2018 SEM1
YIFEI XU 825646
STUDIO: AIR
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CONTENT Introduction A1. Designing Future A2. Computation A3. From Composition To Generation A4. Conclusion A5. Learning Outcome A6. Appendix
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I N TR OD UC TI ON Hi, I’m Frank, a third-year student and majoring in architecture at the University of Melbourne. I interest lie in the teardown of electrical devices and many other things. I am fascinated to learn how they are built and how they worked. This hobby drives me to explore the world of architecture. Meanwhile, I am from Nanjing which is a well-developed city in China. Many wonderful buildings were built there. I was wondering how they were built and why they can be built in such height. They gave me a lot of motivation to step into this field of architecture.
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Case For INNOVATION
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A1.Designing Future In Fry’s reading, the humankind uses 25% faster of renewable resources out of the resource renew rate.1 And because the population in the whole world counts in billions, the designing future will mainly around the sustainability.
Sustainable design will be the theme of the future design. Apart from it, computation will be the method to speed up the design and construction processes and generate the complex project to create the variety of possibility of architecture. Computation makes the strange-shape building into reality. Because many teams create their own algorithm to design their building. Moreover, some algorithm can simulate the possible changes of architecture like install solar panels and sky garden to suit a sustainable environment. Furthermore, prefabrication is the sustainable way of future construction manner. For instance, a building has 57 floors and it had been built within 19 days in Hunan, China.2 The prefabrication makes this happened in the reality. Materials are treated in one centralized factory could help reduce emission. The reduction of working days of construction will make surrounding neighbourhood to suffer less noise and dust.
Hence, the future design is about simulating everything and achieve sustainability through the design process for the good to all humankind.
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1.11 LOS ANGELES RAMS STADIUM - HKS
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Even though the Los Angeles Ran Stadium does not exist at this moment. It changed many people’s conventional idea about how “rigid stadium” looks like. It has a visually dramatic roof, as it is attached to the ground but not a circle in the air like others. The shape of the stadium is radical and revolutionary.
Meanwhile, urbanist Mia Lehrer designed an extensive collection of greenery and trees from inside to outside with a fluid outline. They create the unique shape and the great environment for the stadium.3
HKS did many challenging designs in this project. The bold idea is the HKS need to sink the architecture 100 feet into the ground and give it a sweeping, transparent roof. FIG 1.1
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The stadium is about sustainability, apart
landmark building in Southern California.
from the greenery design, the roof design is multifunctional. It cut down aeroplanes’
People valued the stadium as the facility
noise, keep the rain out and the most impor-
for watching a football game. But it is not
tant function is it allowed the great California
enough. The performance venue and about
sunlight into the building instead of artificial
12,500 parking lots will be built and be the
light and it can save massive energy. Interest-
heart of the development. Besides, further
ingly, the huge NFL letters are shown on
construction will add residential buildings, a
the roof facing the air as a billboard from Le
hotel, office, retail spaces and a civic square
Corbusier’s idea which is the roof can be “fifth
on the Western edge of the stadium. These
facade”.
ancillary facilities keep the stadium functional and operational while the game is held in
This stadium itself has a capacity of 70,000
the stadium for massive people’s need. And
and if it needs, the number can be expanded
it will be the promotion of attracting people
to 100,000.3 This is not just number to
to live in this area when no games are held
architect, it means the internal design will be
in the stadium. Moreover, the stadium will
well-arranged and ancillary facilities such as
be connected to the main highway, so the
a huge car park and restaurants are required.
stadium is not only about the Super Bowls, it
However, the most challenge part is how
about the future of Inglewood.
HKS make this stadium knit into the civic and cultural life of Inglewood rather than another
FIG 1.2
FIG 1.3
FIG 1.4
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1.12 PHILIPS PAVILION - LE CORBUSIER AND XENAKIS (1958)
Philips Pavilion was designed and constructed for Expo in 1958. The main idea of Expo 58 is science, cavillation and humanity. Philips pavilion was the combination of these themes and be illustrated to the public by Le Corbusier and Lannis Xenakis. The architecture itself is profound in 1958. The radical shape is like the stomach of a cow with the resulting basic form of a mathematical algorithm form. This is the instigate change during the times because the most architects were using paper, pencil and ruler to design regular-shape house.
FIG 1.5
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Moreover, the structure is made with a combination of steel and reinforces the concrete system. The complexity of the pavilion is impossible to build a conventional poured concrete structure. Xenakis and his engineer create a system of the prefabricated concrete panel because the method of using prefabricated panels was easy to implement. These methods should be appreciated by following architects. Since the future designing is computation and prefabrication. Computation which can speed up the design process and generate the complex project. Meanwhile, the prefabrication makes construction process easier due some process can be done in
the factory and only need to be assembled in the site in a sustainable way to build architecture. The result was a building built quickly and efficiently to meet all both visually and acoustically requirements.5 Philips pavilion is disassembled at the following year because people thought its structure cannot deal with the low temperature in the winter. The original function is valued by people as they have a wonderful tour in the pavilion In just 10 minutes to show the main ideas of Expo.
FIG 1.6
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FIG 1.7
FIG 1.8
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A2. COMPUTATION
NATURE
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Computer designing is the key to modern archi-
Furthermore, computation can simulate all envi-
tecture design. Most architect use computer to
ronmental impact to architecture and architects
design internal and external space, simulate the
even can design their own algorithms to design
environmental impact. As computation is spread-
their unique or performance required buildings.
ing widely, architecture is redefined via many
In the meantime, these architects earned the
algorithms simulated into a variety of buildings.
open future as the software engineer that famil-
Moreover, the computerized design plan made
iar to the field of architecture.
prefabrication is possible, and it could speed construction process and reduce emission.
Overview of the 3D model of Manhattan Untied States of America FIG 1.9
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1.21ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion 2016-17
FIG 1.10
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FIG 1.11
What ICD/ITKE did is different from 2012’s. For instance, spider’s thread has the incredible tensile strength in the natural world, even there is no artificial material can be compared. Therefore, ICD and ITKE began their research from Animalia kingdom. They chose leaf miner caterpillar’s string as the example of their construction frame. The string attached to the bent leaf and the fibre anchoring the leaf becomes a cocoon. They study the volumetric winding, fibre directionality and edge reinforcement of its string to simulate the pavilion in the reality. The volumetric winding makes the largest areas of limited resources is possible. The fibre directionality research leads to principal stresses analysis and they chose to use primary carbon ribs with a glass body. Moreover, the research of edge reinforcement leads to folding edges above the carbon ribs. ICD/ITKE’s work is revolutionary and radical to the present day. They used the programmable, self-assembled robot and a drone which is special skills required, carbon fibre which is expensive to make a pavilion. These cause It is hard to replicate and cost too much for normal constructions. however, if the pattern of weave can be programmed and be replicated, for example, in the design of bridges. In the future, the construction of the bridge is no need to have the manpower and the bridge has the advantage of lightweight, high strength and a relatively long lifespan.6
FIG 1.12
This high-end pavilion illustrates how bionic can help people to create a safe, lightweight and solid structure. It spreads the idea that bionic technology can create a sustainable design future because bionic structure provides more solid strength but require less material and it leads to much less emission and this will change the situation that described in the Fry’s book.
FIG 1.13
Even this pavilion is the demonstration of the bionic future, it provides the basic function of a pavilion which is a shelter in the real world. People can take a rest under this pavilion. It is not a dump like some other exhibit.
FIG 1.14
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1.22 Mesh Mould: Robotically fabricated metal meshes Computation helps architect in many
make less workload and speed up the
processes but it could help construction
construction process. The team design an
process and save money and reduce
algorithm to generate the best option of
waste. 7Mesh mould affect fabrication
the steel structure to reinforce concrete
process in architecture to achieve sustain-
element after simulating the possibil-
ability. In old days, people use the tempo-
ity and performance of the structure.
rary mould to make reinforced concrete
Meanwhile, it can adjust to any situation
fixed. However, temporary mould will
after algorithm finished. This design will
break someday and it becomes the liabil-
give architect an open future to an algo-
ity of environment. Mesh mould redefine
rithm designer, a software engineer or a
the practice that it is the reinforcement
structure specialist but they are familiar
and it can hold concrete tie until it fixes
with the field of architecture which can
to become an architectural element.
cooperate to other teams to make unique architecture in the future.
Mesh mould makes prefabrication is more likely into reality because prefabri-
FIG 1.15
cation will let fabricate work be done in a factory which leads less emission. It, also,
FIG 1.16
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FIG 1.17
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A3. FROM COMPOSITION TO GENRATION
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FIG 1.18 Using software to design algorithm to generation design At present days, the design process is not only used paper to sketch and using paper to leads construction. People use a computer to deal with highly complex situations. Computation gives architect capacity to generate complex order, form and structure. Computation is becoming a new method for an architect to design large project to speed up the design and construction processes to save the cost. “Architecture is currently experiencing a shift from the drawing to the algorithm as the method of capturing and communicating designs.” The architect should use algorithmic thinking to deal with future designing. Moreover, parametric design is a process based on algorithmic thinking that enables the expression of parameters and rules that, together, define, encode and clarify the relationship between design intent and design response. 8 In the future, architecture design will be more complex and more sustainable. Many algorithms were combined to design an architecture was never existed before. There are some examples will be illustrated below.
“When architects have a sufficient understanding of algorithmic concepts, when we no longer need to discuss the digital as something different, then computation can become a true method of design for architecture.”9
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Bonatti Bivouc A wooden shelter at the altitude of 2735m FIG 1.19
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At the altitude of 2735m, a wooden house was built by architecture student. It provides the temporary refuge shelter for the a Neuve’s glacier. This wooden house only using wooden material without any steel junctions. According to theoretical architect semper said, their design uses the joints to form a piece of architecture.10 Since wooden material can resist reformation rather than other material. Hence, it is the suitable solution for high altitude shelter and can be reused for a long time. The team of students design a seemingly com-
plex system to generate the design. This parametric algorithm can be used by other people. By changing some value, they can replicate this design and built this shelter in any part of the world. Replicable is the advantage that never be imaged in the old era. Easy install process only use simple tools is the cons. However, it requires special skill like knowing the meaning of each value and be able to use the basic function of grasshopper. Moreover, if some people want to replicate, they should have ability to cut wooden materials precisely which may require special machine.
FIG 1.20
FIG 1.22
FIG 1.21
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FIG 1.23
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FIG 1.24
FIG 1.25
FIG 1.26
CNC-Milled Screen Wall A wall from big date People are hard to image how big date involve into architecture design process. However, in the corporation IBM, they design an algorithm to analysis big date from Watson to use CNC mailed overlapping sets of lines to create the unique screen wall. This screen wall actually combination of two layers of aluminum screens and create an intricate screen of information that is lit from between the two layers.11 It is the indication of representing a massive date set. And opens an entire discussion about the role of the human in the sea of informa-
tion we create every day. The advantages are architects can create variety architectures by designing different algorithm in parametric software to show their thought. The result of algorithm can be change and replicate by another big data. However, it requires CNC cutting machine and special skills of treating big data. And the most important thing is the possibility of leaking out private information is increasing by widely using big data.
FIG 1.27
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A4. CONCLUSION While architect has a good idea, he can draw it down and simulate key data by using calculator. If something is changed, he may need to calculate them all again to fix the result. Thanks to computation nowadays, architects just need to use parametric software to simulate key data and change them in seconds if needs. Meanwhile, it quickens the process from paper to real buildings and it can tear complex project down to teamwork, allowing more possibility in architecture. Even though the exist parametric software cannot fulfill architects’ need, they can design their own algorithm to create their own project. This situation makes the variety and the open designing of architecture because they can simulate everything in the computer same as the reality. Moreover, computation can modular architectural element and produce them in centralized factory which can make less emission to achieve sustainability.
A5. Learning Outcome In a few weeks, I learned what and how architecture history is rewritten by computation. By using grasshopper, the ideas in the past can be simulated in the software in the ways that I even not think about. Some complex model is hard to achieve in Rhino through hundreds of clicks but in seconds in the Grasshopper. I learned the future is about computation and simulating everything to a better modern and sustainable outcome compare to old manmade projects. The computation means variety and different possibility of architecture. I should use these tools in a better way to boost my design process and design better projects.
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A6. Appendix
The logic of the tower is to create a rectangle first, then two groups of arrays of rectangular parts are used to generate floor edge lines of each layer of the tower, one group is rotated layer by layer clockwise, and the other group is rotated layer by layer anticlockwise to extrude the cover of the two groups of rotating floor edge lines to generate a corresponding floor structure. And finally extracting the vertex of the edge line of the floor, and vertically connecting the vertices to generate a support rod structure of the edge
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Several line segments are generated by the coordinates of the points, the distribution position of the points on the straight line is influenced by the function curve, then the points are connected into a curve again, a surface with undulations is generated by loft lofting, the surface is subdivided, the edge of the generated sub-surface is taken as a frame of a roof, two groups of triangles are created by four vertexes of the sub - surface, the two groups of triangles are extruded downwards to generate a surface, four supporting points are found at four corner positions of the ground, and the supporting pillars are generated correspondingly by connecting the angles to the vertexes of the sub-surface through judging the closest points of the corner points to the vertexes of the subsurface
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