Arts & Crafts Cultural Center

Arts & Crafts Cultural Center Nubia Beyond Boundaries

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October University For Modern Science And Arts Faculty Of Engineering Graduation Project 1 Architecture Department ASE 534 – Fall 2020 Group – E13 Arts & Crafts Cultural Center

Supervisors

Authors

Prof. Omar Fawzy Prof. Sameh El-Feki Dr. Doaa Esmat Dr. Lamyaa Shehata Dr. Rania El-Messeidy Dr. Rasha Sayed Dr. Salwa El-Gindy

Alaa Abdellatif Ahmed Borham Dina Mahmoud Esraa Mohamed Taher Mennatalla Khaled Nada Farraj Nadeen Hassan Nour Mahmoud Saeid Shady Youssef Mohamed

Teacher Assistant Arch. Al-Shaymaa Galal Arch. Merna Mohamed Arch. Nariman Nashaat Arch. Omar Mostafa Arch. Taher Abdel-Ghany 2

Abstract This project will discuss autonomy by elucidating it’s definition, history , and pioneer’s theories; thereby, generating an autonomous approach designed to break physical and non-physical boundaries by using technology .Consequently choosing a building type that gives the sufficient freedom to explore the borders of creativity.

Accordingly selecting a site that would match our selection criteria , and researching its historical background comprising all its cultural and traditional aspects. Then reviewing three sites based on their, urban, analysis ,S.W.O.T analysis, and surroundings.

Conclusively designing concepts to implement the autonomous approach with regard to the building type, location and site analysis.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I : AUTONOMY 1.1.Definition of Autonomy 1.2.History of Architectural Autonomy 1.3.Autonomy in other fields 1.4.Priciples of Autonomy 1.5.Pioneers of Autonomy 1.6.Constrains and Goals of Autonomy 1.7.The Project’s Autonomous Approach 1.8.Types of Boundaries CHAPTER II : LOCATION SELECTION 2.1.Location Criteria 2.2.Nubia Location 2.3.WHY NUBIA ?

2.4.Nubia Historical Time-line 2.5.Nubia History 2.6.Nubians Economic Base 2.7.The Rise of Dams in Nubia 2.8.The Impact on Arts and Crafts 2.9.Nubia Historical Monuments CHAPTER III : PROJECT SELECTION

07 08 08 09 10 11-13 14 14 15 16 17 17 18 19 20 21 21 21 22 23

3.1. Project Introduction 3.2 Project Statement 3.3.Project Scope 3.4. Main Objective 3.5. List Of Problems 3.6. Project Approaches 3.7.Target Group

24 24 25 25 26 27 27

CHAPTER IV : URBAN STUDIES

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4.1. Nubian Urban Studies 4.1.1 Building Condition Map 4.1.2 Land Use Map 4.1.3 Building Height Map 4.1.4 Solid and Void 4.1.5 Street Hierarchy 4.2. Nubia Skyline 4.2.1 Conclusion 4.3. Architectural Analysis 4.3.1. Elevation Analysis 4.4. Public Services Analysis 4.5. Educational Analysis 4.6. Socio Economic Analysis 4.7. Climate Analysis

29 29 30 31 32 33 34 34 35-39 39 40-41 42 43 44-45

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CHAPTER V : SITE SELECTION 5.1. Selection Criteria 5.2. Site selection 5.3. Site 1 5.3.1. Landuse Map 5.3.2. Building Height Map 5.3.3. Building Condition Map 5.3.4. Accessibility & Roads Hierarchy 5.3.5. Solid & Void 5.3.6. SWOT Analysis 5.4. Site 2 5.4.1. Land use Map 5.4.2. Building Height Map 5.4.3. Building Condition Map 5.4.4. Accessibility & Roads Hierarchy 5.4.5. Solid & Void 5.4.6. SWOT Analysis 5.5. Site 3 5.5.1. LandUse Map 5.5.2. Building Height Map 5.5.3. Building Condition Map 5.5.4. Accessibility & Roads Hierarchy 5.5.5. Solid & Void 5.5.6. SWOT Analysis 5.6 SWOT Comparison CHAPTER VI : DESIGN ISSUE 6.1. Psychology aspect 6.2. Environmental aspect 6.3.Security aspect 6.4.Circulation aspect 6.6.Interaction aspect 6.7. Privacy aspect 6.8.Image aspect CHAPTER VII : CASE STUDIES

46 47 48 49 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69-70 71 72 73-74 75 76 77 78

7.1. Local Case Studies 7.1.1. Al-Fustat Traditional Crafts Center 7.1.2 Nubian Culture Center 7.1.3 Cultural Park for Children

79 79-84 85-90 91-96

7.2. Regional Case Studies 7.2.1 King Abdullah Petroleum Studies & Research Centre 7.2.2 King Abdullah II of Art & Culture 7.3.3 The King Abdulaziz Centre for World Culture

97 97-101 102-106 107-112

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7.3. International Case Studies 7.3.1. Zhuhai arts and culture center 7.3.2 Taichung City Cultural Center 7.3.3 Shou County Culture and Art Center

113 113-121 122-129 130-133

7.4 – Autonomy Case Studies 7.4.1. House II residential building 7.4.2. Wexner Center for the Arts 7.4.3. Sainte Marie de La Tourette 7.4.4. Portainer Community Center

134 134-139 140-144 145-149 150-156

CHAPTER VIII : Design Requirement 8.1. Project Component 8.2. Space Program

157 158 159-160

8.3. Design Standards and Guidelines 8.3.1.Innovation Center Zone 8.3.2. Exhibition Zone 8.3.3. Administration Zone 8.3.4. Shopping Zone

161 161-163 164-165 166 167

CHAPTER IX : Sustainability 9.1. Definition of sustainability 9.2. Economic sustainability 9.3. Environmental sustainability 9.4 Social sustainability 9.5 Green buildings 9.6 LEED 9.7 Covid-19 Approaches CHAPTER X : Individual work

CHAPTER XI : Bibliography

168 169 170-172 173-174 175-177 178 179-180 181-182 183-263 264-278

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AUTONOMY This chapter will establish the meaning of autonomy and its principles in all aspects of art, integrating autonomy as a philosophy to architecture as a discipline .

This project will generate an autonomous approach that would take influence from the pioneers o f autonomy in architecture.

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Autonomy 1.1. Definition of Autonomy − Autonomy, is a modern phenomenon found its roots in moral, political and bioethical philosophy; its philosophical background dates back to the Enlightenment age, a capacity of a self- sufficient agent to act in accordance with its free will. − Autonomous architecture is a remaining tool for architecture to have a critical distance from the impacts of the capitalist production and consumption. Autonomy of architecture provides architects with a critical tool to reevaluate the discipline.

L’Architettura della Città saw this autonomy as an assertion of architecture’s own ‘authentic laws’ – a rejection of its utilitarian legacy.(Aldo Rossi,1966) Figure 1.1 ,L’Architettura della Città , data source (Pintrest), written by (Aldo Rossi,1966).

1.2. History of Architectural Autonomy It was Emil Kaufmann who first applied the concept of autonomy to the architectural field in the 1930s.

-Emil Kaufmann’s discussion in the 1930s on the work of Enlightenment architect ClaudeNicolas Ledoux

The transformation of autonomy runs through the architecture history since the 1800’s , and is related to the extensive and propound changes of society

2010’s

1930’s

1800’s Autonomy started as a philosophical point of view that emerged with the work of Enlightenment architect Claude-Nicolas Ledoux when discussing the limitations of architecture in comparison to arts

1990’s The works of Aldo Rossi and Peter Eisenman represented different approaches of autonomy -In the 1990s autonomy seamed to disappear from the works of the new generation architects

To sum up, when “autonomy” came to architecture, its meaning has been changed in the different eras and different articulations. However, its main essence which is related to “freedom” is never ignored. There are two approaches which together led to “autonomy”: architecture as an independent discipline and the freedom of architecture

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Autonomy 1.3. Autonomy in other fields Autonomy in Literature − Basically, “autonomy” is a concept in political and moral philosophy, referring to subjecting oneself to objective moral laws. It is the capacity of a rational individual to make an informed, un-coerced decision . − This word indicates the characteristic of determining moral responsibility and accountability for one’s action. − Kant’s ( the first person to introduce autonomy to literature ) philosophy”, “autonomy” is the principle of the moral. In his Critique of Pure Reason, “reason” is the preoccupation of attaining “self knowledge”, insisting on an individual has the capacity of achieving justice by the categorical “self laws”, not the despotic decrees.

Figure 1.2. Immanuel Kant, data source (news.stanford), written by (Stanford Report ,2015)

− The main reason to approach “autonomy” is to capture “freedom”.

Autonomy in Art − Although the notion of autonomy is typically associated with Kant’s moral philosophy, in the Critique of the Power of Judgment he also describes autonomy to judgments of taste. − He claims that a judgment of taste is not to be grounded on collecting votes and asking among other people about the sort of sensations they have, but is as it were to rest on an autonomy of the subject judging about the feeling of pleasure in the given representation, i.e., on his own taste .

Conclusion: Autonomous art is mostly characterized by judgments of taste, as autonomous in virtue. It's not what others think, but rather, in some sense, on the subject’s own feeling in response to the object. It also completely embodies the term “the sky’s the limit’ in al physical and mental aspects.

Figure 1.3. The Temporary Autonomous Zone ,By Hakim Bey, data source (Ceasefiremagazine), posted by (Andy Robinson, 2018)

Figure 1.4. Photo Collage By Eugenia Loli, data source (Tumbler,2013)

Figure 1.5. Photo Collage By Eugenia Loli, data source (Tumbler,2013)

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Autonomy 1.4. Principles of Autonomy − The disciplinary responsibilities of the autonomous architecture comprise this selfawareness that resist to the capitalist pressures. − The resistance of the architect to the external forces of capitalism and commercialism brings the moral values of the profession that the architects shape the boundaries in the discipline.

Figure 1.6. Montage of Rossi (1976) La città analoga; and Serlio (1545) Scena Tragica., data source(Architecture of Analogy Notes on the Autonomy of Architectur1e), Posted by (Cameron McEwan, 2014)

− It is difficult to compromise on a single definition of ‘autonomous architecture”.

However; autonomy produces knowledge and self-awareness within architectural discourse that produce necessary critical distance for the architect in the discipline.

The autonomy of architecture produces knowledge within its intrinsic values of the discipline- such as techniques, and then provides a critical distance for architecture to resist any external authority by the produced theory.

Hilde Heynen argued that for an architect, ‘There is always an autonomous moment in the design process’, where functional or constructive requirements are transcended.

Figure 1.7. Von Ledoux bis Le Corbusier. (1933),Data source (Alchetron), written by (Sneha Girap,2018)

Figure 1.8. Three of Ledoux Houses(1770), data source (Studio-LN); written by(Guido Zuliani, 2014)

Finally; although autonomy of architecture is limited, autonomous architecture is a critical tool that constitutes its own knowledge through both its practice of architecture and selfconsciousness in moral values.

Autonomy in architecture is not an isolated medium; on the contrary, it is a challenging concept to discuss. All in all, the acknowledgement that architecture has a certain degree of autonomy, “the semi-autonomy” situating between 'the moral values' and 'techniques’ relieves the disputes among scholars about the presence and meaning of the autonomous architecture.

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Autonomy 1.5. Pioneers of Autonomy Peter Eisenman

DEFIANCE

− American architect known for his radical designs and architectural theories. He is often characterized as a de-constructivist. − Eisenman became renowned as a theoretician of architecture. He thought outside the traditional parameters of “built work,” concerning himself instead with a conceptual form of architecture, in which the process of architecture is represented through diagrams rather than through actual construction.

Peter Eisenman’s Autonomous Theory:

Figure 1.9. Peter Eisenman’s Axon study sketch of House VI(1975), Data source(Eisenman Architects)

Eisenman has developed an architectural theory that divorces the building and its conceptualization from traditional cultural and pragmatic concerns. He is interested in exploring the inherent nature of architecture divorced from the specificity of program.

The nature of plane, line or column, and volume is of primary concern, as is the relationship among these elements. This relationship is organized by a rule system, which Eisenman, to borrow an analog from linguistic theory, has called “deep structure.”

Eisenman, profoundly influenced by linguistic theory, has vigorously maintained that architecture is a language whose surface variations, as those in language, are dominated by an underlying structure (hidden value).

Autonomous Theory Application −

− −

A small, 2,000-square-foot weekend house on a small rural site in northwestern Connecticut, House VI attempted to provide a sensuous and playful environment, full of continuous changing light, shadows, color and textures for a photographer and his wife.

The house was to be a studio landscape providing an abstract background for the photography of still life and people. In doing so, the house and its occupants became part of a series of daily ‘living portraits.’

The space of perception in House VI is that it has a frontal orientation.

No compositional uniformity or proportional congruencies, a lack of dynamic balance, etc.

– that resist a conventional perceptual relation. These unassimilable idiosyncrasies are signs of another geometrical order – topological – operating on a conceptual level.

Figure 1.10. Peter Eisenman’s Axon study sketch of House VI(1975), Data source(Eisenman Architects)

Figure 1.11. Peter Eisenman’s Axon study sketch of House VI(1975), Data source(Eisenman Architects)

Conclusion: House VI is not an object in the traditional sense , it is more accurately a record of a process. The process itself becomes an object; not an object as a series of iconic meanings, but an exploration into the range of potential manipulations latent in the nature of architecture

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Autonomy 1.5. Pioneers of Autonomy Aldo Rossi − An Italian architect who was instrumental in the emergence of a renewed interest in architectural tradition − Rossi's research culminated in an influential first book, The Architecture of the City, which proposed a fundamental continuity between the principles of architecture and urban design. In contrast to a functionalist emphasis on political and economic forces, Rossi suggested a renewed focus on the description of the city as a constructed tangible artifact.

SEGREGATION

Figure 1.12. McEwan 2013 School-Cemetery [montage] Left: Fagnano Olona School, Right San Cataldo Cemetery, Both

Aldo Rossi’s Autonomous Theory

From city observation to architecture design, Rossi based his design theory on typology, using types to structure, and its relation to the city. Colonnade, school, courtyard housing. different define formal types were observed, studied and applied in his works, the issue of formal and structural continuity of traditional cities was discussed in a series of writings.

In the second half of 1950s, the most complex and systematic theory was developed by Rossi and his circle.' In The Architecture of the City, whose idea is the segregation is between form and its representation which was "something that is permanent and complex, a logical principle that is prior to form and that constitutes it".

Autonomous Theory Application − The projects undertaken in the early 1970s. A cemetery outside Modena. The project shares a precisely defined bi-lateral plan-form. − Extending perpendicular from this axis are wings which arrange classrooms in the school. Either end of this central axis is marked by a circular and a square element. The Plan refers to the axially arranged institutions of prisons, hospitals and asylums. In doing so, function is superseded by autonomous form, and the history of architecture is collapsed into a single building.

Figure 1.13. McEwan 2013 Cemetery San Cataldo Cemetery, drawings

by Rossi (1971), data source(Architecture of Analogy Notes on the Autonomy of Architectur1e),Posted by (Cameron McEwan, 2013)

Figure 1.14. Aldo Rossi's Modena Cemetery (1971), data source (Jstor),written by (Eugene J. Johnson,1982)

Conclusion: In the work of Aldo Rossi the autonomy of form produced critical distance between the legacy of modern functionalist architecture and its critique, of which Rossi was a key proponent..

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Autonomy 1.5. Pioneers of Autonomy John Hejduk − An American Artist, architect and architectural theorist ,introduced new ways of thinking about space that are still highly influential in both modernist and postmodernist architecture today. − His small collection of built work, and many of his unbuilt plans and drawings, have gone on to inspire other projects and architects around the world. − His drawing, writing and teaching have gone on to shape the meeting of modernist influences in contemporary architecture and helped bring psychological approaches.

John Hejduk’s Autonomous Theory

FREEDOM

Figure 1.15. John Hejduk, sketch for ‘Victims’, data source (BMIAA), Written by(ETH Zurich,2016)

Hejduk’s works were very hard to comprehend in the typical systematic way, rather his sketches and manuscripts were the only way of analyzing his thought process. Hejduk attempted to build up the system of his own architectural language using the basic architectural elements which are regarded as the autonomous objects. Finally, the autonomy of architecture for Hejduk is not the end of his whole-life exploration, the autonomy of spirit and human is the area he wants to approach and touch.

Autonomous Theory Application −

−

During 1963-1985, Diamond house A was designed by Hejduk. He says: “It is all encompassing, it's an expanding universe.

It's emanating from a center; it's an explosive center." And you are not just looking at it: you are in it," he insists. "You become an element of an internal system of organisms.”

His first approach in the building was achieved by making a normal Grid (rectangular shape). After that, He rotates the exterior walls by 45 degree. He made the structure system on The normal grid.

Also his autonomy approach is that he changes the interior walls in every floor. In some floors the walls are normal and in the other floors the walls are curves. But in all cases exterior walls and structure system are in the same places. Hejduk freed himself from the limits of residential designing by creating a unique network that allows him to become independent.

Figure 1.16. Original Plan for Diamond House A, data source(Behance), written by(Nathanial Barlam,2017)

Conclusion: Hejduk’s projects of autonomy are mostly formal elements and objects in history, isolating them from other surrounding elements. Columns, walls, openings, slabs, stairs, roofs, these concrete elements in architecture were displaced and manipulated in the many systems to produce this one of a kind autonomous process .

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Autonomy 1.6. Constraints and Goals of Autonomy Constraints of Autonomy − − − −

For architect to face critiques that are with guidelines in design.

To maintain autonomous designing regardless of the limiting norms.

To generate a structure that will carry out the design form that was initially thought of.

To use tools that work hand in hand with fulfilling the autonomous product.

Goals of Autonomy − −

−

The goal of autonomy is to discover the architecturally significant values that can make architects become more aware of what they have as equipment.

To unfold the potentials of architecture in the design process that aims to discover the malleability boundaries of the discipline of architecture, which interrelates with many other disciplines.

To not compromise the autonomous design process ;consequently, to modify rules and guidelines to suit the project .

1.7. The Project’s Autonomous Approach Main Keywords of the project: After observing the theories’ of the pioneers of autonomy and comprehending the soul purpose and aspiration of it; the three keywords that stood out the most for us throughout the research of autonomy were:

SEGREGATION Is the separation and isolation of an entity from it’s whole or from one another

DEFIANCE Is the act of resistance/ disobedience to an opponent or authority without hesitation.

FREEDOM Is the ability and power to act, speak or change without constraint.

BREAKING BOUNDARIES “Creativity involves breaking out of established patterns in order to look at things in a different way.” Edward de Bono

Conclusion:

− These keywords collectively give off strong notions of breaking boundaries . − The boundaries that segregate us from the capitalist pressures which are made by our economy to keep us tied down; the boundaries that prevent us from defying the discipline made to constrict us from our freedom of thought, speech and change .

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Autonomy 1.8. Types of Boundaries Physical Boundaries

Non-Physical Boundaries:

– Are the concrete borders that surround the – Are the abstract borders that perimeter of a space in which we will reach encompass the societal values and over local audience and charm international morals which shape the development visitors to spread and carry out , that will of the culture and traditions prosper and inspire people across the world . throughout the years.

– This utopian idealistic vision will empower – These require the capability and and enable the stakeholders to think beyond flexibility of accepting contemporary incremental measures and explore gameideas of the modern innovative world. changing strategies to get more youth Furthermore, breaking these borders involved in the widespread of the local rich would allow architects to introduce a morals , values and traditions that need to be new transformative mindset to the exposed to the outside world. society that will form a unique generation that will change the course of thinking beyond boundaries.

Strategy of Breaking Boundaries

To break these boundaries either physical or not , the technique that would break them without compromising the integrity and the sense of locality of the residents , by utilizing advanced technological systems. These systems contain malleability which helps adapt and connect it’s users to their roots , along with preserving a mindset but presenting it in a more innovated image Breaking Physical Boundaries by Technology: – Technology can be used in the process of photography or display via the Internet and the visual modeling processes, where the barrier of customs and primitive methods that constricts the residents to only spread locally is broken .

– The transition from a local to a global scale, which will lead to the development of the connection to the rest of the world ,is going to increase the recognition for their the heritage.

Breaking Non-Physical Boundaries by Technology: – Breaking the barrier of closed customs and traditions within certain limits ,for the purpose of connecting and adapting to the modern era by making the societal morals and values endure throughout history; technological innovations will also these traditions for future generations

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LOCATION SELECTION This chapter will establish the site location and the reason for choose this site also the history of Nubia during different eras, Focus on the turning points in the New Nubian village that influenced Nubian identity and its architecture.

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Historical Background 2.1. Location Criteria With the intention of creating an autonomous project that breaks boundaries and introduces innovative ideas to an audience that would put these ideas into good use.

Al-Nubia would be fit for this selection because of it’s ability to reshape it’s idealistic standards but at the same time doesn’t compromise it’s heritage that made it become this tightly bound community. The residents of Al-Nubia have previously stated and it has been proven that technological approaches to introduce new innovative techniques to aid in the local problems and economy have gotten a very positive feedback; the locals even encourage new approaches that keep their relevance continuous. (Ancient Nubsia,2012) .

Figure 2.1. Nubian Women, data source (Pinterest, 2019).

History Of Nubia 2.2. Nubia Location Nubia is a region along the Nile river encompassing the area between the first cataract of the Nile (just south of Aswan in southern Egypt) and the confluence of the Blue and White Niles (south of Khartoum in central Sudan), or more strictly, Al Dabbah. It was the seat of one of the earliest civilizations of ancient Africa, the Kerma culture, which lasted from around 2500 BC until its conquest by the New Kingdom of Egypt under Pharaoh Thutmose I around 1500 BC. Nubia was home to several empires, most prominently the kingdom of Kush, which conquered Egypt in eighthcentury BC during the reign of Pave and ruled the country as its 25th Dynasty (to be replaced a century later by the native Egyptian 26th Dynasty). Nubia was divided into three major regions: Upper, Middle, and Lower Nubia, in reference to their locations along the Nile.

Lower referred to regions downstream and upper' to regions upstream. Lower Nubia laid between the First and the Second Cataracts within the current borders of Egypt, Middle Nubia laid between the Second and the Third Cataracts, and Upper Nubia laid south of the Third Cataract.

They were forced by the floods to move up their houses farther away from the flat plateaus on the stony hills bank near the mountains.

Figure 2.2. Ancient Nubian territory, data source (Google Earth, 2019).

Figure 2.3. New Nubian Google map, after displacement, data source (Google Earth, 2019).

Figure 2.4. Selected Nubian lands , data source (Google Map, 2019).

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Historical Background 2.3. WHY NUBIA? In the deserts, Nubians mined carnelian and gold, as well as other mineral resources.

Bartering cattle, gold, carnelian, ivory, animal skins, hardwood, incense, and dates, so they use this to make their own crafts and which they known by it the world. Nubia is rich in this materials which make the more support to our project.

Figure 2.5. Materials and gold, data source (Pinterest), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

− At the beginning of the twentieth century, Nubia consisted of 39 villages along 350 km south of Aswan to the 22nd latitude (Wadi Halfa) on the banks of the Nile to the east and west. Nubian villages consist of separate groups of dwellings that open their doors to the Nile River − Establishment of the Aswan Reservoir (1902 AD): − When the construction of the Aswan Dam was completed in 1902, the water level behind the reservoir rose to 106 meters, to flood the houses, agricultural lands, waterways, crops, palms and trees of ten Nubian villages. These ten villages faced the effects of building the reservoir alone without gaining official or media attention at that time. − The first ramp of the tank (1912 AD): − The wounds of the people of Nubia have not yet healed from the impact of the construction of the reservoir, so the disaster of the first ramp of the reservoir caused a new flood in 1912, bringing the water level of the reservoir to 114 meters and causing the flooding of eight other Nubian villages − The second ramp of the reservoir in 1932, which also flooded ten Nubian villages − The Nubians began to oppose and the officials in Parliament began to present the requirements of the Nubians, and then committees were formed to confront the side effects of the High Dam project, but the government did not meet any requirements and did not fulfill its promises to the Nubians. (Ancient Nubia,2012) Nubians are known to have social and cooperative concepts; They established among themselves the Cooperative Society for Construction and Housing for Nubians in Greater Cairo and Aswan; With the aim of overcoming the housing problem in general and to make a positive effort, especially in solving the problem of housing Nubian expatriates in exile; Especially after the state failed to solve this problem for the past forty years and worsened, and the Nubians were no longer able to wait for another forty years. In response to the government, Nubians decided to claim their lands and settle their own rules and protocol to create the Nubian civilization The Cooperative Society for Building and Housing submitted a memorandum to present to the Minister of Housing on 7/25/992, with its desire to construct the Nubia area in a cooperative manner. (Ancient Nubia,2012)

Figure 2.6. Immigrant Nubians, data source (Pinterest), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 2.7. Houses of Nubians, data source (Pinterest), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

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Historical Background 2.4. Nubia Historical Time-line

Prehistory (6000–3500 BC)

Pre-Kerma (3500-3000 BC)

Figure 2.8. Prehistory era, data source (Pinterest, 2019).

It has produced decades of extensive excavations and research.

Figure 2.9. Pre-Kerma era, data source (Pinterest, 2019).

Early Kerma (3000–2400 BC)

Kerma Egyptian Empire (1550-750 BC)

Figure 2.11. Kerma Egyptian Empire era, data source (Pinterest, 2019).

Figure 2.10. Early-Kerma era, data source (Pinterest, 2019).

Cultural tradition around Kerma.

began

Napatan Empire (750–542 BC)

Meroitic (542 BC-400AD)

Figure 2.13. Meroitic era, data source (Pinterest, 2019).

Figure 2.12. Napatan Empire era, data source (Pinterest, 2019).

Nubian was occupied and colonized by the Egyptians as far south as the area between the Third and Fourth Cataracts.

Christian Nubia (Around 350 AD)

Islamic Nubia (578 AD) Figure 2.15. Islamic Nubia era, data source (Pinterest, 2019).

Figure 2.14. Christian Nubia era, data source (Pinterest, 2019).

Christian Nubia was characterized by both Coptic Egyptian and Byzantine Greek influences on its native African culture

Figure 2.16. Nubia Historical Time-line, data source (Osiris Tours, 2019) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

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Historical Background 2.5. Nubia History

Pharaonic Period: (2000 to 1500 BC) Amenhotep I from the Pharaonic middle kingdom occupied Nubia which was formally known as kingdom of kerma. Nubians were gradually Egyptianized until, by the middle of the 18th dynasty, their culture had disappeared completely. Ramses II (1279–1213 BCE), of the 19th dynasty, had several temples constructed in Nubia. (Ancient Nubia,2012)

Figure 2.17. Abu Simble temple, Figure 2.18. Temple of Wadi illustrated by (Authors, 2020). El-Sebua, illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Napatan Empire : (750 to 542 BC) There are competing theories on the origins of the Kushite kings of the 25th Dynasty: some scholars believe they were Nubian officials that learned 'state level organization by administering Egyptian-held Nubia from 1500 to 1070 BC :59 such as the rebel Viceroy of Kush, Panehesy, who ruled Upper Nubia and some of Lower Nubia after Egyptian forces withdrew. Other scholars believe they are descended from families of the Egyptianized Nubian elite supported by Egyptian priests or settlers. (Ancient Nubia,2012)

Figure 2.19. Pyramids of Kushite rulers at Nuri, illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Christian Period: (320 to 1500 BC) In Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, Nubia was part of the Christian continuum of NorthEast Africa, situated as it was between Coptic Egypt and Christian Ethiopia.2 Both of these are still very much alive today, but in Nubia Christianity disappeared after a golden age of about a millennium, roughly between the 5th and the 15th century.

Christian Nubia was characterized by both Coptic Egyptian and Byzantine Greek influences on its native African culture: Byzantine influences especially in the sphere of the state. (Ancient Nubia,2012)

Figure 2.20. Remains of the Fortress of Dongola, illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Islamic Period: (1500 to Today) Beginning in the eighth century, Islam arrived in Nubia. Islam was mainly spread via Sufi preachers that settled in Nubia in the late 14th century onwards. Over time, the Nubians gradually converted to Islam, beginning with the Nubian elite. An alliance between Arab tribes that roamed the country and the local residents resulted in the formation of the capital Sinnar. (Ancient Nubia,2012)

Figure 2.21. Ruins of Sinnar Palace, illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

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Historical Background 2.6. Nubians Economic Base The economics in Nubia is dependent on the export of dates as it was the basic source of income for all of Nubia before the construction of the Aswan High Dam. Nubia has a great potential in maintain a sustainable economy by being a main center for the exchange of commodities with different cities in Africa. Its location makes it eligible to contain a dry port that can promote Nubia as a global hub for trade. The importance of the Nile shore for the Nubian people, regardless of the moral aspect is summarized in its use as a method to trading goods and exporting products such as dates.

(Ancient Nubia,2012)

2.7. The Rise of Dams in Nubia The Beginning in 1902: The national-colonial coalition started building the low Aswan dam to control the Nile river and benefit the cotton industry. As a consequences of this act, Nubians had to deal with linguistic, cultural differences and shifting jobs in their new homes. Khedive Abbas II of Egypt issued a decree in 1902 to compensate the Nubians but was never implemented.

Second Resettlement in 1912: The second phase began when the dam was heightened for the first time. Thus raising the water level behind the dam to 114m. This affected 5 villages and caused it residents to relocate far from their homeland. (Ancient Nubia,2012)

Figure 2.22. The economics in Nubia, illustrated by (Authors 2020).

Figure 2.23. The economics in Nubia, illustrated by (Authors 2020).

Figure 2.24. Resettlement of Nubians (1901), illustrated by (Authors 2020).

Figure 2.25. Resettlement of Nubians (1912), illustrated by (Authors 2020).

Third Resettlement in 1933: As a result of such action, 10 villages were evacuated. This time the government acted as Nubians demanded to be compensated.

Nubians received later a meager compensation.

(Ancient Nubia,2012)

Figure 2.26. Resettlement of Nubians (1912), illustrated by (Authors 2020).

2.8. The Impact on Arts and Crafts The Nubian visual culture focuses on artistic activity that expresses certain meanings and values. It is evident in their house decoration where the women paint the façades, for example, by using occasionally white or vivid, bold, colored motifs such as palm trees, birds, zigzag , stars, scorpions, or even boats and objects that express their personal style.

Figure 2.27. Decoration where the women paint on the façades, illustrated by (Authors 2020).

21

Historical Background Nubians were characterized by colorful dwellings, delightful spaces and a variety of handicrafts that were the main attraction for tourists , and originally was the main joy of Nubians.

2.9. Nubia Historical Monuments

Figure 2.28. Variety of handicrafts in Nubia, illustrated by (Authors 2020).

Temples of Kalabsha The temple was situated on the west bank of the Nile River, in Nubia, and was originally built around 30 BC during the early Roman era.

The temple was a tribute to Mandulis (Merul), a Lower Nubian sun god. (Ancient Nubia,2012)

Temple of Derr

Figure 2.29. Temples of Kalabsha, data source (Osiris Tours, 2019) illustrated by (Authors 2020).

The temple of Derr was built during the time of king Ramses II and dedicated to the god Petah and god Amon as well as Ramses II, who was considered a deified person. (Ancient Nubia,2012)

Temple of Beit al-Wali The Temple of Beit el-Wali is a rock-cut ancient Egyptian temple in Nubia which was built by Pharaoh Ramesses II and dedicated to the deities of Amun-Re, Re-Horakhti, Khnum and Anuket. It was the first in a series of temples built by Ramesses II in this region. (Ancient Nubia,2012)

Abu Simbel Temple

Figure 2.30. Temple of Derr, data source (Osiris Tours, 2019) illustrated by (Authors 2020).

Figure 2.31. Temple of Beit al-Wali, data source (Osiris Tours, 2019) illustrated by (Authors 2020).

The Abu Simbel temples are two massive rockcut temples at Abu Simbel , a village in Aswan Governorate, Upper Egypt, near the border with Sudan. They are situated on the western bank of Lake Nasser. (Ancient Nubia,2012)

Conclusion

Figure 2.32. Abu Simbel Temple, data source (Osiris Tours, 2019) illustrated by (Authors 2020).

In conclusion, Nubia has great historical events that had a colossal impact on it, and each event had its special effect on Nubians: 1) Nubians are characterized by standing up for what they believe in and have the desire to move on toward modernism to enhance their everyday hardships.

2) Locals pride them selves in their arts and crafts that signified their culture from the rest, these crafts stem from all their myth and legends which they souly believe in.

3) They pride themselves in their close sense of family that makes them a tight civilization.

And their individuality that generates a sense of artistic uniqueness that differs from one Nubian to another.

22

PROJECT SELECTION Nubia has a rich history, valuable traditions and a wide variety of crafts that have the right to be a source of attraction worldwide, but some problems have caused its glorious heritage of life to crumble. Faster pro-duction processes of Nubian handicrafts are the fundamental target for the chosen project along these lines.

23

Project Selection 3.1. Project Introduction After studying the site and reviewing urban and social studies, the project design in Nubia would take a first step in solving the issue of arts and crafts in Nubia because arts and crafts in Nubia are designed in the old traditional way and their industries and culture are limited within their country, although it is known and it is the dominant profession in their country but it is confined Within their country, it is better to break borders and spread their culture and that way is to integrate technology to connect the distance between Nubian citizens and the world. The Cultural Center for Arts and Crafts project is an appropriate project that meets those criteria as it will be an opportunity to introduce the Nubian heritage to the world by thinking locally and acting globally.

3.2. Problem Statement Al-Nubia’s youth acquire a high potential to help their community. Unfortunately the available modern capabilities are absent ; so they work mostly in local professions that lack modern technology. Educating them on integrating modern technology with their local production will increase.

Figure 3.1 Nubia Crafts in Aswan, illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

24

Project Selection 3.3. Project Scope “Nubian crafts and integrating technology” The project is to train Nubians on their trades to preserve their identity, and also to introduce modern technologies to their country because the younger generation needs to open up and spread culture to the world while preserving its heritage using technology.

Figure 3.2 Nubia Crafts in Aswan, illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

3.4. Main Objective: • • • • •

Developing Nubian by use of crafts and integrate it with technology Popularize Nubian works worldwide Merging between crafts and technology Making changing experience for Nubian and visitors To enhance the social, economic, and cultural standards of the city.

25

Project Selection 3.5. List Of Problems

Unemployment

Understand arts and craft Nubia boundaries and the demands of the target group :youth and tourist and educate them about technology to introduce their cultural traditions.

Utilizing the Nubian empty lands for cultivation and using the crops for multiple manufactures, products or selling it.

Far away from institutional services which will act as an opportunity to be an attraction spot that will invite neighboring residents and case tourism.

The whole area needs a sanitation system since most of the house collapsed or harmfully damaged because of the sanitation water also the soil type in the area settle down or enlarge from absorbing the water.

Sometimes the water pumps breaks down for days, which ends up with deterioration of the crops and thus losing more.

Lack of jobs and many unemployed laborers.

26

Project Selection 3.6. Project Approaches Economic Approach: Improvement of arts and craft practices would have a significant influence on the Nubian villages' economic level. The project will not only leverage a huge area of handcrafted activity that generates income and many opportunities for business, but will also generate future demand as young people continue to grow and expand.

Culture Approach: Keeping Nubia a prospering and well formed culture that is parallel to our modern innovations of this date and time , particularly through its own people and connecting them to the whole world, the respect of the first of its kind, All those who saw it .

Touristic approach: Increasing of income factor will increase the quality of products and it`s will lead their product to be a global. Nubian will increase the economic level and lead their products to spread world wide

3.7. Target Group

Craftsmen Will be the working hands of the project, working on all the workshops and products.

Youth Youth people take experience from adults to create a strong society by focusing on them, that ensure continuous culture through the understanding of the quality of its heritage.

Tourists The support for our project is provided mainly by external and internal tourists who aim to ensure our heritage. This will also add to and make Nubia an iconic place and global location.

27

URBAN STUDIES During this chapter, we ‘re going to illustrate a complete analysis of west Seheil.

This analysis including land use maps, building analysis, solid and void, climatic and social analysis, landmarks , skyline of buildings

28

Urban Studies 4.1. Nubian urban studies 4.1.1. Building Condition Map:

The Nile

Seheil Island

Nagaa Seheil Gharb

West Seheil

Nagaa AL Karur

Conclusion:

Figure 4.1 Building condition map, source by (Google earth,2020) , Illustrated by (Authors,2020)

As shown in (Fig.4.2.), Most of the buildings are in Moderate condition , those are usually new buildings, the second category that can be found is the poor condition buildings .The good condition buildings are the least amount among the other categories, so the site don’t have slot of improvement .

Key: Poor condition Moderate

Good condition

Figure 4.2 Building conditions percentage, , Illustrated by (Authors,2020)

Figure 4.3The Nubian house ,source by (wordpress), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

29

Urban Studies 4.1. Nubian urban studies 4.1.2. Land Use Map:

Seheil Island

The Nile

Nagaa Seheil Gharb

West Seheil

Nagaa AL Karur

Conclusion:

Figure 4.4.Land use map , source by (Google earth,2020) , Illustrated by (Authors,2020)

As shown in (Fig.4.5.), the most buildings are residential , some of it hotels . So there are lack of services and don't have any craft school .

Key:

2%

1% 1%

1% 7%

80% Figure 4.5.: Land Use percentage, Illustrated by (Authors,2020)

Figure 4.6.The Nubian house ,source by (wordpress), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

30 30

Urban Studies 4.1. Nubian urban studies 4.1.3. Building Height Map:

The Nile

Seheil Island

Nagaa Seheil Gharb

West Seheil

Nagaa AL Karur

Conclusion:

Figure 4.7. Building Height map, source by (Google earth,2020), Illustrated by (Authors,2020)

As shown in (Fig4.8.), the buildings height consists of 1 or 2 floors .The regulations of buildings height should be 1 or 2 floor front Nile to allow other building in back to have the Nile view, which means that to build front the Nile the building should be 2 floors maximum Key: 1 - 2 Floors 3 - 5 Floors

Figure 4.8. Building Height percentage, Illustrated by (Authors,2020)

Figure 4.9. the Nubian house ,source by (wikipedia), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

31

Urban Studies 4.1. Nubian urban studies 4.1.4. Solid and Void Map:

The Nile

Seheil Island

Nagaa Seheil Gharb

West Seheil

Nagaa AL Karur

Conclusion:

Figure 4.10 Solid and Void map, source by (Google earth,2020) , Illustrated by (Authors,2020)

As shown in (Fig4.11.), 60% of the land are solid, and about 40% is void, which means that there are a good opportunity for construction of new projects in this zone Key:

Solid Void Figure 4.11. Solid and Void percentage, Illustrated by (Authors,2020)

32

Urban Studies 4.1. Nubian urban studies 4.1.5. Street Hierarchy Map:

The Nile

Seheil Island

Nagaa Seheil Gharb

West Seheil

Nagaa AL Karur

Conclusion:

Figure 4.12 Street Hierarchy map, source by (Google earth,2020) , Illustrated by (Authors,2020)

As shown in (Fig4.13.) there is only one main street, Width of main street is 10m, on the other hand the secondary street width of 15m, so no variety in accessibly Key: Main street Secondary street

Figure 3.14 Street Hierarchy percentage, Illustrated by (Authors,2020) ,

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Urban Studies 4.2. Nubia Skyline analysis The skyline represents the dynamic architectural style that contains: • Arches • Vaults • Domes • Triangle crenellations • Mastabas

Figure 4.15.1Houses of Nuba , source by (egyptianstreets ),illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 4.16.The Nubian Museum ,source by (wordpress ),illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 4.17.House of Nubia ,illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 4.18 Nubia Culture center ,illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

4.2.1. Conclusion: Nubia’s skyline is very dynamic, it’s not the building number of stories that affect the skyline, but the topography. Topography in Aswan is diversity due to presence of granite mountains everywhere; therefore buildings are constructed on different levels which makes a various level skyline.0

Figure 4.19.1Houses of Nuba , illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

34

Urban Studies 4.3. Architectural Analysis Environmental features of old Nubian housing - Materials are a mixture of mud and small particles of gravel.

- Wall thickness is 500 mm. And thus it maintains room temperatures to keep cool in hot climates.

- Its width at the elevation is narrow, to maintain privacy and decrease the exposed areas to heat and Sun glare - the triangular slots on top of those Openings especially in the parapets and Vaults are for natural ventilation and decrease the heat effect on the Nubian roof buildings - The most rooms in Nubian are covered with timber less vaults made of earth bricks and mortar

Nubian House Structure: - Walls : Silt walls - Celling : High and Silt celling - Floor : Coarse Sand - The city of Aswan in Upper Egypt is the center of the ancient Nubian culture that has given the world the famous Nubian vault, built of adobes (sun-baked clay bricks) and without formwork or other mechanical supports. It is an interesting technique, where the bricks are laid in slightly inclined rows in the form of a centenary curve.

Figure4.20. Nubian’s Floor source by (researchgate,2017)

Figure 4.21. Nubian’s Art, source by (researchgate,2017)

Q

T1 W= wall width T1 & T2 = boundary temperatures A= thermal Conductivity Q= rate of heat flow over the area (A)

T2 W

X Figure4.22. The relation between wall thickness and thermal conductivity , source by(pinterest) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

-Old Nubian Houses Design - Entrance gate “bawaba “: It is 1.2 by 2.4 m, in the center of a high mud wall - 3 windows on its both sides (guest room windows ) - Mandarah is the guest room located beside the entrance.

- Courtyard in the middle area - It has more than two bedrooms - Storage room was one of the most important element in Nubian house Figure 4.23. Old Nubian Houses , source by (researchgate,2017)

35

Urban Studies 4.3. Architectural Analysis -Advantages of Nubian vault: Ecologically sustainable: No corrugated iron roofing sheets, no timber beam rafters.

Carbon neutral: none of the constructed materials are manufactured, or transported long distances, nor any tree are cut.

Durable: It had been lived for 3000 years at the Rameses mortuary temple in Luxor. See figure.

Thermally and acoustic comfortable.

Economically viable: only locally available raw materials (earth, rocks, and water).

Modular: applicable to a wide variety of buildings (such as houses and schools).

Figure 4.24. Nubian’s house source by(pinterest)

- Courtyard in nubian architecture Rooms are mainly opened to the courtyard and closed externally. The courtyard traps cool air for long time due to its enclosure, and thus the time air remain cool depending on the width of the yard enclosure Ancient Nubian houses were composed of two rooms, one as a bedroom and the second for

-Urban fabric Environmentally: Appropriate spatial layout, in which Nubian residential clusters are arranged in organic (non-grid) layout, thus provides shade and is designed to block winds during winter, and speed air velocity during the summer.

Socially: usually houses were clustered in groups, each group called a nog or naja, who shares a common ancestor. Each person of this group participate in any work, building construction, food and water gathering In order to save as much construction material as possible and use less of the land allocated for housing, the houses were organized in groups rows back-to-back. The streets were oriented North–South to allow the rows of rooms to be oriented North.

Figure 4.25 Nubian’s house source by(pinterest)

Figure 4.26.Nubian’s house source by(pinterest)

Figure 4.27 .Nubian’s house source by(pinterest) Wrong: left: enclosed and right urban fabric for hot arid regions. (b) Nog, the relation between social aspect and urban fabric in the Nuba.

36

Urban Studies 4.3. Architectural Analysis Nubian Art and Colors : - They are telling stories of the Nile and the Nubian families.

- Colors range from: - Red - Blue - Green - Yellow - Orange - White - These colors are found in abundance in the mountains of Nubian.

- they use some iron oxide to get The dark red color , while the yellow color is the color of dry wheat sticks.

-Nubian Houses design -The method of designing the Nubian house and its internal divisions It is the same as the construction method That designed of temples and pharaonic homes full of secrets .

-The Nubian houses depends on natural resources such as palms and plants.

-We find their homes are environmentally friendly and their components are from nature, so they use (Al-Qish), where he enters into the mixture of the builder, so they take The plant for there food And his leg to make building bricks

Figure 4.28 House of Nubia , source by(pinterest)

Figure 4.29 House of Nubia , source by(pinterest)

Figure 4.30 House of Nubia , source by(pinterest)c

-Nubian Door design -The Nubian house in general has a specificity in its location and construction, with doors Houses are always facing the Nile until the river is to be first thing he sees outside the house, and that is reverence for him.

-the main door built facing north, while the other door facing west. It is called the western door, and it is usually built always open and has a rest. Next to it is a button that accepts the western air to cool the water inside

Figure 4.31 House of Nubia , source by(pinterest)c

Figure 4.32. House of Nubia , source by(pinterest)

37

Urban Studies 4.3. Architectural Analysis

Nubian Art and drawing : -The drawings and decorations in Nubian homes are varied, and birds were the most visible in it Animals (lion - birds - cats - seam) affected by motifs Ancient Egyptian temples, and used this for another purpose to prevent magic and envy

-The Nubian entrances surrounding the wooden door are decorated with hollow geometric motifs that take the form of half Circular or represented containing rows of triangles inside it, or the outer frame is surrounded by a geometric decorative strip and there are units of geometric shapes grouped next to each other, so that they appear to the viewer from afar as if they were writings, and the houses, which are covered with these delicate plan decorations, appear as if they were embroidered with it.

Figure 4.33. Nubian’s Floor source by (researchgate,2017)

Figure 4.34. : Nubian’s Floor source by (researchgate,2017)

-And sometimes the entrance is in the form of ancient Egyptian temples, and the entrance is crowned with a half-circle above the door opening.

-It is also mentioned that the Nubians always used to put mummified crocodiles on the doors of their homes because they revered the crocodiles, as the crocodile lives in the river and is associated with it, just as the Nubians are associated with the river

Figure4.35. Nubian’s Floor source by (researchgate,2017)

Figure 4.36 Nubian’s Floor source by (researchgate,2017)

38

Urban Studies 4.3. Architectural Analysis 4.3.1 Elevation Analysis

11

Colorful wooden door

2

Arch window

3

Vault

4

Decorative fence

5

Painted elevation

11

Colorful wooden door

2

Arch window

3

Dome

4

Mastaba

5

Painted elevation

Figure 4.37. House of Nubia , source by(pinterest) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 4.38. House of Nubia ,source by (pinterest) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

-Types of patterns on Nubian elevation

Celestial Patterns Water life Patterns Natural Elements Patterns Geometric Shape Patterns Flag patterns

Hand Birds Eye Crocodile Cat

39

Urban Studies 4.4. Public Services Analysis The public service in Awan is divided to hotels, religious , hospital , museum ,school , supermarket , restaurant , monuments , shopping mall , gas satiation

Hotels: - Pyramisa Island Hotel Aswan - Napri Guest House - New Cataract - Basma Hotel

- Napni Guest House

- Basma Hotel

Religious: - Orthodox Church - Al-Noor Mosque - Al-Yacoub

Orthodox Church

- Al-Noor Mosque

Aswan Military

- Samar Pharmacy

Hospital: - Aswan Military Hospital - Samar Pharmacy - Ibnsina Pharmacy

Museum:: - Museu d'Assuan - Aga Khan Mausoleum - Nubian Museum

- Museu d'Assuan

Aga Khan

School: - Aswan Advanced Commercial School - Renaissance Primary School - Aswan University

- Renaissance Primary School

- Aswan University

Figure 4.39. Public Services , source by(pinterest)

40

Urban Studies 4.4. Public Services Analysis

Supermarket: - Haiba Market - Family Market - Hyper A-One Supermarket - Family Market

Hyper A-One

Restaurant: - El-Maistro Restaurant - Fatoma House - Samweel Nabil Restaurant

El-Maistro Restaurant

Fatoma House

Monuments: - Temple of Khmun - Elephantine Island Pyramid - Marina Philae Temple

Temple of Khmun Marina Philae Temple

Shopping Mall: - Vespa Mall - B-Tech Mall - Darwish Cotton Store

Darwish Cotton Store

B-Tech Mall

Gas stations: - Co-Op Gas Station - Petrol National Station

Co-Op Gas Station

Petrol National

Figure 4.40.Public Services , source by(pinterest)

41

Urban Studies 4.5. Educational Analysis Unfortunately the literacy percentage in Aswan According to (msr fe youm,2018) is 17.7%. For women the percentage According to (msr fe youm,2018) is 21.9%. For men the percentage is 13.5% which seems somehow high percentage.

Also, it’s highly recommended to overcome this issue. Since their parents vale their draughts becoming wives more than knowledge , females in Nuba are not given proper education . Also the media plays a major role in the awareness process among citizens.

According to (msr fe youm,2018) Men literacy depend on their way of thinking because they think that the educated person can’t find a material to work on or a social return. Also, they think that education is not the real investment but the investment is to learn a craft or work in a project.

In conclusion, the main reason about literacy is poverty this is the most important factor because poor families do not educate their children due to the great expenses. They think that teaching them a craft in a workshop can be the source of income not the education.

Only 7.4% has finished their bachelor degree

Figure 4.41. School in Nubian Village . Data source (Alamy, 2017) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

13.5% Percentage of illiterate Men According to (msr fe youm,2018)

21.9% Percentage of illiterate Women According to (msr fe youm,2018)

Most of the parents decide not to send their kids to school. They think that the most useful way to earn income is to learn a craft

13.7% is illiteracy ratio

Figure 4.42.Aswan education analysis. Data source (Masr fe Youm, 2018) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

42

Urban Studies 4.6. Socio-Economic Analysis

Un

The problem that faced Nubians: The increase of unemployment: That because lack of jobs and the inefficiency of labor.

Problems in agriculture: It's hard for Nubians to plant because of the increase of the cultivation supplies prices (compost, seeds and Insecticide).

Also The problem of poor irrigation water affect the agriculture there and Sometimes the water pumps breaks down for days

Problems in Investments: The need of investments to create new projects that would encourage people to visit and thereby, increase employment rate which will enhance Aswan's economic status

43

Urban Studies 4.7. Climate Analysis

Max temp Min temp

The average temperatures in Aswan in Celsius • On average, the warmest month is July is 38 c • On average, the coolest month is January 12 c Figure 4.43 Average temperature. Data source (Weather and climate , 2019)

The monthly total of sun hours over the year in Aswan • On average, July is the most sunny.

• On average, February has the lowest amount of sunshine.

• The average annual amount of sun hours is: 3865.0 hours

Sun hours

Figure 4.44 Sun Hours. Data source (Weather and climate , 2019)

Rainy days

Average Monthly Rainy Days In Aswan • Aswan has dry periods in All year long On average, August is the most rainy.

• On average, July has the least rainy days.

Figure 4.45.Rainy Days .Data source (Weather and climate , 2019)

The mean monthly relative humidity over the year in Aswan

Humidity

• On average, December is the most humid.

• On average, June is the least humid month.

• The average annual percentage of humidity is: 26.0% Figure 4.46. Humidity .Data source (Weather and climate , 2019)

44

Urban Studies 4.7. Climate Analysis

Wind Frequency: – Maximum wind from the North west .

– Minimum wind from the South west .

– Best orientation for maximizing gain from prevailing wind is Northwest for good ventilation.

0 TO 5 km/h

5 TO 10 km/h

10 TO 15 km/h

15 TO 20 km/h Figure 4.47 Wind frequency. Data source (Weather and climate , 2019)

Sun Path: – Dec – Lowest Point– 45 degree Alt – June – Highest Point – 88 degree Alt – March & Sept – Moderate Point – 62 degree Alt

Composite Analysis Figure 4.48 .Sun Path . Data source (Weather and climate , 2019)

Vegetation Main Road El Khamsyn Wind Prevailing Wind

Figure 4.49. Climate Analysis on the Project Location . illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Conclusions -Due to high humidity decrease the amount of water features will be the optimum in enhancing the human comfort level .

-The fluctuates temperature from day to high would best suit a building material with high thermal mass that would lessen heat in take in the morning and expand the amount of heat in take in the night

45

SITE SELECTION In this chapter, we set the requirements according to which we determine the Chosen Website. There is also a detailed study of the chosen site on the island of Seheil.

46

Site Selection 5.1. Selection Criteria Is a process of multiple aspects point (as shown in the figure )to highlighted on the chosen sites to get the optimal choice that follow this criteria.

Site Services

Community

Landmarks

CRITERIA STEPS

Views

Accessibility

Flexibility

Community/Residence: Nubian people and their culture is our main goal for

our project , in order to simulate their heritage and traditions through the chosen sites that will be interacted with the locals.

Landmarks: Aswan is full of landmarks so the site should be nearby the

significant buildings to attract the people’s intention and will also help our project’s vision.

Views: Selected sites with a good location along with a good view of Nile and landmark will attract the people.

Accessibility: Accessibility must be noted especially in Aswan due to their

complex in urban fabric buildings so that the chosen site should be easy access and reachable and closest the city.

Flexibility: Our project Arts and Crafts center is very rich and can be

extended due to Aswan’s Heritage and their talents in various way through our project in future.

Site Services: Chosen sites should be nearby services related to water supplies electricity and other service that enhance our site surroundings .

47

Site Selection 5.2. Site Selection Location: Al-NubIa, Aswan

Site 1 :Area: 16,500 m2

Site 2: Area: 13,000 m2

Site 3: Area: 13,250 m2

48

Site Selection 5.3. Site 1 5.3.1 Land-use Map

Site 1

Figure.5.1. Site 1 Land use map, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

85%

Key:

85% 85%

Chart: Hotels Residential

Religious Historical

85%

Conclusion The majority of the surrounding buildings are residential, as the site is located in suhayl island.

Also there is major of agricultural lands surround the residential zones.

Figure.5.2. Site 2 Land-use Percentage (Authors, 2020)

There are very few historical building such as, lohyat al magaea with a few of mixed use, religion buildings Figure.5.3. Mosque of Maedyt Suhayl, Data source (google)

Figure.5.4. Lohyat El Mageaa, Data source (Google)

49

Site Selection 5.3. Site 1 5.3.2 Building Heights Map

Site 1

Figure.5.5. Site 2 Buildings Height map, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Key:

Chart: 1 - 2 Floors

3 - 4 Floors 35% 65%

Conclusion The buildings height consists of 1 or 2 to 3 floors, but most of the buildings “especially across the shore” are not more than 2 floors.

Figure.5.6. Site 1 Building Heights Percentage (Authors, 2020)

Figure.5.7. Sehel house hotel, Data source (Arcdaily)

Figure.5.8. Sehel house hotel, Data source (Arcdaily)

50

Site Selection 5.3. Site 1 5.3.3 Building Conditions Map

Site 1

Figure.5.9. Site 2 Buildings Conditions map, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Key:

Chart: Good.

Moderate

33%

Poor 57%

Conclusion Most of the conditions of the residential buildings around the site are in moderate condition, that need a maintenance. On the other hand, the other buildings are in very poor condition, which need urgent care which give our project the responsibility to recreation this building as donation partition to help the community

10% Figure.5.10. Site 1 Building Condition Percentage (Authors, 2020)

Figure.5.11. shows the surrounded building of site, Data source (google)

Figure.5.12. shows the surrounded building of site, Data source (google)

51

Site Selection 5.3. Site 1 5.3.4 Street Hierarchy Map

Site 1

Figure.5.13. Site 1 Street hierarchy map, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Key:

Chart: Minor

25%

Arterial

75%

Conclusion There is only one main street, which called (suhayl road). Width of main street is 8m, on the other hand the secondary street is not asphalted, unknown, and only has access from main street with width of 3.5m. There is no accessibility bridges from Nile river the only way is boats

Figure.5.14. Site 1 Street hierarchy Percentage (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.15. Boats on the Nile river, Data source (google)

Figure.5.16. Boats on the Nile river, Data source (google maps)

52

Site Selection 5.3. Site 1 5.3.5 Solid Void Map

Site 1

Figure.5.17. Site 2 Solid & Void map, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Key:

Chart: Solid

15%

Void

60%

Conclusion As shown in (Fig.5.3.5.3.), the site has a lot of open spaces and agricultural Nile river lands.

85% of it is void. On the other hand, 15% of surroundings are for buildings. This helps our site in the opportunity to expand in future due to many void spaces.

85%

Figure.5.18. Site 2 Solid & Void Percentage (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.19. Map of the site shows that no accessibility from Nile to site, Data Source (google)

Figure.5.20. Nile View Data Source (google)

53

Site Selection 5.3.6 SWOT Analysis

WEAKNESS

STRENGTH • • • •

Nile View Contour Lines Near Nuba museum Natural resources like Nile, hills etc

• No accessibility from Nile • Informal surroundings • Far Away from the downtown

S.W.O.T ANALYSIS

OPPORTUNITY • Topography • Making harmony with existing architecture

Figure.5.21. SWOT analysis site I (Authors, 2020).

THREAT • No utilities for construction

Conclusion It’s surrounded with natural resources , Nile view and contour lines. Our opportunity is that we can make harmony with surroundings due to contour lines but there’s no accessibility and it's far away from downtown so it’s not easy accessible

54

Site Selection 5.4. Site II 5.4.1 Land-use Map

Site II

1% Figure.5.22. Site 2 Land use map, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

3%

Key:

Chart: Mixed-Use (Schools ,Markets ,etc.)

Residential

5%

97%

Conclusion As shown in (Fig.5.24.), the majority of the surrounding buildings are residential ,also there is major of agricultural lands near the site. There is very few hotels .

Figure.5.24. Site 2 Land use(Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.25. Site 2 Land use map, commercial, Data source (google),illustrated (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.26. Site 2 Land use map, Residential buildings, Data source (google), illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

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Site Selection 5.4. Site II 5.4.2 Building Heights Map

Site II

Figure.5.27. Site 2 Building heights, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Key:

Chart: 1 - 2 Floors 3 - 4 Floors

23%

Conclusion As shown in (Fig.5.28.), the majority of the surrounding buildings are 3-4 Floors ,also there is major of 1-2 Floors near the site. .

77% Figure.5.28. Site 2 Building heights (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.29. Site 2 Buildings Height map, Data source (Google), Illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.30. Site 2 Buildings Height map, Data source(Google), Illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

56

Site Selection 5.4. Site II 5.4.3 Building Condition Map

Site II

Figure.5.31. Site 2 Building condition map, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Key:

Chart: Good

7.5%

Moderate Poor

10%

7.5% 10%

85%

Conclusion As shown in (Fig.5.32.), most of the conditions of the residential buildings around the site are in moderate condition, that need a maintenance every now & then. On the other hand, the historical buildings are in very poor condition, which need urgent care.

80% Figure.5.32. Site 2 Building condition Percentage (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.33. Site 2 Buildings Figure.5.34. Site 2 Buildings Condition map, Good cond, Condition map, Poor cond.,Data Data source (google), (Authors, source (Google) (Authors, 2020).

2020).

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Site Selection 5.4. Site II 5.4.4 Street Hierarchy Map

Site II

Figure.5.35. Site 2 Street Hierarchy Map, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Key:

Chart: 10%

Minor Arterial

Conclusion As shown in (Fig.5.36.), there is only one main street, Width of main street is 10m, on the other hand the secondary street is not asphalted, and has many access from other main street with width of 15m but this other main street not accessible for land

90% Figure.5.36. Site 2 Street hierarchy Percentage (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.38. Site 1 Street Figure.5.37. Site 1 NILE map for transport, Data source (google), hierarchy map main road, Data source (Google), (Authors, (Authors, 2020).

2020).

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Site Selection 5.4. Site II 5.4.5 Solid and Void Map

Site II

Figure.5.39. Site 2 Solid & Void map, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Chart:

Key:

Solid 87% 45%

Void

55%

Conclusion As shown in (Fig.5.40.), the site has a 45% of it is solid, for that there will be opportunity to achieve the integration between locals & project. On the other hand, 55% of surroundings are void with open spaces and agricultural lands.

Figure.5.40. Site 2 Solid and Void Percentage (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.41. Site 2 Solid & Void map, Data source (Google), (Authors, 2019).

Figure.5.42. Site 2 Solid & Void map, Data source(google) (Authors, 2020).

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Site Selection 5.4.6 SWOT Analysis

STRENGTH

WEAKNESS

• • • •

• •

Easy access to and from the site Sufficient services View is on Nile Near of two hotels

Noise from main road Far from the center of Nuba

S.W.O.T ANALYSIS

Figure.5.43. SWOT analysis site II (Authors, 2020).

OPPURTNITES • • • •

All kinds of transportation available Front row location Canal water may help in irrigation of project’s landscape Attract The visitors to the project

THREAT • •

Different terrain heights in the site Desert view on the north west makes Dusty winds

Conclusion The site has very strong strategic location with direct view and access to the Nile, as well as being close to a two hotels which attract visitors. On the other hand, it suffer from the noise came from the main road.

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Site Selection 5.5. Site III 5.5.1 Land-use Map

Site III

Figure.5.44. Site 3 Land use map, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Key:

Chart:

3%

Mixed-Use (Schools ,Markets ,etc.)

Residential

5%

97%

Conclusion As shown in (Fig.5.45.), the majority of the surrounding buildings are residential , as the site is located front the nile, Also there are no agricultural lands between the residential zones and there are few mixed use building (Schools ,Markets ,etc.)

Figure.5.45. Site 2 Land use Percentage (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.46. Sara Hotel, Data Figure.5.47. residential housing,

source (google), (Authors 2020)

Data Source(google), (Authors 2020)

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Site Selection 5.5. Site III 5.5.2 Building Height Map

Site III

Figure.5.48. Site 3 building height map, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Key:

Chart: 1 - 2 Floors 3 - 4 Floors

Conclusion As shown in (Fig.5.49.), the buildings height consists of 1 or 2 floors which have direct view to nile , but most of the buildings in back are not more than 5 floors. The buildings height should be 1 or 2 floor front nile to allow other building in back to have the nile view

28%

72% Figure.5.49. Site 2 Building height Percentage (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.50. building with 5 floor Figure.5.51. building with height, Data source(Google) , lowest height front nile, Data (Authors 2020) source(Google) ,(Authors 2020)

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Site Selection 5.5. Site III 5.5.3 Building Condition Map

Site III

Fig.5.52. Site 3 building condition map, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Key:

Chart: Good

7.5%

Moderate Poor

10%

7.5% 10%

Conclusion As shown in (Fig.5.53.), the conditions of the residential buildings exist in site are equal between poor and good condition and good conditions building are located near Nile On the other hand, the poor building some of them are uncompleted construction

85% 80% Figure.5.53. Site 2 Building height Percentage (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.55. building with Figure.5.54. building with poor cond. Data source(Google) , moderate, Data source(Google) , (Authors 2020) (Authors 2020)

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Site Selection 5.5. Site III 5.5.4 Street Hierarchy Map

Site III

Figure.5.56. Site 3 Accessibility & Roads Hierarchy map, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Key:

Chart: 15%

Minor Arterial

85%

Conclusion As shown in (Fig.5.57.), there is only one main street, Width of main street is 10m, on the other hand the secondary street is not asphalted, and has many access from other main street with width of 15m but this other main street not accessible for land

Figure.5.57. Site 2 Street Hierarchy Percentage (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.58. main road street front nile, Data source(Google) , (Authors 2020)

Figure.5.59. secondary street not asphalted, Data source(Google) , (Authors 2020)

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Site Selection 5.5. Site III 5.5.5 Solid and Void Map

Site III

Figure.5.60. Site 3 Solid & Void map, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Chart:

Key:

35%

Solid Void

60% 65%

Conclusion

Figure.5.61. Site 2 Solid and Void Percentage (Authors, 2020).

As shown in (Fig.5.61.) site has 60% buildings is void, On the other hand, 35% of surroundings are solid , for that there will be opportunity to alive the site by unique project.

Figure.5.62. void land front nile, Data source(Google) , (Authors 2020)

Figure.5.63. Void land front nile, Data source(Google) , (Authors 2020)

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Site Selection 5.5.6 SWOT Analysis

STRENGTH • •

WEAKNESS

Natural resource (Nile ) Pollution free

• • •

The site doesn’t have marina Only one view Only one street to Mountains top

S.W.O.T ANALYSIS

Figure.5.64. SWOT analysis site II (Authors, 2020).

OPPORTUNITIES • •

High visual access Empty lands surrounds the site which encourage for autonomous design .

THREAT • •

Not reachable Not flexible for autonomy design

Conclusion: The site have natural resource and surrounded by downtown according to that it have high visual access . The site doesn’t have marina to link or access between island and only one street to access the site so the site is not reachable . Also the site have Empty lands surrounds it which encourage for autonomous design . One of the biggest problems the site Mountains top and that can make No flexibility for autonomy design .

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Site Selection 5.6. SWOT Comparison

Site 1

Site 2

Site 3

100

Community

50 0 100

View

50 0 100

Landmark

50 0 100

Accessibility

50 0 100

Flexibility

50 0 100

Services

50 0 100

Conclusion

50 70

0

The Chosen Site

85

60

Chosen Site from our autonomous approach Breaking borders by monitoring if the building would stand out while still being in harmony with it's surroundings and if the residents would adapt to this idea.

Figure.5.65. Site 2 Location, Data source (google Earth), (Authors, 2020).

The Comparison between Site 1, 2, 3 we found that SITE 2 has very strong strategic location with direct view and access to the Nile, as well as being close to a two hotels which attract visitors and surrounded with services with easy accessibility through the site as this site got the highest rates as shown in the (Swot Comparison)

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DESIGN ISSUES In this chapter. Discussing the design problems helps people explore and engage with the project more Moreover, it serves to discover the project and to connect with and be part of the local context.

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Design Issue 6.1. Psychology Aspect Definition of Psychology: General Definition: It is the way humans behave in different situations and their patterns in actions that make them act the way they do.

Architectural Definition: It is the understanding of the interactions between humans and the built environment, and modifying the individual's mood and perception. It is actually due the interaction with the environment.

Psychology of Colors:

Fieger.6.1 colors diagram illustrated by (authors,2020)

Psychology of Materials: -Materials have the ability to affect the sound environment, circulate movement, increase /decrease comfort and various other actions.

-some materials suggest unidirectionality, focus, rigidity, uniformity, serenity, brutality, brightness ,flexibility…etc.

-The architects should consider it as their obligation to select materials that relax, and reenergize one’s mind, soul, and body.

Fieger.6.2 materials affect human psychology , data source (Pinterest)

Psychology of Light (Artificial and Natural) :

-Direct sunlight: The brightness of direct sunlight varies by season, time of day, location and sky conditions.

In a sunny climate, thoughtful architectural design is required, with careful management of allowance, diffusing, shading and reflecting.

Figure 6.3 Natural light ,data source (Pinterest)

-Skylight: Is characterized by sunlight scattered by the atmosphere and clouds, resulting in soft, diffuse light.. In a cloudy climate, the diffuse sky is often the main source of useful daylight.

-Reflected light: Is characterized by light (sunlight and skylight) that is reflected from the ground: terrain, trees, vegetation, neighboring buildings.

Figure 6.4 education centre for VUC,data source (Pinterest)

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Design Issue 6.1. Psychology Aspect Psychology of Acoustics: -Improved acoustics can have a positive effect on the psychosocial environment and how it can contribute towards reducing risks of conflicts and errors in the environment.

-The negative effects of sound and noise are associated with a person’s increased levels of stress and disturbance; thereby, making the users’ experience ruined. This excitation could be both physiological and psychological and the level of excitation is dependent on the type and the intensity of noise, duration of exposure and the person being exposed to it. Noise of low intensity may cause psychological over-excitation and hence annoyance to certain introvert persons and can cause severe irritation to people with slight psychological instability.

Figure 6.5 acoustics reflection, data source (Pinterest)

Case Study: The design is meant to illicit feelings of isolation and loss - fitting for a Holocaust memorial.

Also, the museum offers an exhibition on Nazi terror in Europe with multiple rooms covering different aspects of the history. It holds all the names of Jewish Holocaust victims, obtained from Yad Vashem, projected on the walls of a room while a short biography is read over loudspeakers. All names and history are also searchable on a database at the end of the exhibit. Moreover, the visitors feel different experiences in room because the spaces lead to an narrow end that illustrates the feeling of loss as shown in figure.

Figure 6.6 Holocaust museum, data source (Pinterest)

Figure 6.7 Holocaust museum, data source (Pinterest)

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Design Issue 6.2. Environmental Aspect Definition of Environmental: General Definition: Is the air, water, minerals, and all other external factors surrounding and affecting a given organism at any time.

Architectural Definition: Is to reduce the impact of the built environment on human health and nature by: using resources efficiently, protecting residents’ health and reducing environmental degradation Impact of : Environmental solutions, in order to be successful, should be compatible with the climatic, and, conditions that prevail in the region where they are applied.

Solutions that satisfy these requirements can come from a wide variety of fields, ranging from vernacular architecture to applications of smart materials and technologies.

The adaptation of buildings to the climatic and environmental conditions of the area in which they are situated can be regarded as having two dimensions: -The first concerns: The adaptation to the climatic and environmental conditions expressed in terms of environmental measurements in the given region a period.

-The second dimension: Concerns the adaptation to the changes that the environmental parameters present during the periods in which they occur (e.g. day; year).

Fieger.6.8 Natural ventilation circulation , data source (Pinterest)

Case Study The New Gourna material used is earth building material with no side effects and negative impacts on the environment because it has a lot of benefits like superior thermal mass, temperature and noise control, strength and durability, low maintenance, fire proofing, load bearing and pest deterrence, as well as its beauty and the pleasure of building with a natural and environmentally sound material.

Figure 6.9: The New Gourna, , data source (Pinterest) illustrated by (authors,2020)

Figure 6.10: The New Gourna, , data source (Pinterest)

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Design Issue 6.3. Security Aspect Definition of Security: General Definition: It is the control of recognized hazard to reach the least level of risk.

Architectural Definition: It means creating a safe environment and safe buildings.

Security Levels Minimum Security Level: • Its usage is in public spaces like playgrounds and open areas.

• This type has no fences and it is the lowest degree of protection.

Medium security level: • It is used mostly in all the buildings and spaces.

• This type of security depends only on identifying the entrances and exits of the facility or space to control the users.

Maximum security level: • This system is used in buildings that has valuable items or the places that need maximal control and high privacy like jails, libraries and museums.

• This type depends on surveillance cameras, alerts and security personnel.

7

8

2 3

9

10 1

11

5 4 6

12

Figure 6.11 Museum Security, data source (Pinterest) ,illustrated by (authors,2020)

Code 1,2,3 Alert 4,5 Glass Cover 6 Low Rail 7,8,9,10 Surveillance Camera 11 Alarm Window 12 Watchman

Case Study The Egyptian Museum, in Cairo, Egypt, is home to an extensive collection of ancient Egyptian antiquities. It has 120,000 items, with a representative amount on display. the security her is Surveillance Camera , Alarm Window and Low Rail glass cover .

Figure 6.12 The Egyptian Museum in Cairo , data source (Pinterest) ,illustrated by (authors,2020)

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Design Issue 6.4. Circulation Aspect Definition of Circulation: General Definition: Is moving in a circle or circuit, or flowing to and from or around something, especially that of fluid in a closed system.

Architectural Definition: Is the way in which people move through and around a building throughout time. It can be broken down into direction, type of use, frequency of use and time of use.

Components of Circulation: Circulation Classification:

Figure 6.13 . building Circulation example , data source (pinterest) ,illustrated by (authors,2020)

-Direction of movement: Horizontal circulation: includes hallways, atria, paths, entries and exits. Can be influenced by the placement of furniture and columns Vertical circulation: is how people move up and down within the building, so includes things like stairs, lifts, ramps, ladders and escalators which allow us to move from one level to another.

-Type of use: Public circulation: is the areas of the building which are most widely and easily accessible by the occupants of the building. Including appropriate visibility, considering how crowds move and ensuring there are clear escape routes to comply with fire and other regulation Private circulation :accounts for the more intimate movements within the building, or the more ugly ones which require a degree of privacy. In a house this might be the back door, in a large building the back of house, staff offices or storage zones. In a residential space this might be the back door or in commercial space staff offices or storage area. This will be achieved in our project by using walls to guide the users to know all the directions in the museum assisted by technology

Figure 6.14: walls showing Circulation direction , data source (pinterest) ,illustrated by (authors,2020)

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Design Issue 6.4. Circulation Aspect Types of Circulation Horizontal Circulation -Corridors -Pathways Vertical Circulation -Elevators -Escalators -Stairs -Ramp Circulation Classifications: -Goals: For people to be able to move around a building with ease and efficiency, and without feeling or being lost.

-Presentation: represented using diagrams with arrows shows the ‘flow’ of people or the proposed openness of spaces.

You might use different colors or types of lines to describe the varying movements.

-Frequency of use: Common or emergency.

Circulation Patterns: 1. Linear: 2. Radial: 3. Spiral: 4. Grid: 5. Network: 6. Composite: Case Study The Main Feature of Guggenheim is the stairs it go through the top of the skylight. This creates a unique circulating spaces with a well defined boundaries and special curved articulation

Figure 6.15 Circulation Patterns , data source (pintrest) ,illustrated by (authors,2020)

Figure 6.16 Guggenheim stairs , data source (pinterest) ,illustrated by (authors,2020)

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Design Issue 6.5. Interaction Aspect Definition of Interaction: General Definition: It is a kind of action that occurs as two or more objects have an effect upon one another.

Architectural Definition: It is a set of behavior & cognitions which a person or a group exhibits based on planned zones and spaces.

Types of social interaction: 1. Visual Communication • It is the process of communicating by sending and receiving wordless messages.

• Urban arts, graphite designs and street signs express it in architecture.

Figure 6.17 Use of visual arts in Nubian houses , data source (pinterest)

2. Social Exchange In architecture field the social exchange is the direction can be achieve and it’s also from the goals and the concepts of a lot of buildings such as open spaces which have a lot of activities food and entrainment.

Figure 6.18 Lakeview Square - the heart of the community , data source (pinterest)

3. Cooperation: Is the process of two or more people working or acting in concert.

According to architecture field this type of interaction has a lot of Examples like Nubian village, lake view square and visual arts in Nubian hoses. depends on the activity that has been happened.

Figure 6.19 Nubian Village , data source (pinterest)

Case Study The American University in Cairo has many gathering spaces to enhance the interaction between the students and the social exchange. This Place in the American university is a gathering area and it makes a social interaction between people.

Figure 6.20 Gathering Space at The American University in Cairo , data source (pinterest)

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Design Issue 6.6. Privacy Aspect Definition of Privacy:

General Definition: Is the state of not being away from the company or observation of others that can be informational privacy.

Architectural Definition: Is in any setting that is determined by what you hear, what you see, how you define your boundaries presented in enclosed, border-defined spaces that give people a sense of security.

Privacy in Relation to Psychology: -In a public space, there is no restriction of communication, because users have the ability to set in any place they want with any voice they want without any rules while isolated spaces completely constrain all types of communication like setting areas and voices. In between there are intermediate levels of privacy - Space privacy is considered one of the most important types of overall privacy. People deal with the concept of space privacy with special concerns, they feel discomfort, anger and anxiety when their space privacy is exposed beyond their desires.

-Privacy is controlled, vary from person to person and from culture to culture, period to period as society and social bonds are continually transformed and reconstructed.

This is defines accordingly four such spheres; intimate, personal, private and public. When the most intimate of these private areas is intruded by other individuals -The central aspect of achieving privacy is how to find a balance between privacy and social relationships. Accessibility, visibility, proximity, vocals and olfactory are the main parameters of privacy interaction with the human psychology.

Case study School saint marcel France The after-school care workshops look towards the large wild areas to the North and West, while the school restaurant is opened to the East to allow its opening to communal recreation areas. The interior is conceived to provide flexibility to the building and the community. This set up of reversibility and modularity of spaces. The public space in plan is 5m and the social place is 2m. The personal spaces are 1m

Figure 6.21 private cubicles for personal use , data source (pinterest)

Figure 6.22 private place in restaurant, data source (pinerest)

Figure 6.23 hierarchy of privacy distance, data source (pinterest)

Figure 6.24 School saint marcel France, data source (pinterest) ,illustrated by (authors,2020)

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Design Issue 6.7. Image Aspect Definition of Image : Definition of Image: It is the first step of any project to specify the character and approach of the project. Giving an early concept of it.

Architectural Definition: Architecture and the representation of the world have always had a close relationship.

Since building architecture is constructing the world itself, it’s only natural wanting to familiarize, appropriate and represent with the world and our environment.

-is the impression that users get on the engineering shape surface and overall view -looks like a space’s personality, a characteristic of a person rather than a place.

-a place of identity is the sum of the specific components and functions of the material, the existence and essential characteristics mean that the distinct identity will be perceived and defined .

-It is the importance of reflecting locations and helping to place identity to the site .

-In Nubia, the architectural style is unique and in implements their dense culture and traditions , so it reflects on the project to maintain the same sense and impression that Nubian architecture gives .

Case study : The Nubian Museum in Aswan is built on a steep cliff, which enables it to embody a full scale design for the Nile River from its origins in Ethiopia and Sudan to Egypt. The edifice is surrounded by a Natural Botanical Garden, which contains a large variety of Egyptian flora.

And the façade of the building use the traditional Nubian motifs with building by local materials. built in mud brick, or the architecture of the great temples. These were simple buildings of granite or stone consisting of one or more gateways leading to a colonnaded courtyard, which led in turn to a hypostyle hall, followed by a vestibule and then the sanctuary, usually at the highest level.

Figure 6.25 Sketches illustrating the image, data source (pinterest)

Figure 6.26 Nubian Museum in Aswan , data source (pinterest)

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CASE STUDY Many studies are a good references to our projects showing the relationship between the diversity of function that architects can do in different regions .

Moreover, seeing how architects tackled the design issues that we will tackle in our project. Also, seeing the pros of each case study that can be used in our project and cons that should be avoided.

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Case Studies 7.1. Local Case Study 7.1.1 Al-Fustat Traditional Crafts Center Architect :Gamal Amer Location : Cairo, Egypt, Project year : completed in 2001.

Area : 2400 square meters Description : A project designed for the study of the traditional crafts of pottery and ceramics. The center has become an important teaching institution as well as a catalyst for the revitalization of the surrounding area - a longforgotten district of old Cairo. The aims of the project to revive traditional Egyptian crafts like pottery and ceramic making to improve the global economic outlook.

Figure 7.1. al fustat tradition center , Data source (foustatcenter)

Site Location :

Al fustat

Cairo

Egypt

Contextual Analysis : 4 3 2 1

Figure 7.2. Contextual Layout, Data source(Google maps), illustrated by (Authors , 2020).

1

Jamil house of traditional art

Main Road

2

The complex of religions

Return Road

3

Christian church

Main Entrance

4

St Sergius and St Bacchus Church

Site Outline

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Case Studies 7.1. Local Case Study Architect Background -Gamal Amer: Gamal Amer is an Egyptian Architect, He is one of Hassan Fathi's students, He believes in the details of his Architecture, but with new modern vision, He has an Islamic architecture style inspired by hassan fathi’s style that appear in Al Fostat Ceramic Center, the most famous project of his works.

Concept: -the philosophy of the project was to create an architecturally pleasing building while preserving the function of a culture center in the old capital of Cairo. He used environmentally friendly materials while keeping the use of reinforced concrete at minimum. He also used original forms and features in his design (Domes – Vaults – Cross Vaults – Arcades – Arches - Courtyard with fountain)

Figure 7.3. Al-Fustat Traditional Crafts Center ,data source (foustatcenter)

Architectural character -The architectural design of the center is from the architecture of architect Hassan Fathy -The entire building was built without the use of concrete, using local environmentally friendly raw materials such as wood, stone and clay red bricks, while employing original architectural elements such as domes, intersecting vaults and load-bearing walls.

- Even in lighting, we used natural light indirectly during the day through openings and niches directed according to the movement of the sun, which falls

Figure 7.4. Al-Fustat Traditional Crafts Center ,data source (foustatcenter), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Figure 7.5. Al-Fustat Traditional Crafts Center ,data source (elwatannewr), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

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Case Studies 7.1. Local Case Study Building background -The beginning of the idea was simple, but the perseverance in preserving this rare type of industries is what prompted the late artist and Sheikh Saeed al-Sadr (who started the project idea) establish a small house to preserve the art of decoration and that ancient craft.

The Ministry of Culture commissioned the late artist and Sheikh of the potter «Said alSadr» and the establishment of a center for ceramic art in the Fakhrania area in Old Cairo in 1958. The building was developed and the design work was inspired by the building of Dr. Hassan Fathi The construction work was completed, the building was opened in 2001

Elevation Analysis

Figure 7.6. Al-Fustat Traditional Crafts Center ,data source (youm7)

Figure 7.7. Al-Fustat Traditional Crafts Center ,data source (youm7)

The architect mostly used natural and environmental friendly materials keeping the use of reinforced concrete at minimum, materials like Wood for mashrabiyas, Stone and Brick for the building walls, domes and vaults.

Figure 7.8. Section analysis, Data source(foustatcenter) , illustrated by (Authors , 2020).

Zoning Circulation was divided into two, one for the actual center and the other for guard room and selling bazaar outside with their own entrances. The rest of zones are beautifully centered around a courtyard with a typical Islamic style fountain and accessible through arcades.

Figure 7.9. Site components, Data source (foustatcenter), illustrated by (Authors , 2020).

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Case Studies 7.1. Local Case Study Section Analysis He made variety in heights with domes and vaults. keeping the use of reinforced concrete at minimum, materials domes and vaults. Also, for decoration handmade tiles were used on doors Key : Entrance Exhibition Administration Work shop Ground room Retail store Figure 7.10. Section Analysis ,Data source(foustatcenter) ,illustrated by (Authors , 2020).

Design Issue 1- Environmental aspect -Environmental impact Since the project is at Egypt which its climate is arid and hot. In addition, since the project is located in a empty land it is may exposed to sand storms.

-.The architect mostly used natural and environmental friendly materials keeping the -use of reinforced concrete at minimum, materials like Wood for mashrabiyas, Stone and Brick for the building walls, domes and vaults. Also, for decoration handmade tiles were used on doors.

-Use mashrabiat to make natural ventilation .in the center .

Figure 7.11. Mashrbiat data source (TripAdvisor),2017, Illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Figure 7.12. Al-Fustat Traditional Crafts Center ,data source (youm7),2020, Illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Figure 7.13. Mashrbiat data source (TripAdvisor),2017 illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

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Case Studies 7.1. Local Case Study 2- Privacy aspect -It Is divided two main buildings, the first is relatively larger , in addition to containing a small museum and a sales outlet.

-As for the second section, it includes the rest of the other industries,

Figure 7.14. Al-Fustat Traditional Crafts Center ,data source (elfagr), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

3- Circulation aspect -Horizontal circulation relies on 3 entrances leading to courtyard with fountain .

-Vertical circulation in the workshop area s are connected by stairs only .

Figure 7.15. Circulation Al-Fustat Traditional Crafts Center Data source (foustatcenter), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Figure 7.17. Al-Fustat Traditional Crafts Center ,data source (youm7), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Figure 7.16. the corridor of workshop, Data source (eremnews),2017, illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Figure 7.18. Al-Fustat Traditional Crafts Center ,data source (youm7), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

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Case Studies 7.1. Local Case Study 4- Image aspect

- The Al-Fustat Traditional Crafts Center Image is inspired from traditional building that Revives the ancient Egyptian civilization - Presenting products that impressive the whole world with their ingenuity and uniqueness, on the way back to Egypt's heritage, a depiction that fades with the passage of time.

- The design was impressive by the style of the center from the architecture of Dr. Hassan Fathy

Figure 7.19. Al-Fustat Traditional Crafts Center ,data source (foustatcenter), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Figure 7.20. Al-Fustat Traditional Crafts Center ,data source (foustatcenter), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Figure. 6.1.1.20 AlFustat Traditional Crafts Center ,data source (foustatcenter), illustrated by Authors 2020

Figure 7.21. Al-Fustat Traditional Crafts Center ,data source (foustatcenter), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

5-Interactive aspect

-Open outdoor spaces for different activities allow people to interact with each-other and be connected.

Figure 7.22. Al-Fustat Traditional Crafts Center ,data source (foustatcenter), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Conclusion Pros :

Cons:

Encourage people to old crafts and Reviving it .

Use of natural construction materials.

Lack of services area like parking

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Case Studies 7.1. Local Case Study 7.1.2. Nubian Culture Center Architect :Mohamed Ashor Location : Luxor, Egypt Project year : completed in 2006 Area : 600 square meters Description :

The cultural center was build by UNDP ( United Nations Development Program).

Figure 7.23. Nubian culture center, data source (Nubiancenter)

It shows the arts of the Nubian and their daily lifestyle and civilization as well as crafts that Nubian people are famous for. It gives the tourist the experience of making these crafts and try the Nubian food, costumes, and dance.

Site Location :

Egypt

Nubian culture center

Luxor

Contextual Analysis: 1

Radamis Floating Hotel Baghdadi check point Sun rise nile cruse

4

Return Road

Main Entrance Site Outline The building is accessible from Cairo Aswan eastern desert road. Citizens can reach the building easily.

Accessibility Figure 7.24. Contextual Layout, Data source(Google maps) illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

:

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Case Studies 7.1. Local Case Study Architect Background Mohamed Ashour his two important works are Nubian culture center and women center his two main concepts is to make the buildings remarkable. Also, even if they are in another country, his goal was to leave the Nubian’s culture the same.

Concept: Design philosophy is shown in the project in using the local Nubian architectural form and function , in terms of internal spaces’ design and their relation with courts (zoning), as well as the exterior (Nubian image) and the use of the Nubian bright colorful decorative features.

Figure 7.25. Nubian Culture Center ,data source (Nubiancenter), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Figure 7.26. Nubian Culture Center ,data source (Nubiancenter), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Architectural character Aims to achieve the mood of the Nubian architecture and buildings through the Nubian architecture form and function. The whole material and character of the building express the Nubian culture in buildings coulours, features and material.The Architecture style inside the building is arches and domes and the whole elevation is arches. To make the building the same as the buildings in nuba.

Figure 7.28. Nubian Culture Center ,data source (Nubiancenter), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Figure 7.29. Nubian Culture Center ,data source (Nubiancenter), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

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Case Studies 7.1. Local Case Study Building background This project was conceived to preserve the cultural identity of Nubians living in Luxor who were displaced following the construction of the Aswan High Dam. It is located on the tourist trail and consists of workshops, a model village, theatre and restaurant. The concreteframed buildings are plastered and painted traditionally while domed roofs and open courtyards further express the vernacular. Roof lights and small windows moderate the climate while providing adequate daylight. The main building houses craft workshops and a gallery, providing work, training and support to women in particular. The result is a centre that educates both tourists and local women.

Figure 7.30. Nubian Culture Center ,data source (archnet.org), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Elevation Analysis

Figure 7.31. Nubian Culture Center ,data source (archnet.org), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

The architect mostly used natural and environmental friendly materials keeping the use of reinforced concrete at minimum, materials like Wood for mashrabiyas, Stone and Brick for the building walls, domes and vaults.

Figure 7.32. Elevation Analysis, Data source (archnet.org) illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Zoning The main zones is workshops for the Nubians and storages. There are also galleries for them to show their work.

There are exhibition and a separate zone for administration different from the other zones. The workshops are five workshops this is the most common space in the workshop

Key: Workshop Entrance Galleries Admin Exhibition Storage Figure 7.33. Site components, Data source (archnet.org) illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

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Case Studies 7.1. Local Case Study Section Analysis The Section is composite of three Function the workshop galleries and administration but the common space is workshop because the architect want the Nubian to work there Key: Workshop Galleries Admin

Figure 7.34. section Analysis, Data source (archnet.org) illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Design Issue 1-Psychological Aspect The adopted design philosophy aims to achieve the spirit (mood) of the Nubian architecture and buildings through the Nubian architecture form and function. In terms of internal spaces and their relation with courts. Also, through the open spaces (Courtyards) and the fenestrations

Figure 7.35 Nubian Culture center ,data source (archnet), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Figure 7.36.Nubian Culture center ,data source (archnet), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

2-Environmental Aspect For the incorporation of the building into the environment, local products from this region are used in decorations such as (bamboo dome tree-palm trunks-leaves).

Figure 7.37. Nubian Culture center ,data source (archnet), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Figure 7.38. Nubian Culture center ,data source (archnet), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

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Case Studies 7.1. Local Case Study 2- Privacy aspect Privacy is achieved here by making zone for the workshops to make the Nubians show their work. Also by making the administration in another zone to make it differ from the workshop zone .

Figure 7.39. Nubian Culture Center,Data source (archnet), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

3- Circulation aspect

Figure 7.40. Nubian Culture Center,Data source (archnet), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

The horizontal circulation in the ground floor is clear defined by the courtyard, where the two entrances lead to the lobby surrounding the courtyard, in which the horizontal circulation is designed and connected to the vertical circulation which is represented in two corresponding staircases .

Horizontal Circulation Figure 7.1.2.20 Nubian Culture center ,data source (arch.net), illustrated by Authors 2020

Figure 7.41. Nubian Culture Center,Data source (archnet), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

4-Image aspect The buildings are painted traditionally while domed roofs and open courtyards express the Nubian vernacular architecture. Also all the interior space gives the experience of Nuba in its details and decorations. (domes and arches)

Figure 7.42. Nubian Culture Center,Data source (archnet), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

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Case Studies 7.1. Local Case Study 4- Image aspect

Figure 7.43. Nubian Culture Center,Data source (archnet), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Figure 7.44. Nubian Culture Center, Data source (archnet), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

5-Interactive aspect Open outdoor spaces for different activities and for selling there products they made in the workshops. Also, all the outdoor features for example, the landscape are made from special features this features are made by the Nubian farmers

Figure 7.45. Nubian Culture Center,Data source (archnet), illustrated by (Authors, 20200

Figure 7.46. Nubian Culture Center,Data source (archnet), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Conclusion PROS 1- Strong Circulation 2-Sustanbility is achieved Nubian Architecture CONS 1-The design of the interior and exterior space is weak

Figure 7.47. Nubian Culture Center,Data source (archnet), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

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Case Studies 7.1. Local Case Study 7.1.3. Cultural Park for children Architect :Abdelhalim Ibrahim Abdelhalim Location: Sayeda Zeinaib in Cairo, Egypt Project Year: 1990 Area: 12,500 m² Description The center of old Cairo in a historical yet a disused and a poor neighborhood. An exceptionally advanced geometric arrangement has been planned for the park with preservation of existing shrubs and trees, including an avenue of palms; based in part the neighboring mosque of Ibn Tulun and others district monuments of mamluk and Ottoman continuous

Figure 7.48. Exterior shot, Data source (archnet)

Site Location

Egypt

Cairo

Contextual Analysis

Cultural Park for children

Figure 7.49. Contextual Layout, Data source (Google maps), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Accessibility The entrance of the building from the Main street Kadri Pasha

1

Sayeda Zeinab Youth Center

Main Road

2

Presidency of Sayeda Zeinab neighbourhood

Return Road

3

El Sayeda Zeinab Health Office

4

Al-Haud Al-Marsoud Hospital

Main Entrance Site Outline

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Case Studies 7.1. Local Case Study Architect Background • -Abdel Halim Ibrahim Abdel Halim, graduated in 1963 from the Faculty of Engineering, Department of Architectural Engineering, Cairo University.

• -In 1968, he travelled to the United States of America to obtain a master's degree from the University of Oregon in the United States of America and a doctorate from the University of California, Berkeley.

• -Abdel Halim Ibrahim Abdel Halimdominated by the traditional character, i.e. adherence to permanent values. His project for the Children's Cultural Park in Mrs. Zainab won the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 1992, and he also won the Arab Cities Award and the State Prize for Creativity in 1993.

Concept The project aims to implement people pride themselves and feel integrated with the neighborhood and their park.

The insertion of the park with the congested urban fabric around it has gone far beyond the original brief. As the park extends into the surrounding streets, it innovated a renewed sense of community. The residents take pride in their neighborhood as well as their park.

Architectural character The link between the dialectical relationship between the children and the garden site and the common denominator between them, as well as between the history of the site and the surrounding heritage and the functional elements of the project, as the unique vertical spiral escalation reflected by the lighthouse of Ibn Tulun Mosque was the focus of inspiration for a horizontal organizational engineering that damaged the site and its contents from palm trees And the added design elements that were different steps in the walkway

Elevation Analysis

Figure 7.50. Spiral mounting, Data source (archnet), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

The harmony between the destinations of the project and the destinations surrounding it showed good neighborliness through the modest and cut-off wall visually allowing the neighbors to extend their gaze to the nature that it contained in harmony and integrity unmatched by the innocent nature of the children.

Figure. 7.51. elevation, Data source (archnet), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

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Case Studies 7.1. Local Case Study

Structure The park is on relatively flat and well-packed material. Abdelhalim’s project scope included upgrades to infrastructure in the park and surrounding area, particularly electricity, sewage, water and telecommunications. Wooden mashrabeya, arches and old techniques.

Figure 7.52. Wooden mashrabeya, arches and old techniques, Data source (Google) , illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Landscape The palm tree and the fountained to make the main path and used grass to make green yard in different space along the path. Also leave the original palms and trees.

Figure 7.53. Contextual perspective, data source (Google maps) , illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

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Case Studies 7.1. Local Case Study Zoning Key : The master plan as shows relation between main entrance and library and the promenade starts from the main fountain till the end of the park and pass by all the services in the park.

Library Recreational Courts Museum

Circulation Main Entrance

Figure 7.54. Site components, Data source (Archdaily) , illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Theatre

Design Issue

Offices

1- Privacy Make the entrance gate and connect it with the main fountain to the main path and make privacy for library , theater, and Abu el Dahab community hall by leave them away from the main entrance and the noise of green yard.

Figure 7.55. Contextual Layout Data source (Archdaily) , illustrated by Authors 2020

2- Circulation The horizontal circulation in the park is presented in the main axis of the park in the center that pass by the promenade. Through the promenade make it easy for children and users to move between different facilities easily while walking through a beautiful view

Figure 7.56. Circulation in Cairo Cultural Park,Data source (Archdaily) , illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Figure 7. 57. library circulation Park ,Data source (Archdaily)

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Case Studies 7.1. Local Case Study 3- Image The palm tree promenade achieves a good and exciting atmosphere in the park and make all visitors directed to the end of the park so it allows them to visit all the spaces in the park.

Figure 7.58. cultural children park, Data source (archnet)

Figure 7.60. walkway through the projects, by( archnet)

Figure 7.59. outdoor space, Data source (archnet)

Figure 7.61. node between masses Data source (archnet)

Figure 7.62. outdoor gathering area space, Data source (Google)

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Case Studies 7.1. Local Case Study Interaction aspect : • The project mixed with the context and respond to the Islamic and Christian architecture features also with Hassan Fathi style .

• The main path of the project achieved perfectly circulation which all the spaces of the project looked to the path and make it easy o move along the whole project.

Figure 7.63. children park bath way, Data source (aga khan)

Figure 7.64. children park bath way, Data source (aga khan)

Conclusion Pros – Respect the context and the traditional architecture – The easy and directing circulation.

– Use of axis and directing circulation to allow people visit all the zones in the project

Cons – The children is the target of the project and they didn’t have enough activities.

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Case Studies 7.2 Regional Case Study 7.2.1. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies & Research Centre (KAPSRC) Architect: Zaha Hadid Architects Location: University Road, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Project Year: 2017 Area: 70,000 m2 Description: As an independent , nonprofit institution for global energy research.

The goal of the center is to encourage the aware ness of the challenges and opportunities for energy that the world and Saudi Arabia face through means of analytical analysis that offers insights on quality decision making to improve the global economic outlook.

Figure 7.65. KAPSRC Exterior shot, data source (Arch daily)

Site Location:

Saudi Arabia

Riyadh

Wexner Art Center

Contextual Analysis:

Figure 7.66. Contextual Layout, data source (Google maps), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Accessibility: The building is accessible from airport road and university road, it is easy for the citizens to reach .Roads are designed for pedestrian and cars path. The main entrance door is located on the outer northeast road

1

Dr. Cafe Coffee

2

Riyad Bank

3 Data Center - Princess

Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University 4 Princess Noura University Warehouse

Main Road Return Road Main Entrance Site Outline

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Case Studies 7.2. Regional Case Study Architect Background – The Iraqi-born British architect.

– Her public buildings are often described as dynamic, as if they're a freeze-frame of an action shot. Zaha Hadid's style embraces striking lines, sometimes bold with expressive curves; other times brutalist in essence.

Concept

Figure 7.67. Zaha Hadid , data source (pinterest)

The idea was to reduce the interference of the current landscape to create a single cohesive component. Sustainability and being environmentally friendly were given particular consid eration and thus any aspect of the project was considered to minimize energy consumption.

Air ventilation is achieved naturally using a very complicated method that has been constr ucted to guarantee a seamless transition from the warm outside to the cold inside the complex.

Architectural character – The structure is based on protective shell on the exterior walls and parametric folding technology that gives the building a specific shape.

– Using the parametric folding in the form as it presents the shape of the sands.

Figure 7.68. KAPSRC Exterior shot, data source (Arch daily) illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Figure 7.69. The parametric folding, data source (Pinterest)

Elevation Analysis The building protected with metal shield with narrow openings. That shield protects the buildings from sand storms, acts as shading devices for the narrow glass windows and gives a unique form for the building with it folds. 2. Narrow openings on the exterior facade to minimize the direct solar heat to the building and to use the natural lighting, inclined skylights are used.

Metal shield

Skylight Figure 7.70. KAPSRC Elevation , data source (Arch daily), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

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Case Studies 7.2. Regional Case Study Structure Analysis – The structure is based on protective shell on the exterior walls and parametric folding technology that gives the building a specific shape.

– Hexagonal prismatic honeycomb structures use the least material to create a lattice of cells within a given volume. This structural and organizational principle determined KAPSARC’s composition as an amalgamation of crystalline forms that emerges from the desert landscape, evolving to best respond to the environmental conditions and internal programmed requirements.( archdaily.com,2020)

Figure 7.71. Interior perspective showing structure of KAPSRC , data source (Arch daily), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Figure 7.72. KAPSRC Elevation, data source (Arch daily), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Landscape Analysis – Simple landscape design inspired from the desert and the hexagonal geometrical form of the building by using only landscape that integrate with the desert. (Author,2020)

Figure 7.73. KAPSRC Landscape, data source (Design boom), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Figure 7.74. KAPSRC Landscape, data source (Designboom)

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Case Studies 7.2. Regional Case Study Zoning KAPSARC campus incorporates five buildings: the Energy Knowledge Centre; the Energy Computer Centre; a Conference Centre with exhibition hall and 300-seat auditorium; a Research Library and the Musalla, an inspirational place for prayer within the campus.

Key : Lecture Halls

Circulation

Recreational

MPU

Courts

Theatre

Labs

Offices

Design Issue 1- Physiological aspect

Figure 7.75. Site components, data source (Archdaily) illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

As geometrically formed, KAPSRC’s interior architecture offers an atmosphere to maintain Islamic heritage along with the touch of our contemporary era.

2- Circulation aspect

Figure 7.76. Interior design for the praying chamber, data sorce (Archdaily), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

– Horizontal circulation relies on 3 axis leading to the spaces by the central node.

– Vertical circulation in the offices are connected by stairs and elevators .

Fig.ure 7.77. Circulation in KAPSRC, data source (Archdaily) illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Figure 7.78. Interior design for the offices building , data source (Archdaily), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

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Case Studies 7.2. Regional Case Study 3- Image aspect The KAPSRC Image is inspired from the surrounding environment of the project by imitating the sand dunes concept and using the parametric folding in the form as it presents the shape of the sands.

Figure 7.79. Exterior shot of the building , data source (Archdaily)

4- Interaction aspect KAPSARC’s architecture promotes transparency and encourages an active exchange between researchers and visitors. By strategically off-setting floorplates, spatial layering effects are created throughout the center to provide views to the floors above and below; offering transparency between floors in public areas designed as collective zones for researchers to meet informally and exchange ideas.

Conclusion Pros:

Figure 7.80. Court of the building , data source (Archdaily) ,illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

– One of a kind form inspired from the surrounding context.

– Optimizing the use of energy by: 1-Using thick walls to reduce the solar heat.

2-Shield with narrow openings to protect the building from sand storms.

3-Inclined skylights provide natural lighting without direct sun rays.

– Keeping the Islamic heritage along with the modernity of our contemporary era.

Cons: – Circulation between paths is not easy to navigate.

– Flexibility its not taken into consideration for any future changes.

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Case Studies 7.2 Regional Case Study 7.2.2. King Abdullah II of Art & Culture Architect: Zaha Hdid Location: Amman, Jordan Project Year: 2008 Area: 32371 m2 Figure 7.81. Exterior shot of the building , data source (Archdaily,2017)

Description: Our designs for a new performing arts center were inspired the ancient city of Petra – its interplay with nature and the processes of erosion that have reshaped its contours. In this new building erosion becomes the sole means of articulating public spaces, while remaining masses contain the performance spaces. (archdaily.com,2020).

Figure 7.82. Ancient city of Petra ,data source (Archdaily,2017)

Site Location :

Amman

Jordan

King Abdullah II of art and center

Contextual Analysis:

Omar Matar street

Ali Bin Abi Talib street

Figure 7.83. King Abdullah II contextual, data source (Archdaily,2017), illustrated by ( Authors,2020)

Accessibility : The building is accessible from Omar matar street and Ali bin Abi Talib street , it is easy for the citizens to reach . Roads are designed for pedestrian and cars path. The main entrance door is located on the outer west-south road. .( Author,2020)

Site Outline Main Road Return Road Main Entrance

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Case Studies 7.2 Regional Case Study Architect Background – The Iraqi-born British architect .

– Her public buildings are often described as dynamic, as if they're a freeze-frame of an action shot. Zaha Hadid's style embraces striking lines, sometimes bold with expressive curves; other times brutalist in essence.

Concept

Figure 7.84. Zaha Hadid , data source (pinterest)

Inspiration for the King Abdullah II House of Culture and Art came from the ancient city of Petra , an oasis and sanctuary of great beauty, providing a perfect analogy for a performing arts center that aspires to be an oasis and sanctuary for contemporary culture.

Autonomy Approach ( Author’s point of view ) This principle of erosion is the sole means of articulating the public spaces in the building.

Thus there is a very strong, legible relation between the exterior and interior public spaces.

By doing so she broke boundaries of the user’s experience, instead of the traditional encasing of the user inside of the building ,she made the walkthrough encompass the outside atmosphere with it’s natural existing topography.

Architectural character Petra also exemplifies the extraordinary interplay between architecture and nature, in particular, the way that the city's rose- colored stone walls have been fissured, carved and polished by fluvial erosion and sedimentation over the centuries. Contemporary architecture strives to emulate nature and learn from the intricate complexity and elegance of its forms.

Figure 7.85. Ancient city of Petra ,data source (Archdaily,2017), illustrated by (Authors,2020)

Elevation Analysis

Figure 7.89. king Abdullah II Exterior shot, data source (Archdaily,2017), illustrated by Authors,2020)

The elevation is composed of three materials which are stone, concrete, and glass, Zaha Hadid wanted to express the temporality and the forces of nature . reflected by applying the principle of fluid erosion and carving to the mass of the building for the performing arts center that inspired from the ancient city of Petra.

Stone

Glass Figure 7.90. king Abdullah II Exterior shot, data source (Archdaily,2017), illustrated by Authors,2020)

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Case Studies 7.2 .Regional Case Study Structure Analysis Further subtle nuances are created by treating the structure’s exterior volume as a ‘fluid’ rather than rigid box – its volume gently swelling, echoing the ancient columns of Petra, its ground level surfaces sloping and rising between deeper erosions to create natural amphitheaters. The big Concert Theater is exposed at the end of the public void. The Small Theater is exposed overhead at the front of the building where the public foyer space fuses with the public plaza. These two recognizably shaped volumes that contain the primary event spaces are then encapsulated by the support functions to create the exterior cubic volume.( archdaily.com,2020)

Figure 7.91. Concert Theater of king Abdullah II center, data source (Archdaily,2017), illustrated by (Authors,2020)

Figure 7.92. exterior facade of king Abdullah II center, data source( Archdaily,2017) , illustrated by (Authors,2020)

Landscape Analysis Security strip Landscaping is used in place of a traditional fence to create a security strip that will both buffer and protect. .( Author,2020)

Figure 7.93. King Abdullah II of Art & Culture Landscape ,data source( Archdaily,2017), illustrated by ( Authors,2020)

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Case Studies 7.2 .Regional Case Study Zoning The plaza ground outside receives the underpass thus creates an amphitheater-like valley.

The big Concert Theater is exposed at the end of the public void. The Small Theater is exposed overhead at the front of the building where the public foyer space fuses with the public plaza.

Key : Main entrance

Main theatre

Learning center

Ticket hall

Open Amphitheater

Atrium void

Service car park

Grand stair

Figure 7.94. program components, data source ( Arch daily,2017) , illustrated by Authors 2020

Section Analysis

The shape of the eroded space reveals the two main performance spaces as the figurative parts of the eroded mass. The big Concert Theater is exposed at the end of the public void.

The Small Theater is exposed overhead at the front of the building.

Key : Entrance Central loppy Main Theater

Auditorium Restaurant Rehearsal Room

Design Issue

Figure 7.95. Section Analysis , data source( Archdaily2017), illustrated by Authours,2020

1- Psychological aspect These quasi-topographic manipulations of ground surfaces are both evocative and communicative, helping to orientate visitors and encourage them to congregate in at all levels. In particular, at the second, elevated foyer level which provides wonderful views.

Figure 7.96. Interior shot of king Abdullah II center, data source (Archdaily2017) illustrated by Authors,2020

2- Circulation aspect The circulation was inspired from the principles of fluid erosion. Indeed, erosion provided the sole means of articulating ,all public spaces in and around the new performing arts center.

Figure 7.97. Interior showing the Circulation in King Abdullah, data source (Archdaily2017), illustrated by Authors, 2020

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Case Studies 7.2. Regional Case Study 3- Image aspect Petra also exemplifies the extraordinary interplay between architecture and nature – in particular, the way that the city’s rose-colored stone walls have been fissured, carved and polished by fluvial erosion and sedimentation over the centuries. Contemporary architecture strives to emulate nature and learn from the intricate complexity and elegance of its forms.

Figure 7.98. exterior facade showing multi-level channel cut right through the building ,data source (Archdaily,2017)

4- Interaction aspect The fact that the erosion is cutting through the building implies that the interior surfaces will be light-flooded and thus very visible from the outside. The eroded interior surface extends deep into the public plaza as a welcoming gesture drawing the public into the building.

Figure 7.99. Interior shot of king Abdullah II center, data source ( Archdaily2017)

Conclusion Pros: – Contemporary architecture strives to emulate nature and learn from the intricate complexity and elegance of its forms. So, from this case study, we learned the principles of fluid erosion.

Cons: – Circulation might feel like amaze.

– The parking is too small.

– No outdoor activates space.

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Case Studies 7.2. Regional Case Study 7.2.3. The King Abdulaziz Centre for World Culture : .

Architect: Norwegian Architectural firm Location: Dhahran, Saudi Arabia Project Year: 2017 Area: 100,000 m²

Description The King Abdul-Aziz Centre for World Culture is a social institution committed to alive Saudi heritage cause the site of the culture centre is a national landmark commemorating the place where oil was first discovered in the Arab State. the modern luxurious cultural centre is built by Snøhetta and this firm was chosen especially because it provided a design that reflected multiple layers symbolizing the geological area of Saudi Arabia, this design will stand to support Saudi Arabia’s continuous

Figure 7.100. KACWC Exterior shot, data source( aljalia,2017)

Site Location :

KACWC

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Al-Dhahran

Contextual Analysis :

Figure 7.101. Contextual Layout, Courtesy of Google maps & annotated by the researcher analysis(Authors,2020)

Accessibility : The entrance of the building from the Main street Engineer Ali bin Ibrahim al-Naimi's and the back entrance from khadem al haramain al-sharifain street

1

Eye Specialist Hospital

Main Road

2

Rabiyah compound

Return Road

3

Dhahran Views Complex

Main Entrance

4

Al Rajhi Bank

Site Outline

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Case Studies 7.2. Regional Case Study Architect Background • Snøhetta is an international architecture company works in architectural project , interior design, landscape design project ,and logos brand design • Snøhetta's company coherence with their environment was awarded the Global Award for green Architecture, from an international scale, for their large projects, and at a loca l, small projects • Some of Snøhetta's works: Bibliotheca alexandrina, El Paso Children's Museum , Oslo Opera House and Lillehammer Art Museum

Concept The concept was mainly made up of rocks and their is 3 main rocks focuses on the geological nature of the Kingdom, using an assortment of different-sized “rocks”, which symbolize diversity in 3 main buildings in the project and they are reflecting the present, the past, and the future Future

Present

• Learning Functions

• Performing arts spaces

Past • Museum • Archives

Architectural character • The concept of the building is in the form of rocks led to a harmony between the blocks and the elements required to be achieved in each block and that the difference in the size of the blocks is due to the difference in the sizes of the rocks and thus is due to the functional division of the building and the contents of each section of its activities

Legend Great Library Library Keystone Knowledge tower Auditorium

Figure 7.102. Elevation Analysis Diagram, Data Source (saudiaramco.com, 2018), Illustrated by (Authors,2020)

Elevation Analysis created a free-form building envelope using thousands of three-dimensional stainless steel tubes and the building integrated modern building techniques with traditional ones including rammed earth which incorporates clay, sand, and gravel forming the centre's walls cause of that the concept was achieved and how the 5 pebbles are resting on each other Curtain wall twisted columns/double glazed

The Keystone

CNC Bent Stainless steel tubes Figure 7.103. Elevation Analysis Diagram, Data Source (saudiaramco.com, 2018), Illustrated by (Authors,2020)

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Case Studies 7.2 Regional Case Study Structure aspect • The metal is the counterpoint to the rammed earth wallThe building's structure is one of a kind in modern architecture, entirely wrapped with a 350km long steel pipe. and reflective of the strong Arabian sun.

Figure 7.104. KACWC Elevation, data source (arch2o,2018), illustrated by (Authors,2020)

Landscape aspect • Create spaces for pedestrians and outdoor activities with landscapes in harmony with the place to correspond with the idea and concept of the project

Figure 7.105. KACWC Landscape, data source (skeie,2018), illustrated by ( Authors,2020)

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Case Studies 7.2. Regional Case Study

Key :

Zoning The floor plan show Despite the existence of different masses in this project, but the layout is totally connected as if its one building how the 5 rocks act as one unit with green areas or internal connections from inside each building.

Figure 7.106. Site components, (data source KACWC,2018),illustrated by authors,2020

Section Analysis The conceptual section shows the inner connections between the different buildings and show the concept of the 3 eras also show the relation between circulation

Design Issue 1- Psychological aspect

Figure 7.107. section, data source of KACWC,2018

It is affecting to give impression that a user gets when entering a space or a building with a unique and innovative atmosphere. The mood and ambience as each type of space give a different feeling for the user. was reflected by blending natural and artificial lighting in the same place

Figure 7.108. Interior design for the plaza, ( data source ,wordpress2017)

Figure 7..109. Interior design for Cultural oasis (data source wordpress,2017)

2- Environmental aspect the building should be merged with the surrounding environmental context, interact with it, deal with it as an environment friendly building.

KACWC is one of the most eco-friendly constructions in the world, connected to the desire to protect and revive the sustainability of the planet.

50% of building's waste -wood, steel and paper- has been recycled and most of the finishes used in the wood have been obtained from the sources that are sustainable.

Figure 7.110. the hole project show the mass whats looks like in site (data source Aramco,2017)

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Case Studies 7.2 Regional Case Study 3- Privacy aspect Creating large areas for exhibitions and common places between people and places of offices, creating clear heights to separate them

4- Circulation aspect

Figure 7.111. Interior design for the offices building ,( data source Andrew shenouda)

• Horizontal rotation depends on movement between offices, plaza and educational halls in a wide range of movement.

• The vertical in a building depends on the movement of people between each period of time and the other through the buildings' connection between each other and also through the stairs and elevators communication.

3- Image aspect

Figure 7.112. Circulation in KAPSRC, (data source Aramco,2017)

Figure 7.113. Interior design for plaze and entrance, (data source Archdaily,2017)

5- Image aspect A complete picture of the project KACWC to show the concept of a building and its connection to the desert and the natural geological place and rocks

Figure 7.2.3.155Exterior perspective showing the geological place and rocks, (data source Archdaily,2017)

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Case Studies 7.2 Regional Case Study 6-Interaction aspect : • Link the interior part with exterior part by create an external show on the building interfaces

Figure 7.114. Elevation of the KACWC , (data source Archdaily,2017)

Figure 7.115. Elevation of the KACWC with outdoor show on building , (data source Archdaily,2017)

Conclusion

Pros • An innovative modern project to revitalize the place while preserving the importance of the historical place and also revive the Saudi heritage • the project includes the underground area of the past in the subterranean rocks that were reflected in museums and achievements and represents the present ground level with theatrical arts spaces and the highest structure represents the future in a tower Knowledge through learning spaces

Cons • It is difficult to understand the internal spaces of the project because it is not clear in order when entering the project • Entrance to the project from two entrances only

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Case Studies 7.3. International Case Studies 7.3.1 Zhuhai Arts and Culture Center Architect: 10 Design Location: Zhuhai, China Year: 2013 Design Area:4050m2

Description proposal tries to reflect both the unique environment and the importance of of Zhuhai, but as a Museum of art it has to educate and encourage discussion and to do this the facility must be a welcoming and truly public building.

In order to encourage this we have designed the building

Figure 7.116. Zhuhai Exterior shot, Data source ( behance)

as an extension of Lovers Boulevard, creating a series of elevated activity platforms that truly interacts and the public and in doing so makes the building more approachable and hopefully entices them in. In doing so we believe our proposal will provide a positive contribution to the urban realm and cultural context and will not simply be a civic statement.

China

Zuha Zuhai Arts culture center i Fig. 7.3.2.2 Contextual Layout, Courtesy of Google maps style & annotated by the researcher

End of lover`s boulevard

Current road condition &traffic

Existing grid & structure

Maximize views and sea connection

Figure 7.117. urban context analysis, Data source (behence)

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Case Studies 7.3. International Case Studies Site Context Lovers Road is perhaps one of the most important and well known of Zhuhai's public amenities. There is a huge responsibility to not only address Lovers Road but to embrace and continue the boulevard into the facility to negate the sense of termination. The proposal pulls the boulevard past a reflective sculpture pool and up a series of civic scale terraces and turns the boulevard into and up to the façade.

The boulevard becomes a vertical procession through a series of external landscape decks, viewing platforms and sculpture areas. These not only provide elevated views to Macau but also views back up Lover's Boulevard to Zhuhai and into the central exhibition The processional staircase ends in an activated F&B terrace offering views of both Macau and Zhuhai. This ensures public interaction with the center even if visitors don't enter the building.

Building form sculpted by tides coming in from the shore and people coming from city

Figure 7.118. contextual analysis, Data source (behance)

View frames are formed within the building architecture, maximizing views to the key parts of the city and it`s context

The public areas in the building are accessible 24/7,merging with the public realm of the city Building circulation becomes a contaminating of the louvers boulevard

There are several water pools in the museum, creating external exhibition spaces the connects the building to the waterfront

The main entrance of the museum faces north , between the road coming down east side , away from the promenade and boulevard

Figure 7.119. Building context analysis, Data source (behence)

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115

Case Studies 7.3. International Case Studies Architect Background • 10 Design is an international architecture and masterplanning practice with offices in Hong Kong, Shanghai, Edinburgh, Dubai, Miami, London, and Shenzhen.

• Founded in 2010, the practice has designed and delivered work in 60 cities across Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and Americas.

• 10 Design has won over 70 international awards and major design competitions.10 Design works at diverse scales, from the design of individual buildings to the planning of cities. The practice focuses on bringing innovative design solutions for multicultural projects, with economic and social integrity. Its works include large-scale mixed use development, retail, office, residential, hospitality, transport, education, cultural, and civic projects.

Concept

One of the unique features of Zhuhai is the sculptural coastline and the rock formations created by the movement of the water, wind and the tides. Like the coastal forms the building has also been sculpted but by the movement of people not the elements.

Expected movement from both the Lover’s Boulevard and the city sculpts both the external and internal form in the same way that the elements have sculpted the rock forms over time. The sculpting of the building is by both projected vertical and horizontal circulation provides a sculptural but informed building form.

Figure 7.120. concept sketch, Data source (behence)

Architectural character • the building has an extension of Lovers Boulevard, creating a series of elevated activity platforms that truly interacts and the public and in doing so makes the building more approachable and hopefully entices them in.

• the proposal will provide a positive contribution to the urban realm and cultural context and will not simply be a civic statement.

Elevation Analysis • The horizontal lines of the facade taken from the bounders of the city and the waves of the sea.

• The vertical lines take angel of incline to make self shading to the building.

• Use transparence glass to maximize the daylighting inside the building.

Horizontal lines

Figure 7.121. elevation analysis, Data source (behence), illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

Vertical lines

Figure 7.122. elevation analysis, Data source (behence), illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

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Case Studies 7.3. International Case Studies Key:

Zoning Flexible column free temporary exhibition space is provided, within a single volume of approximately 27x150m space.

This large volume can be used as a single space or subdivided into smaller numerous studios. The external pre-function area allows visitors to bypass the gallery should they be out of use while not interfering with the circulation of the main building.

The external foyer and viewing external decks offers a range of external event spaces and can be used for exhibition, performance or simple recreation. To ensure regular foot traffic public functions such as the book shop and F+B on the elevated plaza can be accessed out of hours ensuring not only round the clock activity but also regular revenue when the art center is closed.

External public spaces

Roof 15.00+

Restaurant (F+B) Internal public spaces Administration

3/F 15.00 +

Studios Storage Permanent Exhibition General exhibition zone Special exhibition zone

2/F 9.50 +

1/F 4.50 +

Art Education Centre Art communication center Book Shop

GF 0.00+

Figure 7.123. 3D zoning, Data source (behence) . illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

Figure 7.124. Section Analysis, Data source (behence)

Figure 7.125. Section Analysis, Data source (behence)

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Case Studies 7.3. International Case Studies Structure aspect Steel space frame structure covered with Aluminum louvers supported by concrete slab between steel floor .

Roof Panels Insulation Space Frame Dropped Ceiling

Aluminum louvers Insulation Window wall Steel Structure Window wall Water body

Concrete slab Façade aluminum panels

Figure. 7.126. 3D structural analysis, Data source (behence)

Landscape aspect • Simple landscape green design with the bounders of the building with courtyard inside the building .

• There are several water pools in the museum, creating external exhibition spaces the connects the building to the waterfront .

Figure 7.127. Layout , Data source (behence)

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Case Studies 7.3. International Case Studies Design Issue 1-Environmental Strategy Design in response to the climatic conditions of Zhuhai allows for interactive and efficient sustainable strategies. The carved form enables cross ventilation through two main atria, while operable louvers provide cooling for interiors. Rainwater collection reduces need for potable water irrigation while creating a landscape feature itself. Strategically placing glazing in areas of function allows deep penetration of natural daylight throughout.

Atrium Daylighting Natural ventilation Cross Ventilation

Rainwater collection

Figure 7.128. 3D environmental analysis, Data source (behence)

The building's form is designed to reduce harmful direct solar gain, while allowing ambient natural daylight to the non-exhibition spaces of the museum. The use of natural daylight wherever possible can reduce the need for extensive artificial . lighting and enhance the occupant experience. An atrium can serve as an effective circulation space throughout the building and connection to future buildings, while creating dramatic spaces to interact and exhibit.

Figure 7.129. 3D environmental analysis, Data source (behence)

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Case Studies 7.3. International Case Studies 2- Privacy aspect • The rooms and secure areas that requires privacy are located in a building where floorplates overlap.

• The corridor covered by wood louvers .

Figure 7.130. Interior shot, Data source (behence)

3- Image aspect -View frames are formed within the building architecture, maximizing views to the key parts of the city and it`s context -Building form sculpted by tides coming in from the shore and people coming from city

Figure 7.131. exterior shot, Data source (behence)

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Case Studies 7.3. International Case Studies 4-Circulation aspect

Key: Internal public circulation Restaurant Service lift

External public circulation Fire escape stair

Exhibition Service lift

Lift

Public lift

Public lift

Figure 7.132. 3D Circulation analysis, Data source (behence), illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

5-psyciological Aspect The sculpted form is restricted to only where the building interacts with the users, so only the entry and waterfront edges are sculpted while the southerly and westerly edges retain a rational grid and rational structure .In order to encourage this we have designed the building as an extension of Lovers Boulevard, creating a series of elevated activity civic statement.

Figure 7.133. Section analysis, Data source (behence)

120

Case Studies 7.3. International Case Studies 6-Interaction aspect There are 3 elevated decks, The first is a pool that is also viewed from the permanent exhibition halls. Secondly is a waterfront amphitheater that is semi covered providing and external learning area that extends the convention room and café facilities. The third is the elevated plaza that provides views of both Macau and Zhuhai .

Gallery Space

Restaurant

Viewing Deck

Infinity pool

Figure 6.134. 3D program analysis, Data source (behence)

Amphitheatre

Conclusion Pros • the sculptural coastline and the rock formations created by the movement of the water, wind • Design outer landscape of the project by bounders of the building • Make internal courtyard in the building to maximize the skylight and natural ventilation

Cons • the long corridor in the zone of work shop make the user feel monotonous inside the building

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Case Studies 7.3. International Case Studies 7.3.2. Taichung City Cultural Center Architect :Hyunjoon Yoo Architects Location: : Taichung, Taiwan Project Year: : completed in 2013 Area: 63,700 m² Description : Rationality and Sensibility are often depicted as a conflicted concept. However, those notions should be seen as a communicative, complementary force rather than conflictive and contradictory, just like the negative and positive force in the universe.

As the men only gets completed while the two forces complement and compete against each other, Taichung Cultural Center is designed in a way that library and fine arts museum are simultaneously complementing and competing against one to another.

Site Location : .

Taiwan

Taichung

Figure 7.135. Taichung City Cultural Center shot Data source (Archdaily)

Figure 7.136. Taichung City Cultural Center shoot shot , Data source (Archdaily)

Taichung City Dadun Cultural Center

Contextual Analysis : Main Road

Main Entrance

Return Road

Site Outline

Accessibility : The building is accessible from Dazhong south steet and Dadun = 16th street , it is easy for the citizens to reach . Roads are designed for pedestrian and cars path.

Figure 7.137 layout map Data source (Archdaily) . illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

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Case Studies 7.3. International Case Studies Architect Background Sumit Singhal loves modern architecture. He comes from a family of builders who have built more than 20 projects in the last ten years near Delhi in India. He has recently started writing about the architectural projects that catch his imagination.

Concept : Rationality and Sensibility, the both terms are the base that establishes human culture or intelligence.

Human’s rationality is revealed through philosophy, mathematics and science whereas the sensibility is freely expressed in our lives in the form of art, music, literature, etc.

The both terms can be interpreted into architectural language, where the rationality is defined as a Library and the sensibility is depicted as a Fine Arts Museum.

Autonomy Approach ( Author’s point of view ) The architect merged the swimming pool with the external gallery and placed art painting with the library .

Architectural character green wall , people read books in this area, they are being exposed to the green wall of the art museum that reflects the traditional Chinese landscape.

Figure 7.138. Taichung City Cultural Center shoot shot , Data source (Archdaily)

Figure 7.139. Taichung City Cultural Center shoot shot , Data source (Archdaily)

Elevation Analysis The elevation is composite of three materials which are steel, concrete, brick and, The green wall represents the largest part of the façade, and the architect cladded the outer walls with wooden cladding Green wall Wood facade cladding Figure 7.140. elevations, Data source (Archdaily)

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Case Studies 7.3. International Case Studies Zoning

.

Figure 7.141. plans , Data source (Archdaily) . illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

Key : museum E learning classroom Education zoon

Children's reading zoon

Bookstores & gifts shops

Exhibition hall

multimedia Library office Unloading dock

Parking area Archive

Mechanical

Section Analysis The elevation is composite of three materials which are steel, concrete, brick and glass,

Figure 7.142. section , Data source (Archdaily)

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Case Studies 7.3. International Case Studies Circulation aspect The circulation path for the visitors of the art museum also exhibits the quality of "interweaving": the visitors at the exhibition hall enter the library building through the mass that connects the valley. From the art museum that penetrates the library mass, the visitors enjoy the exhibition while having the library books as a backdrop and simultaneously, people at the library will have the view of the art museum in their background while reading books or looking down. Since the eye level of the people in the art museum and in the library is relatively altered, they have the unique visual experience - they are positioned to look up or look down depending on their spots.

roof

.

Green zone

Library zone museum zone

Park user museum user Library user Loading and unloading user core Figure 7.143. circulation , Data source (Archdaily) . illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

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Case Studies 7.3. International Case Studies Structure aspect The structure is based on the spaces in interior To give large areas of the interior and reduce the walls for easy field of vision .

Figure 7.144. interior shot showing structere , Data source (Archdaily) . illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

Landscape aspect Simple landscape It matches the design and concept of the building in terms of function .

Figure 7.145. KAPSRC Landscape, Data source (Archdaily)

126

Case Studies 7.3. International Case Studies Design Issue

1- Psychological aspect The library spaces are organized such that individuals can understand books while getting a charge out of the common scene. From bygone eras in China, the researchers used to like the regular scene somewhere far off and they likewise read in a room where they kept the Bonsai – the plant that mirrors a "more modest scope nature" – and noticed the scene canvases on the dividers.

Figure 7.146. Interior design showing the view , Data source (Archdaily) . illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

2- Environmental aspect Most of the energetic and sustainability requirements are managed in the depth of the ribs, thanks to their studied shape and section. The different air chambers, doors, and discharge systems provided, in addition to computerized management will allow the thermal, lighting, and acoustic control, becoming the building a worldwide green building reference.

Figure 7.147. sectional showing the environmental aspect, Data source (Archdaily)

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Case Studies 7.3. International Case Studies 3- Privacy aspect

in Taichung Library, the books are put away in the zone where the daylight from the west side is totally shut out and the perusing zone is organized along the patio with the most extreme characteristic light. As individuals read books around there, they are being presented to the green mass of the craftsmanship historical center that mirrors the conventional Chinese scene. The subsequent vista is come about because of the custom that acquainted the nature with the engineering through the articles.

Figure 7.148. Interior design for the offices building , Data source (Archdaily)

4- Image aspect Rationality and sensibility are often depicted as a conflicted concept. However, those notions should be seen as a communicative, complementary force rather than conflictive and contradictory, just like the negative and positive force in the universe.

Figure 7.149. Exterior perspective, Data source (Archdaily)

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Case Studies 7.3. International Case Studies 5- Interaction Aspect • Simple landscape It matches the design and concept of the building in terms of function .

Figure 7.150. Interior design for the offices building , Data source (Archdaily) . illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

Figure 7.150. Interior design for the offices building , Data source (Archdaily) .

Pros One of a kind project shows Rationality and sensibility, the both terms are the base that establishes human culture or intelligence.

Cons Combining entertainment with education can cause some kind of inconvenience that may cause disharmony between the function of each element

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Case Studies 7.3. International Case Studies 7.3.3Shou County Culture and Art Center: Architect: Studio Zhu-Pei Location: Shou County, China Project Year: 2019 Area: 30,010 m2

Description: Shou County Culture and Art Center is a classic example of how we should not judge a book by its cover.

Specifically, do not let its boundary walls intimidate you. Each is made from a flat, rough, bamboo concrete wall with rectangular cutouts of various sizes littered across it.

Pass through the main entrance – accessible after crossing a bridge over the moat that surrounds the Center – and a whole new world unfolds.

Figure 7.151. Shou County Exterior shot, Data source (Archdaily)

Site Location :

China

Shou County

Shou County Culture and Art Center

Contextual Analysis :

1

2

Accessibility :

Figure 7.152. Contextual Layout ,Data source (google map) . illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

The building is accessible from South road and West Road , it is easy for the citizens to reach . The main entrance door is located on the outer south road.

1

Office Building

2

Business twin tower (under construction)

Main Road Return Road Main Entrance Site Outline

130

Case Studies 7.3. International Case Studies Concept China is set in a new part of Shou County, southeast of the old town.

The idea was to inspire from the local vernacular to come up with the architectural concept.

Shaped like a cuboid, it has four courtyards of varying sizes inserted into it that open to the sky. The project site resembled a blank piece of paper, offering the potential for a multitude of creative opportunities.

Figure 7.153. Interior shots, Data source (Archdaily)

Figure 7.154. Interior shots, Data source (Archdaily)

Architectural character Shou County Culture and Art Center built in a new city a couple of kilometers southeast of the old town, on what used to be vacant, farmland with a lack of green spaces(landscape Features). new tall built around, and failed to mirror the local atmosphere and local culture.

In Shou County Culture center it resemble the Architecture Character of Shou county city houses with enhanced with other new invention to become contemporary.

Elevation Analysis One of the first cultural buildings in this new district, the Shou County Culture and Arts Centre, continues the traditional spirit of the local place in a new way.

The entrance courtyard has a garden character, and is accessed from the south through a gate and departments can be reached through further courtyard.

The exterior character is expressed by closed facade perforated irregularly with different sized openings.

Structure Analysis

The main materials are used are concrete, glass and wood these are selected purposely to keep it simple as possible Wall ceiling and flooring are made of concrete .

Instead of using tiles for the roof Architect’s Zhu angled the concrete with is too difficult just to translate all this careful handwork into contemporary.

Figure 7.156. Interior shots, Data source (Archdaily) . illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

Figure 7.155. Interior shots, Data source (Archdaily) . illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

Figure 7.157. Interior shots, Data source (Archdaily) . illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

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Case Studies 7.3. International Case Studies Zoning Key : Courtyards Lecture Halls Archives MPU Cafe

Circulation Reception Book Shop Landscape

Figure 7.158. Zoning, Data source (Archdaily) . illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

Design Issue 1- Physiological aspect

The space is unpredictable, and light and shadow continually shift to surprise visitors, allowing them to feel the artistic spirit of traditional Chinese architecture expressed by the principles of ‘hide, breath, cultivate and wander .

Figure 7.159. Exterior Design of the Main Entrance, Data source (Archdaily) .

2- Environmental aspect Response to the cold winters and hot summers, architects designed it to have narrow streets flanked by courtyard houses that have tall, solid, vertical walls with small windows cut into them.

A typical weatherproofing feature to protect occupants from the cold in winter and heat in summer.

Figure 7.160. showing the narrow streets with tall walls, Data source (Archdaily) . illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

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Case Studies 7.3. International Case Studies 3- Privacy aspect

According to this thick high walls and this different sizes of courtyard giving this project a huge privacy as in their traditional houses/Villages.

The Shou County Culture and Art Center provide a good harmony between the visitors as they are in one village surrounded by high wall fortifications as in old Chinese villages.

4- Circulation aspect

Figure. 7.161. Exterior Design of the entrance, Data source (Archdaily) . illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

Horizontal circulation relies on many Courtyards leading to different spaces Vertical circulation lead to spaces such as art galleries, the cultural center, libraries and archives on levels two and three.

Figure 7.162. Circulation in Sheo County, Courtesy of Archdaily

Figure 7.163. Interior design for the Courtyard, Courtesy of Archdaily

5- Image aspect The Shou County Culture and Art Center is inspired from the surrounding environment of the project by taking References to Chinese residences through their rectilinear forms.

The local culture also influenced by Chinese garden .

Figure 7.164. Exterior perspective showing the rectilinear shape Data source (Archdaily) . illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

Figure 7.165. Main Courtyard inner shot, Data source (Archdaily) . illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

Conclusion • as we see the architect define his approach very well with the context around and presented in simplest forms .

• Although he didn’t follow a typical vertical circulation and tried to be more distinctive .

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Case Studies 7.4 Autonomous Case Studies 7.4.1 House II Residential building Architect: John Hejduk Location: Gröningen, Holland Project Year: 1971-1973 Area: 265 m2

Description: House description Wall House, a residence designed by John Hejduk in 1973 and built in 2001, is located Figure 7.166. House II Exterior shot, Data source (Issue) in Groningen, the Netherlands.

From the observation of this we can deduce its composition, consisting of nine distinct elements: the corridor, the study, the bathrooms, the stairwell, the walk-in closet, the wall, the bedroom, the kitchen and the living room. These nine elements, positioned at different heights and distributed randomly, give rise to an irregular plant that grows in length. The various elements are joined together by small passages that connect these elements but in turn separate them. Observing it from the outside we notice that it is divided into two areas by the wall, hence the name Wall House.

Site Location :

HOLLAND

Gröningen

HOUSE II

Contextual Analysis : -The house is located in an open land on the edge of a residential area Hoornse Meer, overlooking Lake Pater woldsemeer and although it was not designed for this particular site, it does establish a dialogue with its surroundings -Unfortunately it was not completed until after the death of John Hejduk..

Main Road 2

Secondary road Main Entrance Site Outline 1 2 3

Allego Charging Station Praktijk de Hoornsemeer Massage center Looking Young beauty center

3 1

Figure 7.167. Contextual Layout, Data source (Google maps & annotated by the researcher) . illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

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Case Studies 7.4. Autonomous Case Studies Architect Background

• was an American architect, artist and educator of Czech origin who spent much of his life in New York City, United States. Hejduk is noted for having had a profound interest in the fundamental issues of shape, organization, representation, and reciprocity.

• Hejduk studied at the Cooper Union School of Art and Architecture, the University of Cincinnati, and the Harvard Graduate School of Design. He worked in several offices in New York including that of I. M. Pei and Partners and the office of A.M. Kinney and Associates. He established his own practice in New York City in 1965..

Concept The theoretical concept of house II, Design stems from the idea that work and living are different functions and as such should be separated by wall architecturally based on the idea of the physical confrontation between space and time, and Wall that symbolizes the physical transition from the past to the future through the present elaborated with separate elements

Figure 7.168. concept sketch, Data source (Issue)

Autonomy Approach ( Architect point of view ) The Jejduk breaking borders of the functions relationships in house idea states that the work and living are different functions and as such should be separated by wall architecturally based on the idea of the physical confrontation between space and time, and Wall that symbolizes the physical transition from the past to the future through the present elaborated with separate elements

Architectural character • Each volume takes on its own different shape.

• The separation between ceiling and floor of the superimposed volumes accentuates that formal independence.

• Each function corresponds to a volume and the volumes are also differentiated by color.

• The wall is separated from the volumes through transparent elements.

Elevation Analysis -Use colors to division each volume to relation with its function.

-hejduke use the golden ratio to create the volumes.

-use bridg pillars to link the work zone with other functions.

-use curved and rectangular glass window

Figure 7.169. Elevation analysis, Data source (Issue)

Figure 7.171. Golden ratio analysis, Data source (Issue) Raised floor Rectangular window Figure 7.170.

Golden ratio analysis, Courtesy of Issue

Figure 7.172. curved wall, Data source (Issue)

Figure 7.173. Elevation analysis, Data source (Issue)

Free facade

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Case Studies 7.4. Autonomous Case Studies

Structure aspect The wall with a thickness of 1.50m acts as a connector between the axes that form the house, the horizontal axis that ends in the study and the apparent support of the stacked elements of the vertical axis that make up the living spaces, although the wall only it serves as a guide because the elements are supported by a structural plot of columns. The wall does not manifest itself in the interior, but between them there is a narrow space visually perceptible and linked through a glazed structure.

A reinforced concrete structure was used for the dividing wall and the columns. The corridor was built with a steel frame, wooden walls and a stucco exterior.

Vertical elements

Horizontal elements The massive wall

Figure 7.174. structural analysis, Data source (Issue), . illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

Landscape aspect The project surrounded by a lot of green areas make natural ventilation to building.

The trees surround the project and make some kind of privacy that make the building unique from its environment.

Figure 7.175. Contextual Layout, Data source (of Google maps & annotated by the researcher)

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Case Studies 7.4 Autonomous Case Studies Zoning -The design of the Wall House 2 confronts a horizontal axis with a vertical one, in which the wall participates as a connector and as a barrier simultaneously, supporting the manifest intention to isolate the program in autonomous spaces.

-Each of the volumes plays a role and all three are stacked one on top of the other, on the side of the wall that is only symbolic. Access between them is achieved by passing to the other side of the wall that rises above these volumes and reach the stairs in a circular manner, like a pipe.

-On the other side of the wall in addition to the staircase that leads to the different floors, there are two spaces for the installations and a long corridor that leads to the study in an ameboid way, away from the main stack. The living spaces are curved, the facilities are geometric.

Living Room

Separation wall

Dining Room

Bathrooms

Bed Room

Corridor of Stair

Spiral Staircase

Study room

Stairs Figure 7.176. 3D zoning components , , Data source (Issue), . illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

Figure 6.177. plan zoning analysis , , Data source (Issue), . illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

Design Issue

Figure 7.178. Section zoning analysis , , Data source (Issue), . illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

1-psyciological Aspect -The wall for Hejduk also represents the architectural separation between the different functions that its inhabitants perform, life on one side of the wall and work, on the other side , based on the idea of the physical confrontation between space and time, elaborated with separate elements. It is a musicological manifestation to user -establishes between the rooms and the circulation systems by colors so that one has to go through it to move from one room to another, becomes a passing line, a limit. A palette of yellow, green, black, brown and gray reinforces the division of the function of each volume.

Figure 7.179. analysis of the wall that separate between two zones , Data source (Issue)

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Case Studies 7.4 Autonomous Case Studies 2-Environmental Strategy • the massive wall make shading to the residential part of the building that reduce the temperature inside the building • the walls designed as curvature wall to throw out the negative pressure from the building • the raised up building make cross ventilation under the building • the envelope windows maximize the daylight inside the building

Figure 7.180. surrounded landscape , , Data source (Issue), . illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

Figure 7.182. interior shot show the glass , Data source (Issue), . illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

Figure 7.181. Massive wall , , Data source (Issue), . illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

Figure 7.183. shows the curvature of walls , , Data source (Issue), . illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

3- Privacy aspect The Highrise of the wall make separation between the residential zone and the work zone that make each part have his privacy

Figure 7.184. analysis of the wall that separate the people between residential and work zone, , Data source (Issue), . illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

138

Case Studies 7.4 Autonomous Case Studies 4-Circulation aspect • On the ground floor, the wall divides the activities in two building • the main functions: bedroom, dining room and living room, and on the other the service functions: stairs and bathrooms.

• The study appears independent linked by a long corridor that contains the access staircase.

Horizontal circulation Vertical circulation Zone

Figure 7.185. 3D circulation , , Data source (Issue), . illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

Walls and pillars Massive wall

Stair

Slabs

Spiral staircase Figure 7.4.1.21 plan circulation , , Data source (Issue), . illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

connector

5- Image aspect

• John uses the concept of golden ration to make satisfaction to the eye and to be comfortable • The Varity of colors of each part of building makes the building unique from other building

Figure 7.187. golden ratio of the elevation , Data source (Issue), . illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

Pros

Figure 7.186. golden ratio of the elevation , , Data source (Issue), . illustrated by (Authors ,2020)

• Use colors to division each volume to relation with its function.

• hejduke use the golden ratio to create the volumes.

• the massive wall make shading to the residential part of the building that reduce the temperature inside the building • The Varity of colors of each part of building makes the building unique from other building

Cons • The borders of the building doesn’t exist with bounders of the land lot

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Case Studies 7.4 Autonomous Case Studies 7.4.2 Wexner Center for the Arts: Architect: Peter Eisenman Location: Ohio, United States Project Year: 1987-1989 Area: 30,000 m2 Description Multidisciplinary is an international laboratory for modern art research and development. Via exhibits, screenings and presentations by resident artists and educational programs, the Wexner Center Atua is a venue where established and emerging artists have tested ideas and where the public can take part in a range of cultural events that promote the appreciation of the art of our time.

Figure 7.188. Wexner Center for the Arts Exterior shot, , Data source ( Archdaily), illustrated by (Authours,2020)

Site Location :

United States

Columbus

Wexner Art Center

Contextual Analysis :

Accessibility :

Figure 7.189. Contextual Layout, Data source (Courtesy of Google maps & annotated by the researcher) , illustrated by (Authours,2020)

The building is accessible from Annie and John North High Street and East 16th Avenue , it is easy for the citizens to reach . Roads are designed for pedestrian and cars path. The main entrance door is located on the outer north-south road

1

Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum

Ohio State University Library 3 Ohio Union North Garage

2

4

Orton Geological Museum

Main Road Return Road Main Entrance Site Outline

140

Case Studies 7.4. Autonomous Case Studies Architect Background The unique approach of Eisenman Architects while designing is to consider the levels of physical and cultural history of each site , not just the program and the context. Eisenman Architects is primarily designed to solve a specific problem such as projects of challenging circumstances, programmatic and/or budget limitations and strategic environmental importance.

Concept The Eisenman wanted to leave the place’s history reflected integrating large brick structures, inspired by the old armory building burned in the late nineteenth century and were completely demolished in 1959.

Autonomy Approach ( Author’s point of view ) The Eisenman wanted to leave the place’s history reflected integrating large brick structures, inspired by the old armory building burned in the late nineteenth century and were completely demolished in 1959.

Architectural character – The towers was inspired from the old armory building burned in the late nineteenth century to keep place’s history reflected – A repeated scaffolding metal that is found in the south facade runs along the corridor , and also it was designed in the interior, roof pattern and windows .

Figure 7.190. Towers of Wexner Center for the Arts, Data source ( Archdaily),

Elevation Analysis

Figure 7.191. The scaffolding metal of Wexner Center for the Arts exterior shot, Data source ( Archdaily), illustrated by (Authours,2020)

The elevation is composite of three materials which are steel, concrete, brick and glass, Eisenman wanted to keep place’s history reflected by creating towers that looks like the old armory building that was burned then cut it and give an image of disorganization. A scaffolding metal that gives the building the building a sense of unfinished.

Brick Tower Scaffolding Metal

141

Case Studies 7.4. Autonomous Case Studies Structure Analysis – The steel structure was covered with a red masonry skin .

– The exterior consists of a large white metal grid – The project is controlled by an orthogonal grid structure, certain columns do not strike the ground.

Figure 7.192. Wexner Center for the Arts Exterior shot, Data source ( Archdaily), illustrated by (Authours,2020)

Figure 7.193. Wexner Center for the Arts Exterior shot, Data source ( Archdaily), illustrated by (Authours,2020)

Landscape Analysis

Figure 7.194. Wexner Center for the Arts Exterior shot, Data source ( Archdaily), illustrated by (Authours,2020)

– The landscape was inspired from the grids of streets of the city – The course of this axis is projected off-site in both directions, running along the northern section of the city, from the Ohio Stadium, across the city to the East-West Port Columbia airport.

142

Case Studies 7.4 .Autonomous Case Studies Zoning The Wexner center includes a large variety of programmatic elements including museum spaces, performances spaces ,artist residences, educational program facilities and testing facilities for artistic .

Key : Lecture Halls Galleries Services Circulation MPU Theatre

Section Analysis

Figure 7.195. Site components, Data source ( Archdaily), illustrated by (Authours,2020)

Figure 7.196. Section Analysis Data source ( Archdaily), illustrated by (Authours,2020)

Design Issue 1- Psychological aspect – The steel frame was coated with red masonry skin evoking the old house. The facade has a large white metal grid that indicates some sort of armor and gives the structure a feeling of incompleteness. At the front and at the entrance, – He created an illusional pathway to deliberately draws on history while invoking the future.

2- Circulation aspect – The grids of the city's streets have been the generator of the Campus' pedestrian axis. The course of this axis is projected off-site in both directions, running along the northern section of the city, from the Ohio Stadium, across the city to the East-West Port Columbia airport.

– Perpendicular via a second running through the location North to South. Eisenman refers to this second route as a “dual track” which involves a pedestrian walkway that is connected to an outer path that is open to the elements.

Figure 7.197. Wexner Center for the Arts Exterior shot, Data source ( Archdaily), illustrated by (Authours,2020)

Figure 7.198. Part from the exterior facade showing the metal shield, Data source ( Archdaily), illustrated by (Authours,2020)

143

Case Studies 7.4. Autonomous Case Studies 3- Image aspect

The towers are a reference to the county, and they reflect the ancient arsenals that arose at some point in time. The memory of these sturdy forms, restoration and cuts is an interesting and deserving stereotomic architecture.

Figure 7.199. Wexner Center for the Arts Exterior shot, Data source ( Archdaily)

4- Interactive aspect Further south of the south facade of Wexner, a small and informal amphitheater opens the oval open space of the university, cut by a platformterrace carved into the hillside, the style of the theaters of ancient Greece. This space is dedicated to the informal meeting, with a sidewalk to walk within the Campus. This amphitheater is the connection between the campus and the generous threshold of the Wexner Center and the community of Columbus University.

Figure 7.200. Wexner Center for the Arts Exterior shot, Data source ( Archdaily), illustrated by (Authours,2020)

Pros: – Peter Eisenman designed his building to look unstable and under construction by creating incomplete towers, half formed arches, broken glass that appears as if the building has been open for years and it’s still under construction .

– the entire east façade of the building points toward the future, evoking the impression of something continually evolving—like contemporary art itself.

– Peter Eisenman wanted to have freedom of expression .

Cons: – Flexibility for future changes is limited.

Figure 7.201. Wexner Center for the Arts Exterior shot, Data source ( Archdaily), illustrated by (Authours,2020)

144

Case Studies 7.4 .Autonomous Case Studies 7.4.3 .Sainte Marie de La Tourette Architect: Le Corbusier Location: Éveux, Rhône-Alpes, France Project Year: 1960 Area:16,500 sq. ff.

Description: The Convent of La Tourette is Le Corbusier's final building completed in Europe, and is also thought by many to be his most unique program. It was built to be a self-contained world for a community of silent monks, and to accommodate the unique and specific lifestyle of the monks, the monastery is made of one hundred individual cells, a communal library, a refectory, a rooftop cloister, a church, and classrooms.

Figure 7.202. La Tourette Exterior shot, Data source ( Archdaily)

Site Location :

France

Convent of La Tourette

Eveux

Contextual Analysis :

1

Accessibility :

Figure 7.203. Contextual Layout, Data source (Courtesy of Google maps & annotated by the researcher) , illustrated by (Authours,2020)

The building is accessible from North East Route de la Tourette and North Montee d’Eveux route .The main entrance door is located on the North East besides The Pedestrian road Couvent de la Tourette

1

Green Area Main Road Main Entrance Site Outline

145

Case Studies 7.4 Autonomous Case Studies Architect Background Le Corbusier was an inspiration architect and urban design planner whose designs combined with function with bold sculptural Impressions.

He came from the first generation of the socalled International school of architecture, which encourage such features as clean geometric forms and open efficient spaces.

Concept: Le Corbusier believed in the beauty if the primary forms ; the pyramid, cone, cube, the cylinder. so he introduced a building in a pure and simple way, strictly following the proportions of Le Modular -a measurement system created by himself, which was based on human body.

Autonomy Approach ( Architect’s view )

Figure 7.204. La Tourette Exterior shot, Data source ( Archdaily)

Formal autonomy according to le Corbusier is the distancing of the influence of architectural styles and cultural context of the time and is the generation of pure forms suited to the most basic structural and functional requirements of the design.

He achieved the three categorizations repetition of the Kaufmann’s principles of formal autonomy :reduplication, juxtaposition, reverberation.

Architectural character The towers was inspired from the old armory building burned in the late nineteenth century to keep place’s history reflected A repeated scaffolding metal that is found in the south facade runs along the corridor , and also it was designed in the interior, roof pattern and windows

Figure 7.205. Le Corbusier Sketch, Data source (arcdaily)

Elevation Analysis The Convent of La Tourette contacts the ground in an extremely hard manner, yet with complete full respect for nature. Although the structure is set in an inclining ground, the concrete façades have a significant horizontal appearance.

In the East, South and West façades there is a repetition of the individual loggias of the brothers cells, placed on Pillars Nevertheless, the North façade is a huge and blind wall which belongs to the church, only modified by the famous volume of the crypt.

Figure 7.205. The scaffolding metal, Data source ( Archdaily), illustrated by (Authours,2020)

Figure 7.207. The scaffolding metal of, Data source ( Archdaily), illustrated by (Authours,2020)

146

Case Studies 7.4. Autonomous Case Studies Structure aspect • The structural frame is of rough reinforced concrete. The panes of glass located on the three exterior faces.

• On the other hand, in the garden-court of the cloister is composed of large concrete elements reaching from floor to ceiling(Pillars).

Figure 7.208. LaTourette Section, , Data source ( Archdaily)

Landscape Analysis • Le Corbusier’s architecture was to use the roof of the buildings as a garden terrace, in order to be another useful part of the building. The roof becomes a place for reflection. In fact, the brothers to go up to be closer to God. To promote this spiritual relation.

• the roof is covered by a thin layer of ground garden

Figure 7.209. LaTourette Section Data source ( Archdaily) , illustrated by (Authours,2020)

Figure 7.210. LaTourette Roof Landscape, Data source ( Archdaily) , illustrated by (Authours,2020)

Figure 7.211. LaTourette Roof Landscape, Data source ( Archdaily) , illustrated by (Authours,2020)

147

Case Studies 7.4. Autonomous Case Studies Zoning Key :

Atrium Lecture Halls

Library Services Church

Circulation Reception

Design Issue 1- Physiological aspect

Figure 6.212. Zoning, Courtesy of Archdaily, Data source ( Archdaily) , illustrated by (Authours,2020)

Le Corbusier discussed Von Ledoux’ geometrically and independently forms by Emil Kaufmann one of the pioneer in autonomy architecture as a departure from Baroque collective form style and transfer into pure geometric forms. “Space and light and order.

Those are the things that men need just as much as they need bread or a place to sleep.’’

“Primary forms are beautiful forms because they can be Cleary appreciated”.

– Le Corbusier

Figure 7.213. Side Elevetion Showing Geometric Forms, Data source ( Archdaily) , illustrated by (Authours,2020)

2- Environmental aspect La Tourette is opened to the landscape and it makes the most of natural light and the incredible views. Due to that fact, Le Corbusier thought that the common cloister was not necessary, as brothers could enjoy nature in the surroundings of the convent.

Figure 7.214. Inner Shots, , Data source ( Archdaily) , illustrated by (Authours,2020)

148

Case Studies 7.4 Autonomous Case Studies 3- Privacy aspect Le Corbusier define the privacy according to space such as in the church and other spaces .

Figure 7.215. Interior design for the church, , Data source ( Archdaily) , illustrated by (Authours,2020)

Figure 7.216. Interior design for the church, Data source ( Archdaily) , illustrated by (Authours,2020)

4- Circulation aspect

The building has a complicated plan, but the majority of its inhabitable spaces are divided across three main levels. The lowest provides access to the church, and the middle access to the library and study rooms .

Figure 7.217. Exterior Shot of inner space Data source ( Archdaily) , illustrated by (Authours,2020)

Figure 7.218. Exterior Shot of inner Space, Data source ( Archdaily) , illustrated by (Authours,2020)

5- Image aspect

Figure 7.219. Exterior perspective showing the Slope , Data source ( Archdaily)

-In la Tourette’s Design approach is Formal autonomy.

-La Tourette Teeters on the edge of the steep slope , the site is chosen by le Corbusier -The courtyard plan was generated from the traditional Dominican Monastery plan

Conclusion Sometimes simplicity with diversity and Individuality in form and spaces can have a big position in the site make it more interested for visitors to get in to know more about the story .

149

Case Studies 7.4 Autonomous Case Studies 7.4.4 Portainer Community Center Architect :U N I D I V team Location: : Egypt , port said Project Year: : 2019 Area: 55,900 m² Description : The place will function as cultural, educational and entertainment facilities to help create strengthen local communities putting into an Consideration to gave The design decisions will be based on the analysis of the site and research regarding the functional needs and sustainable design with a great focus on social and environmental aspects of Sustainability .

Figure 7.4.4.1 Site Portainer Community Center shot, Courtesy of issuu

Figure 7.220. Site Portainer Community Center shot, Data source (issuu)

Site Location :

Egypt

port said

Portainer Community Center

Contextual Analysis : Main Road

Main Entrance

Return Road

Site Outline

Accessibility : The building is accessible from Shukri Qusi south street and Jumhorih, it is easy for the citizens to reach . Roads are designed for pedestrian and cars path.

Figure 7.221. layout map, Data source (google map) , illustrated by (Authours,2020)

150

Case Studies 7.4 Autonomous Case Studies Architect Background Graduation project for students at the American University.

Concept : The Concept We're in a port where ships come and go . This is a form of globalization resulting from that transportation system , meaning the ships that transport shipping containers Shipping containers are the same , they're the origin and the result of globalization acting locally and globally . And since architecture is all about globalization , decided to the shipping containers as our design drive . In some spaces , shipping containers are used as the building unit . While in other spaces ; it's used in its form and module to form the spaces using reinforced concrete . Since it has been built Suez Canal has become the connection between Africa , Asia and Europe . Thus , we decided to have three masses and connecting them physically and visually It's also a representation of the three main functions in our project ; culture , education and entertainment .

Autonomy Approach ( Author’s point of view ) The architect used shipping containers as building units material in the cutler center .

Architectural character green wall , Formation Method : Starting with a regular grid focusing on its intersections with the circles . These intersections a subjected to some modifiers causing it to expand By tracing the picture at hand , some extrusions a made to make certain parts of the picture more prominent than other ones . Based on the attraction poi and air suction ; we g etfinal extruded 3D patterns.

Figure 7.222. Taichung City Cultural Center shoot shot , Data source (issuu)

Figure 7.223. Taichung City Cultural Center shoot shot , Data source (issuu)

Elevation Analysis The elevation is composite of three materials which are steel, concrete, brick and, The green wall represents the largest part of the façade, and the architect cladded the outer walls with wooden cladding

Green wall

Painting glass Figure 7.224. elevations, Data source (issuu)

151

Case Studies 7.4 Autonomous Case Studies Zoning

.

Figure 7.225. layout map, Data source (issuu) , illustrated by (Authours,2020)

Key :

Interactive gallery Architectural center Heritage center Admin rooms Trading house Café & restaurant Digital media room Seminar room Rehearsal room Canoe house Classrooms & workshops

Gathering room

libary

workspaces

terraces

Services & cores

Figure 7.226. zooning plan ,Data source (issuu) , illustrated by (Authours,2020)

152

Case Studies 7.4. Autonomous Case Studies Section Analysis The section showing the flying buttresses by using post tension concrete system .

Fig. 7.227. section, , Data source (issuu) , illustrated by (Authours,2020)

Figure 7.228. zooning plan, , Data source (issuu) , illustrated by (Authours,2020)

Figure 7.229. examples of flying buttersses , Data source (issuu)

153

Case Studies 7.4 Autonomous Case Studies Structure aspect • Structural System Concept Post Tension • Concrete System Advantages: • 1. Seismic activity. 2. Longer spans and thinner slabs. 3. Fewer joints. 4. Less materials are used. 5. Faster construction. 6. Longer cantilevers. 7. Architectural benefit.

Figure 7.230. 3D stucter Data source (issuu) Figure 7.231. concreat, Data source (issuu)

landscape aspect • Simple landscape It matches the design and concept of the building in terms of function .

Roy stobca regiav-royal palm

Piezoelectric panels walking area

Wpc floors waterproof

Concrete patio tiles Low impact truf

Concrete patio tiles

Chamaerops humilis fan palm

Figure 7.233. layout, , Data source (issuu) , illustrated by (Authours,2020)

154

Case Studies 7.4 Autonomous Case Studies Design Issue 1- Physiological aspect since architecture is all about globalization , decided to the shipping containers as our design drive . In some spaces , shipping containers are used as the building unit , Patterns of art and graffiti are what represents the culture and history of a certain area Representing the culture to the people whether insiders or outsiders is one of our goals to tell the story of the city This is done by transferring art to parametric patterns

Figure 7.234. exterior, , Data source (issuu)

2- Environmental aspect • By growing plants in a wall, you get both an efficient space use by vertical plant growing and purification of the grey water.

• The efficiency of the purification is dependent on the amount of solar radiation reaching the plants in the wall. The wall can be used as wall material on the sunny side. This will cool the building.

• Heat exchanger and temperature buffer in a greenhouse where the wall is combined with greywater purification.

• Water re-use. With a long enough passage through the living wall, the water is sufficiently clean for re- use as utility water.

Figure 7.235. 3D showing the environmental aspect , , Data source (issuu)

155

Case Studies 7.4 Autonomous Case Studies 3- Privacy aspect The building achieves privacy by nature and the function of the allocated space, as it is applied in the rooms in the educational aspect, privacy for ease of reading, and in the entertainment spaces open to be a wide space and comfort to the place .

Figure 7.236. Interior design for the offices building , Data source (issuu)

Figure 7.237. exterior design for the offices building , Data source (issuu)

4- Circulation aspect There are three blocks and they connect physically and visually, it is also a representation of the three main functions of a project and this is the main movement of the project that depends on it....

Circulation

Conclusion

Figure 7.238. plans showing the circulation ,Data source (issuu) , illustrated by (Authours,2020)

pros There are three blocks and they connect physically and visually, it is also a representation of the three main functions of a project and this is the main movement of the project that depends on it That makes the place an identity and make it land mark

cons There may be difficulty in implementing the required due to special requirements for special structural elements

156

PROGRAM ANALYSIS Throughout this chapter, the project’s standards and technology will be shaped according to the design spaces and program

157

Program Analysis 8.1.Project Component

Administration

Exhibitions

Major Spaces

Sub-Major Spaces

1- Innovation Center Main Hall

1- M.P.U

2- Workspace

2- Meeting Rooms

3-Exhibition Halls

3-Offices

4-Tech Labs

4-Manager rooms

5- Prototype Room

5- Cafe

6- Seminar Halls

6- Storage

7- Shops

7- Service

158

Program Analysis 8.2. Space Program

Main component

Zones

No. user

Area

Innovative center

Offices

-

20

2

Workspace

50

40

5

Meeting Room

15

30

2

Manager Room

1

20

1

Tech Labs

20

50

2

Main Hall

700

1

prototype

50

100

2

storage

10

200

1

Reception

100

200

1

Services

15 %

279

1

Administration

Exhibition

shops

Entrance Lounge

-

100

1

Offices Meeting Room

15

20 30

3 1

Manager Room MPU Services

1 300 15 %`

20 600 30

1 1 -

Entrance Lounge

-

150

1

Display Area storage

5

4 1

Services

15 %

300 100 218

200 30 150

1 12 1

30 129

5

Reception

100

Shops/Bazar storage

12 12

Cafe Services Total

.No

15 %

Description

Gathering the visitors and guiding them to the rest of innovative center, contains computers and brain-storming areas for the new inventions

Managing and administrating the project

Displaying the old and new inventions

-

Advertise the products made and allow visitors to purchase them

-

5,737 m²

159

Program Analysis 8.2. Space Program

Space function

Space

Architectural functional requirements

Mechanical function requirements

Main hall

• Need natural lighting • Space for media center • Computer lab • Big space without columns

• Quick internet access • Raised floor system to manage the cables and technical components

• Gathering the visitors and guiding them to the rest of innovative center, contains computers and brain-storming areas for the new inventions

Offices

• Multi room space • Small space • Need natural lighting

• Quick internet access

• Managing and administrating the project

Workshop

• Large space work shop structure

Seminar room • Creating levels to achieve angles • Double Hight • Space without columns

• Special ventilation system • Sound insulation

• Invent new technological systems and products

• False celling system to manage the cables of the projector

• Discussion about innovative arts and crafts project

160

Program Analysis 8.3. Design standards and guidelines 8.3.1.Innovative Center An Innovation Center is a cross-functional plan that creates a safe haven for new ideas. With opportunities for individual and group collaboration across time zones and continents, it's a place that fosters a culture of innovation through the creation, sharing, and testing of idea.

Innovative Zone

Main Hall Seminar rooms are used for staff training and staff information delivery. Seminar rooms are sometimes also used as 'rooms for hire' to suitable third parties and will.

Multi Function Space:

Figure 8.3. Main Hall Design, illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Figure 8.1. Main Hall Furnishing , Data source (neufert book).

Figure 8.4. Main Hall Design, illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Figure 8.2. Main Hall Furnishing , Data source (neufert book).

Figure 8.5. Main Hall Design, illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Figure 8.6. Main Hall Furnishing , Data source (neufert book).

161

Program Analysis 8.3. Design standards and guidelines 8.3.1. Innovative Center An Innovation Center is a cross-functional plan that creates a safe haven for new ideas. With opportunities for individual and group collaboration across time zones and continents, it's a place that fosters a culture of innovation through the creation, sharing, and testing of idea.

Innovative Zone

Seminar Hall Seminar rooms are used for staff training and staff information delivery. Seminar rooms may also be used as a general student teaching space.

Figure 8.7. Seminar Standards and dimension, Data source (neufert book).

Figure 8.10. Seminar Standards and dimension, illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Figure 8.11. Seminar Standards and dimension, illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Figure 8.8. Seminar Standards and dimension, Data source (neufert book).

Figure 8.9. Seminar Standards and dimension, Data source (neufert book).

Figure 8.12. Seminar Standards and dimension, Data source (neufert book).

Figure 8.13. Seminar Standards and dimension, Data source (neufert book).

162

Program Analysis 8.3. Design standards and guidelines 8.3.1. Innovative Center An Innovation Center is a cross-functional plan that creates a safe haven for new ideas. With opportunities for individual and group collaboration across time zones and continents, it's a place that fosters a culture of innovation through the creation, sharing, and testing of idea.

Innovative Zone

Workspace Is a space that is inclusive of the positioning of materials, machines, instruments, and controls that are simply accessed, and a comfortable, adjustable seat acclimated to the specific job, it’s designs are necessary for efficient work production.

Figure 8.16. work space, illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Figure 8.17. work space, illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Figure 8.14. Work space Standards and dimension, Data source (neufert book).

Tech Labs: Seminar rooms are used for staff training and staff information delivery. Seminar rooms are sometimes also used as 'rooms for hire' to suitable third parties.

Desk Placement: Figure 8.18.Teck labs , illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Figure 8.19. Teck labs , illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Figure 8.15.Teck labs Standards and dimension, Data source (neufert book).

163

Program Analysis 8.3. Design standards and guidelines 8.3.2.Exhibition: An exhibition, in the most general sense, is an organized presentation and display of a selection of items. In practice, exhibitions usually occur within a cultural or educational setting such as a museum, art gallery, park, library, exhibition hall, or World's fairs.

Exhibition Zone

Entrance Lounge In exhibition the lounges is a gathering area for the visitors, Mostly it placed in the hall before the exhibition booths as shown in this example.

Figure 8.22. Core and satellite (exhibition room ), illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Figure 8.20. Entrance Lounge standard , Data source (neufert book).

Display Area Display area means the greatest area of display meant to contain the text, graphics, pictures, lights and other background details to be viewed as signage. No sign shall the display area be less than fifty percent of the surface area

Figure 8.23.Core and satellite (exhibition room ), illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Cone of Vision:

Figure 8.24. Display area, illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Figure 8.21.Display Area standard , Data source (neufert book).

Figure 8.25. Display area, illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

164

Program Analysis 8.3. Design standards and guidelines Exhibition Zone

8.3.2. Exhibition An exhibition, in the most general sense, is an organized presentation and display of a selection of items. In practice, exhibitions usually occur within a cultural or educational setting such as a museum, art gallery, park, library, exhibition hall, or World's fairs.

Display Area : Display area means the greatest area of display meant to contain the text, graphics, pictures, lights and other background details to be viewed as signage. No sign shall the display area be less than fifty percent of the surface area Display Circulation:

Open Plan

Core and Satellite

Linear

Labyrinth

Round Tour

Complex

Figure 8.26. Display Area standard , Data source (neufert book).

Walkthrough:

Figure 8.30. Display area, illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Figure 8.27. Display Area standard , Data source (neufert book).

Lighting:

Figure 8.31. Display area, illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Figure 8.28.Display Area standard , Data source (neufert book).

Figure 8.29. Display Area standard , Data source (neufert book).

Figure 8.32. Display area, illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

165

Program Analysis 8.3. Design standards and guidelines 8.3.3Administration: An administration zone is a form is a part of the building which contains spaces mainly designed to be used for offices. The primary purpose of an office building is to provide a workplace and working environment primarily for administrative and managerial workers..

Administration Zone

Office : An office is a building, portion of a building, or a room, that is used for dese based business purposes.

Figure 8.33. office Data source (neufert book).

Manager room:

Figure 8.34. manger room Data source (neufert book).

Figure 8.36 manger office Data source (neufert book)., illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Meeting Rooms : A meeting room is a space usually set aside for people to get together, often informally to hold meetings, for issues to be discussed, priorities set and decisions made.

Figure 8.37. meeting room Data source (neufert book)., illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Figure 8.35. meeting room Data source (neufert book).

Figure 8.38. meeting room Data source (neufert book)., illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

166

Program Analysis 8.3. Design standards and guidelines Shopping Zone

8.3.4 Shopping Zone: An exhibition, in the most general sense, is an organized presentation and display of a selection of items. In practice, exhibitions usually occur within a cultural or educational setting such as a museum, art gallery, park, library, exhibition hall, or World's fairs.

Stores: A shop that sells decorative objects made by hand or the materials and tools used for making such objects.

Complex

Curvilinear

Linear

Figure 8.39. Stores Data source (neufert book).,

Figure 8.40. Stores Data source (neufert book).

Figure 8.41. Stores Data source (neufert book).

Figure 8.42. Stores Data source (neufert book)., illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Figure 8.43. Stores Data source (neufert book)., illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

167

SUSTAINABILITY This chapter will discuss the importance of sustainability and how it effects on generations. It is all about development without reducing the chance for the upcoming generations to meet their needs. Also , it allows the global north to look at climate changes.

168

Sustainability 9.1. Definition Is the study of how natural systems function, remain diverse and produce everything it needs for the ecology to remain in balance. It also acknowledges that human civilization takes resources to sustain our modern way of life .

Sustainability takes into account how we might live in harmony with the natural world around us, protecting it from damage and destruction.

Sustainability in Architecture: Sustainable architecture is a general term that refers to buildings that are designed to limit humanity’s impact on the environment. An ecofriendly approach to modern day building encompasses every aspect of the planning and construction process. This includes the choice of building materials; the design and implementation of heating, cooling, plumbing, waste, and ventilation systems; and the integration of the built environment into the natural landscape.

History of Sustainability Historically, sustainable development has arisen from a series of conferences and summits which looking for the global solutions of 21st Century problem such as extreme poverty, inequality, and the environmental degradation. The term of sustainable development began to gain its popularity in the late 80’s after the Brundtland Report (1987). The ideas expressed from Brundtland Report recognize the dependency of Figure 9.1, Sustainable Development, Data source ( History of humans on the environment and against human Sustainability development principles), Illustrated by (Authors, 2020). domination over nature lives (Castro, 2004.

Hopwood et al., 2005.

The Main Categories of Sustainability: Economic “ catalyzing economic sustainability”.

Environment “ improving our environmental footprint”.

SOCIAL “ Transitioning social outcomes”.

Figure 9.2, Sustainable Development, Data source (Categories of Sustainability), Illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

169

Sustainability 9.2. Economic Sustainability Definition Economic sustainability preserves all the natural resources we use to enjoy for future generations.

Economic sustainability is not only on preserving resources, also other factors should be considered, with environmental values and social needs.

Architectural Definition If restrictions are applied on natural resources, economies would not be sustainable.

Inextricably related to environmental and social sustainability is economic sustainability. The limits of growth are evidence of this

Figure 9.3. Illustration of economic sustainability, illustrated by (Authors,2020)

There are certain economic design and construction factors include the following:

Reducing the environmental and social effects

Providing skills, learning and new experiences

Production and distribution of renewable energy

Figure 9.4. Economic sustainability. (edited by authors,2020)

Reducing environmental Effects

New skills and experiences

Energy Saving

Improve financial value Figure9.5. Illustration of design for Economical Sustainability

170

Sustainability 9.2. Economical Sustainability Economical Sustainability Approach in Our Project: The living principles for design is economic sustainability and it is concerned with actions and issues that effect how people and organization meet their needs.

The main approaches will be: Figure 9.6. Economical sustainability ,data source (pinterest,2020)

Experience for future generations

Selling Products

Energy Savings

Some Economical Themes: Economic sustainability plan

Improve financial value

Improve Life Chance

Maintain

The architectural intervention in the economy has made it so effective in many respects, such as low prices and low building costs, as well as all the production and growth needs, that it has made it environmentally sustainable. Moreover it decreases the poverty line by rising the population's mutual profitability and taking into account future needs.

171

Sustainability 9.2. Economic Sustainability Case studies DPR Construction’s Phoenix Regional Office It is the first in Arizona and only the second in the U.S. to achieve NZEB certification. It was, at one point, the largest building in the world to receive the certification The site was first developed around 1964, which is shown in the aerial from that year.

Somewhere between 1979 and 1997 (the year the aerial at left was taken), the original building was torn down and the building renovated by DPR Construction was erected. As a renovation, this project meets the Limits to Growth Imperative, which requires all project pursuing certification through the Living Building Challenge be built upon previously developed sites, greyfields and/or brownfields.

Climate-controlled Operable Windows Along the North and East facades are a series of large operable window walls. All of the windows are controlled climatically and open based on the ideal conditions for natural ventilation. When they do open, they open in stages to allow for more fine-tuned control and their operation makes a humming sound Vampire Switch A kill switch that was connected to 95% of the non-critical plug loads of the space. The idea being that at the end of the day, the last person out could throw the switch and turn off these ‘vampire’ loads. In an effort to create a sense of purpose, surprise and delight, the vampire switch became a ‘big-red-button’ on the wall next to the front entry. This may seem small but it represented a 37% reduction in plug load energy use.

Figure 9.7. DPR Construction ofice, data source (Archdaily,2011) illustrated by (Authors,2020)

Figure 9.8. DPR Construction office out door, data source (Archdaily,2011) illustrated by (Authors,2020)

Figure 9.9. DPR Construction office, data source (Archdaily,2011) illustrated by (Authors,2020)

Solatubes Over 82 Solatubes scattered throughout the facility bring daylight into all the spaces, providing variation in light spectrum throughout the day and across seasons. Beyond just reducing energy, it connects employees to the daily cycle of the sun, entraining their circadian rhythms, relieving stress and improving productivity.

Figure 9.10 Using solar panels, Data source (Arch daily. com, 2011), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

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Sustainability 9.3. Environmental Sustainability Definition Environmental sustainability is the rates of renewable resource harvest, pollution creation, and non-renewable resource depletion that can be continued indefinitely. If they cannot be continued indefinitely then they are not sustainable.

Architectural Definition The environmental design works to show the value of the environmental effect of a building, by efficiently using water and energies, sustainable landscaping and materials that take biodiversity into account and value existing natural elements and structures to prevent construction in nature.

Figure 9.11. Illustration of enviroental sustainability, illustrated by (Authors,2020)

There are certain environmental design and construction factors include the following: -Energy efficiency

-Air quality conservation

-Water management

-Adaption to and mitigation of climate change

Figure 9.12. Environmental sustainability, data source (pinterest ,2018)

Energy efficient

Water conservation

Made by recycling content

Improves indoor air quality Figure 9.13. Illustration of design for environmental Sustainability

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Sustainability 9.3. Environmental Sustainability Environmental Sustainability Approach in Our Project: Environmental conservation is aimed at protecting natural resources and creating alternative power sources while reducing pollution and harming the environment. (Sam C. M. Hui PhD, 2012)

The main approaches will be:

Recycling

Energy efficiency

Figure 9.14. Environmental sustainability, data source (Pinterest ,2018)

Air conservation and Lighting

Reduce the effect on the environment

Passive recommendation

Traditional passive homes in hot dry climates used high mass construction with small recessed shaded openings, operable for night ventilation to cool the mass

Use open plan interiors to promote natural cross ventilation, or use louvered doors, or instead use jump ducts if privacy is required

To facilities cross ventilation, locate door and window Humidity hot dry air before it enters the building openings on opposite sides of building with larger from enclosed outdoor spaces with spray - like openings facing up - wind it possible. fountains, misters.

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Sustainability 9.4. Social Sustainability Definition Social sustainability occurs when the formal and informal processes; systems; structures; and relationships actively support the capacity of current and future generations to create healthy and livable communities.

Social sustainability always have combination between physical realistic design and social design that obtain the citizen engagement, social enjoyment and open space for citizen (Woodcraft et al., 2012).

Architectural Definition social sustainability in architecture is: achieving the need of communities by preparing an environment that support them. The confirmation of physical design state along with combination of citizens with used spaces will complete each other to support cultural and social life.

Figure 9.15. Illustration of Social sustainability, illustrated by (Authors,2020)

Figure 9.16. Social sustainability, data source (pinterest ,2018)

This research gives the most important four elements for building new and successful communities that could be sustainable on the long term.

These main elements are )Woodcraft et al. 2012): -Space to grow , in terms of planning and design.

-Amenities and social structure.

-Social and cultural life.

-Voice and influence.

Amenities & Social infrastructure support services in place early in life of now community – emphasis on social spaces & community workers

Social & Cultural Life Shared spaces, collective activities and social architecture to foster local networks, belonging and community identity

Connection to local and regional economy

Voice & Influence Governance structures to represent future residents and engage new ones in shaping decision-making

Green building, environmental innovation, incentives for proenvironmental behavior

Space to grow Flexible planning; housing, infrastructure and services that can adapt overtime; meanwhile use of public buildings and space

Figure 9.17. Framework for social sustainability, Data source (Woodcraft et al., 2012), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

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Sustainability 9.4. Social Sustainability Social Sustainability Approach in Our Project: Creating a utilize spaces, zones, and designs along with a considerable cultural facilities, will lead to an interaction places, these places could be located in small vacant lands or spaces in buildings, all this will help in achieving social sustainability.

The main approaches will be:

Creating Buffering zones

Provide employment

Respect

Different cultural

stakeholders that lead to a socially accepted society: − − − −

Integration between the utilizes spaces and residents.

Features of green buildings and spaces.

Communion of communities.

Affordable of business and employment.

feeling of the residents towards each other, and the 1 The sense of place in the community .

2 Access to and provision of services.

3 Features of green design.

4 Employment and business proximity .

5 Cultural activities .

6 Involvement of community .

Social sustainability indicators

Indicators of social sustainability: used to measure social dimensions, according to a study that was made by Oxford Institute for Sustainable (Woodcraft et al., 2012):

Socially acceptable society is result of all the previous indicators. To get more in depth of how to achieve social sustainability a report was made in 2011 about the way of designing social sustainability - "a framework for the design, construction and construction of prosperous communities. For the Young Foundation, it was commissioned by the Agency of Houses and Communities (Woodcraft et al. 2012).

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Sustainability 9.4. Social Sustainability Case studies METI Handmade School Location: Rudrapur, Dinajpur district, Bangladesh Date Designed: 2005 Date Completed: 2006 Size: 325 sqm Client: Modern Education and Training Institute Donor: Partners chaft Shanti The design of the school thus takes upon this underlying notion of an alternative to the common educational philosophy Throughout the compound are spaces of different forms, sizes and natures, with each space catering to different learning and teaching styles. Earth is used to built the ground floor, with mud being the main material used to construct the walls and partitions. There are a total of three classrooms, and toward the back of each classroom is an opening toa system of molded "cavespaces". These cave spaces have an organic form about them, with their interiors providing areas for students to retreat into either for contemplative thought or focused work. On the upper floor are bamboo walls that allow for the interplay of light and shadows to take place The space maintains a feeling of lightness and vastness, and views extend out to the surrounding trees as well as the village pond.

Colorful saris line the walls, further facilitating the overall vibrancy of the space Because of the usage of bamboo and mud, even schoolchildren in the area could render their help whenever necessary In an interview with Azure Magazine, Heringer mentioned that she would "have the children come every afternoon after they were finished with their classes", with a team of Austrian childcare teachers supervising them and ensuring that they could manage the simple and doable tasks Others were also taught how to use machinery such as the drilling machine so they could increase their participation in their project, with the hands-on process being one that everyone from the youngest to the oldest could participate in.

Figure 9.18. Handmade School, data source (Archdaily,2011) illustrated by (Authors,2020)

Figure 9.19. Handmade School, data source (Archdaily,2011) illustrated by (Authors,2020)

Figure 9.20. Handmade School, data source (Archdaily,2011) illustrated by (Authors,2020)

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Sustainability 9.5. Green Buildings A ‘green’ building is a building that, in its design, construction or operation, reduces or eliminates negative impacts, and can create positive impacts, on our climate and natural environment.

Green buildings preserve precious natural resources and improve our quality of life

Green Buildings Example Singapore Tree House

Designed with environmental sustainability in mind, Tree House’s vertical garden is more than just a unique architectural structure. A natural insulation, the vertical garden reduces the estate’s carbon footprint by filtering pollutants and carbon dioxide out of the air. It reduces heat absorption and lowers the energy needed to cool indoor spaces. This is expected to achieve air-conditioning energy savings of between 15% and 30%, or a total of approximately between S$12,000 and S$24,000 annually for the 48 west-facing master bedrooms that are insulated by the vertical wall.

Figure 9.21, Singapore Tree House, Exterior shot,data source(Archdaily,2017)

Sustainable Buildings concept that refers to a building’s overall ability to provide a comfortable, healthy, and productive environment over the long term without negatively impacting the environment.

Sustainable buildings aren’t just about the environment, but take into account all three pillars of sustainability: planet, people, and profit.

Sustainable Buildings Example: GALLERIA 40

Designed to be a model for sustainability and energy efficiency, GALLERIA40 is Egypt’s first commercial complex to comply with international business standards of green building through the LEED® program registration, by U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) targeting Gold certification. Closely planned and monitored by Johnson Controls as the LEED® certification consultants, the architectural, civil and electromechanical design used every possible measure to efficiently control energy, water, carbon emissions and waste.

Figure 9.22, Galleria Exterior shot,data source(Google,2020)

Figure 9.23, Galleria interior shot,data source(Google,2020)

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Sustainability 9.6. LEED Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) leadership is one of the most successful green construction certification systems in the world, published by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) and its LEED Ecology Certification Scheme, Energy Conservation and Indoor Funding Environmental Quality, Choice of Environmental Quality Efforts to enhance the climate and productivity in five key fields of human health will be stepped up by energy, sustainable creation of sites and conservation of water.

LEED Specification Spread +2.2 million LEED certified square feet each day with over 90,000 LEED projects.

Flexibility In LEED works everywhere for all types of buildings. LEED is available in 165 states.

Value LEED buildings retain residents, reduce the cost and increase the productivity and recruitment of workers Sustainable LEED buildings are sustainable in terms of energy, water, waste management and human health services.

LEED Rating System: There is four levels for LEED rating system starting from highest which is Platinum, to the lowest rating, which is Certified.

Figure 9.24. LEED Rating system, Data source (LEED certification guide, 2011), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

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Sustainability 9.6.LEED Green Building Design & Construction LEED for New Construction.

LEED for Core and Shell. LEED for Schools.

LEED for Retail: New Development and Significant Redesigns.

LEED for Medical services.

Green Interior Designs LEED for Business offices interiors.

LEED for Retail: Business offices interiors.

Green Building Operations and Support LEED for Existing Structures: Operations and Support.

Green Neighborhood Advancement LEED for Neighborhood Advancement.

Green Home design and Development LEED for Homes, The LEED for Homes rating system is not the same as LEED v3, with various point classes edges that reward productive residential buildings.

Sustainable sites

Innovation in Operations & regional priority

Water efficiency

Energy & Atmosphere

Indoor environmental quality

Materials & Resources Figure 9.25. Table showing LEED categories weight, illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

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Coronavirus 9.7. Covid-19 Approaches Introduction : Due to the current circumstances with the existence of the coronavirus pandemic, it is better to consider this pandemic in architecture to prevent the spread of the virus and reduce its presence. Therefore, after studying the relationship between the virus and architecture, the solutions to merge between them without losing the architectural design function, but with the presence of new solutions designed to prevent the spread of diseases and maintain public health without losing the entertainment elements.

Solutions: Technology Methods for Fresh Air 1- The need for consistent turnover of fresh air to keep indoor environments safe and clean has become essential. To meet this demand, larger spaces, especially offices, workspace, and exhibition, by using are high-performance machines that could easily meet the rising needs for fresh air circulation.

Open Windows Doors.

and

Placement Matters To add outdoor air, open windows and doors. Via windows on opposite walls, strive for cross-ventilation.

Six inches will also help if it is not safe to open fully.

To optimize air cleaning, place air purifiers centrally and in locations with good ventilation.

To add outdoor air, open windows and doors. Via windows on opposite walls.

Install Window Fans

Airflow can be enhanced by fans placed inside open windows. Two fans can be helpful, blowing fresh air in from one window, while forcing air out from another.

Avoid positioning that would directly blow air from one person to another

Add Air Purifier Figure 9.26 Methods for fresh air, Data source ( the wall street journal, 2019)

Portable purifiers with HEPA filters can generate several air changes per hour, Most filter small spaces only.

Design should guarantee that purifiers are sized correctly compared to the space.

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Coronavirus Solutions: Flexible building design 2- the importance of adaptability has become increasingly evident during this pandemic. the flexible design approach has proven to be essential in innovative centers as an example. It includes a series of adjustable walls, screens and greenhouse-like glass booths that would be used to segment an open-plan into various spaces taped circles spaced 2 meters apart.

Outdoor or gathering spaces

Figure 9.27 Flexible Building design, Data source ( the wall street journal, 2019)

3-During the period of the Corona virus and the presence of quarantine , it was possible to develop architectural solutions to give people the feeling that they are outside even though they are inside the building. Nevertheless, the outdoor gathering places can be solved through multiple solutions, for example: If people are in public gardens, it is assumed that a distance is placed between each seat and the other Trees from all directions, taking into consideration the distance between the seat and the tree which is placing sufficient spaces between each table and the other. Overall, This must be taken while designing to maintain distances in public places to make each space look like the external space for one person.

Figure 9.28 Open Spaces illustration, Data source ( the wall street journal, 2018)

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INDIVDIUAL WORK

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Individual Work

Alaa Abdellatif Mahmoud

Slogan “The number of ways to live in one lifetime is limit-less. So why limit yourself?’’ – Suzy Kassem

Mission Developing arts and crafts techniques in Nubians and encouraging young people to be incorporated into the fabric of arts and crafts to understand modern techniques that will help them break the barriers of Nubians by integrating technology into their culture and helping them think outside the conventional way.

Figure 10.1. Nubian building style, Data source (Pinterest)

Objective – Improve their quality of life and allow them to make use of technical methods.

– Preparing young people to be well trained and completely informed of modern technical methods and integrating them into arts and crafts.

– Integrate the past and the present .

Figure 10.2. Nubian childern , Data source (Pinterest)

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Individual Work 10.1.1. Concept I

“ TOPOGRAPHY “ It means having standards of different levels between the mountains of the Nubian village and zero street or sea level, thereby having different lines from the natural topography, such as the Nubian sky line.

Autonomy approach : the straight line is a metaphor of formal autonomy meaning that it’s the simple line that makes building autonomy .

Figure 10.3. Nubian villages at the mountains, data source (Pinterest)

Figure 10.4.The relation between sky line and street lines, data source (Pinterest), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Natural street line

Phase 1

Phase 2

To build the numerous spaces in the cultural center, choose the straight line way that refers to people's roads and transportation.

Nubian sky line, such as the topography of various heights between mountains and user level.

Point of view

Phase 3

Phase 4

Eyes see vertical lines, such as structures or areas of environmental vegetation, connecting the distinction between the sky line and the straight line.

Horizontality can make the views appealing because it relates to the varying levels between mountains and street users.

Phase 5 Connecting natural lines and point of view to interact with Nubian villages in the construction of a segment.

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Individual Work 10.1.1. Concept I Work shop

Zoning

Exhibition

Administration

Innovative center Figure 10.5.Site location map , data source (google map ), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Work shop

Form generation

Topography (sky line) outline.

The out line of mases

Mases in elevation and different levels of mases

Inspiration

Figure 10.6. Inspiration of the form of buildings of cultural center, Data source(Pinterest), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

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Individual Work Technical studies Use of natural material A natural building requires a number of construction systems and materials that placed a significant emphasis on sustainability. Durability and the use of minimally produced, abundant or sustainable resources, as well as those that, though recycled or rescued, create healthier living conditions and preserve the quality of indoor air, concentrate on ways of achieving sustainability through natural construction. Natural construction appears to rely, rather than technology, on human labor. We should use the natural materials they use in certain buildings and in shading as a major sign of respecting the culture. In addition, the least impact on the atmosphere is on natural materials. In addition, the use of vernacular materials from the site increases the temperature inside the building as it is capable of adapting to the external conditions.

Figure 10.7. The use of natural materials in houses by El Gouna., Data source(Pinterest)

Figure 10.8. example of natural material, Data source(Pinterest)

Figure 10.9. El Dar Market, Abu Dhabi. The use of wood in shading. Data source (Pinterest)

Green walls Green walls are a form of vertical landscaping that is often called living walls that make buildings more user-friendly. They are also environmentally friendly in which, in addition to allowing the building to be more energy efficient, they minimize carbon dioxide emissions. Another advantage is that green walls limit the penetration of heat and solar radiation, so they serve as a shell or protective barrier for the building.

The resulting decrease in heat penetration contributes to a reduction in the need to use cooling systems during the summer.

They serve as an insulation layer in winter, reducing the impact of cold weather and keeping the inside warm (GreenOverGrey.com)

Figure 10.10. Construction of green walls, Data source(Pinterest)

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Individual Work 10.1.2. Concept II “ CONNECTIVITY SPINE ” For a very long time Nubians had been living in Nile; their survival depended upon it. The idea to develop a green spine with water characteristics is a collective field, as in the past the Nile linked the Nubians. All social events in this green spine. Using this urban fabric, but it branches through the buildings as a core, green spine.

Main spine methodology

Main spine

Two main zones

Figure 10.11. Old Nubian ,data source (Pinterest), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Inspired from Nile flow

Zoning In towns and towns along the banks of the Nile people had always founded their houses. A contact and trade route through a large and difficult country was provided by the Nile. The project buildings will also be constructed along the green spine with water characteristics and provide a social connection between users.

Main spinez

Main nodes Past zone

Administration

Nile view Work shops

Technological zone

Inspiration

Bridge for linking between two zones

Social activates Exhibition

Figure 10.12.Site location map , data source (google map ), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Figure 10.13. Inspiration of cultural center ,data source (Pinterest), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

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Individual Work Technical studies Responsive Facade Improve the efficiency of sharp angle façades and shading devices that are sensitive to climate conditions in the environment. These distinct geometrical panels add a texture elevation and cohesion to the structure along with systematic material variations, In order to maintain comfort, the texture and volume of the façade are essential. For sustainable improvement and growth, shading devices and high-quality performance glass are necessary. A starting point for the new structure was provided by the back-lit glass diamonds which characterize the facade of the concert hall. Although this surface only comes to life after midnight, during daylight hours, the new building reveals its colors.

Figure 10.14. Responsive facade, Data source(Pinterest)

Figure 10.15. Responsive facade, Data source(Pinterest), Illustrated by(author,2020)

Sustainability Based on the efficacy of the sun rays on the façade techniques, all the modules will be available, so it can use a solar analysis to produce my sensitive façade and also analyze shadows. The idea comes from the kinetic energy concept with a shaded mechanism, but it will be stable in practice.

Figure 10.16. Responsive facade, Data source(Pinterest)

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Individual Work 10.1.3. Concept III

“ DEFIN THE SPACE “ The idea is motivated by the direction of people flowing in the chosen venue, as well as respecting the context and ensuring that the project is fully interfering with the context around it. The intersection of the major axes arising from the direction of the movement of people creates the position of the main plaza and creates the main entrances and the project's life ( define the space).

Figure 10.17.The intersection between main axes, data source (google map ), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

site

Main axes from people flow direction

Entrance Hierarchy leading to the largest outdoor room

Relation between pathway and masses

Zoning

Slopping down the roofs for users and Peak Point to be available

Intersection of masses through accessible roofs

Work shop Exhibition

Main out door space

recreations zone (Nile view) Innovative center Figure 10.18.Site location , data source (google map ), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Main out door space sketch

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Individual Work Technical studies Lighting solar tube The function of light solar pipes is almost the same as skylights. Solar pipes will enter the interior of a pipeline by multiple reflections in the pipeline until they reach the inner spaces solar pipes. The function is almost the same as skylights (Solatube.com, 2018). They are often called an eco-friendly commodity because it eliminates the need for energy and keeps consumers in touch with the climate. You can also display ultraviolet rays. (Solatube. com, 2018). It has a diameter of between 10-13 inches with a metal sheet tube. The inner sphere acts like a mirror and transmits light across its entire sphere. In the daytime, it captures the light on the roof and brings it into the building at night.

This tube on the roof is covered by a weatherproof plastic globe (Solatube.com, 2018).

Figure 10.20. Lighting solar tube, Data source(Pinterest)

Figure.10.19 Lighting solar tube, Data source(Pinterest)

Figure 10.21. section show How the Tube work , Data source(Pinterest)

Inspiration

Figure 10.22. Inspiration of cultural center, Data source(Pinterest)

Figure 10.23. Inspiration of path way of cultural center , Data source(Pinterest)

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Individual Work

Ahmed Borham Abd Elmoneam

Mission − In order to support the Nubian population and all its social classes, we have concentrated on young people who also need to know emerging technologies, so we are considering bringing technology into multiple aspects of Nubian society, and the best way to do it. − To do this, a place fitted with all the requisite technical systems and machinery needs to be given. − The potential of Nubian youth in many areas to invent and create innovative technology.

Figure 10.24. Diagram Illustrated by(author,2020)

Objective The major objectives are: − Reforming young people to be welleducated and completely informed of emerging technology g − Improving their quality of life and encouraging them to grow and use their culture in a modern way on their own − The propagation of Nubian civilization and the global extension of its local reach.

Figure 10.25. Nubian Language ,Data source( raseef22)

Figure 10.26. Nubian Youth ,Data source(hlrn.org)

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Individual Work 10.2.1. Concept I Title

“TRI – DYNAMIC ORIENTATION”

Concept statement

− The main idea is three rectangles, and these rectangles began to be directed to three important places close to the site: the Famine Stela from the north, the Nile River from the east, and the High Dam from the west.

-autonomy approach: incline the roof of the building and adding the strip of glass that unknow in Nubian style to break the bounders of horizontal Nubian skyline and elevation to make the building unique from its surroundings.

Illustrations Division the masses Figure 10.27.horizontal Nubian skyline

Admin zone

Exhibitions Innovation center 3 basic major zone rectangles

inclination

Abstraction and adding strip of glass (illustrator by author 2020) Abstraction to make variety of masses

Aggregation

Figure 10.28. Land lot on site (illustrator by author 2020)

Orienting the masses to important landmarks

Extrude faces

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Individual Work 10.2.1. Concept I

Figure 10.29. 3D of Final form , illustrated by (Authors 2020)

Figure 10.30. Schematic section, illustrated by (Authors 2020)

Inspirations

Figure 10.31. Wuxi Grand Theatre, 3D structure , data source(archdaily)

Figure 10.32. Wuxi Grand Theatre, plan , data source( archdaily)

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Individual Work 10.2.2. Concept II

Title

“The projection of triangles ”

Concept statement

-The major concept come from the basic plane box of Nubian and start to breaking its boundaries by triangular shapes and projection its surface by these triangular shapes of Nubia.

-autonomy approach: The challenge here is to make a new form by the vertex of triangles tri to break the boundaries of the Nubian shapes to make the building unique, that It does not contradict the Nubian culture by using the Nubian triangles.

Double skin

Illustrations

Triangulation

Figure 10.33. Base formal volume of al Nubian

projection Base formal box of al Nubian

abstraction Spread and flattening

Final form breaking bounders of the boxes

Figure 10.34. Land lot on site illustrated by (Authors 2020)

Extension an leaks

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Individual Work 10.2.2. Concept II Grid

Formal grid

Triangles

Figure 10.35. 3D of Final form , illustrated by (Authors 2020)

Inspirations

Figure 10.36. Technical details,3D,data source (Behence)

Figure 10.37. Truss-Tessellation , elevation data source(Behence)

Figure 10.38. Truss-Tessellation ,3D,data source (Behence)

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Individual Work 10.2.3. Concept III Title

“THE MORPHOLOGY OF NATURE SEPARATION”

Concept statement

It is a division of the soil that exists due to the lack of water that makes the soil break and split and the types and shapes that I took the idea from its shapes when it was divided and wanted to create a separate building for deferential disease and crimes.

-autonomy approach: the challenge is to establish a new pattern in the Site that will honor the context and the environment, but by allowing the ability to articulate a new pattern that would break boundaries the concept of the uniformly spaced buildings seen in the separation of Nubia.

walkability

Illustrations

west Sehel Contiguous urban pattern

Dried clay pattern

Start to select the buildings , main plaza and vegetation

3D sketch

Figure 10.39. Land lot on site illustrated by (Authors 2020)

Land lot of project

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Individual Work 10.2.3. Concept III

Figure 10.40. 3D of Final form , illustrated by (Authors 2020)

Inspirations

Figure 10.41. sketch,data source (Behence)

Figure 10.42. 3D model,data source (Behence)

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Individual Work 10.2.3. Concept III –Technological Studies –Electrochromic Glass Sunlight monitor to stop haze and needless heat gain. These advantages can be generated without an additional energy load. Creative, modern building glass, also known as smart glass or electronically switchable glass, is electrochromic glass. Electrochromic glass allows building occupants to control, by instigating or using an electric key, the quantity of heat or energy that moves through the window, enabling them to change temperatures or maintain anonymity.

Figure 10.44. EC glass system details Figure 10.43. EC glass system details

− Environmental sustainability − Instead of non-renewable resources that pollute the air, the use of skylights and courts provides natural sources of illumination and ventilation. − Using cladding and green roofs lowers the buildings' heat gain. − Using solar Photovoltaics. − Using pavegen tiles .

Figure 10.45. Solar photovoltais, data source (mdpi.com)

Figure 10.46. Cladding louvers, data source (mdpi.com)

-Economic sustainability Using local materials and labor can be done.

-Social sustainability It can be done by building common outdoor areas such as food courts, outdoor areas, .. etc

Figure 10.47. pavegen tiles, data source (mdpi.com)

Figure 10.48. Green roof , data source (mdpi.com)

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Individual Work Technological Studies

Responsive Skin The passive system's importance is its ability to decrease Direct Solar Exposure, which during summers curtails the harsh sun while minimally affecting the level of sunshine within space by increasing diffuse light, which is regulated by the angle of openings being changed. Reduce light-intensity energy usage only in the appropriate areas. Recovered from (SUSHANT, PRADEEP, 2011 )

Figure 10.49. responsive skin, data source (Helsinki, details , 2011)

Figure 10.50. responsive Skin system, data source (building technology 2011).

Dynamic Façade Mechanisms that cause the daytime sun to pass through the openings have interactive façades. Through the activity that still takes place, you offer a sense of stability to the house. There are also renewable and sustainable products Figure 10.51. Dynamic louvers ,data source (building technology 2011) available.

Façade Louvers − − − − −

It is a window with directional strips that allow the sun and air to enter natural sun and rain.

It may be physically locked or dynamic .

They are used for ventilation systems and for temperature control.

Reaction of the facade to changes in the climate.

This raises the amount of sunshine in winter and eliminates the effects of summer sunlight.

Figure 10.52. Dynamic facade ,data source (building technology 2011)

Figure 10.53. facade louvers ,data source (building technology 2011)

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Individual Work

Deina Mahmoud El-Masry

Slogan

Openness to adventure in the modern shift Mission Nubia contains the most important antiquities and handicrafts that make it easy to think about and create projects that attract tourists, But the content of the project aims to distinguish the arts and crafts profession in Nubia because the Nubia arts and crafts are based on the old traditional method, their industries and their culture are restricted within their countries, which is the dominant profession in their countries, it is better to break the boundaries and spread their culture by combining the traditional method and technology to link the world with Nubia and spread their precious crafts

Objective Developing the special profession in Nubia and spread of its rich culture, and the preservation of its heritage with a project that helps to do by using the most important features of Nubia to produce larger quantities of handicraft products and assistance to provide more job opportunities for Nubians.

Figure 10.54. Egyptian Nubian hand craft, Data source ( needpix).

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Individual Work 10.3.1. Concept I “Combining difference and challenge “ Abstract : Nubia was divided into two main regions: Upper Nubia and Lower Nubia in addition to each division having similar life characteristics in a way of life and different in the other: − The Upper Nubia part enjoyed relics and stored goods such as gold and copper tools, and it was known as "the land of the arc", as Nubians were known to be skilled at throwing bows. − The other, lower part, was located near Sudan and modern Egypt, where its people enjoyed urbanization and trade But soon, the two regions were demolished before the birth of Christ, and groups and tribes arose in both regions, and that each group was created from the descendants of the previous group, and the difference was in increasing education and civilization until they gradually arrived that their civilization and culture were no longer the same.

Figure 10.55. Egyptian Nubian hand craft, Data source ( needpix)x

Concept idea:

Dividing the blanks as if they express the old scheme of Nubia resulting from the idea of Upper and Lower Nubia, and that each of the two sections were groups and each section had its own characteristics, and this is reflected in the idea of the project between the handicraft industry and what is reflected in it through production by technology

Autonomy : The idea of autonomy consists in breaking the boundaries of the seizure by combining technology and handicrafts because of the difference between them, and that each of them has their own characteristics that are reflected in the division of both Upper and Lower Nubia in the difference of living and the characteristics of both of them.

Inspiration Shape and space between buildings .

Figure 10.56.project 3D, Data source ( archdaily)

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Individual Work 10.3.1. Concept I Sketch :

Sustainability study : use the natural material in nubia from Constants in buildings to shade and natural lighting because natural materials leave the lower effect on environmental. On other hand it leave an aesthetic form of merging nature and building together

Figure 10.57. Sharaan Resort in AlUla, Data source (stirworld)

Technological study I : Solar panels Exploiting the nature of the place and using a renewable energy source from the sun by using solar panels to create and provide energy for the project

Figure 10.58.solar panel, Data source (greenprophet)

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Individual Work 10.3.2. Concept II “The nile looking and transparency”

Figure 10.59. Nile view, Data source ( google)

Exploiting the Nile site to create a vision cone to direct the project on the most important elements which is transparency and orintnig mass to the Nile by using of transparency wall and topography of site to make cone of vision to the Nile with visual axis and transparent wall to break between the technological part and nontechnological part to make the challenge between two part depend on autonomy idea.

Inspirations 1- Transparent wall : to show the challenge between technology and non technology

Figure 10.60. transparent wall, Data source ( archdaily)

Technological study I : The Kinetic pavement Energy Exploiting the land slope of the project utilizing smart technology pavement made with recycled truck tires and polymer used to generate electricity. Each step on the pavement produces up to five watts of power.

Figure 10.62. Energy Generating Pavement, Data source (inhabitat)

2- This project show the main visual axis And sperate the buildings in two sides with cone of vision to green mountain

Figure 10.61. cultural center, Data source ( archdaily)

Technological study II: A kinetic facade that changes dynamically rather than being static or fixed according to sunlight also decrease the heat comes from outside to inside and only allow light to enter in space in a specific time

Figure 10.63. Kinetic facade, Data source (designingbuildings)

204

Individual Work 10.3.2. Concept II Conceptual sketch :

205

Individual Work 10.3.3. Concept III “The flow seasons” the flow seasson is about the flood of the Nile and its branches and the stage that passes through it that makes the flood to complete and to get full benefit from its flood in last stage, which is divided into groups and each group has it's own characteristics

Inspirations

Figure 10.64. conceptual sketch, Data source (pinterest)

Conceptual sketch :

Figure 10.65. conceptual sketch, Data source (pinterest)

Technological study I :

Technological study II :

Green Roof

hydroelectric power

layered combination of vegetation and membrane above the building that helps insulate and provide water management

Exploiting the presence of branches of water in the landscape to export energy for the project

Nile

Figure 10.66. conceptual sketch, Data source (pinterest)

Figure 10.67. hydroelectric power , Data source (stirworld)

206

Individual Work

Esraa Mohamed Taher

“Each new situation requires a new architecture.”

Jean Nouvel Mission Nubia is a spotlight for tourists by their unique culture (colorful buildings and handicrafts).

Unfortunately, there is a big lag between old generations and new generations; as the new generation tends to change their lives into an ordinary ones that might slowly vanish their culture heritage. Here comes the mission of technology ; by breaking the boundaries between the technology and the culture heritage . Arts and crafts culture center will respect their traditions and values by offering a new point of view to the local by preserving their culture using the technology and expand to future generation.

Figure 10.68. Nubian Houses . Data source (Pintrest ,2015) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Objective – Create a Arts and Crafts culture center that respects the context of the place, the traditions and culture of Nubia by using the technology.

– Expose their talents to the whole world – Saving Nubians heritage from extinction – Enhancing Nubians income – Integration of past & future – Reduce rates of unemployment – Developing new techniques.

207

Individual Work 10.4.1. Concept I Title

“Flow of Nile River” Concept statement The Nile was the main reason for a great civilization especially in Nubia’s civilization so we can considered it as a spine that supported and acted as the source of several functions such as the Nubian desert for a long time.

This concept is inspired from the flow of the Nile river and its irregular movement that can be applied to the site as the main spine of the project’s circulation that serves the main function and by connecting the Nile spine to the residents or community.

Figure 10.69. Nubian's river. Data source (Conde Nast Traveler , 2018) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Illustrations

Schematic 3D Form

Nile River Sketch

Schematic Plan

Design Application

Schematic Section

Figure 10.70. Site location. Data source (Google maps ,2020) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

208

Individual Work 10.4.1. Concept I Inspirations Taichung city cultural center

Figure 10.71. Main axes of Taichung city cultural center . Data source (Archdaily , 2020) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Tokyo Music center

Figure 10.72. Sloping Roof of Music Center, Tokyo, (Aasarchitecture, 2019), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Technological Studies Ventilated Façade A highly contemporary aesthetic that has aroused considerable interest among today's architects is the material used in this ecological approach. An excellent construction response, mixing simplicity and performance with high added value, with many essential functions.

Structure and technology of rear-ventilated facades

Figure 10.73. Ventilated Facade that creates various effects of shadow and beautiful light indoor (Pintrest,2018)

Figure 10.74. Section shows the structure and technology of ventilated facades (Pintrest,2018)

Installing Green Roof It has an evaluable advantage that would benefit the cultural, economic status and social in order to reduce the negative effects of development. The rainwater management is also improved by reduced runoff and better water quality, energy saving, noise and, carbon dioxide isolation, and air pollution control

Figure 10.75 Green Roof , 8 Layers of root barrier, (Connaughton Construction ,2016)

Figure 10.76 Green roof of CopenHill . Data source ( Designboom , 2017)

209

Individual Work 10.4.2. Concept II Title

“The Unified Chaos ”

Concept statement Despite the Nubian’s disorder in their urban grid ,We can see the beauty and unity through those randomly chaos buildings that respected the context and the contour.

The idea is to create a new site pattern that respects the context and the environment but by having the freedom of expressing a new pattern that will break the idea of the randomly scattered buildings that is found in Nubia but still unified .

Figure 10.77. Settlements Pattern in Old Nubia. Data source (Mahgoub 1990) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Illustrations

Figure 10.78. Old Nubia Grid. Data source (Google Map, 2020 ) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

4 Different Grids Grid On Site

Figure 10.79. Nuba’s Skyline. Data source (Authors, 2020 ) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

210

Individual Work 10.4.2. Concept II Design Application

Schematic Plan

Schematic Section

Inspirations

Figure 10.80. The Threshold project . Data source (Behance , 2018) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

211

Individual Work 10.4.2. Concept II Technological Studies Use of Natural Materials The natural materials they use should be utilized as a major symbol of respecting culture and resurrection of the West Seheil. Furthermore, natural materials have the least effects on the climate. In comparison, the use of vernacular materials from the site enhance the temperature within the building as it has the potential to respond to environmental conditions.

Figure 10.81. Brillhart House in Miami . Data source (Conde Nast Traveler , 2018)

Figure 10.82. Chinese Vernacular Architecture .Data source (Archdaily , 2018)

Cement Generates Light This machine is used as a night walker to light in the dark to be a mark for people as they walk in the night. This form of tile is not toxic to nature or humans, since it is combined with certain artificial materials. These tiles are lit automatically in the night at a certain point in the day, but in the daytime they still turn off automatically. It can also be used in certain elevations to illuminate a building during the night to make it a symbol for the project. (Cazares, 2017)

Figure 10.83. the cement generates light. (Cázares, 2017)

Figure 10.84 the cement generates light. (Cázares, 2017)

212

Individual Work 10.4.3. Concept III Title

“Transparent Gate” Concept statement There is a lack of interconnection between the local Nubians and the world. The project is an opportunity for reconciliation between the local people and the world to break the boundaries between them . The cultural center for art and crafts must help to create a city identity that expresses local people's optimism and creativity and attracts the international community's attention. So Transparency and dynamic sloping angles is the most suitable way that expresses movement and openness from both inside and outside.

Social Communication

Illustrations

Section Sketch

Schematic 3D Form

Design Application

Schematic Plan Sketch

213

Individual Work 10.4.3. Concept III Inspirations

Taichung city cultural center

Figure 10.85. Exterior shots of dynamic building. Data source (Archdaily , 2020) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Taichung city cultural center

Figure 10.86 Exterior shots of Taichung city cultural center . Data source (Archdaily , 2020) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Interactive Walls An engaging wall uses thousands of LED lighting and state-of-the-art interactive devices to keep adults and children involved for hours in unique interactive experiences. The lights are fitted with sensors, and the wall has to respond with light, which encourages kids to participate with those effects. The object has recently been introduced successfully into the care programs. It offers a tool to support people that can also be used to create a comfortable environment.

Figure 10.87 Children in rehabilitation Centre experiencing the interactive walls, (fitness-gaming, 2015)

Transparent Solar Panel Windows Glass is now the main façade material in the world as technology advances. Unfortunately, the same transparency that makes buildings appeal to glass produces unnecessary thermal and optical insulation.

Figure 10.88. Detail for Transparent solar glass window . Data source (Pinterest,2017)

214

Individual Work

Mennatalla kahled abdelhamied Slogan: ((Architecture should speak of its time and place, but yearn for timelessness)) “ Frank Gehry” Mission: -The art and culture center's mission is to increase tourism to the center and its focus will increase its value and revitalize its economic activity - Combine the past and the future and make Nubian craft an international crafts by bracken boundary -I want make Nubian crafts an international crafts and need to know new techniques, so we think about integrating technology in Nubian craft . to do this is providing a place equipped with all the needed technological system and machines that provides the ability for Production a lot of there crafts

Vision: -It is to help the Nubian people by display the Nubian heritage to the world -make the Nubian more modernizes but in their style

Objectives:

Figure 10.89. The Nubian works ,source by (swanonline ),illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

-encourage the tourism to enter the center -Preserve the cultural and the artistic heritage -Providing Recreational activities in out door space in the center of the project -The boundary of the Nubian architecture is will broken but still saved their characteristic Culture will be identified through their handmade crafts and Show their crafts to the world

215

Individual Work 10.5.1 Concept I: ‘The transparency building ’

Concept Statement: -our location frontier of nile, and the Nubian people cherish the Nile and consider it part of their heritage, so I thinking to make the river part of my project Creating a building that character by the transparency to display the Nubian tradition works

houses front the nile

Figure 10.90. sit map ,source by (google map),illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

I oriented the center to front of the river to have the view of river And also to have the evaporative cooling that come from the river

Transparency wall elevation

make the building in harmony with the river and also make Nubians feeling comfortable when they make their work

Section front the Nile The Arts & Crafts Cultural Center for development in the entire Nubia, attracting people’s attention once again as an educational and research destination, while on the other hand, it will attract people to the forgotten Nubia as a place of unique culture character.

I want to broken boundary by making the wall not solid but make it invisible to make contenting between the user and the sounding

Transparency building

216

Individual Work 10.5.1 Concept I: Inspirations:

Figure 10.92. Japanese School ,source by (trendhunter ),

Figure 10.91. Alberto Campo Baeza’s,source by (architize ).

Figure 10.93. Alberto Campo Baeza’s,source by (architize ).

Technological study

Mechanism glass Main Feature : -Photovoltic PV Glass generates free, renewable electricity The sun's account.

-Multifuctional PV Glass offers traditional access to light; Also provides sound and warm security, and99% unhealthy UV radiation, up to and including channel sir radiation is 95 percent

Figure 10.94. PV Glass ,source by (researchgate)

Figure 10.95. Mechanism glass ,source by (architize ).

Figure 10.96. PV Glass ,source by (researchgate)

Figure 10.97. PV Glass ,source by (researchgate)

217

Individual Work 10.5.2 Concept II: ‘Integrate between the modern and the traditional architecture ’ Concept Statement: Both Nubian geometric shapes can be used in various ways and in a modern way as the triangle of their decoration I use in modern and environmental technology.

Elevations

Modern style

Traditional style

Mixing style

geometric Shape

Cubic shape

Triangle shape

Mixing shape

broken boundary by development their style in a modern style but with same geometry to emphasize we save their heritage within the modernist

Elevation with triangle geometry

pavilions with triangle geometry

pathways and can be built without designing the traditional wall and ceiling. we can design it with angles like the angle of triangle shape give users a more fascinating approach.

218

Individual Work 10.5.2 Concept II: Inspiration

Types of patterns on Nubian elevation: Celestial Patterns Natural Elements Patterns Geometric Shape Patterns

Figure 10.98. The Nubian houses ,source by (wikipedia ),illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

After a study, the meaning is taken from Historically points of view, the ancients of Egypt, and the Nubians took Pyramids as an inspiration for their arts and crafts. that had been the idea behind architecture here was the triangles found in Nubia.

Figure 10.99. The pyramied ,source by (wikipedia ),illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.100. the Nubian houses ,source by (wikipedia ),illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Technological study Responsive facad Design The sensitive facades will calculate the environmental conditions with sensors to change their form, shapes and color in accordance to the needs of the users, by means of actuators. Responsive facades Responsive architecture The kinetic facade: not static or fixed dynamically according to of the amount of shifting, light, air, energy and controlled it . They may reduce the sun or allow the building to enjoy the fresh air.

Figure 10.102. Responsive facad,source by (iaacblog)

Figure 10.101 Responsive facad,source by (iaacblog)

Figure 10.103. Responsive facad ,source by (iaacblog)

219

Individual Work 10.5.3Concept III: focal point Concept Statement: The court in the Nubian house is really the middle of the house where everybody spends most of his time. So I wanted to make not only a crossroads but also a central node to be Where Nubian & tourist can meet each other, exchange their culture in the gathering area .

Figure 10.104. The Nubian traditional house ,source by (paintrest ),illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

the courtyard traps cold air , so the rooms around the courtyard will have that cold air Collect nodes as a collective node for various activities

Break the boundary to Defines the paths build a path and exit on the edge of the And to make the sun site. enter the court

Exhibition

Innovative center

Figure 10.105. focal point ,source by (paintrest )

Administration

Shops Figure 10.107. center courtyard ,source by (paintrest )

make a focal point in the center of the project to merge tourism and working in one open outdoor space Center court(focal point ) Figure 10.106. sit map ,source by (google map ),illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

220

Individual Work 10.5.3Concept III: Inspiration Inspiration from Nubian houses

Figure 10.108. The Nubian traditional house ,source by (paintrest ),illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Technological study

Figure 10.109. The Nubian traditional house ,source by (paintrest

),illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Green wall Green Face as a Modern Sustainable Solution to Climate Change Breathing Walls Vertical greening will provide refreshing potential on the surface of the house, which is extremely significant in hot climates during summer. The cooling impact of green façades also influences the building's internal environment by preventing warming of the façade.

Figure 10.110. green wall ,source by (paintrest ),

Figure 10.113. green wall ,source by (paintrest ), Figure 10.111. green wall ,source by (paintrest ), Figure 10.112. green wall ,source by (paintrest ),

221

Individual Work

Nada Farraj Abdellah Slogan

“Reviving the Essence” Abstract Nubia is a civilization that is one of the oldest and unique in history. And Nubia has experienced prosperity and decomposition like any civilization. It was one of the wealthiest civilizations in the past. But Nubia is now experiencing a period of decomposition and marginalization after the migration from the banks of the Nile to the Kom-Ombo desert. The population's basic services are not available and cannot carry out their previous activities. And only certain photos and tourist attractions in Aswan are now part of a most serious problem that some people know about Nubia.

Figure 10.114. Nubian House, data source (Pinterest, 2017)

Mission In the center of Nubia, the aim is to conserve and record the heritage of Nubia to raises Nubia's heritage as a significant global hub for the loss of tourism, and to give tourists and Egyptians every need for knowledge about Nubia's heritage. Furthermore, they provide space for crafts to achieve sustainable use and new technology goals as well as how to use them for Nubia marketing and tourism.

Objective − Implementation of modern marketing technologies − Promotion tourism. − Improving the wealth of Nubians. − To restore and be proud of their heritage by the new generation. − The tourists engage in a realistic way in the whole of Nubian life.

Figure 10.115. Nubian handcrafts, illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

222

Individual Work 10.6.1. Concept I Title

“A Window To The World” Nubian integrated together in their daily life and their traditions and habitation, for that I will break boundaries and integrate their arts and crafts with technology in the way of showing their works and make tourists come to them from the whole world to show their heritage and selling their work also used technology in the form.As they used to use painting their symbols in the façade, I will break that by using the same symbol but in a technology way.

Figure 10.116. Nubian Houses, data source (pinterest, 2018)

Figure 10.117. Nubian traditions, data source (Pinterest, 2018)

Figure 10.118. Nubian handcrafts, illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

− The Nubian triangle symbol

− Arranging the triangles in this way produces the shape of the responsive façade and this adds the technological part to the facade of the building − Start to use the Nubian Triangle symbol in the façade but by special arrangement to make a system to achieve specific purpose.

223

Individual Work 10.6.1. Concept I Inspiration

“Al Bahar tower”

Figure 10.119. Al Bahar Towers, data source (arch daily, 2018)

Technological Studies Responsive Façade

Figure 10.120. Al Bahar Towers, data source (Pinterest, 2019)

The hexagon's main shape is used to construct façade patterns that improve façade efficiency with sharp angles and shading devices that respond to environmental demands. In addition to the systemic variation of materials the different geometric panels add texture elevation and construction cohesion, the texture and volume of the façade are critical for the maintenance of the comfort. shading devices and the high performance of the glass.

Figure 10.121. Responsive Façade, data source (Pinterest, 2019)

Figure 10.122. Responsive Façade, data source (Pinterest, 2019)

They provide shade (sunscreen) in the direction of the sun and strength and are useful on façades with long and continuous exposure to the sun (south facades). It also doesn't permanently obstruct the views of the buildings. Furthermore, it gives the building facades a pleasant shape or style.

Figure 10.123. Responsive Façade detail, data source (Pinterest, 2019)

224

Individual Work 10.6.2. Concept II Title

“Centralization & Connectivity “ Centralization seeks to maximize productivity by learning from economies of scale: enhance average and reliability.

Utilize The Nubian triangle as symbol of centralization. the main plaza (hub) will link between the different zones. Also all clusters will look to this hub.

Figure 10.124. Nubian economic, illustrated by (Authors, 2020) Figure 10.125. Centralization, (sketch by author,2020)

Figure 10.127. element configuration, (sketch by author,2020) Figure 10.126. aspects of project triangle, (sketch by author,2020)

Figure 10.128. schematic plan, (sketch by author,2020)

Figure 10.129. schematic plan, (sketch by author,2020)

225

Individual Work 10.6.2. Concept II Inspiration

“Bobigny School Complex”

Figure 10.130. Bobigny School Complex, data source (arch daily, 2018)

Technological Studies Kinetic Tiles (Pave Gen)

Figure 10.131. Bobigny School Complex, data source (Pinterest, 2019)

It is a flooring system consisting of tiles that are assembled as tiles that produce kinetic energy as anyone walks on it. This power can be used in many ways, such as lighting or charging.

Figure 10.132. Pave Gen Tiles, data source (Pinterest, 2019)

Figure 10.133. Pave Gen Tiles, data source (Pinterest, 2019)

Figure 10.134. Pave Gen Tiles, data source (Pinterest, 2019)

Application of Pave Gen: − Reduce energy: tiles generate energy that can illuminate and power the open spaces. − Data collection: wireless sensors are available to provide information about the movement of people that can be used to know peak hours and places most visited. − Engaging the social: using Kinetic Tiles in the community room allows people to participate in the project, allowing it to minimize energy by being there and working.

Figure 10.135. Pave Gen Tiles, data source (Pinterest, 2019)

226

Individual Work 10.6.3. Concept III Title

“ Contour Massing” The skyline of Nubian mountains and houses.

The respect to the surrounding context-rich the design and make it blend in with the style of the house there. The zones will be different with the change of the skyline.

Figure 10.136. Nubian's Walls , source by(pinterest)

Figure 10.137. West Suhail Skyline, (sketch by author,2020)

Figure 10.138. West Suhail Skyline, (sketch by author,2020)

Figure 10.139. Skyline Section, (sketch by author,2020)

Figure 10.140. Skyline Masses, (sketch by author,2020)

Figure 10.141. House of Nubia ,illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.142. Connection between zones, (sketch by Authors, 2020).

227

Individual Work 10.6.3. Concept III Inspiration

“Al Bahar tower”

Figure 10.143. Floating Houses, data source (arch daily, 2018)

Technological Studies Movable Walls

Figure 10.144. Floating Houses, data source (Pinterest, 2019)

In far more than one case, the moving partitions concept could be used to construct non-static framing, inside or externally. They act as internal partitions and the technology is often used for external frames and walls.

Figure 10.6.2.3. Responsive Façade, data source (Pinterest, 2019) Figure 10.145. Movable Walls, data source (Pinterest, 2019) Figure 10.146. Movable Walls, data source (Pinterest, 2019)

Figure 10.147. Movable Walls Detail, data source (Pinterest, 2019)

The idea of shifting frames, scenes, and angles by sliding and/or folding movable walls and frames will help.

Figure 10.148. Movable Walls Detail, data source (Pinterest, 2019)

228

Individual Work 10.6.4. Sustainability Can be divided into economic, social, and environmental which each on of them has different define Californian FB options and types to be applied on the ground (Share Your Articles, 2018) Economic Sustainability.

Environment Sustainability.

Social Sustainability.

1- Solar Panels Use the light energy emitted from photovoltaic sun-based photons, and the structural part of the load-carrying the load must protect against damage, as well as a lot of functionality, and many are flexible and can also be used to reduce energy and energy savings from the sun.

Figure 10.149. Solar Panels, data source (Pinterest, 2019)

2- Natural Materials We need to use the natural materials that they use in some buildings as a major sign of reverence for the culture and revival of Heissa.

Also, the environmental effects of natural materials are less important. Besides, the use of site vernacular materials raises the temperature in the building since it is capable of adapting to external conditions.

Figure 10.150. Natural Materials, data source (Pinterest, 2019)

3- Green Roof and Walls Its urban surface and sustainability are a part of the structure and surfaces which can help collect sunlight and protect buildings and waterproof fibers, reduce and also enhance air pollution urban temperature, as well as add to relaxing and feelings in the space.

Figure 10.151. Green Roof, data source (Pinterest, 2019)

4- Renewable Energy The energy produced from natural such as sunlight, wind, rain, and waves are the energy.

In four important things, renewable energy can help people to supply energy by electricity, generation, air, and water heating/cooling.

Figure 10.152. Renewable Energy, data source (Pinterest, 2019)

229

Individual Work

Nadeen Hassan Mohamed Slogan

‘’The essence of the beautiful is in variety” W.Somerset.

Mission: Nubians have a very rich culture with beautiful customs and art, but the problem is that they are not incorporated into the world and are not integrated into technology. We therefore want the rich culture, traditions and crafts to be united with technology and the world as our main objective.

Objective: − Respecting their culture and traditions − Respecting their context − Merging their crafts and traditions with technology − Enhance their economy level

230

Individual Work 10.7.1. Concept I Nuba Skyline Mission: Nubians have a very rich culture with beautiful customs and art, but the problem is that they are not incorporated into the world and are not integrated into technology. We therefore want the rich culture, traditions and crafts to be united with technology and the world as our main objective.

Concept Statement: The complex skyline of Nuba will influence the design process as the buildings are highly diverse. Every building is next to each other, too. (compact design). I would take into account the skyline, since in relation to the landscape the most popular buildings have been designed.

Nuba Skyline:

Administration Simple modular grid arrangement

Figure 10.153. Nubia Skyline. Data source (Pinterest ,2015) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Referring to our main idea which is integrating Nubian culture with technology I will use modern and technological facades merging them with traditional material of Nubian house

Figure 10.154. Hospital en Córdoba. Data source (Pinterest,2020)

231

Individual Work 10.7.1. Concept I Inspirations

Figure 10.155. Hospital en Córdoba. Data source (Pinterest,2020)

Figure 10.156. Nuba museum ,Data source (archnet.org,2020)

Shading devices and façade cladding inspired from nuba traditional triangles

Technological studies

Kinetic façade The utilization of these dynamic displays is necessary , light in some areas Required but at night, sole Direct and warm, the screens come Open at the time of day necessary And the other times it locks. as the elevations are mainly required glass to lower the heat which is like meditation within spaces and permits only light. Then the façade should have the opportunity to deal with the External conditions of climate

Figure 10.157. kinetic facades house, Data source (Pinterest,2020)

Figure 10.158. Parametric house, Data source (Pinterst,2020)

232

Individual Work 10.7.2. Concept II Merging between nuba and he world Concept Statement: Nuba is known with it’s reach culture not only culture but also their traditions and their excellent work in crafts my aim here is to improve their work by crafts and to link their work and culture to the world.

Culture

Figure 10.159. Nubia Festivals. Data source (Pinterest ,2017) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.160. Nubia Festivals. Data source (Pinterest ,2015) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Nubians always made festivals. They love gathering together with their different ways and traditions of celebrating.

Crafts

Figure 10.161. Nubia Crafts. Data source (Pinterest ,2019) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.162. Nubia Crafts. Data source (Pinterest ,2019) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

I will take culture and crafts as the main part of my project so I will make a main plaza in my project it will be stepped with a central area to make Nubian made in it their festivals.

Also I will made a main zone for their crafts and another zone to show this products of crafts to the world

Technological Studies Sun Tunnel The sun tunnel is called the light tube. It is polished indoors with a metal sheet tube. The inner sphere serves like a mirror and transmits the light in the sphere. It captures the light in the daylight on the roof and takes it in the building at night. A plastic weather-proof globe covers on the roof of this tunnel. The porthole works in the ceiling of the room like a diffuser. The globe gathers outward the light and spread it by the diffuser.

233

Individual Work 10.7.2. Concept II

Figure 10.163. Sun tunnel. Data source (Pinterest,2018)

Figure 10.164. Sun tunnel. Data source (Pinterest,2018)

A sun tunnel is an extraordinary addition to your home environment, where natural light couldn't penetrate before. You can channel the sun from the roof down into the appropriate room below a highly reflective tube. Sun tunnels on a roof or on a flat roof can be mounted to allow daylight to flood rooms.

Inspirations:

Figure 10.166. Nubia Houses open space. Data source (Pinterest ,2017) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.168. Nubia Festivals. Data source (Pinterest ,2017) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.165. Sun tunnel. Data source (Pinterest,2020)

Figure 10.167. Nubia Houses open space. Data source (Pinterest ,2017) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.169. Nubia Festivals. Data source (Pinterest ,2017) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

234

Individual Work 10.7.3. Concept III Linking Nubians are always related to their traditions and our main aim is to make them connected to the technology and to the other world so the the project will be divided into 3 main parts

Basic Shape inspired from the site

This simple shape is taken from the context

The main idea here is to connect between two zones. I want to make a connection illustrating my idea which is connecting between culture and technology

Technological studies

Wind Towers This tower allows the turbine, at higher altitudes, to benefit from higher wind speeds.

With its repellency blades that work almost like an airplane wing, the turbines capture the wind's energy. When the wind sweeps, on one side of the blade a pocket of low pressure air emerges.

235

Individual Work 10.7.3. Concept III Technological Studies:

Figure 10.171. Wind Tower. Data source (Pinterest,2020) Figure 10.170. Wind Tower. Data source (Pinterest,2020)

Wind catching towers are a typical architecture for buildings that create natural ventilation and passive cooling. Windcatchers are built in different ways: undirect, bidirectional and cross-directional.

Windcatchers have been developed in different designs.

Figure 10.172. Wind Tower. Data source (Pinterest,2020)

Solar Farm Solar farms are wide-ranging solar plants where photovoltaic (PV) panels called solar panels are employed for the generation of solar energy or other means for the harvesting of solar energy, such as concentrated solar systems. They vary in a variety of important ways from solar rooftop systems and even commercial solar systems.

Figure 10.173. Solar Farm. Data source (Pinterest,2018)

Figure 10.174. Solar Farm. Data source (Pinterest,2018)

A windscreen can also draw a cool air on cool stuff. In arid climates, there are frequently drastic frequent temperature variations with desert temperatures often slipping under the glaze of the night. Everyday and annual temperature swings are caused by the thermal inertia of the Soil. Also thick masonry walls make a building warmer and cooler during the day at night.

236

Individual Work

Nour Mahmoud El Koussy

“To provide meaningful architecture is not to parody history but to articulate it.” – Daniel Libeskind Mission The autonomous approach of this project aims to and document and innovate in the traditions of Nubia's heritage while also maintaining it’s integrity. in order to raise the recognition of Nubia's heritage and make it internationally relevant , it will let its users play a major participating role and allow them to be the innovators of the coming technological world. This will not only aid Nubians and their professions , but also raise Nubia’s economic status while portraying the valuable morals and principles of Nubian heritage that have never changed

Objective

Figure 10.175 Ancient Nubia Illustration,data source(gettyimages)

− To break outside limiting boundaries and explore the world of infinate ideas and creativity. − To give recognition for the soul beauty of the Nubian heritage to national and international audiences − To promote tourism and the exchange of cultures and traditions globally. − To aid Nubians in their everyday lives by inventing easy economic technological solutions.

237

Individual Work 10.8.1. Concept I Concept Statement: The innovation center will be the destination of the progressively lit pathway , making the innovation center act as the master mind behind all what goes through the building. This will also give the users the impression that they flow through the exhibition in a continuously luminated manor that takes them on a journey to enlightenment.

“The Pathway to Enlightenment””

Mimicking the photo tropism process in which a plant bends towards the sun light to get the most nutrients from the sun. The atrium of the spaces oriented towards the sun , creating an environment that stimulates the users senses and helps them reach a higher creativity level ; thereby , portraying the concept of the project .

Schematic Section: Gradual vegetation increasing toward the innovation center .

238

Individual Work 10.8.1. Concept I Layout:

Innovation Center

Exhibitions Daylighting Section: The gradual increase in lighting until reaching the innovation center at maximum sunlight

Applying the concept to the site , orienting the spaces with the more enclosed atriums towards the south and the bigger atriums toward the north .Entrance of the site will lead to the beginning of the building where the journey starts .Destination will be at the innovation center which contains the largest view of the Nile river .

Symbols: Sun-path Spaces viewing the Nile river Entrance of the site Innovation center with the most view of the Nile

239

Individual Work 10.8.1. Concept I Interior :

Large openings at the innovation center zone

Smaller openings at the exhibition zone Open and Inviting Interior designed to give a sense of transparency in through the atrium that features a distinctive staircase, open and inviting ground floor workplaces, interactive exhibition areas, and publicly accessible cafes. Here, staff and public can meet, enjoy a cup of coffee, and view featured arts and crafts displays which result from work done in the innovation center .The atrium-adjacent co-working spaces that tie the building together vertically will provide dynamic views of the interior of the project with maximum daylight.

Inspirations:

Figure Forskaren health and life science innovation center (2024), data source (3xn)

Figure 10.176. The Allen Institute of Brain Science(2017), data source (Stantec), written by(Lauren MacLeod , 2018)

Figure 10.177. The Allen Institute of Brain Science(2017), data source (Stantec), written by(Lauren MacLeod , 2018)

240

Individual Work 10.8.1. Concept I Technical Studies : Gradual light penetration through the different sized skylights to emphasize the hierarchy of spaces throughout the building.

Each skylight is extruded uniquely into a pyramid-like shape, reducing joints and minimizing costs when installing a small glass plane to the skylight. The skylights scatter light across large spaces and form light patterns throughout the day. The pyramid-like volumes are so vast that it is possible to plant trees under them. The angling Skylight focuses the light towards the displays that will attract the users' attention.

Inspirations:

Figure 10.178. Choui Fong Tea Cafe(2015), data source (Indeawards)

241

Individual Work 10.8.2. Concept II Concept Statement: In order to implement the autonomous approach and introduce technology to the Nubians , this idea will Portray it by creating a hub that transforms the movement from the current conditions to the future. The central hub will act as a portal that will carry the users through a journey of time.

After passing through this portal the technological autonomous approach will be revealed , by implementing the digital displays inside the exhibition and interacting with international views to portray the rich culture of Nubians.

“Through the lens Of Tomorrow”

The visitors passing by will get a view of the project from where they stand which will act as an inviting approach to attracts more users .The widening of the portal will maximize the view of the Nile rover ;consequently making the cone of vision more dynamic.

Road

Nile River

242

Individual Work 10.8.2. Concept II Layout:

Gathering Hub

Transition zone

Innovation center Zone

Transition zone

Exhibitions Zone

The opening of the portal widens as the user progresses closer to the Nile , taking the Nile view as an advantage to frame its effortless continuity.

Applying the concept to the site , orienting the widening portal toward the Nile river.

Entrance of the site will lead to the beginning pf the gathering zone which allows the users to see a vision into the future Symbols: Sun-path Portal cone of vision

Entrance of the site The portal with the most view of the Nile

243

Individual Work 10.8.2. Concept II Interior :

The opening of the portal widens as the user progresses closer to the Nile , taking the Nile view as an advantage to frame its effortless continuity.

Outdoor Exhibition:

Inspirations:

Figure 10.179. kings cross station(2015), data source (architizer),posted by (Jennifer Geleff)

244

Individual Work 10.8.2. Concept II Technical Studies : Timber lattice shell structure to cover the gathering hub , to give a sense of warmth to the transitional zone from the entrance to the outdoor exhibition,. This lattice structure gives a unique light pattern that provides a area that still allows the users to feel exposed to the outside world Wooden Lattice Structure:

Lattice Timber grid shells are curved structures that are lightweight and are renewable resources. By bending a flat timber grid toward a curved shell-like target shape, they are constructed. A broad variety of constructed forms can therefore be generated.

Additionally, a renewable resource is a timber.

Lattice shell grid system:

Inspirations:

Figure 10.180. Mannheim Gridshell(1970), data source (fastepp)

245

Individual Work 10.8.3. Concept III Concept Statement: Since the autonomous approach is to break boundaries, in the portrayal of this concept the zone that would display the innovations and allow the users to experience the inventions created will be the zone with the shattered pieces .

These pieces will act as shading devices that would give the users comfort climate while walking throughout the outdoor exhibition.

The form of the building will also implement that all the core and principles of these inventions come from one place but then divide into more than one.

“The Shattered order”

The cracks in the roof will allow sunlight to pass through but will block the majority of it . Users walking throughout have the adequate sunlight by creating a comfortable exterior environment.

246

Individual Work 10.8.3. Concept III Layout:

Outdoor Exhibition

Applying the concept to the site , orienting the outdoor exhibition to be overlooking the Nile river. Entrance of the site will lead to the beginning of the outdoor exhibition that portrays the innovations. And begins the journey.

Symbols: Sun-path Spaces viewing the Nile river Entrance of the site Outdoor display with the most view of the Nile

247

Individual Work 10.8.3. Concept III Interior :

Nubians and their technological inspired inventions. This exhibition presents a very special chance for visitors to experience creativity and locality which helps the users leave a mark for the rest of history. This concept will urge the users to think and become innovators themselves.

Inspirations:

Figure 10.181. Al Fayah underground park, data source (greenprophet),posted by (Tafline Laylin in Design,2014)

248

Individual Work 10.8.3. Concept III Technical Studies : The Breathing skin technology is inspired by biological skins that change their penetrability, based on the principle of biomimicry, to regulate the required light, matter, and climate flow interior and exterior wise. The surfaces' continuously changing appearance creates a rich interface between the natural world and the living spaces within.

Unresponsive Building

closed Unresponsive Building

opened Responsive Building

Inspirations:

Figure 10.182. Pneumatic Façade Technology(2015), data source (ArchDaily),written by(Jan Doroteo,2016)

249

Individual Work COVID-19 Approach: Since the two main zones that the visitors will use for a long time are the workspace zone and the exhibition zone , in which they will spend hours in the same space with a group of people.

Concerning the Workspace: The COVID-19 cubicle will allow the visitors to work together and will be constructed from glass panels that will not block their vision and will also be placed in an open roof area that will allow natural ventilation to clear the air.

Concerning the Exhibition: Throughout the circulation of the exhibition visitors will walk in a one-way circulation that will decrease the contamination and spread the disease.

Visitors will always maintain the safe distance of 6 feet and each display will be timed to stop and start with each new visitor .

Figure 10.183. Jacolby Satterwhite’s first institutional show(2019), data source (Pioneerworks)

250

Individual Work

Saeid Shady Saeid Mission The city of Nubia is one of the world's oldest towns. The city witnessed a lot of different periods through its history . Each time left a hidden and untold story and secrets in the city. But these times have been left behind thanks to the heritage and historical monuments; now we can explore and learn more about this city and it became forgotten city. However, this project aims to restore its place in Egypt and the world as a whole.

Figure 10.184. Nubia village, Data source (Pintrest , 2020) .

Objective Enhance the people of Nubians and their culture, my blending with technology-related life as in education fields, so that the whole town can rise in economics, thus helping to promote more tourist investment in the city by giving them a space where all these things are in a single place that reflects the people and culture of Nubian people in new ways.

Figure 10.185. Nubian people, Data source (Pintrest , 2020) .

Figure 10.186. Nubian people, Data source (Pintrest , 2020) .

251

Individual Work 10.9.1 Concept I Title

“The Link” Concept statement The ring of the tree and the cracken of the circles on the diameter of the tree inspired me.

Illustrations Phase 1: A lot of Cracks are separating circuits from the middle of the tree ring.

Phase2: These cracks serve the main circulation in the building , centralizing the project's core area (the heart of the building) Phase3: The buildings is filled with sheets of the same crack shape Figure 10.187. Conceptual sketch, illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

1

2

3

Figure 10.188 Conceptual sketch, illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.189 Conceptual sketch, illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Inspirations

Figure 10.190. Tree section Detail, Data source (google image) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

252

Individual Work 10.9.1 Concept I Technological Studies shell structure , light structure : In many areas of engineering, structural elements such as membranes and thin coats are commonly modelled. These lightweight structures are the ideal feature for construction in civil engineering applications, their beauty, reliability and optimum material utilization.

Figure 10.191. Shell structure, Data source (Pintrest , 2020) .

Tree-shaped structure system The tree-formed façade structural systems ensure a design inspired by nature and establish a pleasant and hopeful locati

Figure 10.192. Tree-formed structure, Data source (Pintrest , 2020) .

Modern Mashrabiya Contemporary Facades has an architectural characteristic because it is beautiful and can be transformed into endless designs and adapted to the topic of the project. A very special feature of the project.

Figure 10.193. Modern Mashrabiya, Data source (archdaily , 2020) .

Figure 10.194.Mashrabiya Facade Data source (archdaily , 2020) .

253

Individual Work 10.9.2 Concept II Title

“Ship Anchor” Concept statement − By biomorphing the shape of Ship Anchor in elevation and plan as shown by creating and taking all the eras and periods as in one ship. − Connecting the project complex visually by witnessing the project with great results.

Illustrations

Conceptual sketch Figure 10.195. Site location, Data source (Google maps ,2020) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.196. Conceptual elevation, illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Inspirations −

The anchor is a small part of the boat, but it affects its stability and holds the boat at the beach.

Figure 10.197. Ship Anchors, Data source (Pintrest , 2020) .

Figure 10.198. Ship Anchors, Data source (Pintrest , 2020) .

254

Individual Work 10.9.2 Concept II Technological Studies

Inner courtyard The spaces are in public areas were the main meeting places for some reasons which led to other courts. Both words from the courtyard and yard come from the same source.

Figure 10.199. Building’s section, Data source (Pintrest , 2020) .

Shading It is used to minimize the sunshine in buildings and the heat gain when the sun is very hot during the day. The air in the building is also refreshed.

louver works

Figure 10.200. Sunray through shading, Data source (Pintrest , 2020) .

The Louvre is working on a more distinctive façade surrounding the house and enhancing the urban climate.

Figure 10.201. Louvre facade, Data source (Pintrest , 2020) .

Figure 10.202. Louvre façade, Data source (Pintrest , 2020) .

255

Individual Work 10.9.3 Concept III Title

“Main Spine” Concept statement I was inspired by the setting and organized my masses along my spine.

Illustrations

Figure 10.203. Site location. Data source (Google maps ,2020) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

First: The axis begins on the sea and ends at the highest level.

Secondly, one of the simplest ways of circulating is the main spine.

Third: Identify the node of our exhibition.

Figure 10.204 Conceptual sketch, illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.205 Conceptual sketch, illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.207 Conceptual sketch, illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.206 Conceptual sketch, illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

256

Individual Work 10.9.3 Concept III Technological Studies Kinetic façade system A new kind of kinetic facade framework inspired by versatile principles of deformation found in plant movements has been introduced.

The project provides a role model for new implementations of GFPs for useable structures and advanced biomimetic research and design.

The project will include a new framework for GFPs. Figure 10.208. Kinetic façade elev. , Data source (archdaily , 2020) .

Shell structure A slim membrane is identified as a small shell relative to its other dimensions in thickness and in which deformations are not large compared to its thickness.

Flectofold Demonstrator

Figure 10.209. Shell façade structure, Data source (archdaily , 2020) .

FlectoFold is an elastic-kinetic façade shading device. It is modular with a material progression and is built from FRP.

Figure 10.210. Elastic kinetic façade, Data source (archdaily , 2020) .

257

Individual Work

Youssef Mohamed Abdelhamid

“The future of architecture is culture” Johnson, P.

Mission In order to help the Nubian community in all its social groups, we have concentrated on young people who really need to know about new technologies, so we are considering incorporating technology in many aspects of Nubian culture, and in the best way possible.

To do this, a place equipped with all the requisite technical systems and machines needs to be given. The potential of Nubian youth in many fields to invent and develop new technologies .

Objective Figure 10.211 Nubian Houses . Data source (Pintrest ,2015)

The main objectives are: 1. Reforming young people to be welleducated and completely informed of emerging technology .

2. Improving the quality of their lives and encouraging them to grow and use their culture in a modern way.

3. The propagation of Nubian culture and the global extension of its local reach.

Figure 10.212. Nubian Houses . Data source (Pintrest ,2015) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

258

Individual Work 10.10.1. Concept I Title : sky line MASSING contour lines add a lot an aggressive contouring process.

of

Procedure,

especially

analyzing

such

Figure 10.213 The Nubian skyline illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

The skyline is one of the factors that draw and define its nature of the project, also the Sky Line makes the building a difference in the number of floors and a difference in the blocks and materials used, which reflects a different image.

Figure 10.214 contour outline illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

The idea of autonomy is realized through the skyline massing by drawing an unconventional interface that is not linked to design limitations and obstacles.

Figure 10.215. inspiration

259

Individual Work 10.10.2. Concept II Title Complexity of NUBA

Figure 10.216 four mine objective of concept

the main objective of this concept is to show people the effect of each layer of the place to people and allow them to discover more about each layer in each zone.

It draws attention to several factors affecting Nuba. It creates from it. The concept is formed where every important part takes a large part of the history of Nuba, which reflects the true picture.

Figure 10.217 : layout skitch illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.219 Ziya Imren Data source (Pintrest , 2020) ”

Figure 10.218 3D sketch illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.220 NL architects: SOZAWE “Design boom, 2018”

260

Individual Work 10.10.3. Concept III Title : Nile Waves Nile wave makes the project more related to its context and give the aim is to continue this mood inside the project by applying the wave shape inside it.

Figure 10.221 Wave sketch illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.222 inspiration Data source (Pintrest , 2020)

Figure 10.223 inspiration Data source (Pintrest , 2020)

Figure 10.224 inspiration Data source (Pintrest , 2020)

261

Individual Work Technological Studies –Light Street Lamp City: Town of Light Street Lamp: It is a hybrid urban lighting system powered by human power and its transformation into electricity.

THE Lamp was introduced to the Rolling outdoor exercise facilities as a lamp, then moved human authority to the Light System Light System .

Figure 10.225 : inspiration Data source (Pintrest , 2020)

Figure 10.226 inspiration Data source (Pintrest , 2020)

.

Figure 10.227 inspiration Data source (Pintrest , 2020)

Figure 10.228 inspiration Data source (Pintrest , 2020)

Roofing passive technology:

Kinetic facade and shading device

A building design approach to passive cooling is Thinking about heat gaining power to boost the indoor climate Thermal comfort with low consumption of electricity. This technique works either by blocking the solution Heat from entry or removal of heat from the heat Construction by using (natural cooling) .

By actuating and making the facades interactive, They will adjust more to the circumstances, Ensure that the occupants have enhanced comfort, By reducing and achieving a more sustainable design by reducing The compromises needed for that equilibrium .

262

Individual Work Environmental Studies

The environmental aspect is shown in the open spaces between the building and its masses, there are Several open spaces for creating landscape plots, including The open spaces in the ventilation provide ventilation with Fresh air flows through spaces and masses. It must be operational as long as the facility is operating.

Insulation layers

Applications:- Use of recycled building materialsApplication of natural ventilation in various systems- Utilizing the framework of double walls

Double wall section

263

BIBLIOGRAPHY

264

Bibliography 11.1. Reference

Chapter I Cameron M.E( 2013 ) Architecture of Analogy. Notes on the Autonomy of Architecture, https://cameronmcewan.wordpress.com/2013/06/22/notes-on-the-autonomy-ofarchitecture/ Peter. E. (2014). The Work PeterEisenman.ArchDaily.https://www.archdaily.com /496509/from-autonomy-to-automation-the-work-of-peter-eisenman> ISSN 0719-8884 Ibai .R. (2020), The Relative Autonomy of Architecture Kenneth Frampton,( South Asian) https://urbannext.net/the-relative-autonomy-ofarchitecture/

Chapter II Hannah. L. ( 2019 ). History of the Nubian Monuments and Nubian People in Egypt (Egypt), https://www.osiristours.com/history-of-the-nubian-monuments-and-nubianpeople-in-egypt/ El-Hakim, O. M. (1993). Nubian architecture: The Egyptian vernacular experience.

Zamalek, Cairo: Palm Press.

Obłuski, A. (2006). The formation of the Nobadian State. Social changes in Lower Nubia in Late Antiquity. Retrieved April, 2018, from http://www.academia.edu/462097/The_formation_of_the_Nobadian_State._Social_chang es_in_Lower_Nubia_in_Late_Antiquity Trigger, B. G. (1976). Nubia under the pharaohs. London: Thames and Hudson

Chapter III Oli.A.B (2016), Nubian Vernacular architecture & contemporary Aswan buildings’ enhancement,(Alexandria ), https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110016816000065#!

Roqia .K . (2018), More than 18 million Egyptians are unable to read this report, https://www.almasryalyoum.com/

https://en.climate-data.org/africa/egypt/aswan-governorate/aswan-6344/

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Chapter VII DAVID .B,(2020), “Al-Fustat Center” Architecture : From Heritage to Heritage, (Egypt), https://linesmag.com/al-fustat-center-architecture-from-heritage-toheritage/?fbclid=IwAR1iQajCLcUmbbNUoVLA28VvgxHUynmd0OBbju07Wh5sq_yFz bqgVV7KtAg Karam.M,(2020), Nubian lyrical heritage at Talaat Harb Culture Center on Sept.

11,(Egypt). https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/91755/Nubian-lyrical-heritage-atTalaat-Harb-Culture-Center-on-Sept

Barry.I. (2019) Cultural Park for Children,(Egypt) https://www.akdn.org/architecture/project/cultural-park-children King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Centre / Zaha Hadid Architects" 25 Oct 2017. ArchDaily. Accessed 24 Dec 2020. <https://www.archdaily.com/882341/kingabdullah-petroleum-studies-and-research-centre-zaha-hadid-architects> ISSN 07198884 David Basulto. "King Abdullah II House of Culture & Art / Zaha Hadid Architects" 24 Feb 2010. ArchDaily. Accessed 24 Dec 2020. <https://www.archdaily.com/51018/kingabdullah-ii-house-of-culture-art-zaha-hadid-architects> ISSN 0719-8884 Alison Furuto. "Taichung City Cultural Center Competition Entry / Hyunjoon Yoo Architects" 21 Jun 2013. ArchDaily. Accessed 24 Dec 2020. <https://www.archdaily.com/390635/taichung-city-cultural-center-competition-entryhyunjoon-yoo-architects> ISSN 0719-8884 King Abdulaziz Centre for World Culture / Snøhetta" 02 Aug 2018. ArchDaily.

Accessed 24 Dec 2020. <https://www.archdaily.com/898775/king-abdulaziz-centre-forworld-culture-snohetta> ISSN 0719-8884 Jose Luis Gabriel Cruz. "SANAA's 'Cloud Boxes' Wins First Prize in Taichung City Competition" 12 Sep 2013. ArchDaily. Accessed 24 Dec 2020. <https://www.archdaily.com/428195/sanaa-s-cloud-boxes-wins-first-prize-in-taichungcity-competition> ISSN 0719-8884 Shou County Culture and Art Center / Studio Zhu-Pei" 26 Feb 2020. ArchDaily.

Accessed 24 Dec 2020. <https://www.archdaily.com/934401/shou-county-culture-and-artcenter-studio-zhu-pei> ISSN 0719-8884

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Chapter VII King Abdulaziz Centre for World Culture / Snøhetta" 02 Aug 2018. ArchDaily.

Accessed 24 Dec 2020. <https://www.archdaily.com/898775/king-abdulaziz-centre-forworld-culture-snohetta> ISSN 0719-8884 Jose Luis Gabriel Cruz. "SANAA's 'Cloud Boxes' Wins First Prize in Taichung City Competition" 12 Sep 2013. ArchDaily. Accessed 24 Dec 2020. <https://www.archdaily.com/428195/sanaa-s-cloud-boxes-wins-first-prize-in-taichungcity-competition> ISSN 0719-8884 Shou County Culture and Art Center / Studio Zhu-Pei" 26 Feb 2020. ArchDaily.

Accessed 24 Dec 2020. <https://www.archdaily.com/934401/shou-county-culture-and-artcenter-studio-zhu-pei> ISSN 0719-8884

Chapter VIII Neufert-Architects-Data-Fourth-Ernst/dp/1405192534

Chapter IX Adams, W. M. & Jeanrenaud, S. J. (2008). Transition to Sustainability: Towards a Humane and Diverse World Clarke, R. & King, J. (2006). The Atlas of Water. London: Earthscan. ISBN 978-184407-133-3.

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Biodiversity Synthesis Magdoff, F. & Foster, J. B. (2011). What Every Environmentalist Needs to Know About Capitalism: A Citizen's Guide to Capitalism and the Environment. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Chapter VI Philipp.S ,(2018). Built Images: on the Visual Aestheticization of Today's Architecture https://www.transfer-arch.com/built-images/ Morgan .W ,(2019), design consultant http://www.apex1z esign.com/?page_id=48

267

Bibliography 11.2. Table of Figures

Chapter I Figure 1.1 ,L’Architettura della Città , data source (Pintrest), written by (Aldo Rossi,1966).

Figure 1.2 Immanuel Kant, data source (news. Stanford), written by (Stanford Report ,2015) Figure 1.3 The Temporary Autonomous Zone ,By Hakim Bey, data source (Ceasefiremagazine), posted by (Andy Robinson, 2018) Figure 1.4 Montage of Rossi (1976) La città analoga; and Serlio (1545) Scena Tragica., data source(Architecture of Analogy Notes on the Autonomy of Architectur1e), Posted by (Cameron McEwan, 2014) Figure 1.5 Three of Ledoux Houses(1770), data source (Studio-LN); written by(Guido Zuliani, 2014) Figure 1.6 Peter Eisenman, study sketch, House VI ,data source( Eisenman Architects) Figure 1.7 Peter Eisenman, study sketch, House VI ,data source( Eisenman Architects) Figure 1.8 Peter Eisenman, House VI, data source(Eisenman Architects) Figure 1.9 McEwan 2013 Left: Fagnano Olona School, Right San Cataldo Cemetery Figure 1.10 San Cataldo Cemetery, drawings by Rossi (1971), data source(Architecture of Analogy),Posted by (Cameron McEwan, 2013) Figure 1.11 Aldo Rossi's Modena Cemetery (1971), data source (Jstor),written by (Eugene J. Johnson,1982) Figure 1.12 John Hejduk, sketch , data source (BMIAA), Written by(ETH Zurich,2016) Figure 1.13 Original Plan for Diamond House A, data source(Behance), written by(Nathanial Barlam,2017) Figure 1.14 3D Model for Diamond House A, data source(YouTube), posted by (Bryan D. HOQUET Architecture,2018)

Chapter II Figure 2.1. Nubian Women, data source (Pinterest, 2019).

Figure 2.2. Ancient Nubian territory, data source (Google Earth, 2019).

Figure 2.3. Materials and gold, data source (Pinterest), illustrated by (Authors, 2020. ) Figure 2.4. Immigrant Nubians, data source (Pinterest), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 2.5. Prehistory era, data source (Pinterest, 2019).

Figure 2.6. Pre-Kerma era, data source (Pinterest, 2019).

Figure 2.7. Early-Kerma era, data source (Pinterest, 2019).

Figure 2.8. Kerma Egyptian Empire era, data source (Pinterest, 2019).

Figure 2.9. Napatan Empire era, data source (Pinterest, 2019).

Figure 2.10. Meroitic era, data source (Pinterest, 2019).

Figure 2.11. Christian Nubia era, data source (Pinterest, 2019).

Figure 2.12. Islamic Nubia era, data source (Pinterest, 2019).

Figure 2.13. Nubia Historical Time-line, data source (Osiris Tours, 2019) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 2.14. Abu Simble temple, illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 2.15. Temple of Wadi El-Sebua, illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 2.16. Pyramids of Kushite rulers at Nuri, illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 2.17. Remains of the Fortress of Dongola, illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 2.18. Ruins of Sinnar Palace, illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

268

Bibliography 11.2. Table of Figures

Chapter III Figure 3.1 Nubia Crafts in Aswan, illustrated by (Authors, 2020) Figure 3.2 Nubia Crafts in Aswan, illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

Chapter IV Figure 4.1.Building condition map, source by (Google earth,2020) , Illustrated by (Authors,2020) Figure 4.2. nunbian houses , source by (pintrest ) , Illustrated by (Authors,2020) Figure 4.3. Building land use map, source by (Google earth,2020) , Illustrated by (Authors,2020) Figure 4.4. nunbian houses , source by (pintrest ) , Illustrated by (Authors,2020) Figure 4.5.Building hight, source by (Google earth,2020) , Illustrated by (Authors,2020) Figure 4.6. nunbian houses , source by (pintrest ) , Illustrated by (Authors,2020) Figure 4.7.solid and void map, source by (Google earth,2020) , Illustrated by (Authors,2020) Figure 4.8. nunbian houses , source by (pintrest ) , Illustrated by (Authors,2020) Figure 4.9.street hierarchy map, source by (Google earth,2020) , Illustrated by (Authors,2020) Figure 4.10.nunbian houses , source by (pintrest ) , Illustrated by (Authors,2020) Figure 4.11 The Nubian Museum ,source by (wordpress ),illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 4.12. House of Nubia ,illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 4.13. Nubia Culture center ,illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 4.14. Nubian’s Floor source by (pintrest ) Figure 4.15. Nubian’s grid , source by (pintrest ) Figure 4.16.Nubian’s Floor source by (pintrest ) Figure 4.17 Nubian’s house source by (pintrest ) Figure 4.18 Nubian’s house source by (pintrest ) Figure 4.19 Nubian’s house source by (pintrest ) Figure 4.20 House of Nubia , source by(pinterest) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 4.21. House of Nubia ,source by (pinterest) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 4.22 Average temperature. Data source (Weather and climate , 2019) Figure 4.23.Humidity .Data source (Weather and climate , 2019) Figure 4.24.wind digram .Data source (Weather and climate , 2019) Figure 4.25.wether .Data source (Weather and climate , 2019)

Chapter V Figure.5.1 general map, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.2 Site 1 Land use map, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.3. Site 2 Land-use Percentage (Authors, 2020) Figure.5.4. Site 1 Buildings Height map, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.5. Site 1 Building Heights Percentage (Authors, 2020) Figure.5.6.Site 1 Buildings Conditions map, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.7. Site 1 Building Condition Percentage (Authors, 2020)

269

Bibliography 11.2. Table of Figures Figure.5.8. Site 1 Street hierarchy map, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.9. Site 1 Street hierarchy Percentage (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.10.Site 1 Solid & Void map, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.11. Site 2 Solid & Void Percentage (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.12.SWOT analysis site I (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.13. Site 2 Land use map, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.14. Site 2 Land use(Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.15. Site 2 Building heights, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.16. Site 2 Building heights (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.17. Site 2 Building condition map, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.18. Site 2 Building condition Percentage (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.19. Site 2 Street Hierarchy Map, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.20. Site 2 Street hierarchy Percentage (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.21. Site 2 Solid & Void map, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.22. Site 2 Solid and Void Percentage (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.23. SWOT analysis site II (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.24. Site 3 Land use map, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.25. Site 2 Land use Percentage (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.26. Site 3 building height map, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.27. Site 2 Building height Percentage (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.28. Site 3 building condition map, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.29. Site 2 Building height Percentage (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.30. Site 3 Accessibility & Roads Hierarchy map, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.31. Site 2 Street Hierarchy Percentage (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.32. Site 3 Solid & Void map, Data source (General Organization for Physical Planning, 2016), illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.33. Site 2 Solid and Void Percentage (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.34. SWOT analysis site II (Authors, 2020).

Figure.5.35. Site 2 Location, Data source (google Earth), (Authors, 2020).

Chapter VI Figure.6.1 colors diagram illustrated by (authors,2020) Figure.6.2 materials affect human psychology. data source (Pinterest) Figure 6.3 Natural light ,data source (Pinterest) Figure 6.4 education centre for VUC,data source (Pinterest) Figure.6.5 Natural ventilation circulation , data source (Pinterest) Figure 6.6 The New Gourna, , data source (Pinterest) illustrated by (authors,2020) Figure 6.7: The New Gourna, , data source (Pinterest) Figure 6.8 Museum Security, data source (Pinterest) ,illustrated by (authors,2020)

270

Bibliography 11.2. Table of Figures Figure 6.9. The Egyptian Museum in Cairo , data source (Pinterest) ,illustrated by (authors,2020) Figure 6.10. building Circulation example , data source (pinterest) ,illustrated by (authors,2020) Figure 6.11. walls showing Circulation direction , data source (pinterest) ,illustrated by (authors,2020) Figure 6.12. Use of visual arts in Nubian houses , data source (pinterest) Figure 6.13. Lakeview Square - the heart of the community , data source (pinterest) Figure 6.14. Nubian Village , data source (pinterest) Figure 6.15. Gathering Space at The American University in Cairo , data source (pinterest) Figure 6.16. private cubicles for personal use , data source (pinterest) Figure 6.17. private place in restaurant, data source (pinerest) Figure 6.18. hierarchy of privacy distance, data source (pinterest) Figure 6.19. School saint marcel France, data source (pinterest) ,illustrated by (authors,2020) Figure 6.20. Sketches illustrating the image, data source (pinterest) Figure 6.21. Nubian Museum in Aswan , data source (pinterest)

Chapter VII Figure 7.1. Al fustat tradition center ,Data source (foustatcenter) Figure 7.2. Contextual Layout, Data source(Google maps), illustrated by (Authors , 2020).

Figure 7.3. Al-Fustat Traditional Crafts Center ,data source (foustatcenter), illustrated by (Authors, 2020) Figure 7.4. Al-Fustat Traditional Crafts Center ,data source (elwatannewr), illustrated by (Authors, 2020) Figure 7.5. Section analysis, Data source(foustatcenter) , illustrated by (Authors , 2020).

Figure 7.6. Section Analysis ,Data source(foustatcenter) ,illustrated by (Authors , 2020).

Figure 7.7. Site components, Data source (foustatcenter), illustrated by (Authors , 2020).

Figure 7.8. Environmental materials , data source (TripAdvisor),2017 illustrated by (Authors, 2020) Figure 7.9. Circulation Al-Fustat Traditional Crafts Center Data source (foustatcenter), illustrated by (Authors, 2020) Figure 7.10. the corridor of workshop, Data source (eremnews),2017, illustrated by (Authors, 2020) Figure 7.11. Al-Fustat Traditional Crafts Center ,data source (foustatcenter), illustrated by (Authors, 2020) Figure 7.12. Al-Fustat Traditional Crafts Center ,data source (foustatcenter), illustrated by (Authors, 2020) Figure 7.13. Al-Fustat Traditional Crafts Center ,data source (foustatcenter), illustrated by (Authors, 2020) Figure 7.14. Exterior shot of the building , data source (Archdaily,2017) Figure 7.15. Ancient city of Petra ,data source (Archdaily,2017) Figure 7.16. King Abdullah II contextual, data source (Archdaily,2017), illustrated by ( Authors,2020)

271

Bibliography 11.2. Table of Figures Figure 7.17. ancient city of Petra ,data source (Archdaily,2017), illustrated by (Authors,2020) Figure 7.18. king Abdullah II Exterior shot, data source (Archdaily,2017), illustrated by Authors,2020) Figure 7.19. king Abdullah II Exterior shot, data source (Archdaily,2017), illustrated by Authors,2020) Figure 7.20. Section Analysis , data source( Archdaily2017), illustrated by Authours,2020 Figure 7.21. program components, data source ( Arch daily,2017) , illustrated by Authors 2020 Figure 7.22. Interior shot of king Abdullah II center, data source (Archdaily2017) illustrated by Authors,2020 Figure 7.23. Interior showing the Circulation in King Abdullah, data source (Archdaily2017), illustrated by Authors, 2020 Figure 7.24. Exterior facade ,data source (Archdaily,2017) Figure 7.25. exterior facade of king Abdullah II center, data source( Archdaily,2017) , illustrated by (Authors,2020) Figure 7.26. King Abdullah II of Art & Culture Landscape ,data source( Archdaily,2017), illustrated by ( Authors,2020) Figure 7.27. House II Exterior shot, Data source (Issue) Figure 7.28. Contextual Layout, Data source (Google maps & annotated by the researcher) . illustrated by (Authors ,2020) Figure 7.29. concept sketch, Data source (Issue) Figure 7.30. Elevation analysis, Data source (Issue) Figure 7.31. 3D zoning components , , Data source (Issue), . illustrated by (Authors ,2020) Figure 7.32. analysis of the wall that separate between two zones , Data source (Issue) Figure 7.33. interior shot show the glass , Data source (Issue), . illustrated by (Authors ,2020) Figure 7.34. Massive wall , , Data source (Issue), . illustrated by (Authors ,2020) Figure 7.35. analysis of the wall that separate the people between residential and work zone, , Data source (Issue), . illustrated by (Authors ,2020) Figure 7.36. 3D circulation , , Data source (Issue), . illustrated by (Authors ,2020) Figure 7.37. golden ratio of the elevation , , Data source (Issue), . illustrated by (Authors ,2020) Figure 7.38. curved wall, Data source (Issue) Figure 7.49. Elevation analysis, Data source (Issue)

Chapter VIII Figure 8.1. Main Hall Design, illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Figure 8.2. Main Hall Furnishing , Data source (Neufert book).

Figure 8.3. Main Hall Design, illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Figure 8.4. Main Hall Furnishing , Data source (Neufert book).

Figure 8.5. Main Hall Design, illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Figure 8.6. Main Hall Furnishing , Data source (Neufert book).

Figure 8.7. Seminar Standards and dimension, Data source (Neufert book).

Figure 8.8. Seminar Standards and dimension, Data source (Neufert book).

Figure 8.9. Seminar Standards and dimension, illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Figure 8.10. Seminar Standards and dimension, Data source (Neufert book).

Figure 8.11. Seminar Standards and dimension, Data source (Neufert book).

Figure 8.12. Seminar Standards and dimension, illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Figure 8.13. Seminar Standards and dimension, Data source (Neufert book).

272

Bibliography 11.2. Table of Figures Figure 8.14. Work space Standards and dimension, Data source (Neufert book).

Figure 8.15. work space, illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Figure 8.16. work space, illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Figure 8.17. Tech labs , illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Figure 8.18.Tech labs Standards and dimension, Data source (Neufert book).

Figure 8.19. Tech labs , illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Figure 8.20. Entrance Lounge standard , Data source (neufert book).

Figure 8.21.Core and satellite (exhibition room ), illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Figure 8.22. Core and satellite (exhibition room ), illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Figure 8.23. Display Area standard , Data source (Neufert book).

Figure 8.24. Display Area standard , Data source (Neufert book).

Figure 8.25. Display area, illustrated by(Authors, 2020) Figure 8.26. Display Area standard , Data source (Neufert book).

Figure 8.27. office Data source (Neufert book).

Figure 8.28. manger room Data source (Neufert book).

Figure 8.29. manger office Data source (Neufert book)., illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Figure 8.30. meeting room Data source (Neufert book)., illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Figure 8.31. meeting room Data source (Neufert book).

Figure 8.32. meeting room Data source (Neufert book)., illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Figure 8.33. Stores Data source (Neufert book)., Figure 8.34. Stores Data source (Neufert book).

Figure 8.35. Stores Data source (Neufert book)., illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Figure 8.36. Stores Data source (Neufert book).

Figure 8.37. Stores Data source (Neufert book)., illustrated by(Authors, 2020).

Chapter IX Figure 9.1 Singapore Tree House, Exterior shot, data source(Archdaily,2017) Figure 9.2, Galleria Exterior shot, data source(Archdaily,2020) Figure 9.3 Methods for fresh air, Data source ( the wall street journal, 2019) Figure 9.4 Flexible Building design, Data source ( the wall street journal, 2019) Figure 9.5 Open Spaces illustration, Data source ( the wall street journal, 2018)

Chapter X Figure 10.1. Nubian building style, Data source (Pinterest) Figure 10.2. Nubian childern , Data source (Pinterest) Figure 10.3. Nubian villages at the mountains, data source (Pinterest) Figure 10.4.The relation between sky line and street lines, data source (Pinterest), illustrated by (Authors, 2020) Figure 10.6. Inspiration of the form of buildings of cultural center, Data source (Pinterest) , illustrated by (Authors, 2020) Figure 10.7. The use of natural materials in houses by El Gouna., Data source(Pinterest) Figure 10.8. example of natural material, Data source(Pinterest) Figure 10.9. El Dar Market, Abu Dhabi. The use of wood in shading. Data source (Pinterest) Figure 10.10. Construction of green walls, Data source(Pinterest) Figure 10.11. Old Nubian ,data source (Pinterest), illustrated by (Authors, 2020) Figure 10.12.Site location map , data source (google map ), illustrated by (Authors, 2020) Figure 10.13. Inspiration of cultural center ,data source (Pinterest), illustrated by (Authors, 2020)

273

Bibliography 11.2. Table of Figures

Figure 10.14. Responsive facade, Data source(Pinterest) Figure 10.15. Responsive facade, Data source(Pinterest), Illustrated by(author,2020) Figure 10.16. Responsive facade, Data source(Pinterest) Figure 10.17.The intersection between main axes, data source (google map ), illustrated by (Authors, 2020) Figure 10.18.Site location , data source (google map ), illustrated by (Authors, 2020) Figure.10.19 Lighting solar tube, Data source(Pinterest) Figure 10.20. Lighting solar tube, Data source(Pinterest) Figure 10.21. section show How the Tube work , Data source(Pinterest) Figure 10.22. Inspiration of cultural center, Data source(Pinterest) Figure 10.23. Inspiration of path way of cultural center , Data source(Pinterest) Figure 10.24. Diagram Illustrated by(author,2020) Figure 10.25. Nubian Language ,Data source( raseef22) Figure 10.26. Nubian Youth ,Data source(hlrn.org) Figure 10.27.horizontal Nubian skyline Figure 10.28. Land lot on site (illustrator by author 2020) Figure 10.29. 3D of Final form , illustrated by (Authors 2020) Figure 10.30. Schematic section, illustrated by (Authors 2020) Figure 10.31. Wuxi Grand Theatre, 3D structure , data source(archdaily) Figure 10.32. Wuxi Grand Theatre, plan , data source( archdaily) Figure 10.33. Base formal volume of al Nubian Figure 10.34. Land lot on site illustrated by (Authors 2020) Figure 10.35. 3D of Final form , illustrated by (Authors 2020) Figure 10.36. Technical details,3D,data source (Behence) Figure 10.37. Truss-Tessellation , elevation data source(Behence) Figure 10.38. Truss-Tessellation ,3D,data source (Behence) Figure 10.39. Land lot on site illustrated by (Authors 2020) Figure 10.40. 3D of Final form , illustrated by (Authors 2020) Figure 10.41. sketch,data source (Behence) Figure 10.42. 3D model,data source (Behence) Figure 10.43. EC glass system details Figure 10.44. EC glass system details Figure 10.45. Solar photovoltais, data source (mdpi.com) Figure 10.46. Cladding louvers, data source (mdpi.com) Figure 10.47. pavegen tiles, data source (mdpi.com) Figure 10.48. Green roof , data source (mdpi.com) Figure 10.49. responsive skin, data source (Helsinki, details , 2011) Figure 10.50. responsive Skin system, data source (building technology 2011).

Figure 10.51. Dynamic louvers ,data source (building technology 2011) Figure 10.52. Dynamic facade ,data source (building technology 2011) Figure 10.53. facade louvers ,data source (building technology 2011) Figure 10.54. Egyptian Nubian hand craft, Data source ( needpix).

Figure 10.55. Egyptian Nubian hand craft, Data source ( needpix)x Figure 10.56.project 3D, Data source ( archdaily) Figure 10.57. Sharaan Resort in AlUla, Data source (stirworld) Figure 10.58.solar panel, Data source (greenprophet) Figure 10.59. Nile view, Data source ( google) Figure 10.60. transparent wall, Data source ( archdaily) Figure 10.61. cultural center, Data source ( archdaily) Figure 10.62. Energy Generating Pavement, Data source (inhabitat) Figure 10.63. Kinetic facade, Data source (designingbuildings)

274

Bibliography 11.2. Table of Figures Figure 10.64. conceptual sketch, Data source (pinterest) Figure 10.65. conceptual sketch, Data source (pinterest) Figure 10.66. conceptual sketch, Data source (pinterest) Figure 10.67. hydroelectric power , Data source (stirworld) Figure 10.68. Nubian Houses . Data source (Pintrest ,2015) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.69. Nubian's river. Data source (Conde Nast Traveler , 2018) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.70. Site location. Data source (Google maps ,2020) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.71. Main axes of Taichung city cultural center . Data source (Archdaily , 2020) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.72. Sloping Roof of Music Center, Tokyo, (Aasarchitecture, 2019), illustrated by (Authors, 2020) Figure 10.73. Ventilated Facade that creates various effects of shadow and beautiful light indoor (Pintrest,2018) Figure 10.74. Section shows the structure and technology of ventilated facades (Pintrest,2018) Figure 10.75 Green Roof , 8 Layers of root barrier, (Connaughton Construction ,2016) Figure 10.76 Green roof of CopenHill . Data source ( Designboom , 2017) Figure 10.78. Old Nubia Grid. Data source (Google Map, 2020 ) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.79. Nuba’s Skyline. Data source (Authors, 2020 ) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.80. The Threshold project . Data source (Behance , 2018) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.81. Brillhart House in Miami . Data source (Conde Nast Traveler , 2018) Figure 10.82. Chinese Vernacular Architecture .Data source (Archdaily , 2018) Figure 10.83. the cement generates light. (Cázares, 2017) Figure 10.84 the cement generates light. (Cázares, 2017) Figure 10.85. Exterior shots of dynamic building. Data source (Archdaily , 2020) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.86 Exterior shots of Taichung city cultural center . Data source (Archdaily , 2020) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.87 Children in rehabilitation Centre experiencing the interactive walls, (fitness-gaming, 2015) Figure 10.88. Detail for Transparent solar glass window . Data source (Pinterest,2017) Figure 10.89. The Nubian works ,source by (swanonline ),illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.90. sit map ,source by (google map),illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.91. Alberto Campo Baeza’s,source by (architize ).

Figure 10.92. Japanese School ,source by (trendhunter ), Figure 10.93. Alberto Campo Baeza’s,source by (architize ).

Figure 10.94. PV Glass ,source by (researchgate) Figure 10.95. Mechanism glass ,source by (architize ).

Figure 10.96. PV Glass ,source by (researchgate) Figure 10.97. PV Glass ,source by (researchgate) Figure 10.98. The Nubian houses ,source by (wikipedia ),illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.99. The pyramied ,source by (wikipedia ),illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.100. the Nubian houses ,source by (wikipedia ),illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

275

Bibliography 11.2. Table of Figures Figure 10.101 Responsive facad,source by (iaacblog) Figure 10.102. Responsive facad,source by (iaacblog) Figure 10.103. Responsive facad ,source by (iaacblog) Figure 10.104. The Nubian traditional house ,source by (paintrest ),illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.105. focal point ,source by (paintrest ) Figure 10.106. sit map ,source by (google map ),illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.107. center courtyard ,source by (paintrest ) Figure 10.108. The Nubian traditional house ,source by (paintrest ),illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.109. The Nubian traditional house ,source by (paintrest ),illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.110. green wall ,source by (paintrest ), Figure 10.111. green wall ,source by (paintrest ), Figure 10.112. green wall ,source by (paintrest ), Figure 10.113. green wall ,source by (paintrest ), Figure 10.114. Nubian House, data source (Pinterest, 2017) Figure 10.115. Nubian handcrafts, illustrated by (Authors, 2020) Figure 10.116. Nubian Houses, data source (pinterest, 2018) Figure 10.117. Nubian traditions, data source (Pinterest, 2018) Figure 10.118. Nubian handcrafts, illustrated by (Authors, 2020) Figure 10.119. Al Bahar Towers, data source (arch daily, 2018) Figure 10.120. Al Bahar Towers, data source (Pinterest, 2019) Figure 10.121. Responsive Façade, data source (Pinterest, 2019) Figure 10.122. Responsive Façade, data source (Pinterest, 2019) Figure 10.123. Responsive Façade detail, data source (Pinterest, 2019) Figure 10.124. Nubian economic, illustrated by (Authors, 2020) Figure 10.125. Centralization, (sketch by author,2020) Figure 10.126. element configuration, (sketch by author,2020) Figure 10.127. aspects of project triangle, (sketch by author,2020) Figure 10.128. schematic plan, (sketch by author,2020) Figure 10.129. schematic plan, (sketch by author,2020) Figure 10.130. Bobigny School Complex, data source (arch daily, 2018) Figure 10.131. Bobigny School Complex, data source (Pinterest, 2019) Figure 10.132. Pave Gen Tiles, data source (Pinterest, 2019) Figure 10.133. Pave Gen Tiles, data source (Pinterest, 2019) Figure 10.134. Pave Gen Tiles, data source (Pinterest, 2019) Figure 10.135. Pave Gen Tiles, data source (Pinterest, 2019) Figure 10.136. Nubian's Walls , source by(pinterest) Figure 10.137. West Suhail Skyline, (sketch by author,2020) Figure 10.138. West Suhail Skyline, (sketch by author,2020) Figure 10.139. Skyline Section, (sketch by author,2020) Figure 10.140. Skyline Masses, (sketch by author,2020) Figure 10.141. House of Nubia ,illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.142. Connection between zones, (sketch by Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.143. Floating Houses, data source (arch daily, 2018) Figure 10.144. Floating Houses, data source (Pinterest, 2019) Figure 10.145. Movable Walls, data source (Pinterest, 2019) Figure 10.146. Movable Walls, data source (Pinterest, 2019) Figure 10.147. Movable Walls Detail, data source (Pinterest, 2019)

276

Bibliography 11.2. Table of Figures Figure 10.148. Movable Walls Detail, data source (Pinterest, 2019) Figure 10.149. Solar Panels, data source (Pinterest, 2019) Figure 10.150. Natural Materials, data source (Pinterest, 2019) Figure 10.151. Green Roof, data source (Pinterest, 2019) Figure 10.152. Renewable Energy, data source (Pinterest, 2019) Figure 10.153. Nubia Skyline. Data source (Pinterest ,2015) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.154. Hospital en Córdoba. Data source (Pinterest,2020) Figure 10.155. Hospital en Córdoba. Data source (Pinterest,2020) Figure 10.156. Nuba museum ,Data source (archnet.org,2020) Figure 10.157. kinetic facades house, Data source (Pinterest,2020) Figure 10.158. Parametric house, Data source (Pinterst,2020) Figure 10.159. Nubia Festivals. Data source (Pinterest ,2017) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.160. Nubia Festivals. Data source (Pinterest ,2015) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.161. Nubia Crafts. Data source (Pinterest ,2019) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.162. Nubia Crafts. Data source (Pinterest ,2019) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.163. Sun tunnel. Data source (Pinterest,2018) Figure 10.164. Sun tunnel. Data source (Pinterest,2018) Figure 10.165. Sun tunnel. Data source (Pinterest,2020) Figure 10.166. Nubia Houses open space. Data source (Pinterest ,2017) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.167. Nubia Houses open space. Data source (Pinterest ,2017) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.168. Nubia Festivals. Data source (Pinterest ,2017) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.169. Nubia Festivals. Data source (Pinterest ,2017) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.170. Wind Tower. Data source (Pinterest,2020) Figure 10.171. Wind Tower. Data source (Pinterest,2020) Figure 10.172. Wind Tower. Data source (Pinterest,2020) Figure 10.173. Solar Farm. Data source (Pinterest,2018) Figure 10.174. Solar Farm. Data source (Pinterest,2018) Figure 10.175 Ancient Nubia Illustration,data source(gettyimages) Figure 10.176. The Allen Institute of Brain Science(2017), data source (Stantec), written by(Lauren MacLeod , 2018) Figure 10.177. The Allen Institute of Brain Science(2017), data source (Stantec), written by(Lauren MacLeod , 2018) Figure 10.178. Choui Fong Tea Cafe(2015), data source (Indeawards) Figure 10.179. kings cross station(2015), data source (architizer),posted by (Jennifer Geleff) Figure 10.180. Mannheim Gridshell(1970), data source (fastepp) Figure 10.181. Al Fayah underground park, data source (greenprophet),posted by (Tafline Laylin in Design,2014) Figure 10.182. Pneumatic Façade Technology(2015), data source (ArchDaily),written by(Jan Doroteo,2016)

277

Bibliography 11.2. Table of Figures Figure 10.183. Jacolby Satterwhite’s first institutional show(2019), data source (Pioneerworks) Figure 10.184. Nubia village, Data source (Pintrest , 2020) .

Figure 10.185. Nubian people, Data source (Pintrest , 2020) .

Figure 10.186. Nubian people, Data source (Pintrest , 2020) .

Figure 10.187. Conceptual sketch, illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.188 Conceptual sketch, illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.189 Conceptual sketch, illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.190. Tree section Detail, Data source (google image) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.191. Shell structure, Data source (Pintrest , 2020) .

Figure 10.192. Tree-formed structure, Data source (Pintrest , 2020) .

Figure 10.193. Modern Mashrabiya, Data source (archdaily , 2020) .

Figure 10.194.Mashrabiya Facade Data source (archdaily , 2020) .

Figure 10.195. Site location, Data source (Google maps ,2020) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.196. Conceptual elevation, illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.197. Ship Anchors, Data source (Pintrest , 2020) .

Figure 10.198. Ship Anchors, Data source (Pintrest , 2020) .

Figure 10.199. Building’s section, Data source (Pintrest , 2020) .

Figure 10.200. Sunray through shading, Data source (Pintrest , 2020) .

Figure 10.201. Louvre facade, Data source (Pintrest , 2020) .

Figure 10.202. Louvre façade, Data source (Pintrest , 2020) .

Figure 10.203. Site location. Data source (Google maps ,2020) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.204. Conceptual sketch, illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.205. Conceptual sketch, illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.206. Conceptual sketch, illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.207. Conceptual sketch, illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.208. Kinetic façade elev. , Data source (archdaily , 2020) .

Figure 10.209. Shell façade structure, Data source (archdaily , 2020) .

Figure 10.210. Elastic kinetic façade, Data source (archdaily , 2020) .

Figure 10.211. Nubian Houses . Data source (Pintrest ,2015) Figure 10.212. Nubian Houses . Data source (Pintrest ,2015) illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.213. The Nubian skyline illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.214. contour outline illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.215. inspiration Figure 10.216. four mine objective of concept Figure 10.217. layout skitch illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.218 3D sketch illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.219 Ziya Imren Data source (Pintrest , 2020) ” Figure 10.220 NL architects: SOZAWE “Design boom, 2018” Figure 10.221 Wave sketch illustrated by (Authors, 2020).

Figure 10.222 : inspiration Data source (Pintrest , 2020) Figure 10.223 : inspiration Data source (Pintrest , 2020) Figure 10.224 : inspiration Data source (Pintrest , 2020) Figure 10.225 : inspiration Data source (Pintrest , 2020) Figure 10.226 : inspiration Data source (Pintrest , 2020) Figure 10.227 : inspiration Data source (Pintrest , 2020) Figure 10.228 : inspiration Data source (Pintrest , 2020)

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