%

SHORTCOMINGS

Number of unique elements Number of unique formwork/casings Increase number of connection joints Transport-dependent limitations

weight

and

size

40%

Degree of Automation

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

PROTOTYPE / TRUSS STRUCTURE TYPES OF TRUSS A truss is an assembly of beams or other elements that creates a rigid structure.In engineering, a truss is a structure that "consists of two-force members only, where the members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single object".A "two-force member" is a structural component where force is applied to only two points. Although this rigorous definition allows the members to have any shape connected in any stable configuration, trusses typically comprise five or more triangular units constructed with straight members whose ends are connected at joints referred to as nodes.

In this typical context, external forces and reactions to those forces are considered to act only at the nodes and result in forces in the members that are either tensile or compressive. For straight members, moments (torques) are explicitly excluded because, and only because, all the joints in a truss are treated as revolutes, as is necessary for the links to be twoforce members. A planar truss is one where all members and nodes lie within a two-dimensional plane, while a space truss has members and nodes that extend into three dimensions.

The top beams in a truss are called top chords and are typically in compression, the bottom beams are called bottom chords, and are typically in tension. The interior beams are called webs, and the areas inside the webs are called panels, or from graphic statics (see Cremona diagram) polygons.

King post truss

Simple fink truss

English truss

Belgian truss

4 panel pratt- truss

Dual pitch truss

Assymetric truss

Studio truss

Belgian truss Flat warren truss

Cathedral truss

Howe truss

Inverted truss

Saw tooth truss

Mono pitch

6 panel pratt-truss

Fink truss with camber

Fink truss

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

PROTOTYPE / STRUCTURE STRUCTURAL ELEMENT

TIMBER FRAME TOTAL (Sawn wood timber)

LENGTH (mm) 750 X 4 + 1300 X 4 + 1400 X 2 + 730 X 2 + 1480 =

Approx. 14000

WEIGHT(kg) 11.76 DIMENSION(mm) 60

STRUCTURE ADAPTATION ON TERRAINS

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

ROBOTIC FABRICATION / JOYN MACHINE A RAPID MAN­U­FAC­TUR­ING JOIN­ERY MA­CHINE

JOYN MACHINE Milz Studio Deeg Picker GbR, Klosterstraße 44, 10179 Berlin, Germany represented by Simon Deeg,Andreas Picker

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

ROBOTIC FABRICATION / JOYN MACHINE JOYNERY MACHINE PRODUCTION

CNC drill

planer

Raw timber

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

ROBOTIC FABRICATION / JOYN MACHINE JOINT RESULTS FROM MACHINE

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

5 MOCKUP

5.01 STRUCTURAL FRAME 5.02 SPATIAL FRAME 5.03 JOINTS 5.04 PROPERTY OF MATERIAL 5.05 FRAME SIZES 5.06 MATERIAL CONSUMPTION 5.07 MOCKUP PROCESS 5.08 ASSEMBLY SEQUENCE 5.09 DISASSEMBLY SEQUENCE 5.10 CAPACITY OF SHELTER 5.11 TESTING COMFORTNESS OF SHELTER

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

SHELTER MODULE/ MOCKUP STRUCTURAL FRAME

Structure frame is designed based on the space consideration of minimum human body scale for meeting certain comfort and heating space with soley by human body heat production. The frames are easily assembled with the timber carved joineries for each angled pitched roof and truss.

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

SPATIAL FRAME

A1

A2

550

A3

550

950 400 400

A1

A2

550

A3

550

950 950

JOINT

A1

250

A2

250

A3

650

A4

1200 250

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

SHELTER MODULE/ MOCKUP

TOTAL WEIGHT OF STRUCTURE : 480 kg/m3 X 9.3m3 = 44kg

50

1853.02

2768.23

2768.23

1617.12

1617.12

1617.12

1617.12

1617.12

2299.14

2299.14

2299.14

1585.21

680.67

680.67

0.45m DIMENSION OF EACH FRAME : 0.045 X 0.045 (m) TOTAL LENGTH : 46 m TOTAL VOLUME : 0.09 m3 DENSITY : 480 kg/m3

1853.02

1853.02

1853.02

1816.87

1816.87

1722.56

1722.56

0.45m

693.48

Wood Type: Softwood Durability: Slightly durable Treatability: Extremely difficult Moisture Movement: Medium Density (mean, Kg/m³): 480 Texture: Medium Availability: Readily available at timber merchant Price: Low Use(s): Joinery - Exterior, Joinery - Interior, Flooring, Structural use, Cladding Colour(s): White/cream (to pale yellowish brown)

693.48

1722.56

1722.56

Common Name(s): Norway Spruce, European Spruce, German Spruce Scientific Name: Picea abies Distribution: Northern and central Europe

1099.58

1099.58

FRAME SIZES

1099.58

PROPERTY OF MATERIAL

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

SHELTER MODULE/ MOCKUP MATERIAL CONSUMPTION

4.5mm x 60mm Chippy Woodscrew 46 screws

Cream 23oz Heavy Duty Thick Waterproof Canvas Fabric 600K Outdoor Cover Size : 500cm X 150cm Weight : 3.46kg Anti-tick material : Polyester Nylon

18mm Plywood Size :18X560X814 mm, 18x1200X1560mm Weight : 3kg,13kg

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

SHELTER MODULE/ MOCKUP MOCKUP PROCESS Cut Trimmed timbers into the right dimensions of intended structure. However, timbers are still rough and the section cuts are not accurate to CNC or Handcraft works.

Freshly cut trees

Tree cutting machine

Timbers (length 6m X section cut 110x50)

Roughly cut timbers are retrimmed in the another machine with the precisely setted dimension, the largest machine can carve is 45mmX45mm dimension.

Timbers are cut into the exact size of 45mmX45mm dimension after being carved through the machine.

This cut treated timbers into right length of the timber frames.

Cutting into 50mm X 50mm dimension 52

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

Marking nail

Hand saw

Measuring tape

3. Cut Trimmed timbers into the right dimensions of intended structure. However, timbers are still rough and the section cuts are not accurate to CNC or Handcraft works.

Chisle

Wood hammer

Chisle

4. Roughly cut timbers are retrimmed in the another machine with the precisely setted dimension, the largest machine can carve is 45mmX45mm dimension.

5. This cut treated timbers into right length of the timber frames.

1. Cut Trimmed timbers into the right dimensions of intended structure. However, timbers are still rough and the section cuts are not accurate to CNC or Handcraft works.

2. Timbers are cut into the exact size of 45mmX- 6. This cut treated timbers into right length of 45mm dimension after being carved through the the timber frames. machine.

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

SHELTER MODULE/ MOCKUP ASSEMBLY SEQUENCE

1. Putting all joints together after hand crafting

4. Assemble horizontal parts for standing the vertical parts

2. Making the vertical parts of the structure

5. Assemble horizontal parts for standing the vertical parts

3. Carrying them to the site

6. Assembled!

Total assembly time : 10 mins

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

SHELTER MODULE/ MOCKUP

DISASSEMBLY SEQUENCE

1. Start disassembly

2. Take off the canvas

4. Disassemble each frames.

6. Dissembled

3. Unnails from the joints and disassemble

Total disassembly time : 20 mins 4. Disassemble each frames.

5. Packing frame for deployment

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

SHELTER MODULE/ MOCKUP CAPACITY OF SHELTER Window

Window

Sitting Area

Bedding Area

Entrance

Single person Sleeping, sitting and standing Approx weight : 50kg

56

2 people

3 people

5 people

Sitting and talking Approx weight : 115kg

Sitting, playing instrument and talking Approx wieght : 175kg

Talking and sitting Approx weight : 270kg

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

SHELTER MODULE/ MOCKUP TESTING COMFORTNESS OF SHELTER

Eating

Stretching leg

Sleeping

Resting

conclusion video is available from link below

https://youtu.be/CyFAkEyYOew Working

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

RESEARCH 6 RESEARCH REFERENCES 6.01 VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

- QUINZHEE - IGLOO - SNOW TRENCH - ICE HOTEL - ICE STUPA 6.02 LIFE SPAN OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE / QUINZHEE QUINZHEE

A quinzhee or quinzee /ˈkwɪnziː/ is a Canadian snow shelter that is made from a large pile of loose snow which is shaped then hollowed.

This is in contrast to an igloo, which is built up from blocks of hard snow, and a snow cave, constructed by digging into the snow. The word is of Athabaskan origin, and entered the English language by 1984. A quinzhee can be made for winter camping and survival purposes or for fun.

01

Dig an entrance about 47cm width and as high as your chest

Differences between a quinzhee and an igloo, Quinzhees typically have an inside height after excavation which allows for sitting or crouching but not standing.

The snow for a quinzhee need not be of the same quality as required for an igloo. Quinzhees are not usually meant as a form of permanent shelter, while igloos can be used for seasonal habitation. The construction of a quinzhee is much easier than the construction of an igloo, although the overall result is somewhat less sturdy and more prone to collapsing in harsh weather conditions. Quinzhees are normally constructed in times of necessity, usually as an instrument of survival, so aesthetic and longterm dwelling considerations are normally exchanged for economy of time and materials.

Snow layer wall increase massive amount of inner heat withought a help from other appliance like timber or concrete buildings require. It has a great benefits in a fact that it can offset the emissions from other heating method.

02 Widen the top to form a T shape.

03 Dig several centimeters farther into the drift and excavate the interior of the cave. The floor of the cave will be at about waist level, so much of your digging will be upward and to the sides.

04 When the interior space is fully formed, use blocks of snow, bags of snow, or snow balls packed together to seal the top of the T. Blocks cut to fit over opening.

05 fig.01 How to make Quinzee

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fig.02. Inner space excavation of Quinzee

Use a skipole or shovel handle to poke several ventilation holes in the ceiling at a 45-degree angle to the floor

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

LIFE STYLE Body shaped Single space

Body shaped Lager space

Ventilation Entrance

Quinzhees are not usually meant as a form of permanent shelter, while igloos can be used for seasonal habitation.

fig.05. Body shaped Lager space Quinzhees are normally constructed in times of necessity, usually as an instrument of survival, so aesthetic and long-term dwelling considerations are normally exchanged for economy of time and materials.

Small opening

06

Entrance

03

05 02 01

04

Fire place

fig.03. Body shaped Single space Body shaped Double-Triple space

01. Heat trap path way 02. Elevated platform 03. Ventilation Hole 04. Entrance 05. Fire place 06. Snow Layer measuring & packing stick

Required tools 01. Shovel 02. Depth gauge – a sturdy stick will work 10-20 1.5 foot long sticks 03.

Proper warm winter clothing 04. Sleeping bag – if you plan on sleeping in the quinzee 05.Snow!

Large opening

Conclusion

Fire place

fig.04. Body shaped Double-Triple space

Quinzhee tends to create a body-tight compact space to keep the space warm.

Therefore, the human body is main resource of heat retention. It is not a perminant shelter but it has a value that it can be built immediately for necessity so it is more responding to the situation than other vernacular architecture, igloo. Architecturally, this minimum space still is equipped with ventilation, openings, corridor and entrance.

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE / IGLOO IGLOO

Snow — like its liquid predecessor, water — exhibits some amazing characteristics. One of those characteristics is that snow acts as an incredible insulator. That’s why so many animals, like bears, raccoons, and skunks find it useful to use snow to build the shelters they crawl in to hibernate.

Although it’s literally frozen, a large percent — between 90 to 95 percent — of snow is just air trapped in little ice crystals. That air doesn’t circulate very well, so heat stays pretty well trapped within a compact, mostly closedoff space. So what about igloos? What makes igloos so damn good at providing shelters to Homo sapiens?

Traditional Inuit igloos work because of their structures. They are catenoids, which means they’re perfectly optimized to ease structural tension. This is important because snow, as many of us know, is not always a super stable building material. Even in a compact state, snow changes over time as the temperatures rise and fall. You need something that won’t buckle as stressors push on the structure, and a catenoid ensures those pressures are compressed toward the sides of the dome and not through the middle of the ceiling.

Snow layer wall increase massive amount of inner heat withought a help from other appliance like timber or concrete buildings require. It has a great benefits in a fact that it can offset the emissions from other heating method.

Differences between a quinzhee and an igloo, Quinzhees typically have an inside height after excavation which allows for sitting or crouching but not standing.

01

Keep the degree of the edge of snow block and deploy along side of circular shape.

02 Blocks of snow will not stand without leanning on the last block placed.

03 Entrance is digged down into the ground to trap the heat and maximize the heat circulation of inner igloo dome.

04 Compact space is warmed up soley with the human body heat.

05 fig.01 How to make Igloo

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fig.02 Inuit build igloo

Diameter changes by the factor of number of people of the igloo.

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

LIFE STYLE Snow

Light transmission of snow

Dome shaped Single space

Ice

apprx.1m height

Entrance

Wind break

Although it’s literally frozen, a large percent — between 90 to 95 percent — of snow is just air trapped in little ice crystals. That air doesn’t circulate very well, so heat stays pretty well trapped within a compact, mostly closedoff space.

fig.05. Dome shaped Single space Dome shaped Double-Triple space apprx.2m height

Small cracks fig.04. Light transmission of snow

Allows air and lighting in fig.01. How to make snow trench shelter

Small opening

Large opening

fig.02. How to make snow trench shelter

Fire place

fig.03.How to make snow trench shelter

Ice–snow conditions Thickness (cm) Clear ice 43 Clear ice 154 Clear ice with vestige snow 39 Clear ice with sediment floc 149 Milky ice with bubbles 29 Wet ice with bubbles 39 Translucent ice (“snow ice”) 25 Ice with irregular surface 29 Clear ice with 3 cm snow 149(ice) + 3(snow) New snow 0.5 5.0 10.0 17–20 Compacted old snow 17–20

Percentage transmission of surface insolation(%) Clear ice 72 Clear ice 23.2 Clear ice with vestige snow 53 Clear ice with sediment floc 14.8 Milky ice with bubbles 54 Wet ice with bubbles 41 Translucent ice (“snow ice”) 11–18 Ice with irregular surface 58 Clear ice with 3 cm snow 0.57 New snow 34 20 9 8.8–6.7 Compacted old snow 5–1

fig.06.Dome shaped Double-Triple space Dome shaped Lager space apprx.2.5m height

fig.07. Dome shaped Lager space Conclusion Igloo is ice-snow layered structure. Igloos are typically have an inside height when it is constructed with the snow-ice blocks. the human body is main resource of heat retention but it can still have a proper fire spot at the center of dome. Unlike the Quinzee, It is not necessarily requires small packed body shape when it’s using icesnow properties. Structurally more stable since it’s following catanary shape.

Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems

By Robert G. Wetzel

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE / SNOW TRENCH SNOW TRENCH SHELTER A snow trench is the easiest and quickest survival snow shelter and the one least likely to make the diggers wet. If a shovel, large tarp, structural support items (skis, poles, trees), and a small fire, candle, or stove are available, a trench can be created that is as comfortable as a snow cave. It is easiest to dig a trench in a flat area. However, if the snow is deep enough, it can be dug out on an incline, keeping the trench itself level. If possible, dig all the way to the ground. If the snow is too deep to dig to the ground, dig to a depth of 0.9 m (3 feet).

If the snow is not deep enough, pile snow up around all four sides of the trench to make walls, until the total depth of the trench is 0.9 m (3 feet). The trench width should be just slightly wider and 0.6 to 0.9 m (2 to 3 feet) longer than the person(s) that will be lying in the shelter. The additional length allows for a fire pit at one end of the shelter. Ski poles, skis, or long tree branches are placed perpendicular to the length of the trench. The trench is then covered with a tarp, leaving one end open for the entrance. Secure the tarp on all sides by packing the edges into the snow.

Gently toss snow on top of the reinforced tarp to provide insulation to the shelter. The snow pack on top should be 20.3 cm (8 inches) or more.The object is to keep the maximal amount of snow around and over the trench for optimal insulation. If the trench is going to be wide enough to accommodate more than one person, the entrance should still be only wide enough for one person to pass through at a time. A narrow entrance is easier to close off and helps contain heat within the shelter.

A barrier can be created at the entrance by stacking backpacks or snow blocks, or hanging a tarp across the opening.

When the entrance is closed, a small votive-size candle or stove and the occupants’ body heat will raise the interior temperature to -4° to -1° C (24.8° to 30.2° F). Higher temperatures should be avoided so that clothing and bedding will not become wet from melting snow. Ventilation is necessary to prevent build-up of carbon monoxide within the shelter. Anywhere that deep snow has been wind packed, as happens above timberline, the trench can be roofed with snow blocks. The blocks are cut to a width of 45.2 to 50.8 cm (18 to 20 inches), a depth of 10.2 cm (4 inches), and a length equal to the length of the snow saw. They are then laid horizontally for a narrow trench or vertically for a wider trench, set as an A-frame, or laid on skis. Any spaces between the blocks are chinked with snow. fig.01. How to make snow trench shelter

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Additional layer from snow

fig.02. Additional layer apart from snow

Body shaped space fig.03.Making snow holder Snow layer for insulation

fig.04. Covering top with the snow

fig.05. Ccompact two people trench Conclusion Trench is digged for tight shape of human body. The characteristic of this snow trench is having additional layer of sheet or sticks for creating snow holder for the use of snow insulation indoor space. It is the fastest and easiest way of making thermal performing shelter in the snow.

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

ARCHITECTURE IN SNOW / JUKKASJäRVI JUKKASJÄRVI Rooms configuration Existing each year between December and April, the Icehotel in the village of Jukkasjärvi, about 17 km from Kiruna, Sweden was the world’s first ice hotel.

The entire hotel is made out of snow and ice blocks taken from the Torne River - even the glasses in the bar are made of ice. Each spring, around March, Icehotel harvests tons of ice from the frozen Torne River and stores it in a nearby production hall with room for over 10,000 tons of ice and 30,000 tons of snow.

As soon as winter begins, a team of snow builders, architects, designers and artists from all over the world gather in the little town of Jukkasjärvi far north of the Arctic Circle. The building process starts in mid-November when the snow guns start humming and large clouds of snow start to drift along the Torne River. The snow is sprayed on huge steel forms and allowed to freeze. After a couple of days, the forms are removed, leaving a maze of freestanding corridors of snow.

Each winter, Icehotel borrows several hundred tons of ice from the Torne River. As soon as the ice freezes up, the section of the river to be harvested is marked. All winter the ice field is kept free of snow, so that the ice can grow. The slow, natural freeze-in gives the Torne River ice unique properties that cannot be created artificially. We harvest ice from mid-March until mid- April. By then, the ice is about 80 cm thick.

We use machines and custom-made tools that have been specially designed for our specific requirements. The ice field is divided into a grid pattern that marks the size of the ice blocks.

Then, the difficult task of sawing out and lifting the heavy blocks from the river begins. The tractors must not be too heavy and the drivers have to know exactly what they are doing, so the machines don’t end up in the frigid water.

Each ice block weighs two tonnes. The top surface layer is sawn off. The ice is then sorted in two classes: crystal-clear, for example, for ice glasses and dishes, and ice that is veiled, which is used for sculpting. We can see that the ice has different properties, depending on temperature and The ice field is divided into a grid marking the size of the ice blocks. It definitely varies from year to year.

Long periods with temperatures below minus twenty degrees are favourable for the raw material The ice is then stored at about -5°C until the coming autumn and will be used in next season’s version of Icehotel. Most of it is returned to the eco-cycle when spring arrives and Icehotel melts back into the river again. fig.01 How to make Ice hotel

01

Cave-in rooms

Digging out spaces and each rooms are sharing corridor spaces.

02 Caving in rooms are kept size small for maximizing heating performance.

03 With having sharing spaces it is carving into small rooms like ant farm. fig.02. Spaces Configuration Conclusion Ice hotel shows how the the architecture allocate rooms in the snow-ice maden structure. For not losing the value of compact space, even though the scale is larger than vernacular architecture, it allocates small cave paces along side of corridor where the heat and air circulations happens.

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ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE / ICE STUPA ICE STUPA

Construction

glacier

Timber Frame

Pipeline Ice stupa

Solar house

Info point

Small branches

Ice Stupa

Start date: October 2013 Location: Phyang village in the Ladakh Himalayas of northern India Founder: Sonam Wangchuk

Reservoir

Drip irrigation netPath

Plantation

fig.02. Ice stupa

Gate Parking

1) Water and Earth The altitude difference creates a pressure in the pipeline which forces it to spray out of the fountain. No water is pumped to make the Ice Stupas, so we have no motor or electric bills.

2) Water and Air Formation of the ice Stupa depends on the flow and volume of water. Flowing water does not freeze while stagnant water freezes. Pipes are also buried underground to prevent freezing. Once the water reaches the site, the fountains on top breaks the mass of water into tiny droplets, which, when exposed to sub-zero air, freeze to form ice and snow.

3) Water and Sun Certain geometrical shape like cone have the least surface area exposed for a given amount of volume. The Ice stupa, thus with its conical shape is exposed to less amount of sunlight.

Water fountain

-20 °C

Ice harvesting on the surface of structure

-20 °C

1

Pipe lines are from high altitude

Pipes are buried 5ft underground - insulation

2

Droplets freeze when it is exposed to air

-20 °C

3

Road to Monastery fig.01. Site map of Ice stupa

66

High pressure due to altitude difference

fig.03. How Ice stupa works?

fig.04. How to construct Ice stupa

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

LIFE STYLE

droplet

walk path Entrance

fig.05. How Ice stupa works?

fig.08.Threshold of Ice stupa

fig.10.Naked body before transition

apprx. 22m

branches

fig.06. Frame work for ice-snow harvesting

0m Conclusion

snow shaped stair case

fig.07.Threshold of Ice stupa

fig.09.How high does it rise?

Quinzhee tends to create a body-tight compact space to keep the space warm.

Therefore, the human body is main resource of heat retention. It is not a perminant shelter but it has a value that it can be built immediately for necessity so it is more responding to the situation than other vernacular architecture, igloo. Architecturally, this minimum space still is equipped with ventilation, openings, corridor and entrance.

67

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VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE / LIFE SPAN SNOW TRENCH Few hours

Warmer

snowy

Percentage of Snow > Ice Snow trench lasts up to one day from few hours since it’s merely a pile of the snow. In terms of insulation 100% snow is very efficient but it still requires a layer of ice for maintaining structure last longer.

Quinzhee Few weeks (Under condition that people are living inside and when the weather is cold enough)

Igloo

Percentage of Snow > Ice Few weeks (Under condition that people are living inside and when the weather is cold enough)

Quinzhee has great insulation value when it has good balance between snow and ice layer but it has strict design constraint in terms of shape and size. Besides, it cannot respond to weather change since it’s purely snow and ice

Ice Hotel Percentage of Snow ≥ Ice Igloo has great insulation value when it has good balance between snow and ice layer but it has strict design constraint in terms of shape and size. Besides, it cannot respond to weather change since it’s purely snow and ice. Also, The snow will gradually turn to ice when there are people which makes it lose the insulation value.

Ice Stupa

Few months (Under condition that people are living inside and when the weather is cold enough)

Colder

Icy Few months (Under condition that the lowest -20°C and when no one is living inside)

Percentage of Snow < Ice

Stupa is mainly an Ice but it has insulation value when the thickness of wall is very massive.

However, the purpose of structure is reservoir.

Structure lasts longest among examples.

68

Percentage of Snow < Ice

Ice Hotel lasts longer than few months but due to the weather change the entire work disappears quickly. It is built out of ice block and covered with snow.

Conclusion The life span of structure depends on first, weather condition, second, how many people are constantly using the structure and finally the percentage of Snow-Ice. Also, They cannot last longer if the weather becomes warmer. The entire structure will melt down and nothing left. Therefore, the existence of internal super structure is required apart from snow and ice to make structure live longer. Snow has higer insulation value than an ice.

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EXPERIMENT : PREDESIGN EVALUATION 7 SNOW 7.01 TRANSFORMING SNOW TO ICE 7.02 SNOW INSULATION VALUE 7.03 BEST PROPERTIOON OF SNOW AND ICE 7.04 TOOLS AND MATERIALS 7.05 ROUGHNESS OF SURFACE TO CAPTURE THE SNOW 7.06 PITCHED ROOF AND SNOW 7.07 SNOW FRICTION CALCULATION 7.08 SNOW FRICTION FOR ROUGH SURFACE 7.09 STRUCTURAL MEMBERS AND SNOW LOAD 7.10 EXPERIMENT 8 WIND 8.01 EXPERIMENT DESCRIPTION 8.02 TERRAIN CONDITION 8.03 EXPERIMENT AND CONCLUSION 8.04 AGGREGATION TESTING MODEL 8.05 TURBULANCE STUDIES 9 LIGHTING 9.01LIGHT TRANSMISSION 9.02 SUBSURFACE SCATTERING 9.03 EXPERIMENT 9.04 LIGHT TRANSMISSION GRAPH

69

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SNOW

INSULATION VALUE OF SNOW

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RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT / MATERIAL PROPERTY OF SNOW AS DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES TRANSFORMING SNOW TO ICE

GOAL

The density of the firn at the surface is around 350 kg/m3 which correspond to a porosity of about 60-70% (meaning that 60-70% of the volume is air). The firn is compacted by the weight of the overlying layers and as a result of water vapour diffusion. From the surface and until a density of about 550 kg/m3 is reached, the transformation of snow to ice is dominated by the rearrangement of the firn grains in order to get to a more dense packing.

At even larger depths (and densities), simple rearrangement of the grains leads to no significant density increase. There sintering and plastic deformation become the most important transformation processes. When a density of 800 kg/m3 is reached, the pores are gradually pinched off and form bubbles in the ice.

This zone is called firn-ice transition and spans about the lowest 10% of the total firn column. Depending on the site (especially the temperature and amount of snowfall), the firn zone can be between 50 and 150 m thick, and Δage can range from a few hundred years (e.g. in Southern Greenland) to several thousand years (Central Antarctica). Both the firn layer thickness and Δage were significantly larger during periods of colder climate with reduced accumulation and temperature.

71

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RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT / MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW AS DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES SNOW INSULATION VALUE

Condition: Temperature is always under -12°C.

FRESH SNOW

FIRN

0.045 W/mK Thermal conductivity when, porosities 0.1% (90% of air)

0.54 W/mK Thermal conductivity when, porosities 0.68% (30% of air)

When snow prosities 0.1 and temperatrature -12°C,

When snow prosities 068 and temperatrature -12°C,

Thermal Conductivity of snow (W/mK) 0.045 W/mKv Thermal Conductivity of hemp yarn (W/mK) 0.039 W/mK U Value Calculation for the Compacted Snow Wall

Thermal Conductivity of snow (W/mK) 0.54 W/mKv Thermal Conductivity of hemp yarn (W/mK) 0.039 W/mK U Value Calculation for the Compacted Snow Wall

Overall heat transfer coefficient is inverse of the overall resistivity of the wall element,

Overall heat transfer coefficient is inverse of the overall resistivity of the wall element,

Assuming, R-value of hemp yarn, the thickness is given as 0.03m = 0.03/0.039 m2k/W R-value of Compacted Snow Wall = d/0.045 where d is the thickness of ice wall U= 1/ (Rsi + d1/ λ1 + d2/ λ2 + Rso) Assuming, Resistences are lower comared to insulation, U= 1 / (0+ d/0.045 + 0.03/0.039 + 0) 0.18 m2k/W = 1 / (0+ d/0.045 + 0.03/0.039 + 0) D= 0.21m

Assuming, R-value of hemp yarn, the thickness is given as 0.03m = 0.03/0.039 m2k/W R-value of Compacted Snow Wall = d/0.54 where d is the thickness of ice wall U= 1/ (Rsi + d1/ λ1 + d2/ λ2 + Rso) Assuming, Resistences are lower comared to insulation, U= 1 / (0+ d/0.54 + 0.03/0.039 + 0) 0.18 m2k/W = 1 / (0+ d/0.54 + 0.03/0.039 + 0) D= 2.5m

MINIMUM THICKNESS OF WALL

= 0.2m (Thickness of layer Insulation value

Very good 72

=2.5m (Thickness of layer)

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

Recommended U- Value for a wall from Russia building regulations (Outer wall) 0.18w/m2k

U = 1/(R-Value + convection heat losses + radiation heat losses)

R= d/ Thermal conductivity

BEST PROPORTION OF SNOW AND ICE

Condition: Temperature is always under -12°C.

ICE

60% Ice 40% Snow

50% Ice 50% Snow

2.22 W/mK Thermal conductivity when, porosities nearly 0.9% (0% of air) When snow prosities 068 and temperatrature -15°C, Thermal Conductivity of snow (W/mK) 2.22 W/mKv Thermal Conductivity of hemp yarn (W/mK) 0.039 W/mK U Value Calculation for the Compacted Snow Wall

U Value 0.43w/m2k

U Value 0.36w/m2k

40% Ice 60% Snow

30% Ice 70% Snow

20% Ice 80% Snow

10% Ice 90% Snow

Overall heat transfer coefficient is inverse of the overall resistivity of the wall element, Assuming, R-value of hemp yarn, the thickness is given as 0.03m = 0.03/0.039 m2k/W R-value of Compacted Snow Wall = d/2.22 where d is the thickness of ice wall U= 1/ (Rsi + d1/ λ1 + d2/ λ2 + Rso) Assuming, Resistences are lower comared to insulation, U= 1 / (0+ d/2.22 + 0.03/0.039 + 0) 0.18 m2k/W = 1 / (0+ d/2.22 + 0.03/0.039 + 0) D= 10.6m

= 10.6m (Thickness of layer) U Value 0.25w/m2k

U Value 0.22w/m2k

Very bad 73

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RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT / MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW AS DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES TOOLS AND MATERIALS

KATSU 769003 Electric Ice Crushing Machine Shaver Snow Cone Maker Motor Power: 250W Rated Voltage: 220V-240V/50Hz Speed:1440 r/min Output of crushed Ice: 65kg/hr

Cookology freezer Lowest temperature < -30 °C

74

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RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT / MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW AS DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES ROUGHNESS OF SURFACE TO CAPTURE THE SNOW

Raffia

Coconut fiber rope

50g per bundle

23 x 5 x 5 cm ; 59 g

Plywood

SECTION PROFILE

Good

Good

Bad

75

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RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT / MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW AS DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES PITCHED ROOF AND SNOW

0 75° 65° 50° 45 ° 35 ° 17 °

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5

SNOW FRICTION CALCULATION N

N

R

μ = R / N = F/G = F / (mg) μ = a / g = v^2/(2gx) = 2x / (gt^2)

v(t)

μ = R / N = tan θ F

R

G = mg x(t) Where,

G = mg

R = friction force parallel with the sample surface N = normal force on the sample surface θ = slip angle = angle of inclination between horizontal plane and inclined plane when the snow sample begins to slip (slide downwards) the inclined plane

76

θ

g = 9.8m/s^2

F = applied pulling force parallel with the sample surface G = mg = gravitional force m = mass of sample a = acceleration of sample x = distance the sample travels during time t v = velocity of sample after time t t = time

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT / MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW AS DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES

SNOW FRICTION FOR ROUGH SURFACE

support force from roof

“The Coefficient of friction for snow or ice is only 0.03 However, at low temperatures (-40 C and lower) the coefficient of friction rises to a value normal for two sliding solid surfaces, 0.06

Tadeusz, Burakowsk and Tadeusz, Wierzchon. Surface Engineering of Metals: Principles, Practices, Technologies. CRC Press, 1999: 143.

15°

sin θ

friction force

gravity 9.8m/s2

75°

45 °

μ = R / N = tan θ R = 0.2x9.8m/s-2 x sin θ N = 0.2x9.8m/s-2 x cos θ

R = 0.2x9.8m/s-2 x sin θ N = 0.2x9.8m/s-2 x cos θ

sin θ

(0.2x9.8m/s-2xsin45)/ (0.2x9.8m/s-2xcos45)

(0.2x9.8m/s-2xsin15)/ (0.2x9.8m/s-2xcos75)

= 1.6

= 0.7 Load management is bad since it is close to horizontal roof.

65° sin θ

Sagging tends to getting weaker since it handles more weight of snow.

μ = R / N = tan θ R = 0.2x9.8m/s-2 x sin θ N = 0.2x9.8m/s-2 x cos θ

sin θ

(0.2x9.8m/s-2xsin25)/ (0.2x9.8m/s-2xcos65)

(0.2x9.8m/s-2xsin55)/ (0.2x9.8m/s-2xcos35)

= 0.23

= 1.1 Rough wooven surface holds the snow well

Less sagging than the 75 ° but still bad at load management.

sin θ

35 °

μ = R / N = tan θ R = 0.2x9.8m/s-2 x sin θ N = 0.2x9.8m/s-2 x cos θ

50°

17 °

μ = R / N = tan θ R = 0.2x9.8m/s-2 x sin θ N = 0.2x9.8m/s-2 x cos θ

μ = R / N = tan θ R = 0.2x9.8m/s-2 x sin θ N = 0.2x9.8m/s-2 x cos θ

sin θ

(0.2x9.8m/s-2xsin40)/ (0.2x9.8m/s-2xcos50)

(0.2x9.8m/s-2xsin73)/ (0.2x9.8m/s-2xcos17) = 2.45

= 0.77 Sagging tends to getting weaker since it handles more weight of snow.

μ = R / N = tan θ

Even it gets close to the 0 ° points the snow on surface doesn slide.

77

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RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT / MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW AS DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

Secondary (woven surface) Tension

Snow (Insulation) Load 1m3 equal to 4kg

Snow

Holding the load of snow and force distribution.

It gives tension to structure Compression members Column

Primary (timber frame) Compression

Roof and wall : rough surface

Holding the load of snow and force distribution.

Joints manage the load compression

Timber frame for main structure

78

Brace

Tension members

Woven surface

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT / MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW AS DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES

100

SNOW COLLECTING GAP

75

50

50

window

The structure is not only standing by the compression frame member but also with the tension woven surface member. The tension member helps compression member to hold snow with less stress on the frames themsleves.

75

50

40 ° 40 °

Leg

scale 1:20

79

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RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT / MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW AS DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES THRESHOLDS

Snow envelop

Window

Entrance

Snow bridge Woven surface

Timber frame

80

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RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT / MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW AS DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES THRESHOLDS

65

90

50

Entrance

Corridor

Door

81

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RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT / MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW AS DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES -30 °C

1.5cm

irregular terrain

ACCUMULATION OF SNOW Need to be reinforced!

Vertical force

Wind load

Load

or ct e V rce fo Dead load

Load

r to c Ve rce fo

Dead load

82

Snow accumulation behind parapets and in valleys

concentrated load

Most stressed

ETS19-20 â&#x201D;&#x201A; COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT / MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW AS DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES Snow is reinforcing the structure by freezing them as a whole and the load distributes to ground following the bridge it creates itself.

2.2cm

Bridge

ACCUMULATION OF SNOW

Most stressed

Vertical force

Need to be reinforced!

Bridge

Wind

or ct e V rce fo Dead load

or

V

t ec

e

c or

f

concentrated load

!

Snow does not create bridge in this case since the crack is too deep. Instead it creates concentrated load on the joint which lead structural failure. For preventing the failure, the column needs to be doubled in terms of thickness.

Dead load

83

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RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT / MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW AS DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES -30 °C

1.5cm

irregular terrain

ACCUMULATION OF SNOW Vertical force

Vertical force

Load Wind load

r cto Ve ce for Dead load

84

Ve for ctor ce

Wind load

Load

r cto e V ce for

Dead load

Ve for ctor ce

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT / MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW AS DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES -30 °C

3cm

irregular terrain

ACCUMULATION OF SNOW Vertical force

Wind load

Vertical force

Load

r cto Ve ce for Dead load

Ve for ctor ce

Wind load

Load

r cto e V ce for

Ve for ctor ce

Dead load

85

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Layer thickness 0 cm

1.5 cm

2.2 cm

2.8 cm

86

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87

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WIND HOW IT BRINGS MATERIAL ‘SNOW’ TO THE STRUCTURE?

88

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RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT / MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW AS DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES EXPERIMENT DESCRIPTION

Hair dryer

Structure Desert Sand

Three factors are not controlled in this experiment 1) Wind speed 2) Flow of Air is not always pararell 3) Material property of sand is less cohesive than snow

model scale 1:50

Evaluation However, experiment mainly tests how material, snow, is carried by wind to the structure. Therfore, the experiment was successful for the aim.

89

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RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT / MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW AS DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES TERRAIN CONDITION

Flat condition Snow tends to accumulate but evenly on the surface.

Valley condition Snow tends to accumulate a lot and covers the bottom of structure.

Slope condition Snow tends to slide down instead of piling. It doesn’t cover the bottom of structure.

90

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1. Flat condition

2. Valley condition

3. slope condition

91

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RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT / MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW AS DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES 65 °

25 °

1.

Sand harvested on the wind facing surface

Wind facing vetical surface and terrain has barely accumulated

2.

Vetical surface barely harvested sand

Sand harvested on the wind facing surface and the other side of roof

terrain has accumulation surrounding the structure

3.

Sand harvested on the wind facing surface and the other side of roof

Wind facing vetical surface and terrain has barely accumulated

92

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Unbalanced load Wind

No Wind

CONCLUSION

UNEVEN LOAD

When the wind blows from the uphil it tends to accumulate snow on the surface of roof uneven.

UNEVEN LOAD

When the wind blows from horizontal toward to vertical surface it accumulates to the roof but not on the vertical wall.

EVEN LOAD

When the wind blows from horizontal toward to vertical wide surface it accumulates to the roof evenly but not on the vertical wall.

93

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RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT / MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW AS DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES 65 °

65 °

25 °

1.

25 °

Sand harvested little bit on the wind facing surface

Sand slides downward on the slope terrain.

Sand harvested in the crack between roofs

2.

Sand harvested on the wind facing inclined roof but unevenly.

Sand hasn’t harvested on the wind facing vertical wall.

3.

Sand hasn’t harvested on the wind facing vertical wall.

Sand harvested on both facing inclined roof surface and one step down roof surface.

94

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Terrain condition No Wind

Wind

overflow

CONCLUSION EVEN LOAD UNEVEN LOAD

When the wind blows from the downhil it tends to accumulate snow on the surface of roof uneven.

UNEVEN LOAD

When the wind blows from the uphil it tends to accumulate snow on the surface of roof uneven.

When the wind blows from the side it tends to accumulate snow on the surface of roof even.

95

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RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT / MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW AS DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES ° 56

65 ° 25 ° ° 52

1.

Sand harvested on the wind facing surface and the other side of roof

Wind facing vetical surface and terrain has barely accumulated

2.

3.

96

Sand harvested on the wind facing surface.

Sand harvested on the wind facing inclined surface but not on the vertical surface.

ETS19-20 â&#x201D;&#x201A; COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

No Wind

Bridge

Wind

CONCLUSION

UNEVEN LOAD

When the wind blows straight to front, it tends to accumulate snow on the surface of roof uneven.

UNEVEN LOAD

When the wind blows from the uphil it tends to accumulate snow on the surface of roof uneven.

UNEVEN LOAD

When the wind blows from the side, it tends to accumulate snow on the surface of roof uneven.

97

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RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT / MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW AS DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES AGGREGATION TESTING MODEL BEFORE DEPOSITION

98

AFTER DEPOSITION

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99

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RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT / MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW AS DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES TURBULANCE STUDIES

100

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AGGREGATION

CONCLUSION In this experiment, what that is mainly tested is when the fluctuations occur and its relation between two close buildings. The turbulance happens in the alley of the two structures when the air flow is trapped. It can eventually become an additional stress on the structure which bothers the snow to be settled on and causes structure failure. Therefore, the angles of geometry consideration is important with preventing too much air fluctuations.

101

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LIGHTING LIGHTING TRANSMISSIONS VARIES BY THE THICKNESS OF SNOW LAYERS

102

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RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT / MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW AS DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES LIGHT TRANSMISSION Refection

Transmission

Absorption

Scattering

Transmission of light is the moving of electromagnetic waves (whether visible light, radio waves, ultraviolet, etc.) through a material. This transmission can be reduced, or stopped, when light is reflected off the surface or absorbed by the molecules in the material.

SUBSURFACE SCATTERING

LR = L' max / L' min LR = Luminance ratio L’max = The display’s brightness + the reflected ambient light.

L’min = The display’s black brightness + the reflected ambient light.

103

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RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT / MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW AS DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES

When there is no light in the box.

Camera rense hole

0.0 lx

3 2

1 5

104

4

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Lighting

Subsurface

Lux meter

When there is no snow on the subsurface.

19.3 lx

1. Lighting 2. Subsurface 3. Lux meter 4. Black box 5. Camera rense hole 105

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RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT / MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW AS DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES LIGHT TRANSMISSION

1

2

3

When there is 2cm of snow on the subsurface.

When there is 2cm of snow on the subsurface.

When there is 5cm of snow on the subsurface.

120.5 lx

12.5 lx

7.4 lx 2cm

120.5 lx

106

12.5 lx

5cm

7.4 lx

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1

2

When there is 10cm of snow on the subsurface.

5.9 lx

10c

m

5.9 lx

3

When there is 15cm of snowon the subsurface.

4.5 lx 15c

m

4.5 lx

When there is 20cm of snow on the subsurface.

3.9 lx

20c

m

3.9 lx

107

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT / MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW AS DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES LIGHT TRANSMISSION GRAPH Lx

120 19 lx 18 lx 17 lx 16 lx 15 lx

The light transmission values gradually decrease when the snow layer gets thicker.

14 lx 13 lx 12 lx 11 lx 10 lx 9 lx 8 lx 7 lx 6 lx 5 lx 4 lx 3 lx 2 lx 1 lx 0cm

2cm

5cm

10cm

15cm

thickness of snow

LIGHT PENETRATION THROUGH ICE AND SNOW Ice–snow conditions Clear ice Clear ice Clear ice with vestige snow Clear ice with sediment floc Milky ice with bubbles Wet ice with bubbles Translucent ice (“snow ice”) Ice with irregular surface Clear ice with 3 cm snow New snow

Compacted old snow 108

Thickness (cm) 43 154 39 149 29 39 25 29 149(ice) + 3(snow) 0.5 5.0 10.0 17–20 17–20

20cm

Percentage transmission of surface insolation(%) 72 23.2 53 14.8 54 41 11–18 58 0.57 34 20 9 8.8–6.7 5–1

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109

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EXPERIMENT CONCLUSION/ DESIGN PARAMETER FOR GEOMETRY FINDING PREDESIGN EVALUATION

SUN DIRECTION

Space studies and structure orientation

PITCHED ROOF

SNOW ACCUMULATION

Snow accumulation when snow falls without wind to see the load of snow itself and accumulation behavior along the roof angles.

110

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POSTDESIGN EVALUATION

WIND AND SNOW How wind brings snow to structure and harvest them on the roof angles. Angle of roofs are designed to have less turbulance for wind load management.

STRUCTURE After the load simulation structure is explored to reinforce the most stressed area.

LIGHTING Lighting transmission for spatial quality after it is covered with enclosure of wooven surface and snow

111

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112

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ANALYSIS : POSTDESIGN EVALUATION 10 AUTODEST FLOW DESIGN 10.01 BASECAMP MODEL WIND TESTING 10.02 OPTIMAL GEOMETRY OF BASECAMP 10.03 CAMP3 MODEL WIND TESTING 10.04 OPTIMAL GEOMETRY OF CAMP3 10.05 CAMP4 MODEL WIND TESTING 10.06 OPTIMAL GEOMETRY OF CAMP4 11 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 11.01 CAMP3 GIVEN VALUES FOR ANALYSIS 11.02 CAMP4 GIVEN VALUES FOR ANALYSIS 11.03 STRUCTURAL CALCULATION OF CAMP3 11.04 STRUCTURAL CALCULATION OF CAMP4 12 THERMAL PERFORMANCE 12.01 U VALUE REFERENCE 12.02 SNOW PROPERTIES 12.03 CAMP3 HEAT LOSS AND INDOOR TEMPERATURE 12.04 CAMP4 HEAT LOSS AND INDOOR TEMPERATURE

113

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AUTODESK FLOW DESIGN

HOW WIND AND ITS PRESSURE INFLUENCE TO SNOW DEPOSITION ON THE STRUCTURE AND THE STRUCTURE OPTIMISATION

114

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FLOW DESIGN/ BASE CAMP BASE CAMP MODULE NON OPTIMAL GEOMETRY N

W

E

S

Fastest wind: 12mps Structure Length: 72.266(m) Width: 27.860(m) Height: 3M Voxel size: 0.398

The aggregated face toward wind direction is dealing with the load of wind and pressure. However, on the left side of faces which are stepped back having less pressure.

2 Dimensional view

15.130 13.117 10.690 7.577 0

Huge turbulance is created back side of structure due to the fat geometry of shelter module aggregation.

Pitched roof creates smooth airflow following the angle of roof geometry.

15.130 13.117 10.690 7.577 0

!

15.130 13.117

This simulation shows that having wide face toward wind increases the risk of high pressure load on the structure. Plus, since the wind is flowing along the structure the turbulance appear hugely behind of structure. For preventing the load failure the structure orientation on the site is considered very important.

10.690 7.577 0

115

ETS19-20 â&#x201D;&#x201A; COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

FLOW DESIGN / BASE CAMP BASE CAMP MODULE NON OPTIMAL GEOMETRY

BASE CAMP MODULE OPTIMAL GEOMETRY

N

W

E

S

Fastest wind: 12mps Structure Length: 71.266(m) Width: 29.860(m) Height: 3M Voxel size: (0.398)

The aggregated face toward wind direction is dealing with the load of wind and pressure. However, on the left side of faces which are stepped back having less pressure.

2 Dimensional view

15.130 13.117 10.690 7.577 0

!

Small turbulance is created back side of structure due to the cliff.

GOOD

15.130 13.117 10.690 7.577 0

SOLVED

Conclusion

15.130 13.117 10.690 7.577 0

116

This simulation shows that having narrower face toward wind decreases the risk of high pressure load on the structure. Plus, since the wind is flowing along the structure the turbulance appear hugely behind of structure. Therefore, making the downhill geometry at the edge of the structure is important to prevent snow deposition faiilure.

ETS19-20 â&#x201D;&#x201A; COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

FLOW DESIGN/ BASE CAMP TEST 2. BASE CAMP MODULE OPTIMAL GEOMETRY

Left

!

GOOD

Right

Different geometry of roof creates different pressure along side the structure.

Pressure range

Less affected

Least pressured

Exposed

wind blocker

Less pressured

Most pressured

One tall module blocks the wind for the roof behind therefore they have less influenced pressure compare to the modules exposed to the wind thoroughly.

117

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FLOW DESIGN / CAMP 3 CAMP 3 MODULE NON OPTIMAL GEOMETRY

CAMP 3 MODULE OPTIMAL GEOMETRY

GOOD

!

109.130

98.130

94.117

85.117

76.690

69.690

53.577

49.577

0

0

When roof is angled downward, it deals with pressure well but cannot collect snow efficiently. So it requires more diverse geometry.

109.130

98.130

94.117

85.117

76.690

69.690

53.577

49.577

0

0

When roof is angled downward, it deals with pressure well but cannot collect snow efficiently. Also it has too much concentrated wind load.

118

109.130

98.130

94.117

85.117

76.690

69.690

53.577

49.577

0

0

ETS19-20 â&#x201D;&#x201A; COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

FLOW DESIGN / CAMP 3 CAMP 3 MODULE NON OPTIMAL GEOMETRY

!

CAMP 3 MODULE OPTIMAL GEOMETRY

GOOD

N

Conclusion W

E

Fastest wind: 50mps Structure Length: 71.266(m) Width: 29.860(m) Height: 3M Voxel size: (0.398)

The camp 3 is located on the steep terrain of the mountain, therefore, for optimising snow deposition along the structure, the angle of each roof is important. Also, for preventing concentrated pressure on the front row face, it should also consider how the geometry should be down angled towards wind direction

S

119

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FLOW DESIGN / CAMP 4 N

W

E

Fastest wind: 93mps Structure Length: 3.5 (m) Width: 1(m) Height: 1M Voxel size: 0.099

S

CAMP 4 MODULE OPTIMAL GEOMETRY

CAMP 4 MODULE NON OPTIMAL GEOMETRY

!

It is important for geometry to have non vertical face toward wind to avoid too much wind load transfer.

129.799 111.630 90.837 63.886 0

!

Also, if the ventilation hole is on the face fo wind blows, it invade inside of the structure and easily steals the heat indoor. Thererforoe, the window should appear non facing side of wind direction.

WINDOW

129.799 111.630 90.837 63.886 0

Conclusion It is important for geometry to have non vertical face toward wind to avoid too much wind load transfer. Also, if the ventilation hole is on the face fo wind blows, it invade inside of the structure and easily steals the heat indoor. Thererforoe, the window should appear non facing side of wind direction.

120

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0.75m

A Ra=34.5kN 34.5kNm

1.5m

+

B Rb=34.5kN

34.5kNm + 12.9375kNm

STRUCTURE ANALYSIS

121

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

STRUCTURE ANALYSIS / CAMP 3 CAMP3 GIVEN VALUES

ice + snow

30CM

w2

w1

w2

w= 881x0.3/1.9 kN/m = 139kN/m

1.3m

1.9m w = density x thickness of snow / distance kN/m

w1

w2

0.5m

ice + snow density =881kg/m3 t = 30cm

0.5m

L = ρ ice x T snow

DENSITY : 480 kg/m3

STRUCTURE ANALYSIS / CAMP 4 CAMP4 GIVEN VALUES

ice + snow

10CM

w1

w3

w2

w= 881x0.1/0.85 kN/m = 103kN/m

w3 w2 w1 0.85m

0.85m

w = density x thickness of snow / distance kN/m

density =881kg/m3 t = 10cm

L = ρ ice x T snow 122

0.5m

ice + snow 0.5m

DENSITY : 480 kg/m3

w3

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

STRUCTURE ANALYSIS / CAMP 3 given,

0.75m

ω= 881x0.3/1.9 kN/m = (139kN/m)/3 = 46kN/m x = 0.75m l = 1.5m I = 520833 mm4

E = 11400N/m3

1. W weight A Ra=34.5kN 34.5kNm

1.5m

B Rb=34.5kN

ω = ρ ice x T snow/ d x l 2. R reaction Ra = Rb = ωl /2 = 34.5kN

+

3. Qa = -Qb = ωl/2 =34.5 kN

34.5kNm + 12.9375kNm

4. M bending moment when x is given 0.75m Mx = ωx/2 (l -x) = (46x0.75) X (1.5 - 0.75) /2 = 12.9375 kNm M max = ωl^2/8 = 46 x 1.5^2 / 8 = 12.9375 kNm 5. θ Deflection angle

F = n π2 E I / L2 where F = allowable load (lb, N) n=1 E = 11400N/m3 L = 1.6M I = 5.20833e^-7m4 F= 1X3.14^2X11400X5.20833e^-7/1.6^2 F=534 kN

θa = -θb = ωl^3 /24EI = (46 x 1500^3) / (24 X 11400 X 520833) = 1.08947438 6. δ displacement δx = ωx / 24 EI (l^3 - 2lx^2 + x^3) = (46 x 750) X ( 1500^3 - 2 x 1500 x 750^2 + 750^3) / ( 24 x 11400 x 520833) = 306.41 mm δmax = 5 ωl^4 / 384 E I = (5 x 46 x 1500^4) / (384 x 11400 x 520833) = 510.69mm

123

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

STRUCTURE ANALYSIS / CAMP 4 given,

0.3m

ω= 881x0.1/0.85 kN/m = (103kN/m)/2 = 51kN/m x = 0.3m l = 0.61m I = 520833 mm4

E = 11400N/m3

1. W weight A Ra=15.5kN 15.5kNm

0.61m

+

B Rb=15.5kN

-

+ 2.3721375kNm

15.5kNm

ω = ρ ice x T snow/ d x l 2. R reaction Ra = Rb = ωl /2 = 15.5kN

F = n π2 E I / L2

3. Qa = -Qb = ωl/2 =15.5 kN

where

4. M bending moment

F = allowable load (lb, N)

when x is given 0.3m

n=1 E = 11400N/m3 L = 0.8M I = 5.20833e^-7m4

Mx = ωx/2 (l -x) = (51x0.3) X (0.61 - 0.3) /2 = 2.3721375 kNm M max = ωl^2/8 =51 x 10.61^2 / 8 = 2.3721375 kNm 5. θ Deflection angle θa = -θb = ωl^3 /24EI = (51 x 610^3) / (24 X 11400 X 520833) = 0.08123536 6. δ displacement δx = ωx / 24 EI (l^3 - 2lx^2 + x^3) = (51 x 300) X ( 610^3 - 2 x 610 x 300^2 + 300^3) / ( 24 x 11400 x 520833) = 9.68 mm δmax = 5 ωl^4 / 384 E I = (5 x 51 x 610^4) / (384 x 11400 x 520833) = 15.49mm

124

F= 1X3.14^2X11400X5.20833e^-7/0.8^2 F=834 kN

ETS19-20 â&#x201D;&#x201A; COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

60W

120W

70W

60W 120W

60W

120W

2500

1300

1500

THERMAL ANALYSIS

125

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

THERMAL PERFORMANCE / PRESETS U VALUE REFERENCE

Element Floor External Wall Roof Window

Reference U-value 0.13 W/m2K 0.18 W/m2K 0.13 W/m2K 1.1 W/m2k

Recommended U- Value for a wall from Russia building regulations Condition: Temperature is always under -12°C.

SNOW QUALITIES AND ITS PROPERTIES FRESH SNOW

FIRN

ICE

0.045 W/mK Thermal conductivity when, porosities 0.1% (90% of air)

0.54 W/mK Thermal conductivity when, porosities 0.68% (30% of air)

2.22 W/mK Thermal conductivity when, porosities nearly 0.9% (0% of air)

When snow prosities 0.1 and temperatra- When snow prosities 068 and tempera- When snow prosities 068 and temperature trature trature -12°C, -12°C, -15°C, Thermal Conductivity of snow (W/mK) 0.045 W/mKv Thermal Conductivity of hemp yarn (W/ mK) 0.039 W/mK U Value Calculation for the Compacted Snow Wall

Thermal Conductivity of snow (W/mK) 0.54 W/mKv Thermal Conductivity of hemp yarn (W/ mK) 0.039 W/mK U Value Calculation for the Compacted Snow Wall

Overall heat transfer coefficient is inverse of the overall resistivity of the wall element,

Overall heat transfer coefficient is inverse Overall heat transfer coefficient is inverse of the overall resistivity of the wall of the overall resistivity of the wall element, element,

Assuming, R-value of hemp yarn, the thickness is given as 0.03m = 0.03/0.039 W/m2k R-value of Compacted Snow Wall = d/0.045 where d is the thickness of ice wall U= 1/ (Rsi + d1/ λ1 + d2/ λ2 + Rso) Assuming, Resistences are lower comared to insulation, U= 1 / (0+ d/0.045 + 0.03/0.039 + 0) 0.18W/m2k= 1 / (0+ d/0.045 + 0.03/0.039 + 0) D= 0.21m

Assuming, R-value of hemp yarn, the thickness is given as 0.03m = 0.03/0.039 W/m2k R-value of Compacted Snow Wall = d/0.54 where d is the thickness of ice wall U= 1/ (Rsi + d1/ λ1 + d2/ λ2 + Rso) Assuming, Resistences are lower comared to insulation, U= 1 / (0+ d/0.54 + 0.03/0.039 + 0) 0.18 W/m2k = 1 / (0+ d/0.54 + 0.03/0.039 + 0) D= 2.5m

Thermal Conductivity of snow (W/mK) 2.22 W/mKv Thermal Conductivity of hemp yarn (W/ mK) 0.039 W/mK U Value Calculation for the Compacted Snow Wall

Assuming, R-value of hemp yarn, the thickness is given as 0.03m = 0.03/0.039 W/ m2k R-value of Compacted Snow Wall = d/2.22 where d is the thickness of ice wall U= 1/ (Rsi + d1/ λ1 + d2/λ2 + Rso) Assuming, Resistences are lower comared to insulation, U= 1 / (0+ d/2.22 + 0.03/0.039 + 0) 0.18 W/m2k = 1 / (0+ d/2.22 + 0.03/0.039 + 0) D= 10.6m

MINIMUM THICKNESS OF WALL

= 0.2m (Thickness of layer) 126

=2.5m (Thickness of layer)

= 10.6m (Thickness of layer)

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

THERMAL PERFORMANCE / CAMP3 ENVIRONMENTAL DIAGRAM ACTIVITY OF PEOPLE AND METABOLIC RATES Wind

Internal heat gain from metabolic rates

3.

100W

Ventilation hole

120W

60W

Fresh snow layer 40cm per month

1.

-18 °C

100W

70W

60W

13 °C120W

Hemp yarn insulation

60W

Reducing structure exposure to outside air by 50%

120W

2500

2.

1300

1500

Q= ∑ ( U x A x dT ) Heat loss = Heat gain 1. EXTERNAL WALL ELEMENT

2. EXTERNAL WALL ELEMENT 2

3. ROOF

R-value (Hemp yarn) T=0.03m = 0.03/0.039 W/m2k R-value (Compacted Snow Wall) T= 0.4m = 0.4/0.045

R-value (Hemp yarn) T=0.03m = 0.03/0.039 W/m2k R-value (Snow-Ice firn Wall) T= 3m = 3/0.54

R-value (Hemp yarn) T=0.03m = 0.03/0.039 W/ m2k R-value (Compacted Snow Wall) T= 0.3m = 0.3/0.045

U= 1/ (Rsi + d1/ λ1 + d2/ λ2 + Rso)

U= 1/ (Rsi + d1/ λ1 + d2/ λ2 + Rso)

U= 1/ (Rsi + d1/ λ1 + d2/ λ2 + Rso)

Assuming, Resistences are lower compared to Assuming, Resistences are lower compared to insulation, insulation, U= 1 / (0+ 3/0.54 + 0.03/0.039 + 0) U= 1 / (0+ 0.4/0.045 + 0.03/0.039 + 0)

Assuming, Resistences are lower compared to insulation, U= 1 / (0+ 0.3/0.045 + 0.03/0.039 + 0)

U value of Camp3 external wall = 0.103 W/m2k

U value of Camp3 external wall 2 = 0.15 W/m2k

U value of Camp3 roof = 0.13 W/m2k

0.103W/m2k < 0.18W/m2k

0.15W/m2k < 0.18W/m2k

0.13W/m2k = 0.13W/mwk

Assuming, There are heat gain from metabolic rates at activities from 6 people and three light bulbs.100+120+100+120+70+60x3+120=810w Assuming, outdoor temperature for camp3 is -18 degree Celsius, 810w = 0.103W/m2k x 32m2 x ( T(in) - (-18 °C) +0.15W/m2k x 72m2 x (T(in)- (-18 °C) + 0.13W/m2k x 16m2 x (T(in)- (-18 °C) T(in) = 13 °C

Therefore, the indoor temperature is 13 °C in the Camp 3

127

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

THERMAL PERFORMANCE / CAMP4 Environmental diagram

Activity of people and metabolic rates

Wind

Average snow layer 20cm per month

Internal heat gain from metabolic rates

Ventilation

2.

Hemp yarn insulation

-29 °C

120W

22 °C

100W 1.

60W

Reducing structure exposure to outside air by 30%

Q= ∑ ( U x A x dT ) Heat loss = Heat gain 1. EXTERNAL WALL ELEMENT

2. ROOF

R-value (Hemp yarn) T=0.03m = 0.03/0.039 W/m2k R-value (Snow-Ice firn Wall) T= 2m = 3/0.54

R-value (Hemp yarn) T=0.03m = 0.03/0.039 W/ m2k R-value (Compacted Snow Wall) T= 0.2m = 0.2/0.045

U= 1/ (Rsi + d1/ λ1 + d2/ λ2 + Rso)

U= 1/ (Rsi + d1/ λ1 + d2/ λ2 + Rso)

Assuming, outdoor temperature for camp4 is -29 degree Celsius,

Assuming, Resistences are lower compared to insulation, U= 1 / (0+ 3/0.54 + 0.03/0.039 + 0)

Assuming, Resistences are lower compared to insulation, U= 1 / (0+ 0.2/0.045 + 0.03/0.039 + 0)

810w = 0.15W/m2k x 22m2 x ( T(in) - (-29 °C) + 0.18W/m2k x 10m2 x (T(in)- (-29 °C)

U value of Camp3 external wall = 0.15 W/m2k

U value of Camp3 roof = 0.18 W/m2k

0.15W/m2k < 0.18W/m2k

0.18W/m2k = 0.18W/m2k

128

Assuming, There are heat gain from metabolic rates at activities from 2 people and one light bulb.

100+120+60 =280w

T(in) = 22 °C

Therefore, the indoor temperature is 22 °C in the Camp 4

ETS19-20 â&#x201D;&#x201A; COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

13 CAMP AGGREGATION 13.01 CURRENT CAMP CONDITIONS 13.02 AGGREGATION STRATEGIES 13.03 BASE CAMP 13.04 CAMP3 13.05 CAMP4

129

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

1

2

BASECAMP : FIRST STATION CAMPING TIME : FEW MONTHS SHELTER SIZE : 10-15 PEOPLE

CAMP 2: SECOND STATION CAMPING TIME : 6 HOURS SHELTER SIZE : 5-6 PEOPLE

Socializing

Cooking

Celebration

Sanitary

Resting

Small group socializing Resting

Cooking

Sanitary

Altitude : 5,350m

Altitude : 6,500m

Temperature : -10°C (Lowest)

Temperature : -16 °C (Lowest)

Wind Speed : 8.6mph

Wind Speed : 30mph

Snow depth : 7cm

Snow depth : 30cm

Snow quality : Average snow

Snow quality : Fresh snow

Ground Condition : Moving glacier, rocks

Ground Condition : Moving glacier and

and average snow

fresh snow Fresh snow (30cm)

Fresh snow (10cm)

Glacier

130

Rocks

Glacier

ETS19-20 │ COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

3

4

CAMP 3 : SECOND STATION CAMPING TIME : 6 HOURS SHELTER SIZE : 5-6 PEOPLE

CAMP 4 : FINAL STATION CAMPING TIME : 4 HRS SHELTER SIZE : 1-2 PEOPLE

Small group Resting socializing

Sanitary

Cooking

Individual

Resting

Oxygen

Oxygen Altitude : 7,950m

Altitude : 7,470m

Temperature : -29 °C (Lowest)

Temperature : -23 °C (Lowest)

Wind Speed : 93mph

Wind Speed : 50mph

Snow depth : 7.1cm

Snow depth : 30cm Snow quality : Fresh snow

Snow quality : Average snow

Ground Condition : Permenant ice cap and

Ground Condition : Permenant ice cap and

fresh snow

average snow Average snow (10cm)

Fresh snow (30cm)

Ice (20m)

40°

Rock

Ice (20m)

Rock

131

ETS19-20 â&#x201D;&#x201A; COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

AGGREGATION / AGGREGATION STRATEGY CURRENT BASE CAMP

PROPOSED BASE CAMP

Basecamp : First station Camping time : Few months Shelter size : 10-15 people

Socializing

Cooking

132

Sanitary

Celebration

Resting

Camp 3 : Third station Camping time : 6 hours Shelter size : 5-6 people

Small group socializing

Sanitary

Resting

Camp 4 : Final station Camping time : 4 hrs Shelter size : 1-2 people

Cooking Individual

Oxygen

Resting

Oxygen

ETS19-20 â&#x201D;&#x201A; COLD-RESISTANT TIMBER SHELTER USING SNOW AS BUILDING ENVELOP FOR THE NEW HABITAT IN EVEREST / YOUNGBIN SHIN

AGGREGATION / BASE CAMP

5

4

6

3

2

1

1. ENTRANCE 2. CELEBRATION SPACE 3. DORM 4. PRIVATE SPACE 5. SLEEPING 6. RESTING

No length limit

BASECAMP First station

Carried by Yark and Helicopter

1. Socializing 2. Celebration 3. Guesthouse 4. Sanitary Unit 133

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AGGREGATION / CAMP 3

3

1 2

5

4

1. ENTRANCE 2. COOKING STATION 3. PRIVATE SPACE 4. STORAGE 5. SLEEPING

Length limitation:

2m

CAMP3

Third station

Carried by Porters

134

1. Small gathering 2. Sleeping

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135

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AGGREGATION / CAMP 4

1. ENTRANCE 2. SLEEPING HAMMACK 3. RESTING, STORAGE, EATING

2

1 3

Length limitation:

CAMP4

Final station

Carried by Porters

136

1. Individual resting 2. platform 3. Sleeping 4. Minimum space

2m

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137

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SITE ASSESSMENT 14 LOCAL ECONOMY 14.01 SHERPA 14.02 MOUNTAINEERS 14.03 MOUNT EVEREST 14.04 PROBLEM OF HIKING TOURISM 14.05 NON LOCAL MATERIAL CONSUMPTION 14.06 EXPANDING PROJECT INFLUENCE 14.07 LOCAL MATERIAL RESOURCE 14.08 VERNACULAR SHERPA HOUSING

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SITE ASSESSMENT / LOCAL ECONOMY Mt. Everest

Shelter A place that giving temporary protection from bad weather or danger. A shielded or safe condition.

Mountaineer

Sherpa

Mountaineer What do they do? $65,000

Renting out gears and tents Providing itinerary

What do they do?

Paying the intinerary Climbing mountain Enjoy the nature

Western tour company

Local community

Result in Bring Wealth to community Better education Better clothings Better foods Wellbeing Electricity

Sherpa

$2,000-5,000 per person

What do they do?

Hauling gear Setting up camp Securing ropes and ladders Taking care of climbers

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SITE ASSESSMENT / CHARACTERS SHERPA

Everest Base Camp Gorek Shep

Sagarmatha (Mt Everest)

Loboche

Gokyo Phanga

Dingboche Portse Tenga

Debuche

Khumjung Kundee

Phungi Tenga Namche Bazaar Monjo Jorsale

Phakding Chaurikharka Lukla

140

Sherpa

Village Mountain Mountain

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guide

Death rates

days 141

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SITE ASSESSMENT / CHARACTERS MOUNTAINEER

WHO IS CLIMBING MT EVERST?

Mountaineer

(Pro/Amateur)

Researchers

Standard supported climb

$28,000 to $85,000

A fully custom climb

$115,000

Camping time 5-6 hours

142

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REASONS OF CLIMBING MT. EVEREST

Life experience

Journalist

Mental Healthcare

Socializing

Physical Healthcare

Breathtaking Scenery

CAUSE OF DEATH ON MOUNT EVEREST Acute Mountain Sickness Avalanche Exhaustion Fall Other

41

16.6

12.5

6.9

22.2

Camping time 4 hours

Camping time 7 hours

days 143

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SITE ASSESSMENT / CHARACTERS MOUNT EVEREST

Increases the death rates of Sherpas and climbers

Decreases the tourism population

Increases the Unemployed Sherpa

Tent leftover dumping

Damage the local economy

1953 144

1960

1960

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

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1913

1971

2015

Raise the risk of Avalanche

Que on the mountain

Khumbu Icefall

Thoughtless contstruction from international investors 825 658

633

Environmental impact

127

2005

2010

2014

2015

2019

days 145

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SITE ASSESSMENT / PROBLEM OF HIKING TOURISM CAMPING GEAR DUMPING

THE PROBLEM OF HIKING TOURISM the number of visitors to Everest base camp trek and tours are about 35000 each year.

Mount Everest is one of the most popular places for tourism all over the world. It is not difficult to understand why that is. After all, it is the tallest mountain in the world. Because of that, there have been a lot of changes over recent years in the field of tourism in places like Nepal and the surrounding areas of this mountain.

Resource: the statistics of Sagarmatha national park office in Manjo

SITE ASSESSMENT VIDEO

https://youtu.be/xAUwNT6AC-8

146

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MATERIALS / PROBLEM OF HIKNG TOURISM NON-LOCAL MATERIAL CONSUMPTION

IMPORT CAMPING GEARS FROM OUTSIDE OF EVEREST

NEPAL

NONE OF THEM ARE LOCAL MATERIALS

147

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SITE ASSESSMENT/ EXPANDING PROJECT INFLUENCE

Everest Base Camp Gorek Shep

Sagarmatha (Mt Everest)

Loboche

Gokyo Phanga

Dingboche Portse Tenga

Debuche

Khumjung Kundee

Phungi Tenga Namche Bazaar Monjo Jorsale

Phakding

a

Sherpa Village

Mountain Mountain

Chaurikharka Lukl

1,6

Kathmandu

148

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SHELTER TOURIST SHERPA VILLAGES

35000 PEOPLE VISIT PER YEAR

Everest

649 PEOPLE LIVE

1,200 PEOPLE LIVE

149

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SITE ASSESSMENT/ LOCAL MATERIAL RESOURCE REUSE MATERIAL LEFTOVER

BEST USE IS REUSE Post-earthquake most buildings tend to use reinforced concrete because of the misconception that houses built with traditional techniques and materials will not be strong.

However, with innovation and the right design, the non-profit Sustainable Mountain Architecture has built this model house that uses local material and style to build durable and eco-friendly homes.

This model house is easily replicable, uses local labour and technology, and salvaged material.

The windows and doors of the model house face south. The southern wall is taller, which means the house gets plenty of sun in winter.

The passive solar energy that enters the house is trapped in the walls. Double glazing on windows prevents heat from escaping.

150

Earthquake left a huge amount of timber, mortar, bricks, and roof tiles.

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REUSE HOUSE CONSTRUCTION

151

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SITE ASSESSMENT / VERNACULAR SHERPA HOUSING SPACE USE AND TRADITION

Sleeping

Kitchen

COMMUNITY BUILDS NEW HOUSE FOR EACH

+

Sleeping

Indoor Storage

Local community help to construct a new house when people get marry and have children

Hay Storage

New house is granted to the family

152

Pig pen

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Sherpa considers the ancestor and animals are important and object to worship. Plus, in the region like Everest, when the temperature drops under zero, the extra body heat production from animal body is good heater.

Terrace Room

2nd floor Shrine room

Room

For deities, humans and animals.

Room Shrine room

Room

Room

Room

Room

Living room

Kitchen

Canopy

Terrace

First floor

Space for animal Stable

Hay

Cattle shed Cattle shed

Porch

Cattle shed Canopy

Traditional housing

Store

Ground floor

When a son marries and has children, the community may help to construct a new house, as the extended family becomes too large for a single home. The neighbors often contribute food, drinks and labor to help the family. Houses are typically spaced to allow fields in between. A spiritual ceremony may be conducted at every building stage as the house must have space for deities, humans and animals. Once constructed, the house is often handed down within a family and not sold. The house style depends on the lay of the land: old river terraces, former lake beds or mountain slopes. There are stone single story, one and a half story (on a slope), and the two story houses, with ample room for animals. Many well-to-do families will have an annex shrine room for sacred statues, scriptures and ritual objects. The roof is sloping and is made from local natural materials, or imported metal. There's space in the roof to allow for fire smoke to escape. There may be an internal or external outhouse for making compost.

153

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DESIGN CONCLUSION 15 INSTALLATION MANUAL FOR SHERPA 15.01 CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE FROM CAMP3 15.02 WOVEN SURFACE 15.03 LOCAL ENGAGEMENT GUNDRI 15.04 CAMP SEQUENCES

154

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155

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DESIGN CONCLUSION / CONSTRUCTION MANUAL FOR SHER

156

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RPA

157

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DESIGN CONCLUSION / CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE OF CAM 1

5 SHERPAS DIGGING THE CAMP SITE APPROXIMATE TIME 30 MINS

7 SHERPAS ASSEMBLE FRAME APPROXIMATE TIME 30 MINS

158

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MP3

5 SHERPAS DRILLING FOUNDATION APPROXIMATE TIME 20 MINS

8 SHERPAS ASSEMBLE STRUCTURE ON FOUNDATION

SNOW ACCUMULATION

APPROXIMATE TIME 20 MINS

3 MONTHS OF NON CLIMBING SEASON

159

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DESIGN CONCLUSION/ DOUBLE LAYER FLOOR INSULATION STRATEGY OF WOVEN SURFACE

A1

Air trap Insulation

Hemp

A1

FABRICATION METHODOLOGY geometry

load

material load

geometry

LOCAL SKILL GUNDRI IS USED FOR FABRICATING LAYERS OF WOVEN SURFACE.

160

STRUCTURE

material

plain weave

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DESIGN CONCLUSION / LOCAL ENGAGEMENT GUNDRI

Envelope

Hemp 30mm surface

Frame

Waterproofing Membrane

Timber frame

primary timber floor member (compression)

Secondary woven surface floor member (tension)

Waterproofing membrane

161

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BASECAMP basecamp is where people stays the longest time among all camp sites in Mt. Everest. People celebrate their successful return from submit and enjoy staying there for climbing small peaks surrounding the Everest.This is usually the last station for having proper bath and meals before heading up to the submit. Only the excitement is on people’s face, Sherpas are playing gambling. Some researchers stays here for few months, so it need a biggest module for inhabiting large group of people for the several use.

162

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CAMP 3 People are still communicate each other for planning out their route to sumit but this is the station where climbers and Sherpas begin to feel fear and exhausted. Therefore, they need a space to gather with people and rest well. The shelter start having snow envelop for additional insulation layer.

CAMP 4 Here in the camp 4, people barely talk to each other. They are too tired, the face is full of fear. All they want to do in the camp 4 is proper resting. Looking back themselves why they choose to climb the highest mountain on the earth. This smallest shelter module provides them an individual resting nest.

163

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A0 45 X 60 head 35 X 40 sash framing

A2

putty 60 X 75 fixed door framing

thk. 15 woven hemp

60 X 60 structure framing

40 X 50 sash framing thk. 20 woven hemp 60 X 75 door panel framing 60 X 75 fixed door framing 60 X 75 door panel framing

thk. 15 woven hemp thk. 15 woven hemp

A0

A2

A4 A4

164

Hemp knot

70 X 45 sill

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A1 A3

A3

A1

A2

Base camp Section Scale 1:300 165

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SNOW LEGEND 1~3 DAYS OLD FRESH SNOW 10-20 DAYS OLD AVERAGE SNOW

A0

30+ DAYS OLD ICED SNOW 1+ MONTH OLD ICE

45 X 60 head

35 X 40 sash framing putty

Hemp knot

thk. 15 woven hemp

40 X 50 sash framing

A0

70 X 45 sill

A3

166

Camp 3 Section Scale 1:300

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A0 45 X 60 head

frame head top hung ventilator

35 X 40 sash framing putty

Hemp knot

thk. 15 woven hemp

SNOW LEGEND 1~3 DAYS OLD FRESH SNOW

40 X 50 sash framing

10-20 DAYS OLD AVERAGE SNOW 30+ DAYS OLD ICED SNOW 1+ MONTH OLD ICE

70 X 45 sill

frame sill

A3

Camp4 Section Scale 1:300

167

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CONCLUSION Snow as a good natural insulation

MATERIAL

HEMP YARN

TIMBER SNOW

On the top of the isolated mountain, it is almost impossible to look for plenty of construction material. However, SNOW is a given material from nature. Experiments are entailed with the research of thermal conductivity of snow and its U value to perform as building envelop. From the Heat loss calculation with structural elements, test proved that it is possible to increase temperature from outdoor -30 °C to 22 °C indoor. It also has the local material of Hemp Yarn for adding up extra layer of insulation value, both works perfectly for creating a friction between two different material surface.

ENCLOSURE TO HOLD SNOW

SNOW ACCUMULATION

SNOW LOAD

TERMAL PROPERTY

WOVEN SURFACE LAYORS

THERMAL

PERFORMANCE

DOUBLE LAYOR FOR INSULATION SUPPORT

LOAD AND FAILURE SNOW LOAD

SURFACE ROUGHNESS

INCLINATION

HOW WIND CARRIES SNOW TO STRUCTURE

New habitat on mt. Everst with local material and skill Mt. Everest is suffering with camp equipment dumpling from mountaineer. The current habitats are made from other countries with plastic fabric and imported to Nepal which end up becoming a debris after climbing. Therefore, the project offers a shelter made out of natural materials that can be left behind and stay there forever without being an object of pollution.

step 4

How technical studies can empower local community with self assembly shelter installation manual

HEAT CONTROL

SPACE HEATING CONTROL FROM SNOW AND STRUCTURE

PHYSICAL SIMULATION LIGHTING

COMPUTATIONAL SIMULATION STRUCTURE

COMPUTATIONAL SIMULATION HEATING

COMPUTATIONAL SIMULATION WIND

POST DESIGN EVALUATION

OPTIMIZING GEOMETRY

LIGTHING

STRUCTURE

FINAL STRUCTURE REINFORCING TO RESPONSE OF SNOW AND WIND LOAD

168

step 5

The timber structure is to reuse the leftover after earthquake in Nepal. It is easily manufactured by Joyn machine to assemble. The benefit is anyone can readily use it for creating several timber joints.

Hemp yarn is local material as well and it is woven by local skill called ‘Gundri’.

SNOW HOLDING

AUTOESK FLOW

step 7

step 6

PRE DESIGN EVALUATION

SNOW LAYER THICKNESS FOR INSULATION

DESIGN APPLICATION

Guide to Everest is not a simple local job. It is a business which has huge amount of money exchange and support their whole Sherpa community. Providing them the more sustainable way of tourism than the present is considered important.

Therefore the project aim to have

step 3

1. local material 2. easy assembly structure 3. cold resistant shelter

step 2

The project helps Sherpa and trekker to do not rely on the non-local made camping tent. Sherpa has power to possess their own camping spot on the mount Everest and it is easy to build and fix. Climbers are no longer carrying heavy camp equipment and the nature does not have too suffer from plastic leftover.

step 1

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REFERENCE pg.12) https://www.snow-forecast.com/resorts/Everest/6day/mid 1 BACK GROUND pg. 14) https://www.atlasofplaces.com/cartography/mount-everest-cartography/ pg. 15) Ben Butcher, how deadly is mount Everest?,2019,https://www.bbc.com/news/world-47418215 pg. 06-17)WINDYY APP, Weather forcase mount Everest https://windy.app/forecast2/spot/163248/Mt.+Everest pg. 16-17) Aaron Huey,National geographic 2015, Unsung heroes of Everest, https://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/0000014c-37b0ddb8-a94d-77b45e4e0000 pg. 18-19) https://www.snow-forecast.com/resorts/Everest/snow-report pg. 18-19) Mount Everest weather forcase, https://www.mountain-forecast.com/peaks/Mount-Everest/forecasts/8850 pg. 20) Aaron Huey,National geographic 2015, Unsung heroes of Everest, https://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/0000014c-37b0-ddb8a94d-77b45e4e0000 pg.22-23) https://www.google.com/search?q=everest+tent+image&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjRy-Tcsv7oAhXKed4KHX0mAoMQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=everest+tent+image&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQDFDZB1iTFGC9GmgAcAB4AIABmAGIAdAIkgEDMC44mAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWc&sclient=img&ei=h3WhXpHsF8rz-Qb9zIiYCA&bih=798&biw=1369&safe=strict#imgrc=U725kUZ4AH2tKM 2 PROTOTYPE pg.27) “All-Hazards Mitigation Plan 2009,’’ The City and Borough of Juneau, accessed June 22, 2014,http://www.juneau.org/emergency/documents/All-Hazards%20Mitigation%20Plan.pdf, 25. pg.33) Andris Auliciems and Steven V. Szokolay(1997), THERMAL COMFORT,pg.6-9, pg.15, Passive and Low Energy Architecture International in association with Department of Architecture, The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 pg.34-35) Boston Blizzard Takes Its Toll on Region’s Buildings, 2015,Record-breaking winter storms have dumped several feet of snow and ice on the city, causing buildings to buckle under the accumulated weight. February 27, 2015 3 STRUCTURE pg. 38-39) Jutta Albus, Constrruction and design manual : prefabricated housing2018, Dom publishers 4 ROBOTIC FABRICATION pg. 42-44) Milz Studio, Simon Deeg, Andreas Picker, Joyn machine, https://milz.it/ 5 MOCKUP pg. 48) Milz Studio, Simon Deeg, Andreas Picker, Joyn machine, https://milz.it/ 6 RESEARCH REFERENCE pg.60-61) Allen O’Bannon, illustrations by Mike McClelland(1996), Allen & Mike’s Really Cool Backcountry Ski Book: Traveling and Camping Skills for a Winter Environment, pg. 80-86, Chockstone Press. pg.62) Streever, Bill (2009). Cold: Adventures in the World’s Frozen Places. p. 187., New York: Little, Brown and Company. pg.63) James C. Halfpenny & Roy Ozanne(1989), Winter: An Ecological Handbook’, p. 230-234, Johnson. pg. 64) Neel V. Patel(2016), Why Igloos Work: Catenoids, Crystal Structures, and the 61-Degree Melt Point, https://www. inverse.com/article/11327-why-igloos-work-catenoids-crystal-structures--the-61-degree-melt-point. pg. 65) Sweden’s ICEHOTEL, built and rebuilt for 30 years - CNN Video, retrieved 2020-01-07 pg. 66-67) “Ice Stupa - A Form of Artificial Glacier”. Official website. Retrieved 21 November 2016. pg. 68) cbc.ca/player/life/surviving-in-the-wild-how-to-build-a-snow-trench-shelter-or-just-a-really-cool-snow-fort-1.5037975 pg. 68) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6cN_0nayKkI pg. 68) https://www.flickr.com/photos/klevis/121844390 pg. 68 https://www.businessinsider.com/giant-swedish-ice-hotel-will-melt-away-in-few-months-2012-12 pg. 68) “Ice Stupa - A Form of Artificial Glacier”. Official website. Retrieved 21 November 2016.

EXPERIMENT : PREDESIGN EVALUATION 7 SNOW pg.71)Copenhagen University/ http://www.iceandclimate.nbi.ku.dk/research/drill_analysing/cutting_and_analysing_ice_cores/analysing_gasses/ firn_zone/ pg.72-73) J. Côté ; M. Rahimi ; and J.-M. Konrad(2012), Thermal Conductivity of Compacted Snow, 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers, https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784412473.082 8 WIND pg.100-101) (C) Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Fluid Mechanics, 2018.

9 LIGHTING pg. 103) ”Transmission of Light: Definition & Overview.” Study.com, 14 November 2015, study.com/academy/lesson/transmission-of-light-definition-lesson-quiz.html pg. 108) Robert G. Wetzel, Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems,2001, Academic Press. Copyright.

13 CAMP AGGERIGATION pg. 130) https://www.tibettravel.org/tibet-travel-advice/everest-tent-guesthouse.html https://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/everest-base-camp-you-can-die-in-your-sleep-2012-04-28-1.456008 https://www.mountainguides.com/everest-south11.shtml https://www.colinobrady.com/blog/2018/2/20/blog-post-template-ef7ct-m23hp-ytmel-394gc-zhme8-skgxc-dsxtw 14 SITE ASSESSMENT pg.139-143) Aaron Huey,National geographic 2015, Unsung heroes of Everest, https://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/0000014c-37b0ddb8-a94d-77b45e4e0000 pg. 143) https://www.thailandtatler.com/life/rolex-perpetual-planet-campaign-extreme-expedition-mount-everest pg. 144-145) https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/2019/05/everest-season-deaths-controversy-crowding/ https://www.thebmc.co.uk/earthquake-triggers-avalanche-on-everest https://www.alanarnette.com/blog/2017/04/20/everest-2017-is-everest-a-garbage-dump/ pg. 146) https://www.alanarnette.com/blog/2017/04/20/everest-2017-is-everest-a-garbage-dump/ pg. 147) https://outdoorhire.co.uk/prodpages/everest-trekking-kit-package.php pg. 148-149) https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/viewer?msa=0&ll=28.001738086478483%2C86.90666199999998&spn=0.22947%2C0.19260 4&mid=1QVtgbGqo2nolVvoKvoZVaIecmS8&z=11 pg.150-151) Sapana Shakya and Aman Raj Khatakho,April 19, 2019, Up-cycling Nepal’s post-earthquake architecture with a model house, https://www.nepalitimes.com/banner/building-back-cheaper-and-stronger/ pg.152) https://asiasociety.org/blog/asia/photo-day-hillside-villages-nepal pg.152-153) Every culture, Sherpas, accessed 24 November 2012, http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Mauritania-to-Nigeria/Sherpas.html 15 DESIGN CONCLUSION pg.161) http://nepalitreasure.blogspot.com/2011/11/gundri.html PG. 161) http://jaimuniweblink.info/museum.html pg. 161) http://nepalitreasure.blogspot.com/2011/11/gundri.html

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