Homo Plasticus

HOMO PLASTICUS

THE MANKIND OF PLASTICITY ; TURNING WASTE INTO THE OBJECT OF DE SIRE

YOUNGCHAE AHN

22/23 DIPLOMA UNIT 3 Andrew Yau, Jonas Lundberg, Kayu Chan

HOMO PLASTICUS

The Mankind of Plasticity ; Turning Waste into the Object of Desire.

Design Thesis

Plastic, in spite of its ability of infinite adaptation through physical deformation with light yet strong materiality, is at the centre of the climate crisis due to the fact that we are filling the surface of earth with over 430 million tons of plastic waste each year.

Norway, with a long coastline and numerous fjords suffer from marine plastic pollution making Norwegian people highly eco-conscious and suffer from the climate anxiety of Plastic waste leakage to the environment. With the highest plastic bottle recycling rate of 97%, in Norway still out of the annual average amount of 17 kg of plastic waste produced per capita, only 5 kg(31%) are correctly collected source-separated.

Homo Plasticus, the mankind of plasticity, is the new generation of humanity with the ability of turning waste into the object of desire. Communal scale plastic recycling and manufacturing centre located In the old industrial area along the Akerselva river in central Oslo, is where Norwegian people with high societal emphasis on egalitarianism and self-sufficiency will bring their plastic waste and manufacture it into the new object seasonally during the long, dark winter season with limited daylight and outdoor activity opportunities.

4.2 Physical Construct 04

5.3 Physical Construct 05

01. THE CHARACTERS

1.1 Plastic Waste

1.2 Plastic Recycling Strategy

1.3 Current Lifestyle

1.4 Characters of Desire

THE DESIGN

1.5 Intensity

1.6 Temporal

1.1 Plastic Waste

Micro plastics

Microplastics are tiny plastic particles that result from the degradation of larger plastic items or are intentionally added to some personal care and cleaning products.

These microplastics can enter the food chain and subsequently accumulate in the bodies of animals, including humans.

There is growing concern about the potential health risks associated with the ingestion of microplastics, such as their ability to release harmful chemicals or disrupt the endocrine system.

Once plastics enter the environment, they undergo physical-chemical transformations and mechanical abrasion due to ultraviolet radiation, biological disintegration, weathering caused by temperature, and/or wind-driven turbulence.

Fragmented plastics between 5 millimeter and 1 micrometer (µm) in size are defined as microplastics; sub-micron-sized plastics are termed nanoplastics.

Microplastics are tiny plastic particles that measure less than 5mm in size. They pose a significant threat to the food chain, including both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. These particles can be found in various sources of food, such as seafood, drinking water, and even agricultural products. The primary sources of microplastics in the food chain include the breakdown of larger plastic debris, microbeads in personal care products, and fibers from synthetic clothing.

When microplastics enter the food chain, they can have detrimental effects on organisms at various levels. Small marine organisms, such as plankton, can consume microplastics, leading to bioaccumulation. As these organisms are consumed by larger marine species, the concentration of microplastics increases up the food chain. Eventually, these contaminated organisms may end up on our plates, posing potential risks to human health.

Microplastics have become a pervasive pollutant in water bodies, especially in the ocean. These particles can enter water systems through various routes, such as direct disposal, stormwater runoff, and improper waste management. Additionally, microplastics can also result from the fragmentation of larger plastic items due to weathering and degradation processes.

Once in the ocean, microplastics pose a threat to marine life. Marine animals often mistake microplastics for food and ingest them. This can lead to internal injuries, digestive blockages, and reduced feeding efficiency. Additionally, the presence of microplastics in marine environments can disrupt ecological processes, alter habitats, and impact biodiversity

https://unearthed.greenpeace.orghttps://www.yourweather.co.uk Nanoplastics

https://www.nature.com

Microplastics are not only found in water bodies but also in the air we breathe. They can be generated through various sources such as the wear and tear of car tires, the breakdown of plastic waste, and the release of microfibers from textiles during washing or wearing. These particles can become airborne and disperse over long distances due to wind patterns.

The Size of Micro- and Nano Plastics

The presence of microplastics in the air also raises concerns about their deposition on land and in water bodies. Once settled, they can contaminate soil, freshwater systems, and agricultural fields, further perpetuating the cycle of microplastic pollution.

Overall, the issue of microplastics poses significant challenges across the food chain, water bodies, and the air we breathe. Addressing these problems requires collective efforts to reduce plastic waste, improve waste management systems, and develop sustainable alternatives to plastic products.

SCALE

Inhalation of airborne microplastics may have implications for human health. Although research on the specific health effects of airborne microplastics is limited, it is believed that they could potentially lead to respiratory problems, lung inflammation, and even systemic effects if they enter the bloodstream.

Microplastics in the Human Body

HUMAN

1.1 Plastic Waste

Marine Pollution

Plastic waste poses a significant threat to the marine ecosystem due to its persistence, abundance, and harmful effects.

Shoreline

43% of the plastic waste in shoreline sinks and 57% floats to coastal area

BIOACCUMULATION

https://assets.theoceancleanup.comhttps://www.nps.gov

Coastal Area

https://www.ecowatch.com

Then 97% of plastic waste in Coastal area pushed back to shore.

HABITAT DESTRUCTION

https://assets.theoceancleanup.comUniversitat de Barcelona

Offshore

https://www.scu.edu.au

67% of plastic wastes escapes to the offshore goes back to coastal area.

INGESTION/ ENTANGLEMENT

https://assets.theoceancleanup.comhttps://assets.theoceancleanup.comhttps://www.forbes.com

Plastic pollution in shorelines refers to the accumulation of plastic debris along coastlines and beaches. It is a visible and widespread issue that has detrimental impacts on both marine ecosystems and human activities. Plastic items such as bottles, bags, packaging materials, and fishing gear often wash ashore due to ocean currents and wind patterns.

Shoreline plastic pollution poses several problems. Firstly, it degrades the aesthetic beauty of beaches and coastal areas, affecting tourism and local economies. Secondly, marine animals, including seabirds, turtles, and marine mammals, can mistake plastic debris for food or become entangled in it, leading to injury, suffocation, or death. Lastly, the breakdown of larger plastic items into microplastics exacerbates the problem, as these tiny particles can be ingested by small marine organisms and enter the food chain.

Coastal areas, including estuaries, bays, and mangrove forests, are highly vulnerable to plastic pollution. These areas act as catchments for plastic debris carried by rivers and runoff from landbased sources. The accumulation of plastic in coastal habitats has severe ecological consequences.

Plastic pollution in coastal areas can harm fragile ecosystems and disrupt natural processes. For example, mangroves, which serve as vital breeding and feeding grounds for many marine species, can become entangled with plastic debris, hindering their growth and functioning. Plastic pollution can also smother coral reefs, leading to coral bleaching and reduced biodiversity

Coastal plastic pollution also affects fisheries and other coastal industries. Plastic debris can damage fishing equipment, contaminate seafood, and reduce fish populations. It also poses a risk to human health when plastic-contaminated seafood is consumed.

Offshore plastic pollution poses unique challenges due to its vast scale and the difficulty of cleanup. Plastic debris in these areas can persist for long periods, fragmenting into smaller pieces and spreading over large distances. The accumulation of plastic waste in offshore regions has severe consequences for marine ecosystems and biodiversity.

Marine animals in offshore areas can ingest or become entangled in plastic debris, leading to injury, suffocation, or death. Additionally, the presence of microplastics in offshore waters poses a threat to filter-feeding organisms and other marine species that inadvertently consume these tiny particles.

HABITAT DESTRUCTION

Plastic waste can damage or destroy marine habitats. For example, discarded plastic bags or other debris can smother and suffocate corals and other sensitive organisms on the seabed. This disrupts the balance of marine ecosystems, affecting the biodiversity and overall health of the habitat.

INGESTION CHEMICAL POLLUTION

Marine animals, including fish, seabirds, turtles, and marine mammals, often mistake plastic debris for food. They may consume plastic items such as bags, bottles, or fragments, thinking they are prey. This ingestion can lead to severe health issues, including internal injuries, blockages of the digestive system, malnutrition, and even death.

Plastics can leach harmful chemicals into the surrounding seawater. These chemicals include additives used in plastic production, as well as pollutants that adhere to plastic surfaces from the surrounding environment. When marine animals consume or come into contact with these chemicals, it can lead to toxicological effects, disrupting their hormonal balance, immune system, and reproductive abilities.

ENTANGLEMENT BIO-ACCUMULATION

Discarded fishing nets, ropes, and other plastic debris can entangle marine animals, leading to injuries, amputations, and impaired mobility. Animals like seals, sea turtles, and whales may become trapped in abandoned fishing gear or other plastic items, which can cause suffocation, drowning, or prevent them from feeding and reproducing.

https://tontoton.com Twitter/@ajzfern

As plastic particles and associated chemicals move up the food chain, they can undergo a process called bioaccumulation. Predatory species that consume smaller organisms containing microplastics can accumulate higher concentrations of plastic and associated toxins in their tissues. This bioaccumulation can reach levels of concern for both wildlife and humans who consume seafood. https://repurpose.global

1.1 Plastic Waste

Durability

Plastics are incredibly durable materials and can take hundreds of years to decompose in the environment. This longevity raises concerns about the long-term accumulation of plastic waste and its persistence in ecosystems. The anxiety stems from the realization that plastic waste generated today will continue to impact future generations if effective solutions are not implemented.

Not so Biodegradable

Bio-based

plastic do not biodegrade in the ocean

Limits of Bio-based Plastic

https://journals.plos.org

https://journals.plos.org

Recycled plastics contain more toxins

Recycled

https://plasticseurope.org

https://www.cbsnews.com

First Plastics Pollution Weather Forecast

https://journals.plos.org

Bio-based plastics made from renewable natural resources such as cornstarch or sugar cane have been marketed a potential solution to the plastic problem. PLA is one such polymer in the biobased plastics market, often labele biodegradable and compostable. The team chose this textile for the study given its extensive use as a replacemen for oil-based, non-biodegradable, materials.

The textile samples were placed in flow-through containers deployed both at the sea surface and at the seafloor approximately 10 meters (32 feet) deep. Samples were examined every seven days with images taken, and small pieces removed from duplicate samples for further examination in the lab. This included scanning electron microscopy to examine the fibers at high resolution, and Raman spectroscopy to gain information about the chem composition and molecular structure of the fibers. The samples were then submerged

Limits of Recycled Plastic

https://www.reuters.com

1st Plastics pollution weather forecast predicts 88 pounds of microplastic

Plastic Pollution Forecast

https://www.lemonde.fr

https://www.lemonde.fr

These suggest that recycled plastics often contain higher concentrations of toxic chemicals such as flame retardants, benzene and other carcinogens than virgin plastic. Recycled plastics also contain “numerous endocrine disruptors that can cause changes to the body’s natural hormone levels”, according to the Greenpeace report. Virgin plastic already contains more than 3,200 chemicals that are known to be hazardous to human health, according to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), which can be transferred over into the recycled product. On top of that, plastic waste can be contaminated with other toxins in the waste stream, the report says; for example when it comes into contact with containers for pesticides and cleaning solvents.

Diplomats from 175 countries gathering in Paris for plastics treaty talks on Monday may want to pack an umbrella, but not just because there’s a chance of rain. France’s capital will also be showered during the five-day talks by billions of microplastic particles falling from the sky, according to the first-ever plastics pollution weather forecast.

The predicted downpour will range between 40 and 48 kilograms (88 and 106 pounds) of free-floating plastic bits blanketing greater Paris every 24 hours, the scientists involved told AFP. If the weather delivers heavy rain, the “plastic fall” is likely to increase up to tenfold.

POLYETHYLENE / TEREPHTHALATE

PET or PETE is a type of plastic commonly used for making water bottles, soda bottles, and other food and beverage containers. PET plastic was first synthesised in the 1940s at the British Company CAlico Printers’ Association. And the first PET bottles were produced in the 1970s by the American company Continental Can Company. PET bottles quickly gained popularity as a replacement for glass bottles.

Today, PET is one of the most widely used plastics in the world, with applications ranging from packaging to textiles to electronics. Global recycling rate of PET bottles in 2019 was 58%. In Europe 63% and the United States 29%.

https://www.worldofchemicals.com

HDPE is a type of plastic that is commonly used for packaging materials, such as milk jugs, detergent bottles, and plastic bags. It was first synthesised by the German chemist in 1953.

The commercial production of HDPE began in the 1950s and quickly gained popularity as a material for packaging and other applications. HDPE has a number of desirable properties, including resistance to moisture and chemicals, toughness, and ease of processing. Resulting in the wide range of its use these days from packaging to construction to healthcare. Global recycling rate of HDPE was approximately 30% in 2019.

https://www.bpf.co.uk

PVC is a synthetic plastic that was first invented in the late 19th century by a German chemist in 1872. However, It was not until the 1920s that PVC became commercially available, when two American companies, BFGoodrich and Dupont, developed a method for producing PVC on an industrial scale. PVC quickly gained popularity due to its versatility, durability, and low cost. It became widely used in a variety of applications, including construction material, packaging, and medical devices. The recycling rate of PVC in Europe was 19.6% in 2020 yet in the United States it was 1%. PVC is a highly recyclable material and can be recycled multiple times without losing its properties.

PLASTIC WASTE and RECYCLING RATE of different types of THERMO PLASTIC

LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE

LDPE is a type of plastic that is commonly used for packaging materials, such as plastic bags and films. It was first synthesised by the British company Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) in the 1930s. The first LDPE production plant was established in 1939 by ICI in the UK, and by the 1950s, LDPE has become a widely used plastic for packaging materials.

Today, LDPE is still a popular material due to its flexibility, toughness and transparency as well as its low cost and ease of processing. Global recycling rate of LDPE was approximately 18% in 2019.

https://omnexus.specialchem.com

https://www.theguardian.com

PP plastic was first synthesised in the mid 1950s at the American company Phillips Petroleum. PP plastic quickly gained its popularity due to its high strength, low weight and resistance to heat, chemicals, and moisture. It became widely used in a variety of applications, including packaging, textiles, and automotive parts.

Today, PP is one of the most commonly used plastics in the world, with a wide range of applications across many different industries. However the recycling rate of PP plastic is generally lower than that of other types of plastics due to its relatively complex molecular structure. In 2019 the global recycling rate of PP was 3%.

https://felfil.com

PS plastic was first discovered in 1839 by a German apothecary. However, it was not until the 1930s that PS was developed into a commercial plastic product by the American chemical company Dow Chemical. In 1937, trademarked the name ‘Styrofoam’ for its extruded polystyrene foam product, which became widely used as insulation material and later expanded into other applications such as packaging, disposable tableware, and CD cases.

Global recycling rate of PS plastic in 2020 was approximately 20.8% in Europe and 1% in the United States. PS is a challenging material to recycle due to its low density and the presence of additives in some products.

https://www.chemicalsafetyfacts.org

1.2 Plastic Recycling Strategy

Process and Strategies

Plastic recycling is the process of converting plastic waste materials into reusable raw materials or new products. It involves several steps to collect, sort, clean, melt, and remold plastic waste to create recycled plastic products.

Source Seperation

An enzyme which can digest plastics.

https://www.wsrecycling.co.uk

Classification

https://www.theguardian.com

https://plasticsmartcities.org

A thin material made from seaweed can handle high temperatures.

https://www.newscientist.com

https://www.notpla.com

Deposit Return Scheme

https://plasticsmartcities.org

Plastic-sourced protein powder is aiming to solve two global issues.

CLEANING SORTING COLLECTION

https://www.mtu.edu https://www.mtu.edu https://www.friendsofglass.com

Source separation is a crucial step in plastic recycling that involves the proper separation and collection of different types of plastic waste at the point of generation. This strategy encourages individuals, households, businesses, and industries to separate their plastic waste according to the different plastic types, such as PET, HDPE, PVC, etc. Source separation can be facilitated through educational campaigns, labeling systems, and clear guidelines on how to segregate plastic waste.

Classification refers to the sorting and categorization of plastic waste based on its properties, such as type, color, and quality. This step is typically carried out in recycling facilities or sorting centers, where advanced technologies and manual sorting techniques are employed.

A deposit return scheme (DRS) is a strategy that encourages individuals to return their used plastic containers or bottles to designated collection points in exchange for a refundable deposit. This scheme incentivizes recycling and promotes the circular economy by creating a closed-loop system for plastic containers.

1. COLLECTION

Plastic waste is collected from various sources, such as households, businesses, and industries. This can be done through curbside recycling programs, drop-off centers, or specialized collection initiatives.

4. SHREDDING

The cleaned plastic waste is shredded into smaller pieces or flakes. This increases the surface area of the plastic, making it easier to process and melt.

https://www.inyourarea.co.uk

2. SORTING

Collected plastic waste is sorted based on the type of plastic, as different types of plastics have different properties and recycling processes. Common plastic types include PET (polyethylene terephthalate), HDPE (high-density polyethylene), PVC (polyvinyl chloride), LDPE (low-density polyethylene), PP (polypropylene), and PS (polystyrene).

https://recyclinginside.com

3. CLEANING

Once sorted, the plastic waste is cleaned to remove any contaminants such as labels, adhesives, dirt, or food residues. This step is crucial to ensure the quality of the recycled plastic material.

PLASTIC WASTE RECYCLING PROCESS and STRATEGIES

https://www.bub-anlagenbau.de

https://www.wiscon-tech.com

5. MELTING and PALLETISING

The shredded plastic is melted down and converted into pellets or granules through a process called extrusion. The molten plastic is forced through a die to form small pellets, which can be used as raw materials for manufacturing new plastic products.

6. MANUFACTURING

https://www.alamy.com

The recycled plastic pellets are then used as feedstock in various manufacturing processes. They can be blended with virgin plastic or other additives to create new plastic products, such as bottles, containers, packaging materials, pipes, fibers, and more.

https://www.creativemechanisms.com

1.3 Current Lifestyle

Dealing our own Plastic waste

The way we deal with our waste has been changed constantly. On the surface, those changes are primarily coming from governmental policies, which are reflected by our generation’s understanding and awareness of environmental impacts, that regulate our behaviours. Currently we are obligated to classify, clean and store our own wastes. And by making more detailed classifications and reducing the pick up frequency, people change and adapt their lifestyle towards less waste.

STUDY THEM

In the current lifestyle of domestic plastic waste management, individuals are encouraged to study and understand the different types of plastic to facilitate proper waste sorting. This involves learning about the various plastic resin codes, such as PET, HDPE, PVC, etc., and identifying the type of plastic used in different packaging and products.

Once individuals have knowledge about plastic types, they can sort their plastic waste accordingly. This typically involves having separate bins or containers for different plastic types or using recycling bags with labeled compartments. The aim is to separate plastics that are easily recyclable from those that may have limited recycling options.

By studying and separating different types of plastic, individuals contribute to the efficient recycling process and help prevent contamination of recyclable plastic with non-recyclable materials.

WASH THEM

An enzyme which can digest plastics.

Another aspect of domestic plastic waste management is the practice of washing plastic waste before disposal or recycling. This step involves rinsing plastic containers, bottles, and packaging to remove any remaining food residues or contaminants.

Washing plastic waste is important for maintaining the hygiene and quality of the recycling process. It helps prevent the contamination of other recyclable materials and ensures that the recycled plastic is suitable for further processing and reuse.

Individuals may use water and mild detergents to clean plastic waste. However, it is essential to be mindful of water usage and avoid excessive washing, as water conservation is also an important environmental consideration.

STORE THEM

An enzyme which can digest plastics.

After washing plastic waste, individuals typically store it until the scheduled municipal waste pick-up or until they can bring it to a designated recycling drop-off point. Storing the washed plastic waste involves keeping it in a clean and dry area, such as a designated recycling bin or bag.

It is important to follow local waste management guidelines for proper storage of plastic waste. This may include using specific recycling bags or containers provided by the municipality or adhering to specific collection schedules.

By storing washed plastic waste appropriately, individuals ensure that the waste is properly managed and can be collected and processed for recycling or disposal by the relevant municipal waste management services.

Norwegian Plastic Strategy by The Norwegian Ministries

1.4 Characters of Desire

10 Characters of Desire

The feeling of desire comes from oneself and everyone’s desire is different. However, being the one of the strongest feelings that drives every living creature desire has specific characteristics.

Intensity refers to the degree or strength of a particular experience, feeling, or sensation. Some common characteristics of intensity include high degree or level of experience, feeling, or sensation.

The concentrated or focused on particular aspect of an exerience or feeling can be brief or sustained over a longer period of time. Intensity can be experienced differently by different people, depending on their sensitivity to a particular stimulus or experience. Some people may be more sensitive to certain types of stimuli than others, leading in differences in the intensity of their experience.

Desire is often characterised by a sense of urgency or time-sensitivity. The urge of needing to act quickly in order to satisfy the desires before they fade. The concept refers to the nature of the time and how it affects human experience.

One of the most fundamental aspects of temporality is its linearity - that is, the fact that time moves forward in a linear, irreversible manner, locating events and experiences within a specific moment in time and cannot be revisited or undone. This linearity makes temporality very important character of desire since the urgency and limitation makes the desire stronger.

SUBJECTIVE

Subjectivity refers to the quality of being based on personal opinions, feeling, and experiences rather than objective facts or evidence. Subjectivity can lead to bias, as personal opinions and experiences can influence how we perceive and interpret information. This can make it difficult to achieve a completely objective view of a situation or topic.

Each one of us have different priority of desires. Although we might share some coherent disires, understanding the role of subjectivity can help shaping specific effects to evoke the sense of desire.

1. INTENSE

2. TEMPORAL

3.

4. FLUCTUATING

Variable fluctuating and changing in reponse to the changes in the environemnt or other factors are one of main character of the desire. Something that changes or varies in an irregular or unpredictable manner makes desire something cannot be precisely articulated.

The sense of fluctuating are often unstable, as they may involve sudden or dramatic shifts in conditions or circumstances, This can create a sense of uncertainty or risk.

This is where adaptaility can also play main role. Coping with fluctuating situations often requires adaptability and flexibility. This may involve being able to quickly adjust to changing conditions, or being able to pivot to a new strategy or approach when circumstnaces change.

SUSPENDING

Sense of suspending is related to one’s perception and experience. By suspending certain experiences, it can create opportunities for exploration and discovery. As one engages with new or unfamiliar experiences in a non-judgmental or open-minded way Rather its a one of the character of desire, suspending is one of the main tool to create and articulate the sense of desire. The urge to explore and understand and digest the information druing one’s experience.

FADING

Related ot the first character of desire ; intensity, fading is the opposite term : a gradual loss of intensity, clarity or presence. Fading is associated with a sense of transience or impermanence, as things gradually fade away or disappear altogether

Fading is an inevitable or natural part of the cycle of life and death. Not just for the living creatures but also for the experience, intensity and sense of desire.

5.

6.

1.4 Characters of Desire

SACRIFICIAL

The act of giving up something valuable or important for the benefit of others or a greater cause. Sacrificial acts are often motivated by a sense of altruism or concern for others. Persuing one’s desire and being sacrificial for the common cause often colide each other. But not necessarily The character of sacrificial involves a degree of selflessness, where an individual desire is put aside for the interests of others, but the feeling of contentment that your desire is larger than individual scale is somewhat even more motivative than the personal desire.

INTERPRETATIONAL

Desire is often characterised by a sense of urgency or time-sensitivity. The urge of needing to act quickly in order to satisfy the desires before they fade. The concept refers to the nature of the time and how it affects human experience.

One of the most fundamental aspects of temporality is its linearity - that is, the fact that time moves forward in a linear, irreversible manner, locating events and experiences within a specific moment in time and cannot be revisited or undone. This linearity makes temporality very important character of desire since the urgency and limitation makes the desire stronger.

Subjectivity refers to the quality of being based on personal opinions, feeling, and experiences rather than objective facts or evidence. Subjectivity can lead to bias, as personal opinions and experiences can influence how we perceive and interpret information. This can make it difficult to achieve a completely objective view of a situation or topic.

Each one of us have different priority of desires. Although we might share some coherent disires, understanding the role of subjectivity can help shaping specific effects to evoke the sense of desire.

7.

8.

9. EMOTIONAL

10. MOTIVATIVE

Desire is often characterised by a sense of urgency or time-sensitivity. The urge of needing to act quickly in order to satisfy the desires before they fade. The concept refers to the nature of the time and how it affects human experience.

One of the most fundamental aspects of temporality is its linearity - that is, the fact that time moves forward in a linear, irreversible manner, locating events and experiences within a specific moment in time and cannot be revisited or undone.

This linearity makes temporality very important character of desire since the urgency and limitation makes the desire stronger.

1.5 Intensity

Physical Construct 01.1

Recycled materials are branded as a new type of desirability by those high-end brands. Other than the piece of information that you know this material has been recycled, How could the recycled materials be more expressive? Through this series of physical constructs, I explore ways of exposing the quality of recyclability.

High-end Brands brading Recyclability

How does High-end brands express the desirability of recycled materials.

Colours

Pallets from different plastic wastes can be mixed to create certain colours.

http://www.dianeleclairbisson.comhttp://www.dianeleclairbisson.comPolimeer

Textures

Depending on the manufacturing process different textures are created.

https://www.plasticstoday.com

https://yemmhart.com https://yemmhart.com

You can detect different levels of intensity through the density of colours and textures of each panels.

PRADA_Recycled Nylon LONGCHAMP_Recycled Canvas BagNIKE_Bio-Based Plastic Foam

Desire is often intense, powerful, and difficult to ignore. In the first physical Construct, I tried to conduct a space of intensity using carved surfaces as a form work for the single surface structure. Those contrast and textures of panels laid out in different degress and density makes ones with most high saturated colours and one with the darkest hue much more powerful than the rest of the panels.

1.5 Intensity Digital Construct A_Condensed

Intensity is concentrated or focused on a particular aspect of an experience or feeling. In this digital iteration of the physical construct of intensity, I have condensed the uniting flows of the surface rather than colours and textures of the each panels intensifying the continuous flow

Rather than the each panels and different density from one another, now the unifying flows are intensified.

1.5 Intensity

Digital Construct B_Fluctuating

Intensity can be variable or fluctuating, changing in response to changes in the environment or other factors. In the next digital iteration, by placing particles or gradationing lights along the surface of each pokect, the lights reflecting on the surface keep on shifting, intensifying the sequences of each pocket rather than being isolated to one another

Spacially isolated pockest with gradually shifting lights, now the sequencial flow is intensified.

1.5 Intensity

Digital Construct C_Suspended

Intensity can be relatively brief or sustained over a longer period of time. In this digital construct, now the single surface structure has multiple layers suspending the visual access to the inner layer. The longer it suspends for one to articulate the last inside layer, the intensity will be sustained longer

By visually suspending the surface of the structure with more layers, the structure itself is intensified.

1.6 Temporal Physical Construct 01.2

In the next physical construct, The amount of heat that is applied to the plastic elements is exposed by its deformed shape.

The temporality of the plastic element being live material determines the placement and the translucent qualities.

Deformation

Desire is also characterised by a sense of urgency or time sensitivity. We may feel a need to act quickly in order to satisfy our desires before they fade. In this physical construct, the linear plastic elements with time sensitivity, work as structural elements. Once the plastic rods are heated, it’ll start to deform and within the time frame until it cools down and has structural integrity, it forms melted shapes. Which evokes the feeling of ever-shifting.

1.6 Temporal Digital Contructs A_Low Heat

In the digital construct I have constructed spaces of different speeds, ones with heated and melting plastic rods are still shifting it’s form and those have already shifted and now cooled down, performing structurally.

Different speed of each elements being live material works differently as structural or as threshold for lighs.

1.6 Temporal

Digital Contructs B_Medium Heat

Low heat elements work structurally lifting the platforms. Then more heated element deforms around the primary structure adding stabilities and high heat elements are enclosing the gap.

1.6 Temporal

Digital Contructs C_High Heat

The longer amount of time that the heat is applied the more the structure is deformed, the desire is stronger

1. The Characters

CONCLUSION

In this chapter, by looking at the current lifestyle of how we deal with our own plastic waste, one can realise it is the feeling of contentment that you are in fact taking care of what you have consumed that is driving those actions.

The desirability for the recycled material being the key to drive and change our current lifestyle, within the first two physical constructs, I have constructed a space of contribution.

In the next chapter, I will be exploring the specific lifestyle of the current plastic recycling and develop the characters of desire through materiality of recycled plastic towards architectural elements.

THE BACKGROUND

2.1 Plastic Material

THE

2.2 RIY Plastic

2.3 Translucency

THE DESIGN

2.4 Patterns

2.5 Vibrant and Warm

THE JOYOUS

2.1 Plastic Material

Thermo / Thermo-set Plastic

Plastic can be divided into thermoplastic which can be melted and recycled. And Thermoset plastic which cannot be recycled. Through mechanical and chemical recycling of plastic, different purity levels of plastic waste is produced.

However, before going through chemical recycling, depending on different waste streams, the mechanical recycling produces different purity levels of plastic waste.

Refined Hydrocarbons

After the plastic waste goes through the mechanical recycling, and before it goes through chemical recycling, there are more divided levels of purity of the plastic due to the type of the machine or different qualities of the equipment. How could those different levels affect the plastic’s property?

PetrochemicalsMonomersPolymersPlastic Products Post Consumer Use

GASIFICATIONPYROLYSIS

HYDROTHERMAL TREATMENT

DEPOLYMERISATIONPURIFICATION

FEEDSTOCK RECYCLING

CHEMICAL RECYCLING

MECHANICAL RECYCLING

RE-USE

2.1 Plastic Material

Plastic Tensile Property

Plastic tensile property tests can be used in a variety of applications to evaluate the behaviour of plastic materials under tension. Such as quality control in plastic manufacturing ; plastic tensile property tests are often used to evaluate the quality and consistency of plastic materials during the manufacturing process. And product development ; Plastic tensile property tests can be used to optimise the design of plastic products, ensuring they can withstand expected loads and stresses.

Failure analysis ; In cases where plastic components fail unexpectedly, a tensile property test can help identify the cause of failure and prevent similar issues in the future. And research and development ; Plastic tensile property tests can be used to investigate the properties of new or experimental plastic materials and help researchers develop new products or materials with specific properties.

https://www.youtube.com/instron

https://www.youtube.com/instron

https://www.youtube.com/instron

https://www.matweb.com

Cut a standard size specimen of the plastic material to be tested, typically in the shape of a dog bone. The dimensions of the specimen should conform to ASTM standards or ohter applicable standards.

Then fix one end of the specimen in a stationary grip and the other end in a movable grip. The moveable grip should be attached to a load cell, which will measure the force applied to the specimen during the test.

Test Set-up Data analysis

Apply a tensile force to the specimen using the moveable grip. The force should be applied at a constant rate until the specimen breaks. During the test, the load and displacement(elongation) of the specimen should be recorded continuously

Use the data obtained from the test to calculate

The dried wood chips that are mixed to the pure HDPE has affected its melting point and also the tensile property. The percentage of the impurities that are mixed will result in different performance of recycled plastic.

Awad SA. JOTCSA. 2021; 8(4): 1137-1144.

Awad SA. JOTCSA. 2021; 8(4): 1137-1144.

2.2 RIY Plastic

Recycle IT Yourself Plastic

People, in order to contribute to the municipal plastic waste management, have started recycling their own plastic waste at home by melting thermoplastics and turning them into other objects such as furniture, cutting boards and plant pots etc.

Due to the fact that most of the Thermoplastic in our daily plastic waste can be easily melted in the oven or with a heat gun at home, and unless the plastic is melted and not burned, less carbon and other toxins are emitted.

Cutting Board made from Recycled HDPE Plastic

YOUTUBE_Brothers Make

Pressure Mould Method

YOUTUBE_Brothers Make

Products made from Recycled PP Plastic Injection Mould Method

Sheet Press method Precious Plastic

Pen made from Recycled HDPE Plastic

2.3 Translucency

Physical Construct 02.1

Developing the characters of recycled plastic into architectural elements, and focusing on the experience of the space that is produced by the recycled plastic, in this physical construct, the relationship between thickness and translucency are explored.

The vertical element allows the light to travel through different translucent layers of plastic.

2.

3.

1.

Desire is a subjective experience that is shaped by individual needs, wants, and experiences. In this physical construct with the linear elements and the instantly placed thin layer of plastic creates a different pathway from the top to the bottom. The translucent layer of plastic works as a filter to change the hue of the interiorities. Overlaying those thin layers will create different hues from different perspective points.

2.3 Translucency

Digital

2.3 Translucency

Digital Construct B

2.4 Patterns

Physical Construct 02.2

In order to articulate the thickness of the surface, different patterns and surface textures are introduced in this physical construct.

The vertical and horizontal patterns on the surface not only benefits the structural behaviour but also provides different thicknesses and translucency, allowing each surface to be read more strongly rather than one continuous surface.

Vertical Patterns

Horizontal Patterns

Hybrid Patterns

The vertical and horizontal patterns on the surface provides different thicknesses and translucency.

2.4 Patterns

Digital Construct A

Extremising the textures by making it more volumetric, twisted, and expanded, the different filtration of light affects the quality of translucency.

2.4 Patterns

Digital Construct B

Extremising the textures by making it more volumetric, twisted, and expanded, the different filtration of light affects the quality of translucency.

2.4 Patterns Digital Construct C

Extremising the textures by making it more volumetric, twisted, and expanded, the different filtration of light affects the quality of translucency.

2.5 Vibrant and Warm

Physical Construct 03

Finally in this physical construct, curating those different material and structural qualities of desire of the plastic waste, an enclosure of the extreme desirability of plastic waste was constructed.

Vertical Patterns

Horizontal Patterns

Hybrid Patterns

The denser the colour and texture is, the more deformed by the heat and gravity it is, it provokes the history of recycled material.

2.5 Vibrant and Warm Digital Construct C

2. The Background

CONCLUSION

In this chapter, I have learned based on the different purity level of recycled plastic, it has different material performance. Which provides recycled plastic a new potential to become a structural element

And as the public have rising interest regarding recycling and upcycling themselves at home, people started to recycle and melt their own plastic waste at home.

During the courses of physical and digital constructs, experimenting with structural and architectural elements such as light thresholds, patterns and colours, a space of the feeling of contentment has been constructed through the effect of vibrant and warmness.

In the next chapters, I will be looking into plastic recycling communities around the world, their current activities and how they could be developed with the stronger desirability of recycling plastic material.

3.1 Plastic Anxiety

What is Climate Anxiety?

Climate anxiety refers to the psychological distress, fear, or unease that individuals may experience in response to the current and projected impacts of climate change. It is a form of emotional and psychological response to the perceived threat posed by climate change.

People experiencing climate anxiety may feel overwhelmed, hopeless, or helpless in the face of the potential consequences of climate change, such as extreme weather events, rising sea levels, biodiversity loss, or disruptions to ecosystems and societies. This anxiety can arise from concerns about personal well-being, the well-being of future generations, or the broader environmental and social implications of cli-

mate change.

While the IPCC primarily focuses on scientific assessments of climate change, it does recognize the importance of understanding the societal and human dimensions of climate change. The reports often discuss the potential impacts of climate change on human societies, including its implications for mental health and well-being. However, the specific definition or exploration of climate anxiety may vary depending on the report and its focus.

CLIMATE ACTIVISM

Some individuals channel their anxiety into action by getting involved in climate activism. They may join environmental organizations, participate in protests, engage in advocacy efforts, or work towards raising awareness and promoting sustainable practices.

COMMUNITY BUILDING

Climate anxieties can also inspire individuals to engage with their communities. This can involve organizing local initiatives, participating in community resilience-building efforts, or working towards climate adaptation and mitigation strategies at the local level.

https://wp.technologyreview.com

LIFESTYLE CHANGE

Many people respond to climate anxieties by making changes to their own lifestyles. They may adopt sustainable habits such as reducing energy consumption, using renewable energy sources, practicing waste reduction, and making environmentally friendly choices in their daily lives.

https://www.enicbcmed.eu

EDUCATION AND AWARENESS

Some people respond to climate anxieties by seeking knowledge and understanding. They may educate themselves about climate science, policy, and solutions to better inform their actions. This can include reading books, attending workshops, following experts or organizations on social media, or engaging in discussions with peers.

RESPONSES to the CLIMATE ANXIETIES and COPING MECHANISM

https://static01.nyt.com

https://assets.website-files.com

POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT

Individuals may respond to climate anxieties by becoming politically engaged. They may vote for candidates with strong climate policies, engage in lobbying efforts, contact elected representatives, or work towards policy changes at local, national, or international levels.

EMOTIONAL COPING

https://www.e-elgar.com

Individuals may develop coping strategies to manage their climate anxieties. This can include seeking social support, discussing concerns with friends and family, joining support groups, or seeking professional help from therapists or counselors specializing in eco-anxiety or climate-related distress.

https://www.nhm.ac.uk

3.1 Plastic Anxiety

Community Building

Community building is important for responding to climate anxiety because it provides emotional support, fosters collective action, facilitates knowledge sharing, amplifies impact, raises awareness, promotes resilience, and acknowledges the interconnectedness of climate change with other societal issues.

Through community building, individuals can find strength, inspiration, and practical solutions to address climate challenges and create a sustainable future.

The Plastic Bank is a social enterprise that operates in multiple countries, including Haiti, Indonesia, and the Philippines. It establishes recycling centers where individuals can exchange plastic waste for goods and services, such as cash, cooking fuel, or even school tuition. The collected plastic is then recycled and transformed into new products.

Alliance to End Plastic Waste

The Alliance to End Plastic Waste is a global nonprofit organization that brings together companies, governments, and organizations from across the plastics value chain. They work collaboratively to develop and implement projects and initiatives to reduce plastic waste, improve recycling infrastructure, and promote sustainable practices.

https://assets.plasticbank.com

Precious Plastic

Precious Plastic is an open-source project that provides information, tools, and resources to empower individuals and communities to start their own small-scale plastic recycling operations. It offers blueprints for machines like shredders, extruders, and injection molders, allowing communities to recycle and transform plastic locally.

Plastics Europe

https://www.allaroundplastics.com

Plastics Europe is a trade association that represents plastics manufacturers in Europe. It serves as the voice of the European plastics industry, advocating for its interests and promoting the benefits of plastics. Plastics Europe engages with policymakers, stakeholders, and the public to shape policies, regulations, and standards related to plastics and to foster a sustainable and circular economy for plastics.

https://preciousplastic.com

Recycle Across America

Recycle Across America is a nonprofit organization that aims to standardize recycling bin labels across the United States. By creating clear and consistent labeling systems, they aim to reduce contamination in recycling streams and increase recycling rates.

The Plastic Bank RESPONSES to the CLIMATE ANXIETIES and COPING MECHANISM

https://static.wixstatic.com

https://plasticseurope.org

Ellen MacArthur Foundation

The Ellen MacArthur Foundation is an organization that works towards promoting the transition to a circular economy. They focus on various sectors, including plastics, and collaborate with businesses, governments, and academia to drive systemic change, innovation, and sustainable solutions for plastic waste.

https://rca-media.rca.ac.uk

3.1 Plastic Anxiety

Precious Plastic

Precious Plastic is a global community and open-source project that focuses on plastic recycling and the promotion of a circular economy. The community is comprised of individuals, groups, and organizations from around the world who are passionate about addressing the issue of plastic waste.

Precious Plastic provides open-source resources, including machine blueprints, educational materials, and forums, that empower individuals and communities to set up their own small-scale plastic recycling workshops. The community encourages people to build their recycling machines, such as shredders, extruders, and injection molders, using locally available materials and tools.

Open Source

OPEN-SOURCE

https://preciousplastic.com

Localised Recycling

https://preciousplastic.com

https://preciousplastic.com

The community shares knowledge, experiences, and best practices through its online platform and offline collaborations. Members of the Precious Plastic community engage in discussions, offer support, and share innovative ideas for plastic recycling, waste management, and sustainable design.

LOCALISED RECYCLING

https://preciousplastic.com https://preciousplastic.com https://preciousplastic.com

Communities

Micro and nano plastics in the air.

COMMUNITIES

https://preciousplastic.com https://preciousplastic.com https://preciousplastic.com

The ultimate goal of Precious Plastic is to create a global network of localised plastic recycling initiatives. By enabling communities to recycle plastic waste on a small scale, Precious Plastic aims to reduce plastic pollution, promote the reuse of materials, and create economic opportunities.

Precious Plastic is a community that brings together individuals and groups interested in plastic recycling and the circular economy. It provides open-source resources and fosters collaboration to empower communities to tackle plastic waste at a local level.

Collection Points

Collection Points gather plastic from neighbours, organisations and businesses to be processed by local Shredder Workspaces.

Workspace

https://www.allaroundplastics.com

A Precious Plastic workspace is where plastic gets transformed from waste into valuable raw materials or products. There are five different workspaces: Shredder, Extrusion, Sheetpress, Injection and Mix.

Community Points

https://plasticseurope.org

Community Points connect and grow the local recycling network. Strengthening the existing community while involving in more and more people.

https://rca-media.rca.ac.uk

3.2 5 Cities 5 Cities

Those are the 5 Cities that consume large amounts of plastics to satisfy different characters of desire and have different plastic waste recycling strategies.

Las Vegas, USA

Curitiba, Brazil

Indulgence

Passionate

distingtively

Los Angeles, USA Melbourne, Australia Oslo, Norway

3.3 3 Cities

Los Angeles

Los angeles faces several urban challenges including, traffic congestion, housing affordability, homelessness, air pollution, water scarcity, income inequality and crime.

Los Angeles is a diverse multicultural society, with a population of over 10 million people. The city is known for its entertainment industry. It is also a major centre for technology, finance, and international trade. However, Los Angeles faces social issues such as inequality, homelessness, air pollution especially crime, gang violence and racial tension in some areas of the city.

The city is divided into 15 city council districts, each of which is represented by an elected coun-

ncil member. The city has a strong mayor system, in which the mayor is elected separately from the city council members and has significant power to set the city’s agenda and make policy decisions

One of the largest manufacturing hubs in the United States, with a significant portion of the manufacturing sector, produces and consumes a lot of plastic. The plastic industry in Los Angeles manufactures a wide range of plastic products including packaging, containers, toys, medical devices, and more.

Plastic Manufacturing Climate Anxiety

However increasing climate anxiety has impacted the industry towards more sustainable manufacturing practices but mainly development of alternative substitutional materials to replace and ban the plastics.

Coping Strategy

However increasing climate anxiety has impacted the industry towards more sustainable manufacturing practices but mainly development of alternative substitutional materials to replace and ban the plastics.

3.3 3 Cities

Curitiba

Curitiba faces a range of urban challenges such as urban sprawl, where due to the rapid growth of the city, there are increase demand for infrastructure and public services.

Curitiba has made significant strides in waste management, but still faces challenges related to the disposal of organic waste and the need for more effective recycling systems. Curitiba is a diverse city with a population of over 1.9 million people. The city is known for its innovative urban planning and sustainability initiatives, which have helped to improve the quality of life for its residents. Curitiba has a strong sense of community, with many social programs and events aimed at bringing people together

The city has a strong cultural heritage, with a variety of museums, galleries, and performance venues showcasing local and national art and music. Despite those positive aspects, Curitiba also faces social challenges such as poverty, inequality, and crime.

The City has a mayor-council form of government, with the mayor being the head of the executive branch and the city council being the legislative body. Curitiba has a history of progressive politics, particularly in the area of urban planning and environmental policies.

Curitiba is not a major centre for the plastic production industry. But Curitiba faces urban challenges related to the disposal of plastic waste.

Plastic Waste Recycling Strategy

The city has implemented several programs aimed at reducing waste and promoting recycling. Curitiba Recycling Program involves a system of collection points throughout the city where residents can drop off recyclable materials, including plastic.

Urgent Urban Challenges

With the strong sense of community, many social programs and events aimed at bringing people together. However the city suffers from more urgent and critical issues such as urban sprawl, poverty, inequality and crime.

3.3 3 Cities Oslo

Oslo has set ambitious goals to become carbon-neutral by 2030, but this requires significant changes in how the city is run. At the same time Oslo suffer from housing problems, being one of the fastest growing citis in Europe, has led to a shortage of affordable housing.

Oslo is known for being a diverse and inclusive city, with a high standard of living and strong social welfare programs. The population is generally well-educated and the city is known for its progressive values and focus on sustainability. Oslo is known for its left-leaning tendencies and has a strong tradition of social democracy The city government is led by a mayor and city council, with a strong focus on citizen

participation and involvement in decision-making processes.

Oslo has a prosperous and diversified economy, with a mix of traditional industries such as shipping and maritime, as well as modern knowledge-based industries such as finance, ICT and renewable energy. Oslo is known for its thriving startup ecosystem, with many innovative and entrepreneurial companies emerging.

The city has placed a strong emphasis on waste reduction and management, implementing a comprehensive waste management system that includes a separate collection of organic waste, plastic, paper, and metal.

Plastic Anxiety

Norway, with a long coastline and numerous fjords(the narrow, deep inlets of the sea formed by glaciers), suffer from marine plastic pollution making Norwegian people highly eco-conscious and suffer from the climate anxiety of Plastic waste leakage to the environment.

Plastic Strategy

Oslo has placed a strong emphasis on waste reduction and management, implementing a comprehensive waste management system that includes a separate collection of organic waste, plastic, paper, and metal.

The plastic industry in Oslo is primarily focused on the production of plastic products, such as packaging materials, industrial components, and consumer goods.

Coping Strategy

Being a city that is diverse and inclusive, with a high standard of living and 97% of plastic bottle waste recycling rate makes Oslo the city for my project to give plastic waste new value for it to be desired.

3.4 Oslo

Plastic Consumption

Oslo’s plastic strategy report describes the plastic consumption and waste in 9 different industries ; Recreational, Textile, Packaging, Household products, Fisheries, Building Construction, Electronics, Vehicles and Agriculture.

3.5 Norwegian Plastic Recreational

The recreational industry in Norway includes outdoor activities such as tourism, sports, and leisure. Plastic consumption in this sector can include single-use items like water bottles, food packaging, and equipment. Efforts to reduce plastic waste in this industry often involve promoting reusable alternatives and encouraging responsible waste management practices.

Events and Festivals

EVENTS and FESTIVALS

Oslo hosts numerous events and festivals throughout the year, including music festivals, cultural celebrations, and sports events. Plastic waste generated from these events can be significant due to disposable food containers, cups, and packaging. However, efforts are being made to promote sustainable event management practices, including the use of compostable or reusable materials, recycling facilities, and waste management strategies that prioritize plastic waste reduction.

Recreational Facilities

RECREATIONAL FACILITIES

Oslo has a range of recreational facilities, including sports centers, swimming pools, and gyms. Plastic waste generated in these facilities can come from single-use water bottles, plastic packaging, and disposable towels. To address this, some facilities in Oslo have implemented measures such as installing water fountains or refill stations, encouraging the use of reusable towels, and promoting responsible waste management practices.

Outdoor Activities

OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES

Oslo is renowned for its outdoor activities, such as hiking, skiing, cycling, and boating. Plastic consumption in this industry can include single-use items like water bottles, food packaging, and picnic utensils. However, there has been a growing awareness and emphasis on reducing plastic waste in outdoor activities. Many outdoor enthusiasts in Oslo opt for reusable water bottles, food containers, and eco-friendly alternatives to reduce their plastic footprint.

Wallmans

Manefish

3.5 Norwegian Plastic Textile

Industry

Norway’s textile industry contributes to plastic consumption through the use of synthetic fibers such as polyester, nylon, and acrylic. However, Norway has been actively working towards a circular economy for textiles, aiming to reduce waste and increase recycling rates. This includes initiatives promoting sustainable production, extending the lifespan of textiles, and encouraging recycling programs.

SYNTHETIC FIBERS

The textile industry in Oslo, like in many other places, uses synthetic fibers such as polyester, nylon, and acrylic. These synthetic fibers are derived from petrochemicals and contribute to plastic consumption. When garments made from these fibers are washed, they can release microplastics into the environment, further contributing to plastic pollution.

3.5 Norwegian Plastic Packaging

Plastic packaging is commonly used in various sectors, including food and beverage, cosmetics, and household products. Norway has been implementing measures to reduce plastic packaging waste, such as encouraging the use of eco-friendly materials, promoting packaging reduction, and implementing extended producer responsibility schemes to enhance recycling and waste management practices.

PLASTIC PACKAGING

Plastic is commonly used in various forms of packaging in Oslo, including food packaging, beverage containers, personal care products, and household items. This includes items such as plastic bottles, plastic bags, plastic wraps, and blister packs. Plastic packaging contributes to plastic consumption and, if not properly managed, can result in plastic waste and pollution.

SINGLE-USE PLASTICS

Single-use plastics, which are often used in packaging, have a significant impact on plastic waste generation. Items such as single-use plastic bags, disposable food containers, and plastic cutlery are commonly used in Oslo. These single-use plastics are typically discarded after a single use, leading to increased plastic waste.

INFRASTRUCTURE

Oslo has a well-developed waste management system, including recycling infrastructure. The city has implemented separate collection systems for different types of waste, including plastic packaging waste. Residents are encouraged to separate their recyclable waste from general waste, allowing for proper recycling of plastic packaging.

3.5 Norwegian Plastic Fisheries

Norway has a significant fishing industry, and plastic waste can arise from fishing gear, nets, and packaging materials. The country has implemented measures to address this issue, including recycling programs for fishing gear, promoting responsible disposal practices, and exploring more sustainable alternatives for fishing gear materials.

FISHING GEAR

Plastic is commonly used in fishing gear such as nets, lines, ropes, and buoys. These items are essential for fishing operations but can contribute to plastic consumption and potentially become marine debris if not properly managed. Lost or discarded fishing gear, known as ghost gear, can persist in the marine environment, posing a threat to marine life and ecosystems.

GHOST GEAR RETRIEVAL

Efforts are being made to retrieve and properly dispose of ghost gear in Oslo’s fishing industry. Initiatives exist to raise awareness among fishermen about the impact of lost gear and promote responsible disposal practices to minimize the amount of ghost gear in the marine environment.

3.5 Norwegian Plastic

Household Products

Plastic consumption in household products includes items like kitchenware, cleaning supplies, and personal care products. Norway has been promoting the use of sustainable alternatives, encouraging responsible consumption, and implementing recycling programs to reduce plastic waste in this sector

PACKAGING

Plastic packaging is commonly used for household products, including cleaning agents, personal care items, and small appliances. This packaging includes plastic bottles, containers, blister packs, and shrink wraps. If not properly managed, plastic packaging contributes to plastic waste.

SINGLE-USE PLASTICS

Some household products, such as disposable cleaning wipes, plastic cutlery, and single-use personal care items, can contribute to plastic consumption and waste. These single-use plastics are often used briefly and discarded, leading to increased plastic waste.

Norway produces the most e-waste per household in Europe

ELECTRONIC WASTE

https://www.genevaenvironmentnet-https://img.oslo.kommune.no

https://cdn.xingosoftware.com

The household product industry also generates electronic waste (e-waste) when electronic devices and appliances reach the end of their lifecycle. E-waste can contain plastic components, including casings and cables, which contribute to plastic waste if not properly recycled or disposed of.

3.5

Norwegian Plastic Building Construction

Plastic materials are used in the construction industry for various purposes, including pipes, insulation, and fixtures. Norway has been working on promoting the use of sustainable building materials and implementing recycling initiatives for construction plastic waste to reduce environmental impact.

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

Plastic is used in various construction materials, including pipes, cables, insulation materials, roofing materials, and flooring. These materials contribute to plastic consumption in the construction industry. Plastic pipes, for example, are commonly used for plumbing systems, while plastic insulation materials provide thermal and sound insulation.

WASTE GENERATION

The construction industry generates a significant amount of waste, including plastic waste, during the construction process. This waste can come from packaging materials, construction site debris, and discarded or damaged materials. If not properly managed, construction waste can contribute to plastic pollution.

WASTE MANAGEMENT

Oslo has implemented regulations and guidelines for construction waste management. Construction companies are required to sort and separate waste materials, including plastic waste, at construction sites. Recycling facilities and programs exist to ensure proper disposal and recycling of construction-related plastics.

3.5

Norwegian Plastic Vehicle Industry

The vehicle industry contributes to plastic consumption through the production of tires, which contain synthetic materials. Norway has implemented tire recycling programs to ensure proper disposal and recycling of used tires, reducing the environmental impact of this particular plastic waste stream.

COMPONENTS

Plastic is widely used in the manufacturing of vehicles for various components and parts. This includes interior components such as dashboards, seats, door panels, and trims, as well as exterior parts like bumpers, mirrors, and grilles. Plastic consumption in the vehicle industry is primarily driven by the need for lightweight, durable, and cost-effective materials.

END-OF-LIFE VEHICLE

The vehicle industry generates plastic waste as vehicles reach the end of their life cycle and are disposed of or recycled. ELV waste includes plastic components that may be difficult to recycle due to the complexity of vehicle structures and the presence of mixed materials. Proper management of ELV waste is crucial to minimize environmental impacts.

RECYCLING and DISPOSAL

Oslo has regulations and guidelines for the proper disposal and recycling of end-of-life vehicles. Facilities and processes exist to dismantle and recycle vehicles, including the recovery of plastic components. Recycling efforts aim to minimize the amount of plastic waste generated from the vehicle industry and promote the circular economy approach.

3.5

Norwegian Plastic Electronics

Plastic is commonly used in electronic devices for housing, packaging, and components. Norway has implemented electronic waste management regulations, including recycling programs for electronic devices, to ensure proper disposal and recycling of plastic-containing electronics.

ELECTRONIC DEVICES

Plastic is commonly used in the manufacturing of electronic devices such as smartphones, computers, televisions, and home appliances. Plastic components include casings, bezels, buttons, cables, and connectors. Plastic consumption in the electronic industry is driven by the need for lightweight, durable, and cost-effective materials.

ELECTRONIC WASTE

The electronic industry generates significant amounts of electronic waste when devices become obsolete or reach the end of their life cycle. E-waste can contain plastic components, such as casings and accessories, which contribute to plastic waste if not properly recycled or disposed of.

EXTENDED

PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY

Norway has implemented an extended producer responsibility framework, which holds electronic manufacturers responsible for the proper management and recycling of their products, including plastic waste. Manufacturers are required to take responsibility for the environmental impact of their products throughout their lifecycle, including proper end-of-life management.

3.5 Norwegian Plastic Agriculture

Plastic is used in agriculture for purposes such as greenhouse films, mulch films, and irrigation systems. While efforts have been made to improve the recycling of agricultural plastic waste, there is still progress to be made in reducing plastic consumption and finding sustainable alternatives within this industry

GREENHOUSE CULTIVATION

In Oslo, like in many other regions, plastic materials are often used in greenhouse cultivation to create controlled environments for plant growth. Plastic films, sheets, or panels are employed to cover greenhouses, providing insulation, temperature control, and protection from external elements. These plastic materials are subject to wear and tear and may require replacement over time, resulting in plastic waste.

AGRICULTURAL PACKAGING

Plastic is commonly used in agricultural packaging, such as plastic bags, containers, trays, and wraps. These materials are utilized for packaging and transporting fruits, vegetables, and other agricultural products. While plastic packaging helps protect the produce, it can contribute to plastic waste if not properly managed.

MULCH FILMS

Plastic mulch films are used in agricultural practices to control weeds, conserve moisture, and regulate soil temperature. These films are laid on the ground to cover the soil around crops. Over time, they can break down and contribute to plastic waste in agricultural fields.

3. The Scene

CONCLUSION

Different coping mechanisms responding to the climate anxieties have been established. One of the strategies, community building has been leading people to recycling at home or with the local communities. Having access to the open source community has changed people’s lifestyle from their responsibility being end when dropping recycling waste to they’ll bring it further to manufacturing in order to help with their anxiety. With the highest plastic bottle recycling rate of 97%, Norwegian people have a high living standard with strong eco-consciousness making the ideal site to give recycled plastic new desirability.

In the next chapter, based on those current activities at the local plastic recycling and manufacturing communities, I will develop different architectural element manufacturing methods.

04. THE CHARACTERS of PLASTICITY

4.2 Physical Construct 04

4.1 Recycled Plastic Catenary THE DESIGN

4.1 Recycled Plastic Catenary

Melting Catenary

I designed adjustable beams along the curved surface to allow different levels. Then with the support from the textile layer, plastic panels will be laid on top then as the heat is applied, those panels will sag in between the beams creating catenary structures.

4.1 Recycled Plastic Catenary

Melting Catenary

I designed adjustable beams along the curved surface to allow different levels. Then with the support from the textile layer, plastic panels will be laid on top then as the heat is applied, those panels will sag in between the beams creating catenary structures.

4.1 Recycled Plastic Catenary

1:1 Panel

I designed adjustable beams along the curved surface to allow different levels. Then with the support from the textile layer, plastic panels will be laid on top then as the heat is applied, those panels will sag in between the beams creating catenary structures.

4.1 Recycled Plastic Catenary

1:1 Panel

I designed adjustable beams along the curved surface to allow different levels. Then with the support from the textile layer, plastic panels will be laid on top then as the heat is applied, those panels will sag in between the beams creating catenary structures.

4.1 Recycled Plastic Catenary

1:1 Panel

4.1 Recycled Plastic Catenary

1:2 Panel

I designed adjustable beams along the curved surface to allow different levels. Then with the support from the textile layer, plastic panels will be laid on top then as the heat is applied, those panels will sag in between the beams creating catenary structures.

4.1 Recycled Plastic Catenary

1:2 Panel

4.1 Recycled Plastic Catenary

Textures

4.2 Physical Construct 04

Physical Construct 04

Roof Panels

Facade Panels

Ceiling

4. The Characters of Plasticity

CONCLUSION

In this chapter, I have developed a melting catenary production method relying on the heat, time and the gravity. Different tensile surfaces support the melting plastic panels on top as the deformation is controlled by the amount of heat and the time it’s applied.

And through the physical construct, different elevation points and thicknesses and patterns are integrated to the catenary production method to create specific curvatures and to curate melting behaviour.

In the next chapter, the local recycling and production community are adapted to the structure and located in the centre of Oslo maximise the recyclability of plastic waste and stop it from leaking to the environment.

5.4

5.1

5.2

2.

3.

1.

5.4 Space of Observation

Tertiary Space

5.5 Community Space

Secondary Space

5.6 Workshop Space

Primary Space

4. The Characters of Plasticity

CONCLUSION

In this chapter, in order to use different purity levels of plastic waste as raw material, I have researched the material properties of plastic and its uses within the construction industry.

Although plastic is mainly used for inner pipes, interior panels due to its durability, by suggesting different purity levels of plastic waste, I found a potential where less pure plastic waste can be used as exterior facade and other structural elements.

One of the biggest problems with plastic waste in the environment is its durability, where it’ll never disappear. However when it comes to construction, again it’s the durability of plastic where it won’t be as durable as other material to stand outdoor condition that is stopping plastic from being used as exterior material.

In the next chapters, I will be exploring the relationship between these two different perspectives with different scale, production method and structures.

06. THE AFTERMATH

4. The Characters of Plasticity

CONCLUSION

In this chapter, in order to use different purity levels of plastic waste as raw material, I have researched the material properties of plastic and its uses within the construction industry.

Although plastic is mainly used for inner pipes, interior panels due to its durability, by suggesting different purity levels of plastic waste, I found a potential where less pure plastic waste can be used as exterior facade and other structural elements.

One of the biggest problems with plastic waste in the environment is its durability, where it’ll never disappear. However when it comes to construction, again it’s the durability of plastic where it won’t be as durable as other material to stand outdoor condition that is stopping plastic from being used as exterior material.

In the next chapters, I will be exploring the relationship between these two different perspectives with different scale, production method and structures.

Bibliography

Accumulation : the material politics of plastic

Gabrys, Jennifer

Waste : a philosophy of things

Viney, William

Waste age : What can design do?

McGuirk, Justin

Melting Architecture

Cook, Peter

Sensitive matter : foams, gels, liquid crystals, and other miracles

Mitov, Michel

Synthetic worlds : nature, art and the chemical industry

Leslie, Esther

Softspace : from a representation of form to simulation of space

Lally, Sean

Norwegian architecture, past and present

KAVLI, Guthorm

The ecology of building materials

Gronvold, Ulf

Hypersurfac architecture 2

Perrella, Stephen

Antonio Gaudi

Asensio, Cerver, Francisco

Thanks to

Andrew Yau

Jonas Lundberg

Kayu Chan

Javier Castanon

Giles Bruce

Nacho Marti

David Illingworth

Anna Font-Vacas

Camila Rock

Tom Raymont

Joana Carla Soares Goncalves

Sho Ito

Dr Alan Harries