Building construction 2 project 1 report

GROUP MEMBERS AIDA JUNITA BINTI ZULKIFLEE KHOR YEN MIN KOOI YONG KAI LAI YIK XIN NG KE NING NG ZHENG SI

STUDENT ID 0317766 0318149 0323152 0323388 0323015 0322585

TOPIC 01 Introduction 01.1 Introduction to Project 02 Design Process & Materials 02.1 Design Concept 02.2 Design Process 02.3 Final Design 02.3.1 Design Consideration 02.4 Materials 02.4.1 List of Joints & Connectors 03 Construction Process 03.1 Ground Beam 03.2 Column to Ground Beam 03.3 Pad Footing 03.4 Column to Pad Footing 03.5 Beam to Column 03.6 Roof Structure 03.7 Roof to Beams 03.8 Roof Membrane to Roof Structure 03.9 Seats 03.10 Display Panel 04 Construction Details 04.1 Construction Details 05 Test Results & Analysis 05.1 Test Results 05.2 Conclusion 06 References 06.1 References 07 Appendix

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Understanding of skeletal construction and its structural significance for building support is vital, particularly to designers and their designs. To develop the understanding of this structural system, Project 1 of the Building Construction II module requires students to construct a temporary bus shelter according to the given specifications.

The shelter should be constructed to accommodate between 5 to 6 people, with maximum height of 400mm, maximum base size of 400mm by 800mm and elevated at least 50mm from the ground.

For our temporary bus shelter, the design is focused on demonstrating its skeletal structure’s ability to withstand and react effectively under loading as well as its ability to accomplish the function of a bus shelter efficiently.

The following are the objectives of this project: 1.

2.

3.

4.

To create an understanding of skeletal structure and its relevant structural component.

To understand how a skeletal structure reacts under loading.

To demonstrate a convincing understanding of how skeletal construction works.

To be able to manipulate skeletal construction to solve an oblique design problem.

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The concept of our temporary bus shelter design is aimed towards creating a user friendly bus shelter, in terms of convenience and efficiency for the users. We have carefully analyzed our final design to be able to accommodate at least 5 to 6 people and to suit the comfort of the users.

Before finalizing on the final design for the temporary bus shelter, our group came up with a few design ideas.

The following are the initial design ideas (mock-ups).

Design Idea 1 Mock-up

Design Idea 2 Mock-up

FIGURE 02.2.1: DESIGN IDEA 1

FIGURE 02.2.2: DESIGN IDEA 2

Design Idea 1 was a basic skeletal structure which only fulfilled the necessary requirements.

For this design, bamboo was considered as an option for the material of the skeletal structure but was not chosen due to longer and tedious process of treatment before it is ready to be used.

Our group also took into consideration ways to maximise the use of space within the boundary given.

Design Idea 2 included better circulation and accessibility for the users. A section between the seats is left exposed in order to provide better circulation.

Structurally, the skeletal construction demonstrated better force and load distribution.

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After careful consideration of the appropriate materials and construction elements to be used for our temporary bus shelter, our group has decided to proceed with the following design (Figure 02.3.1).

For the final design, our group has chosen steel as the primary material for our skeletal structure - steel C channel for the ground beam, steel tubes for both the main and secondary columns, beams and roof structure. PVC coated polyester fabric and fibreglass are used for the roof membrane and seats, respectively.

FUNCTION 1. For public use 2. As a shelter and shade from sun, rain and wind FORM The two combination of forms used for the design of our temporary bus shelter are ellipsoid and triangular prism.

VISIBILITY One side of the bus shelter is curved and facing the direction of incoming traffic to allow visibility for users to be able to see buses coming.

ACCESSIBILITY An exposed section in between the seats allows for easier accessibility (both in and out of the shelter) for users.

The curved design also ensures that the view of approaching buses is not obstructed.

FIGURE 02.3.1: FINAL DESIGN

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For our interim presentation design, our temporary bus shelter design used pad footing (column to base plate and concrete footing - grout), for each column structure, as shown in Figure 02.3.2.

FOUNDATION DESIGN CONSIDERATION After the interim presentation, we were advised to use steel C channel for the ground beam structure (Figure 02.3.3).

FIGURE 02.3.2: PAD FOOTING WITH BASE PLATE – COLUMN TO FOUNDATION

FIGURE 02.3.3: C CHANNEL AS THE GROUND BEAM For our final design model, we proceeded with the steel C channel (represented by plastic wire casing) for our ground beam structure.

The ground beam structure, together with the secondary columns pad footings will then be embedded with concrete to make up the foundation for the bus shelter structure (as illustrated in Figure 02.3.4).

FIGURE 02.3.4: 3D MODELLING OF THE BUS SHELTER

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Following the design of our bus shelter, we have decided to use mild steel as the primary material for the skeletal structure.

Steel construction is suitable to be used in temporary structures as these are quick to set up and remove. However, as we are encouraged to use recycled materials, we chose to use plastic pipes in representation of the steel skeletal structures.

PLASTIC PIPES

PLASTIC TUBES

WIRE CASING

Plastic pipes are used to represent steel tubes (diameter of 3 inches) for both primary and secondary columns, as well as beams.

Plastic tubes are used to represent the steel tubes (diameter of 3 inches) for the roof structures, as it is easier to bend into curve form.

Wire casing is used to represent the steel C channel for the ground beams.

Mild steel is immensely strong, which is a fundamental quality for skeletal construction to possess. Another important characteristics of steel is its flexibility, as it allows for the structure to bend without cracking. This is essential as the design of our temporary bus shelter include a curvy form. Its flexibility also makes it very good at resisting dynamic (changing) forces such as wind or earthquake forces, which allows the structure to withstand those forces applied.

Apart from that, steel has no chemical reaction and highly durable. Other advantages of steel skeletal structures include its ability to be assembled and built on site easily, as a lot of its construction can be pre-fabricated at the factory.

Considering the fact that our temporary bus shelter involves a combination of forms in its design, steel makes an excellent choice of material for our group as a wide range of ready-made structural sections are available, such as C sections (for use of our ground beam) and bend steel tube (for the roof structure). The wide range of joining methods (bolting and welding) is also 6 beneficial to our design.

CANVAS

PERSPEX

Canvas is used to represent PVC coated polyester fabric which is used for the roof membrane of the temporary bus shelter.

Perspex is used to represent fibreglass which is used for the seats and display panels of the temporary bus shelter.

PVC coated polyester fabric is used for the roof membrane as it is weather resistant, which prevents rainwater from seeping through. Its strength and durability are also important qualities needed in structure coverings as they need to protect and shade both the structure and users from weather elements.

To sum up, the materials we have chosen to be used for our temporary bus shelter are materials which are ideal for a stable and strong skeletal structure as well as resistant for outdoor use.

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ANGLED BRACKETS

NUTS AND BOLTS

NUTS AND BOLTS

SCREWS

SPLIT KEY RINGS

EYELETS

SCREW EYES CLOSED HOOKS

METAL SWIVEL HOOK

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GROUND BEAM

MAIN COLUMN TO GROUND BEAM

The ground beam, wire casing (steel C channel) are connected by using angled brackets and bolts and nuts.

Main columns, plastic pipes (steel tubes) are connected to the ground beam by using brackets and bolts and nuts.

SECONDARY COLUMN TO PAD FOOTING

BEAM TO COLUMN

Secondary columns are slotted into bigger tubes which are embedded in concrete pad footing. The secondary columns are then secured to the bigger tubes with bolts and nuts.

Beams are connected to the columns by using customized PVC pipe fittings (steel pipe fittings) and bolts and nuts.

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ROOF STRUCTURE TO BEAM

ROOF MEMBRANE

The roof structure, plastic tubes (bent steel tube) are connected to the beams by using customized PVC pipe fittings (steel pipe fittings) and bolts and nuts.

The roof membrane, canvas (PVC coated polyester fabric), is attached to the roof structure by embedding eyelets onto the canvas, which is then hooked onto the screw eye closed hooks.

SEATS

DISPLAY PANEL

The seats, Perspex (fibreglass) is connected to the skeletal structure (lower beams) using brackets and bolts and nuts.

The display panel, Perspex (fibreglass) is connected to the skeletal structure (columns) using brackets and bolts and nuts.

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Angled bracket are bolted to connect the wire casings together (steel C channels).

Two angled brackets are bolted on both sides of the main column.

Inner view of the joint.

Complete frame of C channels for the ground beam.

The angled brackets are then bolted onto the ground beam.

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35x25x25 frame work is made according to the size of the pad footing.

Concrete mixture is poured and a PVC pipe (steel tube) is placed in the middle of the frame work.

Secondary column is fitted into the fitting on the pad footing.

The secondary column bolted to the pad footings.

Completed pad footing.

is

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Customized PVC pipe fitting (steel pipe fitting) is used to connect the beam to column.

It is bolted at each ends to secure the connection.

Complete installation of beams to columns.

PVC pipe fitting (steel pipe fitting) and plastic tube (bent steel tube) is used to form the roof structure.

Hooks are placed at each sides for roof structure.

An arched roof structure is formed.

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Roof structure is connected onto beams.

Bolts and nuts are used to secure the roof to the beams.

Complete installation of roof to the beams.

Ten holes are punched on the canvas (PVC coated polyester fabric). Eyelets are used to prevent it from tearing.

A ring attached with a clip is then ringed on the holes.

Complete installation of roof membrane to roof structure.

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Clear Perspex (Polyfibre glass) is used for the seats.

Two angled brackets are bolted on the lower beam.

Clear Perspex (Polyfibre glass) is used for the display panel.

A complete display panel.

installation

A complete installation of the seats.

of

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MAIN COLUMN TO GROUND BEAM

ROOF STRUCTURE TO BEAM

SECONDARY COLUMN TO PAD FOOTING

SEATS.

ROOF MEMBRANE

BEAM TO COLUMN

GROUND BEAM

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FIGURE 05.1.1

FIGURE 05.1.2

Figure 05.1.1 shows the load being evenly distributed to the four main columns to the ground beam (C channel).

Figure 05.1.2 shows the load of the roof structure being supported by the four main columns.

Both figures show the load transfer to the support beams at all sides. The main tension span in both directions, parallel to the length and the width of the structure.

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Through this project, we have learned the following outcomes: 1.

2.

3.

To apply construction system in our temporary bus shelter design.

The ability to recognize the significance of construction systems in our temporary bus shelter design.

To analyze strength and stability of structures, particularly the force and load distribution throughout the skeletal structure of our temporary bus shelter.

All in all, Project 1 of Building Construction II module has taught us to undergo the process of critical thinking and problem solving.

Not only did we manage to overcome the problems and difficulties in constructing the bus shelter model, we were also able to solve the force and load distribution in order to produce a strong and stable skeletal construction for our temporary bus shelter.

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Ching, F., & Adams, C. (2001). Building construction illustrated (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley.

Neufert, E. (2012). Neufert Architects' data. Oxford: Blackwell Science.

Understandconstruction. (2016). Steel Frame Structures. Retrieved April 24, 2016, from http://www.understandconstruction.com/steel-frame-structures.html

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FIGURE 07.1.1: MODEL PERSPECTIVE

FIGURE 07.1.3: EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC FIGURE 07.1.2: STRUCTURAL PERSPECTIVE

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FIGURE 07.1.4: FRONT VIEW OF MODEL

FIGURE 07.1.5: PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF MODEL

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