Thesis design for MA Architecure and Urbanism 19-20 - Ancoats Agricultural Community

ANCOATS AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITY —— Vegetable, Neighbourhood and Gardening

Ying Chen 18053037 MA Architecture + Urbanism

Acknowledgments I really appreciate my tutor Yun Wu, whose professional insight and knowledge always inspire me. Thank you so much for encouraging me and ac co m p a n y i n g m e t o o ve r co m e the difficulties encountered in design.

Thanks to my tutor Claudio Molina Camacho, for giving me lots of bright ideas in studio B. Special thanks to my roommate Yiyin Liu for helping me both in life and study.

CONTENTS

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Introduction Context & Location Urban Issues Gentrification Lack of Public Green Space Traffic Issue General Strategy Precedent Site Analysis Site in Photos Site Model Project Key Concept - Garden + Development Sketches Masterplan Section Buiding Function Materials Analysis Plants Analysis Key Areas Perspective Views Epilogue Reflection

Introduction “The question, ‘How will we live together?’ …Every generation asks it and answers it differently. More recently rapidly changing social norms, growing political polarization, climate change, and vast global inequalities are making us ask this question more urgently and at different scales than before…”

——HASHIM SARKIS

1

2020 is destined to be an extraordinary year in t when the coronavirus swept the world, we realize inequality is still playing out, with widening politic generously live together is a question worthy of c

Living and studying in Manchester made me feel the ch to transform nature on a large scale, cities have started Park in Ancoats and try to respond to some specific urb live together.

he history of human development. When the wildfires in Australia spread, when locusts hit West Africa hard, and ed the force of human beings is insignificant for nature, and everyone is equal before disasters. At the same time, al divides, growing economic disparities, and racial discrimination. In this context, creating spaces in which we can onsideration by all architects and related practitioners. How will we live with nature? How will people live together?

harm of this city and learn about the history of the industrial revolution. Since the Industrial Revolution, human beings have begun d to expand, and a series of urban problems have followed. This portfolio's purpose is to present a project in the Central Retail ban issues. In parallel, put space first and look at the way architecture shapes inhabitation for potential models for how we could

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Context & Location Ancoats As mentioned, this project takes place in Ancoats, Manchester. It used to be the first industrial suburb with rich industrial culture; however, it is now a post-industrial site on the edge of the city centre.

This place is also linked to almost all urban regeneration policies in the UK. Especially in the past 20 years, a series of regeneration projects represented by Urban Splash have been carried out here. Nowadays, here is an area where tradition and modernity blend.

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In the initial research, I found that Ancoats is a controversial place. When looking at Google Maps, I thought there should be a lot of public space here, but locals complained about the lack of public space on social media. It hailed as “one of Manchester’s most promising areas� by The Sunday Times (Splash, 2019) after a series of regeneration; however, some original residents also complained that they were unable to afford to live in the area and blame the new residents (Ryan,2017). These drove me to think about what kind of urban regeneration people need and what kind of urban public space people need?

Ancoats' Former Central Retail Park The project site used to be the central retail park. It has played an essential role in the continuous development and revitalization of Manchester since it was completed in 1989. However, it has seen a decline in recent years in terms of both retailer representation and physical condition. Manchester City Council (MCC) started to appraise this place's potential since 2005 and has put forward many development plans, but each of those options has encountered viability challenges.

The last time this site sparked heated debate was because Town Hall planned to turn it into a car park temporarily, thousands of people were opposing this plan. The public also considered the new schemes introduced later unable to meet their demands.

I am thinking about creating something that meets people's needs and environmentally friendly.

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uRBAN Issues - Gentrification

£1M+

under

£750k+

no sa

£500k+

City C

£400k+

Regio

£300k+ £200k+ £150k+ £75k+

Map of House Prices in Manchester (Plumplot, 2020) 5

r ÂŁ75k+

ales

Centre

As time progresses and increasing amounts of international and national investment-fuelled development engulfs the city centre, Greater Manchester’s growth is gaining momentum. Gentrification inevitably occurred in Manchester under the capitalized regeneration. As house prices rising, it is increasingly difficult for ordinary families to afford housing in the city centre. Gentrification could lead to population migration and displacement, when affuent groups displace lower-income residents.

The price map (left) shows the average property price in a given postcode sector between July 2019 - June 2020(Plumplot,2020). From the figure, we can see that the average cost of houses in the city centre is 150k+, while the average price of Ancoats is even higher than 200k. The comparison between Ancoats and Manchester (Below) confirms this point. The phenomenon of gentrification in Ancoats is even more obvious.

Average House Price Paid

Data source: Zoopla,2020

Ancoats Manchester

2000

60%

2010

2010

Children in Low Income Families

50%

53%

40%

40%

30% 20% 10% 0%

2015

2020

22%

28%

23%

2020

Today Ancoats is a beautiful living environmentt, where the new middle class has gradually replacesdthe original residents. However, the sense of community is gradually weakening and neighbourhoods subject to the gentrification process,

15%

2010

England2020

2010

2020 Manchester

onal Centre

England

Manchester

Data source: Manchester City Council,2020

2010

2020

Ancoats

I'm thinking about what activities can attract people who live here to participate so that the sense of community will increase.

Besides, on the field trip, the people talking on the cutting room square chairs and the people having a picnic on the grass of Cotton Field Park Ancoats & Beswick attracted my attention. I realized people are keen on public space.

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uRBAN Issues - Lack of Public Green Sp

The public space of the city centre of Manchester is limited. In particular, there is very little green space there. On weekends in good weather, you can see the square and the park full of people. These show people's need for public space, especially green space.

In the study, public opening spaces are divided into two categories based on the accessibility. Their vegetation coverage is obtained based on observations, as shown in the picture on the right. Ancoats has many industrial relics, and the courtyard space is private, while Cutting Room Square is one of the gathering places of residents, but it lacks green plants.

City

Reg

Gard

Gree

Map of Current Public Green Space in Manchester 7

pace Cotton Field Park is a public green space with relatively complete facilities around it, which has dramatically improved the environment, but it is not open 24 hours. The shared street is touted as a new public space by Urban Splash. Few people use the seats there because of the poor air quality and noise, which makes it ultimately a new parking lot.

Centre

gional Centre

dens in the Centre

en Space

After researching around the site, I am thinking about something different from existing public green space to support people for a living, working, and visiting.

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uRBAN Issues - Traffic Issue

Average Congestion Levels for Each Day and Each Week in 2020 (Tomtom

Manchester suffers the worst congestion of anywhere in England outside London, according to new transpo Daily and weekly congestion levels are weighted averages derived from hourly data. Each week starts on Mon The above chart directly reflects the severe traffic congestion in Manchester in early 2020. The exceptional sit the epidemic of the coronavirus and the lockdown policy. During the lockdown time, Manchester's traffic condit

It can be said that coronavirus has changed people's lifestyles to a certain extent, driving us to think about whether we need a city have too many parking lots but lack squares currently? Based on the above thinking, the mixed traffic that was considered a project has changed to a pedestrian-friendly place.

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m)

Time Lost in Rush Hour - Per Year How much extra time is spent driving in rush hours over the year?

How many 500-piece jigsaw puzzles could you have completed ?

How many trees could you have planted?

The terrible traffic conditions not only make people waste time on the road, but also cause air pollution. It is reported that central Manchester has the highest rate of hospital admissions for asthma in the country, which links the prevalence of the condition to tiny, invisible polluting particles emitted by vehicles - including buses(Willians, 2018).

Traffic Jam in the Great Ancoats Street

ort research (BBC, 2018). day and ends on Sunday. tuation this year is due to tions have improved a lot.

a lot of commuting. Does our at the beginning of my design 10

generail strategy

This project tries to create a community that gathe work, live and communicate together. To achieve th essential need for people - food. Ancoat's agricultural a bold approach to urban development that celeb social and ecological heritage. This new vision cultiva of an evolving urban district—an ecosystem that act sustainable regional food network.

Key Issue

Gentrification

Lack of Public Space

Traffic Issue 11

ers different people to his goal, II explore an l community represents rates the agricultural, ates—within the context tively supports a more

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PRecedent The programmes are selected as a precedent study to explain two questions. One is that why this site should become a public space, and the other is why it is an agricultural park?

To answer the first question, how other designers approached sites with a similar condition was analysed.

Central Park, New York City, the US

Pearl Street Triangle, Brooklyn , th

As one of the most famous parks globally, Central Park has been controversial since the time the plan was proposed. Critics believe that large-scale parks increase the complexity of the surrounding traffic and put a new test on maintenance and security control. However, this park fully demonstrates the value of open space. It not only create economic growth but also provides people a place to escape the bustle of city life.

The triangular-shaped space served as a parking lot for 14 cars, was not welcoming to pedestrians and lacked activity at a street scale despite a preponderance of retail and office lobbies with frontage facing the parking lot. As Jacobs wrote in her book, this is a dangerous zone of lack of “eyes on the street�.

Despite the different scales, the central park gave me the confidence to build more green space on the site than commercial complexes or residential buildings, especially after research and investigations revealed a lack of open public space.

The business improvement district(BID)repla landscaping, and features. The project was opinions of neighbourhood residents, work also in quantitative data like property values like zoning changes and additional city inve neighbourhood’s historic cobblestone street a

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he US

The previous case explains the necessity of public space and its positive effect on Ancoats. The latter two cases answer the second question: Why choose an agricultural park? The analysis also gives us a clue about how it works and what connected with the community.

Sanxing Park, Suzhou, China Zijin Award Cultural Creative Design Competition, 2nd Prize The project is very similar to Ancoats' retail central park in terms of the surrounding environment and land shape. This 4750m2 site was used as a public space from the beginning, surrounded by many residential areas, but the function is single, and the narrow and long plots are not fully utilized.

The designer hopes to use the space design to guide the citizens' lifestyle, integrate the rural life that is difficult to experience in the city into the community park, create a natural and native garden style, advocate healthy life, and enhance community vitality.

aced it with a square with seating, public art, very successful - not only in the qualitative kers, and visitors who used the space but s and rent levels. Moreover, policy outcomes estment helped to restore and preserve the and landmark significant buildings.

The flexible and variable facilities create a variety of spaces for people with different needs and fully expand the use of the venue.

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PRecedent HirschGrun Community Garden, Aachen, Germany

Hulme Community Garden Centre

Aachen is a city with a similar history to Manchester. It emerged from the Industrial Rev olut ion a n d d e v e l o p e d r ap id ly. It a lso experienced the decline of industry and the transformation of the post-industrial era. The urban problems faced by the two cities were very similar.

Hulme is another former industrial are so it has a similar context with Ancoats projects in Hulme have a comparativ significance for the developmen

The community garden is organized on brownfield sites let by Urban Community Gardens Initiative Aachen in May 2013, covering 1,000 m2. The garden stimulates much communication within the neighbourhood. The primary users include dwellers from surrounding neighborhoods and young adults interested in exploring urban gardening and sustainable life.

In fact, in Europe, the interest in urban agricultural exploration – whatever the typology – has continuously increased in the last few years, resulting in an upwelling of food production in the urban space.

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Hulme Community Garden Centre (HC community-led inner-city horticultural p for-profit organisation to bring the com through gardening. The project was very s substantial increase in visitors and income organiser faith to continuously expand and There is the third largest community gard receives unanimous praise from the surroun visitors.

Figure 1.2 Master Plan (Urbed, 2012:online)

e, Manchester, the UK

ea in Manchester, s. The successful ve and reference nt of Ancoats.

CGC) is a unique project and a notmmunity together successful with the es, which gave the d add new projects. den in the UK and nding residents and Figure 1.1 Location(Urbed, 2012:online)

Summary The first two projects show that successful public spaces play a decisive role in activating the vitality of a place and its surroundings and creating a sense of community. In comparison, the last three projects give me an idea and concept of how urban agriculture plays with the community. It is also interesting to see how those interventions give new values to spaces. Those allow us to recreate a lively, dynamic environment that reconnects district with the rest of the city.

It can be seen from these successful projects that urban agriculture is not only a separate agricultural landscape but also combined with education, rehabilitation, and retail to form a variety of functional spaces.

Figure 1.3 (above 1) the gate of Hulme Community Garden Centre (Lydia, no date:online) Figure 1.4(above 2) the sales area in Hulme Community Garden Centre (Seeds of Eden, no date:online)

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Site Analysis Figure Ground

The public transport facilities around the si close to New Islington Station and Piccadil ease using multiple transportation options.

The old and new textures are intertwined around the site.

Ancoats had a rigid grid historic street layout, while New Islington's fabric is untraditional.

Land Use

Residential Industry & Business Retail Community Service Recreation Transport

There are many residential areas and commercial land around the site, but there is insufficient recreation land.

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There are many listed buildings around th

Public Transport

Street Pattern

Bus Stops Car Parking Charge Station

A Roads

Train Station

B Roads

Cycling Path

C Roads

Suitable for Cycling

Local Roads

ite are relatively complete and it is lly Station. It can be accessed with

Listed Building

Ancoats is a post-industrial site. Due to this fact, its roads are well developed. The site is on the side of the Great Ancoats St.

Action Plan

Public Realm Improvements Environment Improvements Improved Linkage Canal Lock

Conversation Area

Listed Buildings

Transport Improvements

he site, mostly industrial heritage.

New development on this site should face the canal and Cotton Field Park, in contrast to the existing retail park building form, which backs onto these assets.

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Site IN PHOTOS

This main forms a hug pedestrians.

The field trip provided me a clear understanding of the quality of the built environment present in the neighbourhood. While the Great Ancoats street improves traffic accessibility, it hinders pedestrians due to its vast traffic volume. Canals, terrain elevation, and roads should be positive elements, but they isolate the plot from the surrounding environment and cause adverse effects.

Within these negative aspects of its built environments, the site provides a great opportunity not only for connecting the city center and Ancoats but also for regeneration in the sense of community of the people to the neighbourhood.

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ring road ge barrier for .

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Site Model Modelling of Ancoats' topography and built environment significantly contributed to its understanding. It is mentioned that there is a multitude of small fluctuations around Ancoats. The chosen site is slightly lower than the surrounding terrain, and it slopes from northwest to southeast, with a height difference of five meters.

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Comprehensive Analysis

s

The site’s current grain and massing do not reflect the adjacent character and composition of the areas surrounding it, but as the gate of Ancoats, it should repair the urban grain and transform the look and feel of Ancoats’ public realm.

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Key Concept - Garden + Instead of thinking about building typologies, my design primarily focused on what activities and elements may gather Ancoats’ people together and how gardening can interact with other activities.

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Key Concept - Garden + After researching activities and events that could be combined with the garden, various types of sketches and diagrams helped organize the authors' thoughts and push forward the process. These activities and projects related to gardening are described as :

Garden + Restaurant

Garden + Ed

The garden is more learning resource; it into everything we d it works so well with children across a bro of abilities. It is a pos children with behavio be doing.

Garden + Offi The garden can provide fresh and organic ingredients to the restaurant, and part of the garbage generated by the same restaurant can be used as fertilizer.

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The plants are inten employees and e innovative thinking. grown in the office a and served in the cafeteria.

ducation

e than just a is integrated do here, and h all types of oad spectrum sitive thing for oural issues to

fice

nded to relax encourage The foods are prepared e company

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Key Concept - Garden + Garden + Community

Garden + Retail

The management and operation of the garden require the participation of the community and provides some volunteer positions. These activities allow residents who live in its surroundings to communicate.

The extra vegetables and fruits produced by the garden are retailed at a lower price, forming a small "market". It is also a space for communication and exchange.

Garden + Health care

Garden + Residence

The garden helps the patient's physical recovery. It works because they reconnect us with nature, its external reality, but most fundamentally, our inner natures.

The ‘home farm’ creates a lush, vibrant garden environment that’s pleasant to live in a while also catering specifically to the needs of seniors and using a vertical system to grow edibles, offering part-time employment for residents in the gardens.

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Summary The above summarizes the primary forms and activities of "garden+". These activities are interrelated and make the most efficient use of land resources.

Combined with terrain analysis, the author draws specific functional divisions.

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Development

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The project was finally determined to be developed around gardening and related activities, including education, catering, farming experience, shopping, etc.

At the same time, the selection of activities took full account of the surrounding environment, combined with New Islington free school, New Islington medical practice, ALDI, etc., to become the gateway between the city center and Ancoats.

Justification According to a survey conducted by the Royal Horticultural SocietyďźŒ82% of people in the UK said that gardening makes them happier(BBC,2016).

Gardening is a cultural phenomenon in the UK. An Agricultural community is regareded as a positive way to improve the sense of community. The combination of therapeutic activity, eduction and residence creates more value to makes this place a very suitable place for the elderly and children.

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Development After determining the specific activities, I began to explore architectural space and form.

Because of the height difference of the site, the first thing I thought of was how to respect the traditional texture and skillfully use the height difference instead of merely filling and levelling up. So, I regarded the site as a "space box" and started to explore.

Space Extrapolation

BELOW GROUND

After satisfying the premise keep the park intact and mini

Then I faced a new problem, as an open space, how can I connect the two different layers?

At this stage, the project Norwegian National Opera and Ballet in Oslo(Naylor,2016) inspired me. When the slowly rising ramp becomes the facade of the building, the boundary between architecture and landscape disappears, and the building becomes a part of the landscape. I applied it to my design.

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CONNECTIVITY A series of projects impro entrance is added to the eas

of building function, let some buildings sink to imize the building's sense of volume.

ROOF & CONNECTION The roof is a soothing grass slope connected to the ground to maximize the space for different activties and connect to the landscape

ove the connectivity Ancoats. An accessible st facing the conservation area.

Garden Space Expanded garden spaces across the site providing a multi-level, threedimensional green community space.

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Sketches After exploring the function, space, and scale, the design plan has taken shape. The design realizes the connection between blocks based on respecting the original spatial pattern and road direction.

After the first version of the sketches came out, My tutor and I had many discussions on the design of the main entrance space and the direction of the model road.

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In order to encourage people to travel in a more friendly way, the site no longer allows vehicles to enter the site, and the main entrance is changed to a pedestrian-friendly one.

The approximate dimensions were derived from METRIC HANDBOOK: Planning and Design Data, similar cases and own experience.

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OverALL plan

6

Pedestrain Flow

1

Vehicle Route

Landscape 35

1. Vegetable Market 2. Restaurant 3. Office 4. Residence 5. Eco-classroom 6. Info-hub 7. Cabin 8. Sandpit 9. Square Meter growing 10. Storage 11. Outdoor Sales Area 12. Green Roof 13. Tree Yard 14. Pergula 15. Shop

16. Workshop 17. Demonstration Allotment 18. Community Garden 19. Tool Shed 20. Connection Platform 21. Green House 22. Orchard 23. Mid-air Corridor 24. Grass Sloop 25. Terrace Landscape 26. Info Hub 27. Drop-off Zone 28. Fire pit/Sitting Area

5

7 9 8 10 11

14

12

17 16 15

13

19 18

20

28

21 22

2

23 26

24 27 4 25

3

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SECTION A-A Section A-A shows that how does the Vegetable Market connect with the outdoor space inside the site, and how the design site connects with the New Islington School. Also, this section shows the internal space of the market.

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Grass roof

Skylight Vertical Planting

* Refer to plan on pg 36's overall plan for section location 38

SECTION B-B Section B-B shows that how to deal with the four-meter height difference in the second half of the site.The Cotton field park is directly connected to the eco-office through a platform, and can be reached by stairs to the roof of the office, and to the residence through the corridor.

There are three landscape pavilions interspersed in the platform, which are three greenhouses with different temperatures. From the left, one is dominated by cacti, the second is dominated by succulents, and the last is for tropical vines.

Greenhouse

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Plant wall

* Refer to plan on pg 36's overall plan for section location 40

Building Functions The commercial function is mainly arranged on the side of the Great Ancoats Street, attracting people into the site.

The design follows the previous main entrance, with a market and a restaurant arranged on both sides, and the flow lines inside the restaurant and the market are also continuous. Besides, a secondary exit is added to provide convenience for people working in the office. Residential is arranged on the secondary road, Old Mill Street, because the environment is quiet and the air is better compared with the side of the main road. The side close to New Islington Free School is equipped with children's facilities such as eco-classroom, and a gate is specially set up for students there.

Public Semi-Public Private Functional Rooms Toilets Indoor Green Outdoor Space

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First Floor

Ground Floor

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material analysis

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Plants analysis Agriculture is a seasonal project and it will provide different sorts of activties in the site all year round.The principle of plant selection is to take local plants from the UK as the first choice and consider the yield. In addition,the selection of plants should take into account the changes of the seasons, so that every season has a landscape that can be appreciated.

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Key Areas Key areas including central tree yard, public farming, platform with greenhouse and orchard are open for all the people. The Education area is considered for primary school students of New Islington free school on weekdays and open to the public on weekends, so different doors are designed.

The design provides usable space for different groups of people as much as possible. Children can learn about nature while playing. Parents can participate in farming experience while taking care of their children. The elderly may like a quieter orchard, or if you don’t want to do anything, you can also sit on the grassy slopes. Therefore, this is an agricultural community that welcomes everyone.

Public Framing

Eco - Classroom 47

Platform Orchard

Tree Yard 48

Perspective Views

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Perspective Views

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Perspective Views

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Perspective Views

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Reflection Research on urban issues helped to understand the needs of people.

Gentrification, privately owned public space, traffic jam and food crisis in urban areas implied the disadvantages of industry-based urban development. Therefore, this project back to the essential need of people reconfigures relationships between agriculture and urban development.

This project is not only to provide a p creating a sense of community but a nature. By participating in "garden+" opportunity to learn about the sowin growth of plants.

It does not mean to deny the previous development of cities. The city is a complex organism and multiple approaches need to be set off for its sustainable development. The significance of this project is to provide a new system combing agriculture and urban life, creating further opportunities for urban development and innovation.

Finally, the coronavirus crisis had hig for communities. By providing walka producing safe organic fruits and ve would provide people with a healthier l

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public space gathering people together and also encourage people to learn more about " activities, people living in cities have the ng and harvesting of food and observe the

ghlighted the importance of outdoor spaces able public space to breathe fresh air and egetables to eat, an agriculture community lifestyle during the epidemic crisis.

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bibliography BBC Learning English. 6 Minute English: Gardening. [online]https://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/features/6-minuteenglish/ep-160324/. [Accessed on 16 Jun. 2020].

BBC News. (2018, September 8). Manchester traffic “worst outside London.” https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ukengland-45453782 / [Accessed on 28 Jul. 2020].

Biennale Architettura 2020: How will we live together? (2020, July 8). La Biennale Di Venezia. https://www.labiennale.org/ en/news/biennale-architettura-2020-how-will-we-live-together [Accessed on 25 Jul,2020] House prices in Manchester. (2020). Zoopla. https://www.zoopla.co.uk/house-prices/browse/manchester/?q=Manchester.

[Accessed on 30 Jul, 2020] Lydia. (no date) A garden centre with a difference that makes a difference. [Online image] https://manchestermums.co.uk/ the-stick-man-trail-at-hulme-community-garden-centre/ [Accessed on 24 May 2020] Mooch. (2018, December 22). Central Retail Park – Great Ancoats Street Manchester. WordPress.Com. https:// modernmooch.com/2018/12/22/central-retail-park-great-ancoats-street-manchester/ [Accessed on 30 Jul, 2020] Naylor,L. (2016) Snøhetta Occupies the Edges. 09th December. The Dirt Contributor. [Online] https://dirt.asla. org/2016/09/12/snohettas-unusual-landscapes/ [Accessed on 28th May 2020] Plumplot. (2020). Greater-Manchester house prices in maps and graphs. https://www.plumplot.co.uk/Greater-Manchesterhouse-prices.html [Accessed on21 Jul, 2020] Ryan, A. (2017,). Ancoats – Regeneration or Gentrification? My Authentic Life. https://anneryan.blog/2017/07/24/ancoatsregeneration-or-gentrification/ [Accessed on18, Jul,2020] Seeds of Eden. (no date) Hulme Community Garden Centre. [Online image] http://www.seedsofeden.org/places/hulmecommunity-garden-centre/ [Accessed on 24 May 2020] Splash, U. (2019, July 16). The regeneration of New Islington. Urban Splash. https://www.urbansplash.co.uk/blog/theregeneration-of-new-islington [Accessed on10 Jul, 2020] TomTom. (2020). Manchester traffic report. TomTom Traffic Index. https://www.tomtom.com/en_gb/traffic-index/ manchester-traffic/. [Accessed on 28th Jul 2020] Urbed. (2012) Location Plan. [Online image] http://urbed.coop/sites/default/files/SD03_D%26A%20web_0.pdf [Accessed on 24 May 2020]

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Urbed. (2012) HCGC Plan. [Online image]. http://urbed.coop/projects/hulme-community-garden-centre. [Accessed on 24 May 2020] Williams, J. (2018, June 19). Greater Manchester’s deadly air pollution crisis is worse than London, new research has warned. Men. https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/greater-manchesters-deadlyair-pollution-14781713. [Accessed on 2 Aug 2020]

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