Fresh Wrap

FRESH WRAP THE EVOLUTION OF FAST FOOD

CONTENTS

05 INTRODUCTION

36 TECHNOLOGY 39

Speed & Information

06 HISTORY

40

Mobile Convenience

09

The Rise of Fast Food

43

Simple Ordering

14

Cars & Drive-Ins

45

Better Communication

16

The Rise of Franchising

46

Customization

18

Innovative Kitchen

48

Interactive Surface

20

Healthy Alternatives

50 DRONE

22 FRESH

53

Drones Popularity

25

Sustainability

54

Simple Delivery

26

The New Beef

56

Drone Waitress

29

Humane Treatment

30

Food Production

58 APPENDIX

33

Personalization

59

Index

60

Bibliography

62

Picture Credit

64

Colophons

contents // 03

04 // fresh wrap

INTRODUCTION How often do you eat fast food? Americans purchase an average of three hamburgers each week. Over the last 40 years, Americans fast food has grown enormously since it replaced the traditional restaurant in the United States as a supplement for dining in a busy life and pace. In 1970, Americans spent about $6 billion on fast food. In 2006, they spent about $142 billion. In 2012, even it was decreasing, there is still 25% of Americans visits a fast food restaurant everyday which they spent a total of $117 billion on fast food. Fast food is characterized as cheap, frequently very processed, and creating much food and packaging waste on each items they sold. Cheap food usually comes with harsh and hidden costs to the people who produce it, sell it and eat it; as well as to the environment and to future generations. Numbers of fast food population will not slowing down because it’s easy, filling, convenient and inexpensive. When compared fast food to other types of foods, it’s something that working people and ordinary people can go out and enjoy. But as a common desire and demand for more sustainable food system is expanding due to the rise of awareness and concern on food quality and health. What fast food industry will do in order to make their foods and meals even fresher and faster?

introduction // 05

HISTORY 06 // fresh wrap

CHAPTER ONE RISE OF FAST FOOD

history // 07

08 // fresh wrap

HISTORY

THE RISE OF FAST FOOD

Fast food all began with Automat, which was a fast food restaurant where simple foods and drink are served by coin and bill-operated vending machines. Horn & Hardart, the founding father of fast food industry, borrowed the concept of automatic food service from Berlin’s Quisisana Automat and invented the coin-operated Automat fast food selling machine in Philadelphia which adopted the idea of speed and efficiency into the traditional restaurants. It popularized the concept and idea of easily served and takeout foods and snacks which later became a culture that replaced home-cooked meals. But Automat began to close down along with the rise of fast-food restaurants. Most location of Automat restaurant were replaced by fast food franchises such as Burger King the middle of 1970s.

1900

history // 09

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FIRST VENDING MACHINE The first known food vending machines Automat restaurant opened in Philadelphia, United States

by Horn & Hardart.

AUTOMAT RESTAURANT CHAIN Horn & Hardart become the first Automat food chain located in Manhattan, New York.

1902

1912

history // 11

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“PEOPLE DIDN’T WANT TO GET OUT OF THEIR CARS AND THEY JUST WANT TO ORDER AND EAT WITHOUT LEAVING THEIR VEHICLES.” —Harry Balzer

history // 13

CARS & DRIVE-INS

The carhops appeared in 1921 when automobile became a common sight and widely spread throughout the United States. Carhops, waiters and waitresses who serve on foot or roller skates, delivered foods on trays to people who eat in their cars at drive-in restaurants. From home and mom to drive-in and carhops, it was all began by J.G. Kirby and R.W. Jackson who realized that many of the drivers would rather not get out of their cars to eat, so they took advantage of this behaviors and habit at the time and opened the first carhops restaurant, Pig Stand, in Dallas, Texas in September 1921.

1ST BURGER RESTAURANT Billy Ingram and Walter Anderson started making hamburgers in Wichita since 1916.

1916

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INTRODUCED DRIVE-IN A&W Root Beer restaurant, the first fast food chain restaurant that start the drive-in with installing road-side stalls.

HAMBURGERS BECAME AFFORDABLE Billy Ingram and Walter Anderson introduced the new White Castle’s limited menu and high speed hamburger that selling five hamburgers for only just 20 cents.

1919

1921

history // 15

THE RISE OF FRANCHISING

Followed by Howard Johnson, who invented the concept of franchising that use of standardized menus logo, signage, and advertising, fast food restaurants began to operate into chain and franchise form that had a standardized ingredients and system that allowed to control the quality and service of the authorized restaurants. The standardized instruction and systems on how to prepare foods and how to supplies on each restaurants eliminated the time for training employees and preparing food process. It uniformed the products, offered a minimal menu, and identical selling system that also increase sales. It leads to an emphasized standardization which caused the operation and management of franchising fast food restaurants became faster and easier.

IT EMPHASIZED THE SPEED, LOWER PRICES AND VOLUME 16 // fresh wrap

FAST FOOD FRANCHISE BEGAN Howard Johnson started the concept of franchising and use of standardized menus logos, signage and advertising.

1930

FIRST INTERNATIONAL MCDONALD McDonald’s opened the first restaurant outside the United States in Canada and Puerto Rico.

INTRODUCED DRIVE-THRU FAST FOOD In-N-Out Burger employed drive-through service that used technology.

FIRST APPEARED INTO DICTIONARY The term fast food was first introduced and recognized in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary in 1951.

1948

1951

1967

history // 17

INNOVATIVE KITCHEN

Follow along with the popularization of fast food franchising, brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald had a different vision and idea in which they wanted to make fast food even faster and cheaper that also would help spending less time on concerning about replacing experienced cooks and carhops.

The brothers closed their restaurants and redesigned its food preparation area to work similar to an automobile assembly line system. In December 12, 1948, they reopened the restaurant with a whole new food preparation system in the kitchen and self-serve customer for customers that became a runaway success with their competitors. As McDonald’s new system attracted the attention of fast food industry and also fortune seekers. McDonald’s self service drive-in became the most revolutionary development in fast food industry where they used no more glassware, dishes, silverware, carhops, waiters, dishwashers, and busboys.

SPEEDEE KITCHEN An innovative large grill machine where staffs could cook lots of burgers at a time.

A dressing station where staffs could added the same amount of condiments to every single burgers.

A fryer machine where staffs could made french fries easier and faster.

THE SERVICE WASN’T SPEEDY, AND THE FOOD WASN’T HOT! 18 // fresh wrap

A remodel soda and milkshake machine could made fasten and shorten dispensing and making process.

A new counter system that customers placed and received orders in self-serving mode.

1948

history // 19

HEALTHY ALTERNATIVES

The fast-casual concepts and restaurants appeared in the 90s since more people concern about their health with foods and choices. It raised a new standard of convenience, efficiency, and healthy on the quick service of fast food industry. When comparing to the traditional fast food restaurants such as McDonald, fast-casual fast food promotes and associates with higher quality food and enhanced service that provides more choices and customization for customers.

Leading fast-casual restaurant such as Chipotle have built on the backbone of traditional fast food restaurant but also stay focus on the trend that integrates with consumer demands for comfortable and contemporary decor, fresh, healthy, and a social consciousness with quality, healthy, and choice. Fast food burgers and pizza restaurants have long been a giant industry where most Americans eating in the United States.

But American diets are changing since the 1990s as the traditional fast food franchise and chains are having hard

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time to sell their foods and meals since another inexpensive choice, fast casual restaurant, is growing quickly and start becoming the trend of people eat out habit.

Americans want high quality, but they also want it to be an affordable value and inexpensive, and that’s what the fast casual industry is trying to do nowadays. The fast-casual restaurants combines the quickness of a fast food restaurant with the atmosphere and food quality similar to a full-service restaurant. People expect fast-casual dining to offer healthy choices and incorporate fresh food into their menus. Several fast-casual chains have set out to make salads accessible and affordable by merging fast-food efficiency with slow-food ideals. Salads or any other side-dishes, fast-casual restaurant can turns every ingredients and recipes and sell as main course which people can easily grab and go in order to eat their foods and meals anywhere they want.

ARBY’S INTRODUCED LIGHT MEAL

INTRODUCED HIGH QUALITY HAMBURGER

Arby’s became the first fast food chain that intro-

Arctic Circle became the first restaurant that sell

duced light meal with foods under 300 calories

Angus beef exclusively in the United States Fast

and up to 94% fat-free.

Food Industry.

1991

1994

CHIPOTLE BEGAN TO GROW McDonald’s fully divested from Chipotle in 2006, the chain had grown from 500 to more than 1500 locations in 2012 with staff of 37,310 employees.

MCDONALD CUT DOWN UNHEALTHY McDonald’s cuts back on trans fat on its French fries by 48%.

2002

2006

history // 21

FRESH 22 // fresh wrap

CHAPTER TWO

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FRESH

SUSTAINABILITY

From tableware and takeout containers to taps, lighting, and cleaning products, green is the word of 21 century in all aspects especially for dining and fast food industry.

Sustainable practices are all the rage across the restaurant industry nowadays. Even in fast food industry, supporting sustainable farming is not only the right thing to do, but it also makes sense as some of the fast-causal restaurant such as Chipotle and Arby’s are already selling natural beef or foods from sustainable resources and farms. According to researcher Technomic’s 2011 Center of the Plate Beef & Pork Consumer Trend Report, about 25 percents of fast food customers would willing to pay more for beef that is steroid-free, hormone-free, antibiotic-free and natural grow beef. That’s enough of an evidence and data that draw most of the traditional fast food restaurants attention to change and swap their ingredients and menus to either organic or sustainable naturally grow.

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THE NEW BEEF

Some fast food customers point out that sometime they found grass-fed beef taste good and even way better the beef that is not natural grow. They believe that this is what beef should tasted like before the agri-corn industry began fattening cows with things that outside to their regular diets and in which before it involved to increasing greenhouse-gas emissions through more efficient meat processing.

Fast food restaurants in the future will have their signature products to be more sustainable as possible. Thus, many of them would go out and found a local supplier in order to keep compatible with other growing fast-casual restaurants in the fast food industry. The higher cost to raise a high quality natural grow cattle will also rise up burger prices by only one dollar per burger at the fast food restaurants. So why not doing it if the customers like it? Fast Food restaurant will make sustainable food a mainstream issue which their food system will become more sustainable and concern for the customers and public at large.

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In the future, fast food restaurant will:

Use locally sourced foods more

Vary the menu to use seasonal ingredients

Choose foods from sustainable production

Reduce amount of salt and fat in the food

Provide customers with more nutritional

systems, such as fair-trade or organic

information on menus

Use sustainable and recyclable materials for

Pay a living wage and provide good working

takeaway packaging conditions

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HUMANE TREATMENT

Fast food restaurant in the future will no longer use meats or eggs from chickens and cows that confined in tight cages or spaces along with federal rules ban hormone use in raising any chickens and cows. More humane treatment will correspond with sustainability. For example, free-range chickens or natural grow cows must have an access to outdoors which would be more sustainable if they can be in ranch with a more natural life cycle and natural environment. Chickens and cows will be even better when they are raised on grass ranch most of their lives. And this kind of ranch system and model is often part of a larger ranch system that farmers and fast foods industry must have. This model and system will uses a managed rotational system such as day ranging which allows a large shelter move to different location every few days. It will give chickens and cows access to different areas of a ranch.

The chicken and cows will be feed on grass with weeds, bugs, and some grains and leave everything naturally fertilizing and grow without using any supplements and chemicals to feed the chickens and cows.

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A plant factory is a new and sustainable way for growing vegetables and plants in an indoor environment. This factory replace natural ventilation and sunlight with air conditioning, fluorescent and LED lamps. The water that captured in air conditioners will be reused on plants and the amount of farming water of plant factory is only

FOOD PRODUCTION

about 2 percent of what it needed in traditional farming and greenhouses. How this plant factory functioning and operating would be similar to those factories in fast food industry in the past, but what they will grow and produce in the future is more organic, green, and fresh.

The choices that fast food customers have in the future will be way different than the past. When we look around today’s restaurants and stores that selling foods, where it used to sell chips and fries are now selling more green foods like salads, fruit cups, and yogurt. There is already an evolution of having everything customer’s way which replaced the traditional fast food way that only provide limited and set of foods choices and meals. The future fast food customers will be more concern with quality rather than price It will lead to an urgent and rapid change of fast food restaurant to focus on the quality of the food rather than quantity their customers will get.

So, support sustainable farming and plant factory is the solution for tradition fast food restaurant to keep on track with the other competitors that offering fresh food and more choices. Producing crops in the future will become very simply as the plant factory are now offering an option that able produce and guarantee a persistent and consistent quality in a year-round harvest which will also help keeping the crops price down and cheap. Temperature and humidity are carefully adjusted and monitored so the effects of unpredictable and harmful weather would be eliminated. All vegetables and plants in the future can be grow in areas with harsh climates as long as long as there has enough supply of water and electricity. Expensive setup costs are the biggest drawback of the plant factory system, but the potential return could be well worth the fast food restaurant investment.

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Indoor farming can effectively keeps pests and germs which no need for pesticides and chemical in the future when planting and producing crops.

One benefit and advantage of choosing plant factory over traditional farming and greenhouses is that planting is allowed to go three-dimensional instead of limiting to plant in the ground, crops are grown in trays in multilayer planting shelves with artificial lights installed above and water supplied directly to their roots. The yield will be way more than traditional farming and greenhouses since plant factory can maximize the efficiency of using indoor planting space. Plant factory also allows fast food restaurant planting and producing vegetables locally which would help reduce the carbon footprint when it reduce the transport distance and time.

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PERSONALIZATION

Customization and choices will be the trend of the future modern culture. In the future, foods and meals customization will become a critical strategy and concern for fast-food industry to focus and concern. The growing demand for customization in fast food industry will lead and encourage fast food customers to become the “chef” and operator that allow them eating in their way. Since customers have become increasingly concerned about what they eat, customization helps narrow everything foods and meals down to fit individual tastes and preferences. Fast foods and meals will no longer only made by the chef or prepared by staffs, but it will be also “made” by the customers orders that based on their taste and demand which makes everything specifically only just for him or her.

Even fast food restaurants today are already added nutrition chart and count such as caloric, fat and trans fat content for certain items on their menus which helps to eliminate the concern and worry of fast food customers, but customers still want to be able to personalize their menu choices to their tastes. And fast food customers in the future will looking forward to demand and order in their freedom to choose that allow their getting the exact flavor they want which will encourage them come back again and visit again in the future.

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Fast-casual concepts have made freshness and customization become a trendy process and fast food customers tendency of how they will order fast food. Even the smallest changes and customization on foods and meals feel involved to diners who can customize and create their own. There will be still have the fast food restaurant staffs at the counter to serve the diners which will creates a unique interaction with the customers by putting them in control of food and meals preparing and making process.

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TECHNOLOGY 36 // fresh wrap

CHAPTER THREE

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TECHNOLOGY SPEED & INFORMATION

Back in the day when the concept and idea of fast food dining was still fresh and new in the restaurant industry, placing an order for hot food that was ready to eat in a very short time was an exciting wave of the future. Nowadays, we are living in the age of Information with explosion of mobile technology and smart phones, it reshapes and reforms the way fast food restaurants serve customers, which indeed customers are also changing the way they do business with fast food restaurants.

technology // 39

MOBILE CONVENIENCE

Fast food restaurants will be soon take notice on the technology trend that customers rely most of their lives on a mobile device. When more and more people will depend on the convenience of interacting with the world through a smartphone, fast food restaurants will create mobile applications that allow customers to place orders on a computer or mobile device and pay their foods and meals without even pulling out their credit cards. All nutrition and food facts will also come along with the customers selection when check out which give them more information and understanding on what they are ordering and eating.

This system is growing in popularity and customers enjoy being able to read a restaurant’s menu at their own pace and process their transaction while on the go. In the future, fast food customers will arrive at a fast food restaurant where a prepaid order is ready for pickup. Everything customer order will be ready in fresh and hot as they are just got out of the kitchen. The technology mobile devices and fast food applications will catch the attention of many consumers to the point where they can begin to choose between restaurants that offering this option and compare to those that don’t, It will become an evolution and development that references on how fast food customers will get their foods and meals even faster in the future.

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technology // 41

1 Browse

the menu on your smartphone

2 Order

and pay from the app and customize as you wish

3 Cook

the foods and meals by the distance you away from the pick up spot

4 Ready

as your distance getting closer to the pick up point

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SIMPLE ORDERING

5 Pick

your foods and meals by scanning the phone at the pick up spot

Fast food is a creation of convenience and simple life which customers are able to get a familiar and quick experience anywhere they go without any rush and hesitate. Drive-in and drive-thru allows a chains deliver system that both fast food staffs and customers can enjoy and experience a quicker and simpler access and process without having the customers out of their cars. And in the future with the advantage of mobile applications and GPS, there will be even less hesitate and delay on fast food customers and staffs for deliver and get the foods and meals. The GPS system on a smartphones will potentially for fast food restaurant to create and develop an application that features to tell how close you are to the pickup location. The fast food restaurant will know your exact location which they can calculate the time when they should start cooking. It will become a very simple and convenient feature for both fast food staffs and customers that will also help the restaurant manage their time and ensure that the customers get their meal fresh and hot.

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BETTER COMMUNICATION

Matter of fact, no one enjoys waiting in long lines for just ordering and picking up their fast foods. It would be much better and more convenient if we can just enter a fast food restaurant and head straight to the counter and exit within only a minute. The fast food restaurant industry will follow along with the rise of new QR codes and near field communication, NFC, as a solutions in the future that allows fast food customers to launch and connect their mobile device in order to simplify and speed up the waiting experience.

In the future, fast food customer will walk in to a fast food restaurant and start by taping on an NFC tag or scan a QR code where they will get a menu that allow them to customize and place their order. After they ordered, the customers will then receive further information, nutritional content, or anything that regarding to the order in a contact less payments system. From a fast food restaurant operational perspective, it will benefits the customers on reducing wait times, easier and simpler transactions which enhanced customers consideration or their ability to make real-time decisions regarding to customization, choices, and special order.

The NFC technology will create an opportunity for creating an environment with sensors and touch points throughout a restaurant where customers can experience easier access and process by using their NFC enabled devices. There is also possibility for them to introduce and create various languages of menu which encourage all people come try and enjoy their foods and meals.

technology // 45

CUSTOMIZATION

Why wait in line if you can place your order at a touch screen immediately and then sit down and relax? Touch screen will help fast food restaurant not losing customers which in returns having more orders. People will like to have more privacy and own space and technology allows people don’t necessarily to have all people around them when they are making an order. Also sometime people might feel weird and embarrassed when they are ordering a special customized order. So when fast food industry concerning about their customers, they should have the same concern. Customers can be and should be as picky as they want without feeling guilty when they are ordering. The touch screen system will allows customers to customize to their tastes either ask for more lettuce or less cheese in their own space. It also help saving time when customers still considering, and it will also eliminate the confusion and trouble of communication between the fast food staffs and customers.

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The days of taking out the wallet and finding the cash and credit card to pay will go to an end since the smart phone has the ability to bring the process to a whole new level. Who wants to wait in a long checkout line or a drive-thru? Just imagine one day you can simply just drive through and pick up your food without any hassle and wait. Or you can customize your order on your smartphone and submit it and make a payment with only few taps, how fast and convenience is that.

technology // 47

INTERACTIVE SURFACE

Customers in the future can ordering on touch screen in the fast food restaurant where they can choose from different toppings and sauces to create their custom-made meal in a new order form. Younger customers in the future will expect more technology and choice from fast food restaurant since it is already started in some countries around the globe. The touch screen self-ordering also creates better efficiency between the customer and staffs which reduces order errors and eliminate hassle and wait time. The self-ordering will replace cashiers with touch screen computers at the cashier where customers will be able to order their foods and meals and pay with credit cards. The touch screen method of ordering will improve efficiency and make the average transaction way faster than before.

Digital boards and smartphones will help fast food restaurants changing their menus more often. It will make it easier to keep updating to customers’ preference and taste. It will be more convenience and fun for fast food customers to have a digital menu board and touch screen that make it easier for fast food restaurants to edit and keep everything up-to-date anytime instead of edit and update it manually as in the traditional way.

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technology // 49

DRONE 50 // fresh wrap

CHAPTER FOUR

drone // 51

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DRONE

DRONE POPULARITY

The future is closer and it will be coming very soon. Flying robots, or other words, drone, will be delivering fast food to your home or office anytime right after you place your order.

A drone, in a technological context, is an unmanned aircraft which formally known as unmanned aerial vehicles, which also called UAV. It is a flying robot that can be remote controlled or can fly automatically by internal software flight plans that calculated with the built-in GPS. These drones are often used in military, but they are also been used for search, rescue, surveillance, traffic monitoring, weather monitoring and firefighting, or many other things.

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SIMPLE DELIVERY

It sounds like a thing only happen in science fiction and deliver drone still a dream until someone can really able to make it happen. The deliver drone has a high chance of becoming a real thing because it has ability to help fast food restaurant to deliver foods and meals within a considerable diameter and distance. It will be the new way of getting fast food without even getting out of your home. Fast food restaurant will take the order from computers or their mobile devices then deliver the foods and meals by drone. In the recent years, the drone is came into consideration for a number of commercial applications such as package delivery and foods delivery by many distributors and fast food industry. Some other services such as Amazon Prime Air and Tacocopter are already developing and testing their drones to deliver orders and foods inside a 10-mile radius of a distribute point within 30 minutes.

24 Hours ordering without tips Whether looking for breakfast, lunch, dinner or late night snack, fast food drone will deliver it to customers anytime they want. Simple go through the restaurants menus and order either online or with phone anywhere without any extra charge and tips for deliver drone. Fast food staffs with an automated delivery drone will able to avoid traffic and cut through the sky which result as consumers food and meal will arrives quicker than before.

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By taking the advantage of smart phone application and GPS, fast food consumers could place an order for foods or meal and then a drone will be on its way to their homes or offices. No more tip will be needed for the delivery “guy� and the customers will only have to pay online or by mobile device.

The foods and meals will be dropped off by the drone then it will fly back to the restaurant to pick up its next order. The advantage and goal is to deliver the food and meal to consumers when they are still hot and fresh.

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DRONE WAITRESS

In the future, fast food restaurants will start using drone to deliver foods and meals to customers in fast food restaurant.

Customers’ foods and meals will be delivered to their table or where they are waiting by the drone waitress. The drone staff will fly back and forward in the restaurant and kitchen.

The staff will have a flat top that carry plates or to go bags either controlled by a nearby waiter or mobile gps located by the customers’ GPS with their smartphones. However, fast food restaurant service developer might have some concern before they can make it happen which they have to first take care of the problems of tripping and spilling with food and liquid through the process of delivering to customers tables or where they located; or people heads might get in the way where drone end up crash and land.

The drone waitress is being controlling and monitoring by a fast food staffs who is using a remote control and the restaurant’s Wi-Fi to try to steer the it with food and meals towards the customers.

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drone // 57

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INDEX

A

Drive-in 45, 64

advertising 18

drive-thru 45, 49

antibiotic-free 27

drone 55, 56, 57, 58, 63, 66

applications 42, 45, 56

Arby’s 22, 27

automobile 16, 20 A&W Root Beer 17

signage 18

smartphones 45, 50, 58, 66

machine 11, 20

McDonald 19, 20, 22, 23

F

meal 22, 45, 50, 56, 57

N

franchising 18, 20

chemicals 31

Chipotle 22, 23, 27

convenience 22, 42, 45, 49, 50 customization 22, 35, 37, 47, 62

greenhouse-gas 28

hormone-free 27

Sustainable 27

drive-in 16, 17, 20

I Indoor farming 32

O

T

plant factory 32, 62 privacy 48

Horn & Hardart 11, 13

NFC 05, 47, 63

P

H

sustainability 31, 62

sustainable 07, 27, 28, 31, 32

organic 27, 28, 32, 64, 65

green 27, 32

Howard Johnson 18

deliver 45, 56, 57, 58

steroid-free 27

natural grow 27, 28, 31

GPS 05, 45, 55, 57, 58

carhops 16, 20

SPEEDEE KITCHEN 20

supplements 31

farms 27

G

smartphone 42, 44, 49

nutrition 35, 42

C call box 19

self-serving 20

M

free-range 31, 65

busboys 20

D

E

fast-casual 22, 28

beef 22, 27, 28

self-ordering 50

L logo 18

environment 07, 31, 32, 47

automate 11

B

employees 18, 23

ARBY’S 22

S

In-N-Out 19

touch screen 48, 50

V

vending machines 11, 13

W

White Castle 16, 17

Q QR codes 47

R ranch 31

drone // 59

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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cans-spend-their-money

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Chapter 2

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Derbyshire, David. “ Is this the future of food? Japanese ‘plant factory’ churn out immaculate vegetables”. Mail Online. June 2009. http://www.dailymail. co.uk/sciencetech/article-1190392/Is-future-food-Japanese-plant-factorieschurn-immaculate-vegetables-24-hours-day.html Halperin, Marc. “Your Way or the Highway”. QSR Magaine. August 2013.

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Peterson, Andrea. “ Ordering fast food by mobile app is the new drivethrough”. The Washington Post. February 2013. http://www.washingtonpost. com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/02/13/ordering-fast-food-by-mobile-app-isthe-new-drive-through/ Sabella, Robert P. “ NFC technology will put the ‘fast’ back in ‘fast food’”.

Mobile Payments Today. July 2013. http://www.mobilepaymentstoday.com/ article/216383/NFC-technology-will-put-the-fast-back-in-fast-food-Commentary

Sim, Jordan. “McDonalds Touch Interface Ordering System”. Youtube. May 19, 2010. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5dC6eDmpKN8 Tice, Carol. “How Restaurants Are Using Technology to Deliver Better Customer Service”. Forbes. December 12, 2012. http://www.forbes.com/sites/ caroltice/2012/12/07/how-restaurants-are-using-technology-to-deliver-better-customer-service/

Chapter 4 Ball, James. “Amazon to deliver by Drone? Don’t Believe the Hype”. The Guardian. December 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/02/amazon-drone-delivery-jeff-bezos-hype Elliot, Danielle (2013-12-09). “DHL testing delivery drones”. CBS News.

Gilbert, Jason. “Tacocopter Aims To Deliver Tacos Using Unmanned Drone Helicopters”. The Huffington Post. August 20, 2010.

Sadowshi, Jathan. “Are Taocopters and Burrito Bombers the Next Pony Express?”. Slate.com. http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/ transportation/2013/08/drone_delivery_system_tacocopters_burrito_bombers_beer_and_sushi.html Stone, Dan. “Coming to a Sky Near You: Drones”. News Watch. National Geographic. February 4, 2013. http://newswatch.nationalgeographic. com/2013/02/04/coming-to-a-sky-near-you-drones/ Weiss, Debra Cassens (December 2, 2013). “Amazon’s delivery drone plan presents ‘a legal minefield’”. ABA Journal. January 12, 2014.

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PICTURE CREDITS

Chapter 1

Retro photos of the first McDonald. Original crew members in front of first store where it all began with more efficient operation mode for their kitchen,

Bill’s A & W @ Lake Street & River Road Circa 1950. http://rhs1962.com/drive-

setting up an assembly line to turn out their burgers more quickly which also

ins2.htm

called the ‘Speedee Service System’. http://www.amusingplanet.com/2012/09/

Postcard photo of a Horn & Hardart automat depicting how the automat works. Circa 1930’s by the look of the card and the photos on it.

worlds-first-mcdonald-restaurant.html AP Photo by Charles Dharapak. Republican presidential candidate, former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney and Sen. Rob Portman, R-Ohio, make an unscheduled stop at a Chipotle restaurant in Denver. http://nbclatino.

Horn & Hardart/Lumitone Photography, New York. http://en.wikipedia.org/

com/2012/10/02/photos-mitt-romneys-chipotle-lunch-pit-stop-ahead-of-big-

wiki/File:Horn_%26_Hardart_automat.JPG

first-debate-with-obama/#s:mitt-romney-rob-portman-4

Horn & Hardart Automat. http://www.pnwphotos.com/gallery/showphoto. php/photo/3585/title/horn-26amp-3b-hardart-automat/cat/505 Horn and Hadart in Manhattan, New York. http://hornandhardartcoffee.com/ Drive-in and Car Hop Memories. by Marc Weinberg, May 20, 2012. Flickr Car Hops. Car hops wait in line to pick up their customer’s food orders. by Mary Jo, July 26, 2009. Flickr

Chapter 2 Dealing With Picky Eaters. by James Wojcik. http://www.jameswojcik.com/ Organic solutions prove effective in livestock. by Ryan Thompson. http://organic-center.org/hot-science/organic-solutions-prove-effective-in-livestock/ Dell’s Bamboo Packaging Certified Biodegradable. by Katherine Montgomery.

White Castle Building No. 8 at West 33rd Street and Lyndale Avenue South in

http://goodcleantech.pcmag.com/recycling/278811-dell-s-bamboo-packag-

Minneapolis, Minnesota. by Todd Murray, 24 June 2006. http://en.wikipedia.

ing-certified-biodegradable

org/wiki/File:White_Castle_Building_8.jpg

Organic chicken rules have animal advocates clucking their tongues. by

A&W Root Beer in History. http://www.jalopyjournal.com/forum/showthread.

Melissa Allison, The Seattle Times. October 17, 2010. http://www.cleveland.

php?t=428585&page=647

com/business/index.ssf/2010/10/organic_chicken_rules_have_ani.html

Vintage Roadside. June 10, 2010. by vintageroadside.com. https://www.flickr.

What If? Or the Age of Diminishing Returns. by the Soil Association. October

com/photos/vintageroadside/4705440718/in/set-72157601416486022 White Castle Fast Food Restaurant ad. by Captain Geoffrey Spaulding. Flickr http://www.pinterest.com/pin/197102921166067647/ Howard Johnson’s Restaurant - Framingham, Massachusetts. Off The

8, 2010. http://www.carbonmanagers.com/blog/file/carbon-offset-news/ what-if-or.aspx Organic Cattle. by U.S. Department of Agriculture. January 25, 2012. https:// www.flickr.com/photos/usdagov/6762392899/

Massachusetts Turnpike. by pieshios@gmail.com, February 2009. https://

The Salmonella Outbreak: Are free-range, organic eggs safer? By Eartheasy.

www.flickr.com/photos/hollywoodplace/3295754410/

September 16, 2010. http://eartheasy.com/blog/2010/09/the-salmonella-out-

Drive Thru. Neon drive thru sign at The Hat. by Hugh C. Mcbride, March 6, 2014, Flickr.

Youth CA First. IN-N-OUT burger illustration that features the original store #1 located in Baldwin Park, CA. by Jack Schmidt, 1986.

McDonald’s Test Kitchen: Where Fast Food Is Born. http://skylar-smythe. blogspot.com/2013/11/in-defense-of-mcdonalds-restaurants.html

62 // fresh wrap

break-are-free-range-organic-eggs-safer/ Plant Factories Propose A New Style Of Agriculture. by Junko Kimura/Getty Images AsiaPac. June 2, 2009. http://www.zimbio.com/pictures/cumIfIfy4L8/Plant+Factories+Propose+New+Style+Agriculture/VQ16zVIB2Ue Plant Factories Propose A New Style Of Agriculture. http://agritecture.com/ post/37791410943/plant-factory

Nike Air Max 90 Burger Sneaker. by Kara Rodemer. Courtesy of Olle

digitalconsumers.wordpress.com/2013/05/09/re-thinking-fine-dining-expe-

Hemmendorff. http://www.delish.com/food-fun/food-fashion#slide-1

rience/

Deep-Fried Mac & Cheese Burger Bun. by Aziza Sullivan, July 2, 2013. http://

OrderHub Product Photo. by OrderHub. http://media.grubhub.com/media/

www.foodbeast.com/2013/07/02/deep-fried-mac-and-cheese-burger-bun-be-

multimedia/images/default.aspx

cause-those-are-literally-some-of-the-best-words-food-has-to-offer/ Thankskilling. by Des Loines. March 1, 2012. http://des-loines.blogspot. com/2012/03/zombie-burger-des-moines-plan-12-space.html Awesome summer salad idea. by Evita Lekaki. http://www.pinterest.com/ pin/351421577144850459/ Foodable WebTV Network. by Evita Lekaki http://www.pinterest.com/ pin/351421577144542813/ Freshii. by Fransmart Photos. March 16, 2010. https://www.flickr.com/photos/27093510@N07/4438034345/ Raw Food Culinary School Begins Tour. By Beverly Lansing, June 2, 2012. http://cooking-schools.us/cooking-news/raw-food-culinary-school-beginstour/ Your Way or the Highway. by Marc Halperin, August 2013. http://www.qsrma-

App KFC. by AirTag. http://www.airtag.com/press/press_gallery_EN.php McDonald’s The Happy Table by Dynamic Designworks Inc, Octiber 8, 2013 http://www.ddw.us.com/mcdonalds-the-happy-table-how-smartphones-canenhance-play/ iBurger Touch Screen Ordering. by Adrian, June 23, 2013. http://gastrofork. ca/2013/iburger-montreal-gastroforkie-mini-adventure-part-deux/ Self-Service vs. Human Connection. by Mike Cearley. September 12, 2012. http://www.digitalscreenmedia.org/mike-cearley/?blogstart=44 Kura Japanese Dining. by Global Good Food. May 14, 2013. http://www.globalgoodfood.com/2013/05/kura-japanese-dining-haymarket.html Ordering Table of the Future. by Lisa Lacy. March 10, 2014. http://www.clickz. com/clickz/news/2333073/pizza-hut-demos-interactive-pizza-ordering-table-of-the-future

gazine.com/marc-halperin/your-way-or-highway Holy Guacamole! Chipotle says don’t panic. by CNN, March 6, 2014. http:// www.kmov.com/news/just-posted/Holy-Guacamole-Chipotle-says-dontpanic-248743261.html Preparing Tortilla. by Kamila Panasiuk. February 7, 2011. https://www.flickr. com/photos/kamillapanasiuk/5457883879/

Chapter 4 Parrot AR Drone 2.0. by Andrew Couts. November 21, 2013. http://www. digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/parrot-ar-drone-2-0-microsoft-windowsphone/#!F4QaA Do we need a weekly break from consumerism? by Julia McConway. http://

Chapter 3 Microsoft Surface Touch. by Wallpaperpixel.com. http://wallpaperpixel.com/ microsoft-surface-touch-wallpaper.html

universitytimes.ie/?p=22331 A London Sushi Chain Delivers Dinner By Drone. by Megan Willett, June 11, 2013. http://www.businessinsider.com/yo-sushi-debuts-flying-trays-2013-6 Sushi Delivery From A Robotic Quadcopter. by Before It’s News. September 7,

Spy Bubble: Spying on mobile phones has never been easier. by Ed Yourdon,

2013. http://beforeitsnews.com/science-and-technology/2013/09/sushi-deliv-

August 23rd, 2011 http://www.tp890.com/tag/monitoring-cell-phones/

ery-from-a-robotic-quadcopter-2635270.html

Automation Nation. by Audie Chamberlain. Mar 14, 2012. http://www.inman. com/next/automation-nation/ Automated Food ordering through tablet. by Dina Karan. May 9, 2013. http://

drone // 63

COLOPHON

DESIGNER Yanfat Yeung 408.627.1454 cody_0802@hotmail.com

SOFTWARE Photoshop CS6 InDesign CS6 Illustrator CS6

PRINTING & BINDING Epson Stylus Photo R3000 Staples Photo Supreme Paper Epson Ultra Premium Paper

TYPEFACE Gotham Condensed Mercury Text

CLASS GR601_Type System Professor: David Hake Spring 2014

64 // fresh wrap