)(1
ﺍﻹﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻓﻌﻲ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺩﻳﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺻﺭﻩ ﱠ ﱠ ﺍﻟﺣﻣ ﺩ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻣﻳﻥ ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋ ﻝ ﻓ ﻲ ﻛﺗﺎﺑ ﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻳ ﺯ} :ﻳَ ْﺭﻓَ ﻊِ ﷲ ُ ﺍﻟ ﺫِﻳﻥَ ﺁ َﻣﻧُ ﻭﺍ ِﻣ ْﻧ ُﻛ ْﻡ ﻭﺍﻟ ﺫِﻳﻥَ ﺕ{ ،ﻭﺃَﺷ ﻬ ُﺩ ْ ﺷ ﺭﻳﻙَ ﻟَ ﻪُ ،ﻭﺃَﺷ ﻬ ُﺩ ﱠ ﺃُﻭﺗ ُ ﻭﺍ ﺍﻟ ِﻌ ْﻠ َﻡ َﺩ َﺭ َﺟ ﺎ ٍ ﺃﻥ ﺳ ِﻳّ َﺩﻧﺎ ﻭﻧﺑﻳﱠﻧ ﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻻَ ﺇﻟ ﻪَ ﺇِﻻﱠ ﷲُ ﻭﺣ َﺩﻩُ ﻻ َ ْ ُ ﷲ ﻳَ ْﺑﻌَ ُ ﺳ ﻧَ ٍﺔ َﻣ ْﻥ ﻳُ َﺟ ِ ّﺩ ُﺩ ﻟَ َﻬ ﺎ ﺙ ِﻟ َﻬ ِﺫ ِﻩ ﺍﻷ ﱠﻣ ِﺔ َ ﻣﺣﻣﺩًﺍ َ ﻋﻠَﻰ َﺭﺃ ِﺱ ُﻛ ِّﻝ ِﻣﺎﺋ َ ِﺔ َ ﻋﺑﺩُﻩ ﻭﺭﺳﻭﻟُﻪُ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻝِ ) :ﺇ ﱠﻥ َ ّ ﱠ َ َ َ ْ ْ ّ َ ﺎﻥ ﺇﻟ ﻰ ﺩِﻳﻧَ َﻬﺎ( ،ﺍﻟﻠ ُﻬ ﱠﻡ َ ﺎﺭﻙ ﻋﻠﻳ ﻪ ﻭﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺁ ِﻟ ِﻪ ﻭﺻ ﺣﺑِ ِﻪ ﺃﺟﻣﻌ ﻳﻥ ،ﻭ َﻣ ﻥ ﺗ ﺑِﻌَ ُﻬ ْﻡ ﺑﺈﺣﺳ ٍ ﺻ ِﻝ ﻭﺳ ِﻠ ْﻡ ﻭﺑ ِ ﻳﻭﻡ ﺍﻟ ّﺩِﻳﻥ ،ﻭﺑﻌــﺩ: ِ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء ﻣﺻﺎﺑﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﺩﺟﻰ ،ﻭﻣﻧﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻯ ،ﻭﺩﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﻖ ،ﻭﻫﻡ ﻭﺭﺛﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺑﻳﺎء ،ﻳﻘﻭﻝ ﻧﺑﻳﻧﺎ ﻁ ِﺭﻳﻘًﺎ ﻳَ ْ ﻁ ِﺭﻳﻘًﺎ ِﻣ ْﻥ ُ ﺳﻠَﻙَ َ ﺳﻠَﻙَ ﷲُ ﺑِ ِﻪ َ ﻕ ﺍﻟ َﺟﻧﱠ ِﺔ، ﻁﻠُ ُ )ﺻﻠﻰ ﷲ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻡ(َ ) :ﻣ ْﻥ َ ﺏ ﻓِﻳ ِﻪ ِﻋ ْﻠ ًﻣﺎ َ ﻁ ُﺭ ِ ْ َ َ َ ْ ْ ﱠ ﺕ ﺳ َﻣ َﺎﻭﺍ ِ ﺏ ﺍﻟ ِﻌﻠ ِﻡَ ،ﻭﺇِﻥ ﺍﻟﻌَﺎ ِﻟ َﻡ ﻟﻳَ ْﺳﺗَﻐ ِﻔ ُﺭ ﻟﻪُ َﻣﻥ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻟ ﱠ ﺿ ُﻊ ﺃَﺟْ ِﻧ َﺣﺗ َ َﻬﺎ ِﺭ ً ﺿﺎ ِﻟﻁﺎ ِﻟ ِ َﻭ ِﺇ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟ َﻣ َﻼﺋِ َﻛﺔَ ﻟَﺗَ َ ﺿ ِﻝ ﺍﻟﻘَ َﻣ ِﺭ ﻟَ ْﻳﻠَﺔَ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺗ ُ ﻋﻠَﻰ ﺍﻟ َﻌﺎ ِﺑ ِﺩ َﻛﻔَ ْ ﺎءَ ،ﻭ ِﺇ ﱠﻥ ﻓَ ْ ﻑ ﺍﻟ َﻣ ِ ﺽ َﻭ ِ َﺎﻥ ِﻓﻲ َﺟ ْﻭ ِ َﻭ َﻣ ْﻥ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻷ َ ْﺭ ِ ﺿ َﻝ ﺍﻟﻌَﺎ ِﻟ ِﻡ َ ُ َ َ ُ َ َ َ ْ ْ َﺎﺭﺍ َﻭﻻَ ﱠ ﱠ ﺏَ ،ﻭ ِﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌُﻠ َﻣﺎ َء َﻭ َﺭﺛﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺑِﻳَ ِ ﺎءَ ،ﻭ ِﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﺑِﻳَﺎ َء ﻟ ْﻡ ﻳ َُﻭ ِ ّﺭﺛﻭﺍ ﺩِﻳﻧ ً ﺳﺎ ِﺋ ِﺭ ﺍﻟ َﻛ َﻭﺍ ِﻛ ِ ﺍﻟﺑَﺩ ِْﺭ َ ﻋﻠَﻰ َ ﺩ ِْﺭ َﻫ ًﻣﺎِ ،ﺇﻧﱠ َﻣﺎ َﻭ ﱠﺭﺛُﻭﺍ ﺍﻟ ِﻌ ْﻠ َﻡ ،ﻓَ َﻣ ْﻥ ﺃَ َﺧﺫَﻩُ ﺃَ َﺧﺫَ ِﺑ َﺣ ٍ ّ ﻅ َﻭﺍﻓِ ٍﺭ(. ﻭﺇﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻓﺿﻝ ﷲ ﺳﺑﺣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻣﺗﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺟﻌﻝ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻣﺎء ﻣﺟﺩﺩﻳﻥ ،ﻓﻘﻬﻭﺍ ﻣﺭﺍﺩ ﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻭﻣﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺳﻭﻟﻪ )ﺻﻠﻰ ﷲ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻡ( ،ﻭﺑﻳﱠﻧﻭﻩ ﻟﻠﻧﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﻛﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻭﻋﻅﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻧﺔ، ِﻳﻥ( ،ﻭﻣـﻥ ﺃﻋﻅـﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء ﻳﻘﻭﻝ )ﺻﻠﻰ ﷲ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻡ(َ ) :ﻣ ْﻥ ﻳُ ِﺭ ِﺩ ﷲ ﺑِ ِﻪ َﺧﻳ ًْﺭﺍ ﻳُﻔَ ِﻘّ ْﻬﻪُ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻟ ّﺩ ِ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺩﺩﻳﻥ :ﺍﻹﻣﺎﻡ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺑﻥ ﺇﺩﺭﻳﺱ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻓﻌﻲ ،ﺛﺎﻟﺙ ﺍﻷﺋﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ،ﻭﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺑﻳﻧﻬﻡ، ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﻠﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺩ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﻡ ﻣﺎﻟﻙ ﺑﻥ ﺃﻧﺱ )ﺭﺣﻣﻪ ﷲ( ،ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺏ ﺍﺗﺻﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺗﻼﻣﻳﺫ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﻡ ﺃﺑﻲ ﺣﻧﻳﻔﺔ )ﺭﺣﻣﻪ ﷲ( ﻭﻗﺭﺍءﺓ ﻛﺗﺑﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺳﺗﺎ ًﺫﺍ ﻟﻺﻣﺎﻡ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺑﻥ ﺣﻧﺑﻝ )ﺭﺣﻣﻪ ﷲ(. ﻭﻗﺩ ﺑﻧﻰ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻓﻌﻲ )ﺭﺣﻣﻪ ﷲ( ﻣﺫﻫﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺩ ﻛﺗﺎﺏ ﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻭﺳﻧﺔ ﻧﺑﻳﻪ )ﺻﻠﻰ ﷲ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻡ( ،ﻭﻓﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ،ﻭﻛﺎﻥ )ﺭﺣﻣﻪ ﷲ( ﻧﺎﻓﺫ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭ ،ﺩﻗﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁ ،ﻗﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﺔ ،ﻓﺻﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﻠﺳﺎﻥ ،ﻧﺎﺻﻊ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻥ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺑﻌﺙ ﺇﻟﻳﻪ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﻡ ﺃﺑﻭ ﻳﻭﺳﻑ -ﺻﺎﺣﺏ ﺃﺑﻲ ﺣﻧﻳﻔﺔ ﺻ ِﻧّﻑ ﺍﻟﻛﺗﺏ؛ ﻓﺈﻧﻙ ﺃﻭﻟﻰ َﻣﻥ ﻳﺻ ِﻧّﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﺎﻥ ،ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﻋﻧﻪ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﻡ )ﺭﺣﻣﻪ ﷲ( -ﻗﺎﺋﻼَ : ﻣﺱ ﺑﻳﺩﻩ ﻣﺣﺑﺭﺓ ﻭﻻ ﻗﻠ ًﻣﺎ -ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻓﻌﻲ -ﺇﻻ ﻭﻟﻠﺷﺎﻓﻌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻗﺑﺗﻪ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ )ﺭﺣﻣﻪ ﷲ( :ﻣﺎ ﺃﺣ ٌﺩ ﱠ ﻣﻧّﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﻋﻧﻪ ﺃﻳﺿًﺎ :ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻓﻌﻲ ﻛﺎﻟﺷﻣﺱ ﻟﻠﺩﻧﻳﺎ ،ﻭﻛﺎﻟﻌﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﺩﻥ. ﻲ )ﺭﺣﻣﻪ ﷲ( ً ﻋﻘﻼ ﻭﺍﻋﻳًﺎ ،ﻓﻠﻡ ﻳﻛﻥ ﻣﻘﻠﺩًﺍ ،ﻭﻟﻡ ﻳﻘﻑ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺣﺑﺎ ﷲُ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻓﻌ ﱠ ﺍﻟﻧﺹ؛ ﺑﻝ ﻧﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺭﺍﻣﻳﻪ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺻﺩﻩ ،ﻟﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺗﺑﺭﻩ ﺃﻫﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﻣﺟﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﺟﺭﻱ ، ﻭﻗﺩ ﺭﺍﻋﻰ )ﺭﺣﻣﻪ ﷲ( ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻬﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺩﻳﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺃﺣﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺱ ،ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺍﺗﻬﻡ، ﻭﻁﺑﺎﺋﻌﻬﻡ. ﻣﺭ ﻣﺫﻫﺑﻪ )ﺭﺣﻣﻪ ﷲ( ﺑﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ؛ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺍﺧﺗﻠﻔﺕ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺁﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺻﺭ ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻘﺩ ﱠ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﻋﺭﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺫﻫﺏ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻳﺩ ﻋﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﻋﺭﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺫﻫﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻳﻡ؛ ﻣﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺋﺔ ﻭﺃﺣﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺱ . ****