Yongchan kwon's research portfolio

PORTFOLIO 2014

YONGCHAN KWON RESEARCH PORTFOLIO 2015 YONGCHAN KWON

kwonyc@gmail.com +1-617-999-8980

kwonyc@gmail.com 617-999-8980

Yongchan Kwon has numerous publications regarding his research works. He specializes in the history of Korean architecture, especially regarding Hanok, the Korean traditional house and the history of modern Korean housing.

Currently he has expanded his interest in research from pre-modern to modern era and from Korean traditional houses to urban residential area.

RESEARCH URBAN HABITATION OF KOREA MODERN KOREAN HOUSING

HANOK + HISTORY

HOUSING + HISTORY

URBANISM + HISTORY

HANOK THE TRADITIONAL KOREAN HOUSE

1 2

3

Major Academic Achievements (selected) 1 PUBLICATION HANOK AND THE HISTORY OF KOREAN HOUSE Bonghee Jeon and Yongchan Kwon, Dongnyok Publishers, Seoul, 2012

2 THESIS DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN MULTI-FAMILY HOUSE IN KOREA IN TERMS OF MASS PRODUCTION AND COMMUNALIZATION Doctoral Dissertation, Seoul National University, February 2013

3 PUBLICATION UNRAVELING THE FACTORS DETERMINING THE REDEVELOPMENT OF SEOUL’S HISTORIC HANOKS SSCI, Habitat International 41 (2014) pp.280~289.

First author, co-authored with Prof. Bonghee Jeon and Prof. Saehoon Kim of Seoul National University

Y.C. Kwon / Doctoral Dissertation 2013

Development of Modern Multi-Family House in Korea in Terms of Mass Production and Communalization YongChan Kwon / Doctoral Dissertation 2013 Department of Architecture / Graduate School of Seoul National University Doctoral Committee: Professor BongHee Jeon of Seoul National University Professor KwangHyun Kim of Seoul National University Professor Jaepil Choi of Seoul National University Professor CheolSoo Park of University of Seoul Professor DongSeon Woo of Korea National University of Arts

ABSTRACT

In the field of Korean architectural history, precedent studies argue that the transition period from pre-modern to modern is ruptured in Korea because of the significant changes in tangible architecture: change that is commonly referred to as Westernization. Nonetheless, efforts to understand this period as a continual process is needed. The goal of this study is to clarify generality and distinctiveness of modern state-operated multi-family housing in Korea through global perspective in terms of mass production and communalization. To understand architectural trends in terms of mass production and communalization discourse on ideas, construction plans, and built buildings of Modernist architects as well as urban planners are carried out in this study.

Mass production of multi-family housing was made possible by two attainments. First, taylorisation of building member, component, and space; which also lead to the commercialization of housing. Second, development of two separate systems in construction method: closed construction system and open-end construction system.

Communalization of multi-family housing can be―but was not always―obtained by three attributes; minimized unit plans with human scale dimensions, shared functional space often found in apartment housing, and communalized public facilities such as schools, markets, and parks.

In terms of mass production, the trend of taylorisation , as means of achieving maximum efficiency, is identified in several case studies of state-operated multi-family housing in Korea. Building members and components were specialized in function, standardized in size, and industrialized in production to maximize efficiency. For example, in the modern house a column is specialized in function to sustained weight, whereas in the pre-modern house a wall would sustain weight, construct an entrance, and also function as a decorative facade. Maximum efficiency was also achieved by standardized building members and components; either by adding spatial units to compose a whole or by dividing a uniform household unit into separate spaces. In case of modern multi-family housing in Korea, producing uniform box units of households and dividing them into separate spaces was considered more efficient; and was widely adapted enough to be considered as the general method of standardization in modern multi-family housing of Korea. Industrialization of building members and components with the development of construction methods also increased efficiency of mass production. In Korea, closed construction system was widely taken into practice compared to the open-ended system because efficiency achieved in a shorter period of time was preferred over the option of design diversity.

In terms of communalization, attempts were made to adopt minimized unit plans and shared functional space in multi-family housing. However minimized unit plans failed to be adapted in Korea and shared functional space was also not perceived by architects in Korea as measures of communalization. On the other hand, public facilities such as schools, markets, and parks settled in, after the Japanese colonial period, as communalized space and basic frameworks for cities in Korea. Minimized unit plans in Korea were first mass produced for residence of Japanese officials in 1905. Later, Choseon Housing Administration (CHA) started to construct minimized units to provide housing for workers of munitions factories in 1941; these were built considering human scale dimensions and were

Y.C. Kwon / Doctoral Dissertation 2013

varied in designed depending on different social classes of residents. Although, it was not until after the Korean War, when dependent housing of U.S. military were built, that the prototype of modern multi-family housing of Korea was born. After the Korean War, CHA was reestablished as Korea Housing Corporation (KHC) and multi-family housing with minimized unit plans continued to be built to efficiently support housing shortage in Korea. Though, until the 1960s multi-family housing, built by KHC, were merely mass produced as temporary shelters to support immediate demands after the war: human scale design was not taken into consideration. After the late 1960s until early 1970s, when building technique and capital assets were acquired, state-operated multi-family housing plans were applied to proper multi-family housing in Korea. Apartments, detached houses, and townhouses were built with minimized unit plans and shared functional spaces. However, failure to commercialize food processing, dweller’s predilection for privacy protection, and continual of traditional lifestyles prevented minimized dwelling units from further being built in Korea after the 1970s. In addition, shared functional spaces such as the lavatory, corridor and courtyard were not perceived as spaces to promote communalization by the architects. Instead architects modified apartment layouts to meet the demands of privacy protection and traditional lifestyles of living.

For example, space for traditional ways of making and storing food was added or combined with existing spaces.

In the late 1930s and early 1940s Japanese colonists developed most residential areas in Seoul by means of Land Readjustment Project (LRP, 1937~1942) and Residential Complex Project (RCP, 1940~1944). As a widely adopted planning strategy of Japan, Clarence Arthur Perry’s Neighborhood Unit Principle (1929) was also applied to residential areas of Seoul. Based on research of this study it is presumed that influence of Perry’s Neighborhood Unit Principle took place in Korea as early as the second half of 1930s. Though, discussion of when this Perry’s principle first took practice in Korea is debatable. In the 1940s Gottfried Feder’s Hierarchical Organization Theory was first taken into practice in Korea also by Japanese colonists. Although, later in the 1970s Feder’s theory was actively adopted in modern multi-family housing by the Korean government. Feder’s theory was originally invented for residential sites in Germany, yet it was also adopted as a working model for the German air defense system; and Japan borrowed this, applying it to buildings and urban plans in Japan and Korea as an air defense system. However, because it was easier for urban planners of Japan to execute plans in Korea, considerable amount of architecture and urban form was shaped by Feder’s theory in Korea. This was especially so in case of public facilities such as schools, markets and parks. As strategies to sustain the war, Japan built schools as multi-functional centers to distribute relief goods and mobilize residents and school yards were given larger size to be utilized for building shelters. Markets were also strategically deployed in areas of the city to efficiently provide supplies. In addition, many parks were built to spread out distance between buildings minimizing bombing damage.

In summary, aspects of generality and distinctiveness in modern state-operated multi-family housing in Korea are intricately correlated in a continuous stream of change. Taylorization of building member, component and space as well as the introduction of new construction methods are pursuits of mass production that occurred globally in the history of architecture. Although, in terms of construction methods, Western masonry was developed into reinforced concrete construction while the Korean traditional wooden structure was developed into light-weight wood framing or masonry construction with roof truss bracing. Later, in 1971 closed construction system was discreetly imported from Japan by Korean Housing Corporation (KHC). The Korean government made this decision due to the limited size of trade markets within Korea; market conditions that were inevitably brought by extreme poverty after the Korean War. Extreme poverty after the Korean War was also the reason why KHC could only mass produce temporary shelter like housings from the 1950s to 1960s. Communalization of multi-family housing eventually failed to settle in Korea. However, a major cultural transfer occurred globally during the Second World War from western nations such as Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, and U.S.A. to Japan and Korea.

Perry’s Neighborhood Unit Principle and Feder’s Hierarchical Organization Theory was borrowed and used in multi-family housing planning and the air defense system of Japan and Korea in the 1940s. Also, Perry’s principle was once more practiced in Korea after the late 1960s with Perry’s core concepts of reciprocity in unit plan, floor plan, building and residential area. This study presents an introduction of global perspective in the development of modern multi-family housing in Korea. Further studies are needed to expand our acknowledgements on global cultural transfer triggered by the Second World War and its impacts on architectural history and urban planning in Korea.

Y.C. Kwon / Doctoral Dissertation 2013

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction 1.1. Background and objective of research 1.2. Subject and method of research 2. Discourse of Modern Architecture in terms of mass production and communalization of housing 2.1. Mass production and housing plans 2.1.1. Architectural members and components of mass production 2.1.2. Taylorization and standardization of architectural member, component and space 2.1.3. C onstruction method and taylorisation of architectural member, component and space 2.1.4. Correlation between mass production and housing plans 2.2. Communalization and urban multi-family housing 2.2.1. Minimization of unit plan 2.2.2. Communalization of functional space 2.2.3. Communalization of urban space 2.2.4. Multi-layered aspect of Communalization 3. Planning of mass produced housing in Korea 3.1. Architectural members and components suitable for mass production 3.1.1. Transition of structural system in housing 3.1.2. Standardized assembly components 3.2. Taylorisation of space planning 3.2.1. Enhancement of degree of freedom in space planning and the transition of structural system and facility 3.2.2. Combination of standardized unit space and partition of standardized unit plan 3.3. Influence of the closed construction system 4. Seeking minimization of unit plan and communalization of functional space in apartment houses of Korea 4.1. Housing supply conditions and formation of unit plan size 4.1.1. Housing supply in the era of mobilization 4.1.2. Housing supply in the era of social stabilization 4.2. 1960s Korea and attempts to practice minimized unit plan 4.2.1. Practicing minimized unit plan in times of inadequate industrialized food processing 4.2.2. Expansion of storage and workspace 4.3. 1960s communalization of functional space 4.3.1. Shared facilities for efficiency 4.3.2. Struggle in adjusting to the communalized way of living 5. Construction of residential complexes and seeking communal spaces and public facilities in Korea 5.1. Neighborhood Unit Principle and Hierarchical Organization Theory in residential planning and air defense system 5.1.1. Introduction of Neighborhood Unit Principle and Hierarchical Organization Theory in the Japanese colonial period 5.1.2. The time and extent of employment of Neighborhood Unit Principle and Hierarchical Organization Theory in Korea 5.2. Planning aspects and intended function of school, market, and park 5.2.1. Function of public facilities in Japanese Colonial Period of air defense and mobilization 5.2.2. Constructing residential complexes after the Korean War 5.3. Reciprocal aspects of urban multi-family housing in Korea 6. Conclusion

Y.C. Kwon and B.H. Jeon / Hanok and the History of the Korean House

Hanok and the History of the Korean House

Dongnyok Press / September 2012 Co-written by BongHee Jeon and YongChan Kwon BOOK DESCRIPTION

This book addresses the history of the traditional Korean House “Hanok” from prehistoric to contemporary ages. The formation and transformation of the Korean House is understood in relation to cultural transfer and influences from neighboring countries of East Asia. The history of Korean housing is explored with concentration upon the formation and transition of spatial elements: ondol the floor heating system, maru the traditional Korean floors, and bueok the traditional Korean kitchen. Prehistoric pit houses of Korea show an early stage of spatial differentiation between ondol, maru, and bueok; they were fully developed as independent components in ancient times and were joined together making a complete Hanok during the medieval period. Later changes in social environment, development of technology, and new material affected Hanok transforming its space, form, and function through modernization. Today apartments are the most popular housing type in Korea, yet the three spatial elements, ondol, maru, and bueok still remains and continues to advance in spatial integration.

CHAPTERS IN BOOK

Chpater 1. Hanok and the Korean House ∙ The beginning of Korean and Western housing ∙ The age of Korean housing and the age of Western housing ∙ Modern Hanok and Korean housing Chapter 2. Matter of Dwelling and Spatial Form (the formation of space) ∙ Matter of dwelling ∙ Housing morphology ∙ Spatial elements and spatial form Chapter 3. Spatial Elements and Spatial Form of the Korean House: Prehistoric to Joseon Dynasty ∙ The landscape of Korean housing ∙ Prehistoric housing and spatial form of Hanok ∙ Medieval archetype of the traditional Hanok Chapter 4. Spatial Elements and Spatial Form of the Korean House: After Modernization ∙ Prerequisites of Modern Korean housing ∙ Transformation of Hanok ∙ Indigenization of Western housing Chapter 5. Future Prospects of Korean Housing

Y.C. Kwon and B.H. Jeon / Hanok and the History of the Korean House

Table1. Combination of spatial forms and its relation to building types in pre-modern and modern era

Ondol A

B D

Bueok

Pre-Modern

After Modernization

A

Ondol + Bueok

Thatched House, Cottage

One-Room, Officetel

B

Ondol + Maru

Nujung, Auditorium,

Dormitory, Hotel

Seperate accessory building

Maru

C

Integration of Space

C

Bueok + Maru

Temporary Building

Restaurant, Banquet

D

Ondol + Maru + Bueok

House

House

Hamgyungdo Type

Pyungando Type 웃방

웃방

아래방 부엌

Hwanghaedo Type Yongdong Type 웃방

사랑방

부엌

안방

봉당

고방

외양간

Seoul Type

Andong Type

Hoseo Type Yongnam Type

Honam Type Jeju Island Type

Namdong Coast Type

Figure1. Unique regional plan types due to various combination of spatial forms (Ondol, Maru, Bueok) in pre-modern era

Y.C. Kwon and B.H Jeon / Journal of AIK, Vol.27, No.12, 2011

The Time of the Effect of Neighborhood Unit Principle to the Planning of Residential Areas in Seoul in the Japanese Colonial Times –Based on the Areas of the Land Readjustment Project (1937-42) and the Residential Complex Project (1940-44)

YongChan Kwon and BongHee Jeon Journal of AIK, Vol.27, No.12, 2011

ABSTRACT

Under the demographic pressure of Seoul in the 1930s and 1940s, most residential areas in Seoul were developed by means of the Land Readjustment Project (1937~1942) and the Residential Complex Project (1940~1944) planned by the Japanese Colonists from the late 1930s to the early 1940s. Meanwhile, C.A.Perry’s Neighborhood Unit Principle (1929) is widely known to have affected the planning practice of residential areas in Seoul. There are a few studies on Perry’s principle but when this first affected the urban planners of Korea is not clearly agreed. In this study, documents of conceptual debate on the method of the Land Readjustment Project and related materials containing plans of the public parks in Seoul, published from the late 1920s to the late 1930s, are analyzed and compared. Furthermore, three areas planned by the Land Readjustment Project in the late 1930s and three areas planned by Residential Complex Project after 1940 are compared based on Perry’s principle.

Research shows that Perry’s principle began to be discussed on urban planning in Korea from the late 1920s, which means that urban planning experts, at that time, might have shared similar ways of thinking at least from the late 1920s. It was not until the late 1930s that Perry’s principle started to affect urban planning practices in Korea; in most cases Perry’s principle was applied in the configuration of public institutions. Based on this research, on the contrary to a former study, it can be concluded that the Perry’s principle affected the Land Readjustment Projects as early as the second half of 1930s.

Figure2. Drawings show the ideas of Japanese urban planners in Korea in the Japanese colonial period (left) Standard of lot division (middle) plan of neighborhood unit (right) concept of park deployment in city

Y.C. Kwon and B.H Jeon / Journal of AIK, Vol.27, No.12, 2011

Table2. Analysis on the similarity of the LRP and RCP areas to Neighborhood Unit Principle Perry’s Neighborhood Unit Principle (1929)

Land Readjustment Project

Elements

Daehyun District

Sub-Elements

1937-1938

Residential Complex Project

Donam District Yongdengpo District 1937

Shinchon District

Sangdo District

Gumho District

1940-1942

1941-1944

1940-1942

1937

Unit Size

Commuting Population Population Density

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Traffic of Neighborhood Unit

Main Road Surrounding Four sides

x

x

x

x

o

o

x

x

x

x

x

Δ

No Vehicle Entering Interior

o

x

o

x

o

x

o (plan) x

x

x

x

x

Park Recreation Space 10% of Neighborhood Unit

o

o (plan)

x

x

o

x

o (plan) x

x

x

o

x

Commercial Facilities

1-2 within Neighborhood Unit Located in the Outskirts

o

x

x

x

o (built) x

o (plan) o (plan)

x

x

x

x

Public Facilities

Integrated Configuration with School

o

o (plan)

o

o (built)

o

x

o (plan) o (plan)

x

x

o

o

Located in the Center

o

x

o

x

o

x

o (plan) o (plan)

x

x

o

o

x

x

x

x

o

o

x

x

x

x

x

Organic formation of City Structure with Neighborhood Units

Donam District

Yongdengpo District

Shinchon District

x

Sangdo District

Gumho District

Daehyun District

School Park Market

Figure3. Maps showing the urban planning in the Japanese colonial period and its realization after the Korean War(1953)

Y.C. Kwon and B.H Jeon / Journal of AIK, Vol.28. No.10, 2012

Aspect of Government Managing Housing in Korea from 1910 to the early 1970s based on the Discourse on Taylorisation of the Western Modern Architecture

YongChan Kwon and BongHee Jeon Journal of AIK, Vol.28, No.10, 2012 ABSTRACT

This study investigates the modernization process of the government managing housing in Korea from 1910 to the early 1970’s based on the discourse of Le Corbusier's taylorisation, which presumes standardization and industrialization. Through the case study, we found a tendency of standardization and industrialization of building components in Korean modern housing based on the specialization of building members and components. Building members and components were specialized in function, standardized in size, and industrialized in production to maximize efficiency. Spatial taylorisation can also be recognized based on the achievement of relatively open plan due to the change of structure system. Standardization of space is recognized in two ways. One is to add standardized spatial units to compose a house. The other is to divide a standardized space to form a house.

Meanwhile, open-ended system and closed system, the two typical construction methods of the modern architecture, were both developed but especially in the construction of houses the closed system settled successfully compared to the open-ended system due to the support of government. Features of Government Managing Housing in Korea, mentioned above, shared common characteristics with Western Modern Architecture but also had unique features. This is due to a specific circumstance of Korea during modernization.

Figure4. Drawing of a house in Korea designed and built by the Choseon Housing Administration(1941~1945) of Japan Standardized elements or components, for example windows and doors, are shown.

Y.C. Kwon and B.H Jeon / Journal of AIK, Vol.28. No.10, 2012

Structural system of Dependents Housing (for U.S. military) in Japan and Korea (1945~1950) Due to the balloon frame and truss roof, architectural planning of inner space acquired higher degree of freedom compared to traditional Korean or Japanese house.

Specialized finishing material on wall Finishing material of wall was used from the early 20th century in Korea mainly at the Japanese official residences

Figure5. Five unit plan types of Choseon Housing Administration(1941~1945) All unit plans were in a rectangular shape which is suitable for mass production

Y.C. Kwon and B.H Jeon / Journal of AIK, Vol.28. No.11, 2012

Characteristics of Communalization of Government Managing Apartment Houses built in Korea from the 1960’s to the early 1970’s YongChan Kwon and BongHee Jeon Journal of AIK, Vol.28, No.11, 2012

ABSTRACT A method to provide shared housing with minimized unit plan was planned by specialists in the West in the early 20th century and affected government managing apartment houses in Korea. The tendency to make shared housing can be summarized as two steps; First, minimized unit plans are planned. Integration of spaces which have similar programs and industrialized food processing are related features of minimized unit plans. Second, specific programs which cannot be put into the unit plans due to their small size are planned as shared space. Shared housing holds a potential to enhance a communalized way of living.

The government managing apartment houses in Korea from the 1960s to the early 1970s were equipped with minimized unit plans. Industrialized food processing was attempted but the culture of making traditional Korean sauces and storing them in the house did not easily change. This cultural tendency triggered unique plans of Korean apartment houses which enables dwellers to store traditional sauces. Meanwhile, lavatory, corridor and courtyard were shared but planning of these shared spaces did not have an intention to enhance the communalized way of living. On the contrary, a tendency of pursuing high degree of privacy was major preference of dwellers in these shared housing and this affected to the way of planning apartment houses after the 1970s.

Figure6. Dongdaemun Apartment(1965) This apartment was equipped with minimized unit plans and courtyards with corridor, which has a possibility to enhance a communalized way of living according to M.J.Ginzburg.

Still, the architects of this apartment stressed that high degree of privacy was realized at the unit plans.

The concept of communalization was not clearly understood or pursued by the architects in 1960s in Korea.

Y.C. Kwon, S.H. Kim and B.H. Jeon / Habitat International 2014

UNRAVELING THE FACTORS DETERMINING THE REDEVELOPMENT OF SEOUL’S HISTORIC HANOKS SSCI, Habitat Internationl Jan. 2014, Vol 41., pp.280-289.

Yongchan Kwon / Researcher, Engineering Research Institute, Seoul National University Saehoon Kim / Professor, Department of Landscape Architecture with Urban Design concentration, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University Bonghee Jeon / Professor, Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Seoul National University

ABSTRACT

Recent studies found that the number of traditional Korean houses called hanoks in Seoul has decreased substantially over the last 50 years. Yet very little was known about the specific causes of large-scale demolition and redevelopment of hanoks. Here, based upon newly built parcel-level datasets of all hanoks in Seoul’s 1936 boundary, our probit regression models showed that the combined effects of parcel, neighborhood, and urban-scale factors may explain the probability of hanoks’ loss between 2002 and 2013. The results indicated that hanoks that were relatively new, large, and previously converted to a different use were more likely to be lost than older, smaller, and single-family residential-use hanoks. Those with desirable environmental qualities, such as a southern orientation and being part of a cluster of hanoks, were more resistant to redevelopment. The induced-development impacts of nearby urban projects were significant but this relationship varied substantially depending on the locations of the affected hanoks.

CONTENTS Introduction

∙ Reason of the loss of hanoks is not yet explained ∙ What set of parcel, neighborhood, and urban determinants are associated with hanok loss?

Data and Methods ∙ Data - GIS data - includes information regarding locations of existing hanoks from 2002 to 2013 ∙ Methods - Regression analysis - Building/parcel level characteristics - Neighborhood socio-economic characteristics - Urban planning districts - Nearby redevelopment projects Results

Discussion Conclusion

∙ The loss of Hanoks ∙ Regression analysis results ∙ Hanok’s luxurious rehabilitation

A typical urban hanok constructed roughly between the 1930s and the 1960s in Seoul.

Compared to a non-urban-type hanok, the plan was standardized for mass production.

The distribution of the lost and remaining hanoks, 2002~2013.

The Bukchon district.

An example of the luxurious rehabilitation of a hanok in Bukchon. The project was designed by an architect Doojin Hwang.

An example of a hanok in Bomun-dong (2008).

The roadside part of a hanok was converted into a bike shop and the rest of the building is occupied by the shop owner’s family.

Y.C. Kwon / Master’s Dissertation 2006

A Study on the Transition of Korean Urban House since 1950`s based on the Concept of Archetypal Element and Basic Functional Composition YongChan Kwon / Master’s Dissertation 2006 Department of Architecture / Graduate School of Seoul National University Master`s Degree Committee: Professor BongHee Jeon of Seoul National University Professor KwangHyun Kim of Seoul National University Professor SeungHoy Kim of Seoul National University

ABSTRACT

This study tries to investigate the transition of Korean house based on the concept of basic functional composition, and prospect the future course of Korean urban housing. Basic functional composition refers to the configuration of functional elements of a house, which can also be referred to as the criteria of a building to be a house. The reason of focusing on this concept is due to the most recent phase of urban housing which is different and unique compared to the past. Small urban unit plans, like one-room, go-si-won or dormitory apartments, are rapidly increasing and are expected to become more popular in the near future. But these housing types are not compatible with the existing orthodox concept of “home” or “house.” Thus, the concept of “home” or “house” can be changed.

The concept of basic functional composition comes from discussions on the Korean houses in pre-modern era. The discussions were mainly about sorting house plans and categorizing plan types. According to these discussions, the basic functional composition of Korean house in pre-modern era is known as “room+kitchen”. Meanwhile, the concept of general type and archetype are closely related to the basic functional composition. 'General type' means the housing type which was the most popular in specific times. Regarding to “archetype”, a view called “archetypal element.” which is a result of interpretation of the concept of archetype in a functional way was adopted for this research. To investigate the basic functional composition of Korean houses, the area of house researched is restricted to only main buildings that outdoor space or accessory buildings were not the object of this research.

Plans of the Korean urban houses since 1950`s are selected as the objects of this research. The urban houses are firstly grouped into detached houses, multi-family housing. Then the detached houses are grouped into urban traditional houses, houses provided by private sector, and houses provided by public sector. Study on multi-family housing was based on the assortment system of SooAm Kim`s preceding study. As a result, the basic functional composition of Korean urban house in post-modern era is “room+kitchen+livingroom” and this is different from the basic functional composition in pre-modern era, “room+kitchen”. This result seems closely related to the phenomenon of the settlement of nuclear family and its lifestyle in post-modern era in Korea. On the other hand, it seems that toilet became an essential element for a building to function as a house.

The basic functional element of urban houses in the present and near future can be found out by a survey which investigates the people’s present recognition on the basic functional elements of a house. This method is based on a hypothesis which assumes that recognition on the functional elements of a house determines the basic functional elements The increasing urban housing unit plans like one-room (room+kitchen+toilet), go-si-won (room / room+toilet), dormitory apartment (room+livingroom+toilet), lack functional elements compared to the basic functional composition in post-modern era [(room+kitchen+livingroom)+toilet]. These unit plans can be called as “deficient house”. By researching on recognition of people who live in deficient houses, people’s perception on functional elements which are lacking respectively in each deficient house can be gathered. People who live in deficient houses think that room which guarantees privacy is the most important, and the next was toilet, and then livingroom, and kitchen is the least important for a building to be equipped with to function as a house. This rank of functional elements is interesting. As a result, the basic functional composition of Korean urban house in the future can be prospected as “room+toilet.”

D.I. Kim, Y.C. Kwon and B.H Jeon / Journal of AIK, Vol.25. No.12, 2009

A Study of the Simplified Hanok in Seoul in the 1950s

DaeIl Kim, YongChan Kwon and BongHee Jeon Journal of AIK, Vol.25, No.12, 2009 ABSTRACT

The simplified Hanok is a transitional house type between the Korean traditional house with wooden structure and the house made of masonry. This was supplied in the 1950s in Seoul, when housing stock and building material were insufficient because of the Korean War (1950~1953). The simplified Hanok was built with scantier and cheaper materials compared to the Korean traditional house but maintained the general spatial composition of it.

The term “simplified” is to explain the construction method and the feature of materials while “Hanok” is to mean the spatial composition of the Korean traditional house. The simplified Hanok was composed of limited kinds of material and accepted the Japanese roof frame to enhance the efficiency of construction. It was the cheapest and simplest wooden house at that time. The simplified Hanok could not be passed to future generations because the masonry houses took a large majority in the sphere of housing market. However, it represented significant features which connect the missing linkage between the urban Hanok and the houses made of masonry. The simplified Hanok is the last figure of Hanok in the urban environment of Seoul.

Seoul Fortress Boundary of Seoul after expansion (1936)

Figure10. Mapping of simplified Hanok in Seoul

D.I. Kim, Y.C. Kwon and B.H Jeon / Journal of AIK, Vol.25. No.12, 2009

Table3. Field survey of simplified Hanok in Seoul

Sungbuk-dong 60

Wangshipli-dong 60

Gongduk-dong 60

Gongduk-dong 54

Heukseok-dong 54

Simulated Original Plan

Existing Condition

Configuration / Dimentions

Exterior

Y.C. Kwon and B.H Jeon / Journal of AIK, Vol.25. No.12, 2009

Urban Hanok

Simplified Hanok

Masonry House Simplified Hanok: Structural Variation Figure7. The simplified Hanok is a transitional house type between the Korean traditional house with wooden structure and the house made of masonry

Basic Unit

Basic Unit + Room

Basic Unit + Gateway

Figure8. Plan types of the simplified Hanok according to the combination of funtional space

Basic Unit + Room + Gateway

Y.C. Kwon, H. Kim, B.H Jeon / KAAH Spring Conference, 2009

A Study on the Application of GIS to set-up Boundaries for the Preservation of Hanok

YongChan Kwon, Hana Kim, BongHee Jeon Proceeding of KAAH Spring Conference, May 2009

ABSTRACT This is a pilot study to designate preservation area of Hanok in Seoul, Korea using GIS. First, two kinds of evaluation index for preservation is studied. One is an index deals with physical status of Hanok. The other is an index deals with the value of exploitation based on multiple variables, for example the price of land, distance from subway stations, etc. Second, a logical process using GIS to set-up specific areas is studied. A few functions, for example “natural break”, “equal interval”, “Quantile”, related to decision making with GIS were studied. To determine areas for preservation of Hanok requires lots of information to be studied and GIS proved out to be a proper tool.

Assessment of Region: Applying Performance Measurement

Data Calculation and Processing Setting Preservation Boundary

Site

Consulting with Residents / Administration / Professionals

Needs to Preserve Hanok Districts after Land Readjustment

Needs to Develop Land for Economic Reasons

Logical Data Processing through GIS tools

Solution: Finding an Appropriate Boundary for Hanok Preservation District Figure8. Hanok evaluation area: Seoul Jaegui-dong

Y.C. Kwon, H. Kim, B.H Jeon / KAAH Spring Conference, 2009

Figure8. GIS evaluation of Hanok preservation value by equal interval, quantile, and natural break

Research Project / Hanok Asset Upward Portfolio

Hanok Asset Upward Portfolio

Seoul National University–Seoul Institute of Seoul Metropolitan Government Project March 2006-July 2008 YongChan Kwon (Research Associate) - Inspection of Hanok in Seoul and GIS mapping (approx. 24,000 houses) - Research on the building technique of Hanok - Establishment of Hanok drawing database

ABSTRACT This map entitled Geographical Distribution of Hanok in Seoul is produced to comprehend the present situation of Hanok in Seoul. Total inspection was carried out to all the houses which are recorded to have wooden structure according to the building register. All the researched houses are categorized into three types; Hanok, building with wooden structure (not Hanok), unidentified form and structure. Classification of time is based on the expansion stages of the history of Seoul; 1905-1914, 1915-1936, 1937-1963, after 1964.

Figure10. Geographical distribution of Hanok in Seoul

Research Project / Hanok Asset Upward Portfolio

Documentation of building technique of Hanok requires 3 dimensional drawings because modern way of architectural drawing cannot express the detail of Hanok. Thus, 3 dimensional drawings are produced to record building technique of Hanok accurately and this documentation will be a basic material for further standardization and industrialization of Hanok.

There are few materials which hold any information of Hanok in the late 19th century in Seoul, or the information is not specific enough to comprehend the tangible aspect of Hanok. This project represented a form of Hanok in the late 19th century in Seoul based on the existing materials with scientific inference. This process of scientific inference will help to represent other Hanok in other region of the late 19th century.

Foundation Stones

Roof Tiling

Lintel / Wall Line / Door Line

Floor Stone Slabs

Floor & Maru Boards

Stylobate Figure11. Hanok construction process

Column / Beam / Roof Truss / Rafter

Front Stairs

Mud-Plastered Wall

Windows and Doors

Research Project / Historic Villages of Korea: Hahoe and Yangdong

Historic Villages of Korea: Hahoe and Yangdong

Research Project for Inscription of the World Heritage List January 2009-December 2010 YongChan Kwon (Research Associate) - Mapping wide area information of Hahoe and Yangdong village - Ananlyze architectural, urban, landcape architectural value of the two village in comparison with OUV(Outstanding Universal Value) which is legislated by UNESCO - Write a part of application report for inscription of the World Heritage List

Justification Statement of Outstanding Universal Value Hahoe and Yangdong Villages represent traditional Korean clan villages for the following reasons: First, Hahoe and Yangdong Villages are the oldest and most excellent examples of clan villages in Korea, a form of settlement that characterized the Joseon period. They also represent the two typical modes by which these clan villages were formed: pioneering settlement and moving into the wife’s maiden hometown. Second, the two villages faithfully follow pungsu principle (traditional siting principle, feng shui in Chinese), in village construction. One sits along a river and one at the foot of mountains, thus demonstrating best examples of desirable clan village locations.Third, the two villages are among the very few examples of intact traditional Korean clan villages maintaining their indigenous spatial layouts. They maintain the functional and scenic integrity of settlement environment for productive, residential and spiritual life and are exceptional in the continued functioning of the areas. Fourth, The two villages retain a number of historical buildings, including shrines, study halls, Confucian academies and pavilions that are among the very old and most remarkable in style to be found in the traditional villages of the country. Fifth, Both Hahoe and Yangdong Villages have for generations kept in safe custody old records, documents, and artistic works, the academic and cultural achievements of Joseon’s Confucian scholars. Lastly, Hahoe and Yangdong Villages maintain even today the highest level of traditional family rituals and characteristic village events that were performed by the Confucian scholars of the Joseon period.

Figure12. Spatial expansion of Hahoe Village and Yangdong Village

Research Project / Historic Villages of Korea: Hahoe and Yangdong

Hahoe Village

Figure13. Map and aerial photo of Hahoe cluster

Research Project / Historic Villages of Korea: Hahoe and Yangdong

Research Project / Historic Villages of Korea: Hahoe and Yangdong

Research Project / Historic Villages of Korea: Hahoe and Yangdong

Research Project / Historic Villages of Korea: Hahoe and Yangdong

Research Project / Historic Villages of Korea: Hahoe and Yangdong

Figure14. Road system and important elements of Hahoe Village

Research Project / Historic Villages of Korea: Hahoe and Yangdong

Yangdong Village

Figure15. Map and aerial photo of Yangdong cluster

Research Project / Historic Villages of Korea: Hahoe and Yangdong

Research Project / Historic Villages of Korea: Hahoe and Yangdong

Research Project / Historic Villages of Korea: Hahoe and Yangdong

Figure16. Description of Yangdong Village

Research Project / Historic Villages of Korea: Hahoe and Yangdong

Figure17. Road system and important elements of Yangdong Village

Research Project / Establishment of Digital-Library of Korean Traditional Timber Houses

Establishment of Digital-Library of Korean Traditional Timber Houses Seoul National University–Korea Research Foundation Project March 2007-July 2011 YongChan Kwon (Research Associate) - Plan and manage field studies. Research objects are distributed all over the South Korea - Process materials to establish digital database with meta data

PROJECT OBJECTIVE The project objective is to establish a database on houses designated as cultural heritage in Korea, to identify Hanok building techniques and geographic / historic distribution in detail with 3D documentation methods. In addition, to assist standardization and industrialization of Hanok traditional building technique.

1 Decide layout planning according to landscape and lot

Dimentions according to land size Configuration of building according to topography

2

Decide structure & size of house

Roof type and form Proportion of building room

3

Construction according to mesurement

Decide decoration & facade

Column head connecting structure type

4

Decide spatial atmosphere of each unit

Size / form of building elements and components

Decorative pillars of each space

Connecting methods of corners

Configuration of building form

Dimentions of each space

집중형 사례

남양주 궁집

고성 여명기가옥

아산 맹씨행단

홍성 엄찬 고택

논산 명재고택

경주 양동향단

경주 양동관가정

안동 의성김씨대종택

안동 하회북촌댁

안동 가일수곡종택

안동 예안이씨충효당

안동 임청각

안동 만운동모선루

예천 예천권씨종택

의성 소우당

구례 운조루

해안 윤두서가옥

안동 하회충효당

영동 김찬판고택

홍성 조응식가옥

영천 만취당

함양 일두고택

거창 정온선생가옥

합천 묘산묵와고가

정읍 김동수가옥

보성 이금재가옥

청도 운강고택

영광 연안김씨종택

분산형 사례

청원 이항희가옥

병렬형 사례

남원 몽심재

화순 양동호가옥

무안 나상열가옥

진접 연경당 여경구가옥

보은 선병국가옥

괴산 청천리가옥

일자형 사례

ㄱ자형 사례

ㄷ자형 사례

ㅁ자형 사례

H자형 사례

기타

청도 운강고택

청원 이항희가옥

괴산 청천리가옥

안동 예안이씨충효당

아산 맹씨행단

안동 임청각

Figure18. Categorization of houses designated as cultural heritage in South Korea according to their style of layout planning

Research Project / Establishment of Digital-Library of Korean Traditional Timber Houses

Andong Region Kim Family’s House—Main Building

Hamyang Region Ildu Old House—Guest House Building

Gyungju Yangdong Region Hyangdan House—Guest House Building

Research Project / Establishment of Digital-Library of Korean Traditional Timber Houses

Andong Hahoe Region Bukchon House—Main Building Kitchen

Gosung Region Aumyunggi House—Main Building Storage Room + Attic

Figure8. Write Caption Information Here

Younggwang Yeonan Kim Family’s House—Guest House Building

Research Project / The Continuance and Fluctuation of Phuong Fabrics in Vietnam - Colonial Experience and Urban Architecture in Modern Age

The Continuance and Fluctuation of Phuong Fabrics in Vietnam - Colonial Experience and Urban Architecture in Modern Age Seoul National University–Korea Research Foundation Project March 2004-July 2007 YongChan Kwon (Research Assistant) - Gather visual data (pictures, video, etc.)

- Actual measurement on housing types - Produce architectural drawings of the measured housing types

Figure18. Major housing types of Hanoi, Vietnam