Floating Community Manila (Book)

Floating Community Designing a floating module for a resilient community in Manila, Phillipines

Yafim Simanovsky Explore Lab Graduation

Tutors Robert Nottrot Diego Sepulveda Jan van de Voort

July 2017

Table of Contents Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter 1 : Cities under water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

0_ Megatrends 1_ Assessment of Resilience 2_ Important questions

Chapter 2 : The slums of Manila . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

0_ 1_ 2_ 3_

Geographical context Slum profile Important questions Conclusions

Chapter 3 : Navotas slum as a prototype site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

0_ 1_ 2_ 3_ 4_ 5_ 6_ 7_

Elements of value Fundamental considerations Community Infrastructure and mobility Housing Collective life Development in time Scenarios

Chapter 4 : Wave breaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Reflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Appendix

i_ ii_ iv_ v_ vi_ vii_ viii_ x_ xi_ xii_ xiii_ xiv_

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Cycle of vulnerability Surface uses Pod technical details Pod layers Pod weight calculations Utility schematic Additional floorplans House structure details Column technical details Suction caisson anchoring Steel spanners Safety

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Forward

This project comes from an unexpected place yet returns somehow to its origin. It was born out of a fascination for the fact that water covers 70% of our planet’s surface, yet we do not use it in any meaningful way.

From a concept of a digital-futuristic society in the middle of the ocean, soon it clarified into something much more useful and relevant, which could actually fit to the role we would like water to play in our urban environments, one of cooperation with it, not fighting against it.

The aim of the design has been to illuminate the ways in which a real step could be taken towards a more coherent urban landscape that will survive the challenges of our time, both social and physical, and imrpove people’s lives wherever they find it difficult, even if only a little.

1

Chapter 1 : Cities under water

It is well known that the average sea level is rising. What is less known is that many large urban centers are already underwater today.

Every year monsoons, typhoons, poor infrastructure and failure of countermeasures are flooding cities around the planet. This is especially evident in the large metropolis fabrics of Southeast Asia.

Rivers and coastal floods are exacerbated by monsoon rains and strengthened by lack of resilient capacity to manage these quantities of water.

The result is a crisis of hygiene, housing and financial stability for those who find themselves in these conditions.

Most often these are the slum and informal housing inhabitants of large cities to which continuous and large scale migration is still ongoing.

2

0_ Megatrends

Asia Bank Development’s Flickr Page – Creative Commons License https://www.flickr.com/photos/asiandevelopmentbank/6980591056

3

Increasing frequency of climatic disasters,

coupled with the megatrend of urbanization, to offer long-term resilient solutions in the

43%

36%

29%

450 375

475

especially water related, leads to a sense of urgency urban context.

53%

60%

66%

1000 875 825

Diagram by author based on World Risk Index reports

5

1_ Assessment of Resilience

Typhoon Haiyan damages Source: The Associated Press

6

Resilience “The capacity to recover quickly from stress.”

Adaptivity “The capacity to adjust to change in environmental conditions.”

In the case of a climate and urbanization context, these mean the extent and speed at which urban populations and infrastructure (especially for the urban poor) can recover from damage to important assets such as housing, economic capacity, education and health, and how well these systems respond to change over time.

Definitions based on - Caroline O. N. Moser, “The Asset Vulnerability Framework: Reassessing Urban Poverty Reduction Strategies,” World Development 26, no. 1 (1998), 3.

RESILIENCE

Water Multifunctionality Management Drainage Flooding Sea level Storage

Diagram by author

Mixed use Spatial stacking Biodiversity

Connectivity

Redundancy

Transferability

Transportation Linkage

Risk spreading Safe-to-fail Modularity

Assessment Monitoring Experimentation

7

Manila, Philippines Connectivity and Water Management seem to be the main intrests of the Municipality.

Efforts to improve these are doubtful to solve any long-term problems and come at the expense of social unrest and ineffective strategies to relocate inhabitants.

Water Management

Multifunctionality

Transferability

The rehabilitation of rivers and canals does offer some lessons in assessment and quantification of such efforts, therefore these could become transferrable to other similar urban operations in river cities.

Connectivity

Redundancy

Dhaka, Bangladesh Water Management

There is hardly any implemented large scale work done to improve the city’s resilience.

Some regional water management like dike improvements have been executed over the last years, but these are not effective.

Multifunctionality

Transferability

The only notable work done in the city is by international organizations, such as Habitat for Humanity, which do not constiture part of Municipal or Regional institutions.

Connectivity

Redundancy

Resilient Homes, Southeast Asia There are many small interventions that do a great deal to reduce the vulnerability of local urban poor inhabitants and increase resilience in this region of the world.

Organizations such as the Development Workshop France (DWF) and ACTED carry out education activities to improve disaster response, and they facilitate home improvements and reconstructions on a local scale, all of which offer valuable lessons for the entire Southeast Asian region.

Water Management

Transferability

Redundancy

Diagrams by author

Multifunctionality

Connectivity

8

Phnom Penh, Cambodia Water Management

Multifunctionality

Transferability

Connectivity

Redundancy

The condition in Phnom Penh is very similar to the one in Dhaka, both with much national and regional level planning and strategic frameworks, but almost no practical implementation in sight and hardly any relation to the lives of the urban poor.

Here as well, the only actions in the city’s fabric are the work of institutions such as Habitat for Humanity, improving homes and locally acting to strengthen the resilience of individual families and neighborhoods.

Makoko Floating School, Nigeria Water Management

Multifunctionality

Transferability

Connectivity

Redundancy

The school, designed by KunlĂŠ Adeyemi is a prototype for a resilient education facility and considered one of the most recent and innovative experimentations in sustainable floating architecture.

It offers a good design for a multi-layered functionality and services to the community, but it lacks any substantial infrastructure aspect which can connect to existing the fabric, or a risk-spreading element which will increase resilient capacity.

Floating Prototype - Thesis Proposal As a coherent response for the resilient and adaptive needs of current challenges, the design includes a high capacity to manage and store water as a primary consideration.

Water Management

Transferability

Redundancy

Multifunctionality

It offers flexible strategies for social space and services such as spatial stacking and integration with natural systems, and addresses issues of connectivity, and redundancy mainly through modular elements in order to handle long-term adaptation.

Connectivity

9

Resilience

Adaptat ion to

Ass es s t of en m

xt nte o C

Ev

ol

ut

io

na

ry D

a e c i si o n M

ki n

g

The adaptive process allows to select variations of parameters within a framework, and across different contextual scenarios in order to arrive at a correct adaptive character.

Diagram by author

10

2_ Important questions

As well as we might want to design and implement projects which deal effectively with resilience and adapativity in the urban context, we should remember that these issues are related to both the recent past and the future of human habitats, and therefore we will do well to always keep asking ourselves questions which will help to define and refine our way of thinking:

Which risk factors have the most effect on vulnerable inhabitants of urban areas under water risk?

Which

actions are taken at a local level to improve resilience of vulnerable communities in risk areas?

How

can urban interventions be categorized into a methodological framework that will allow assessment on regional, city, neighborhood and family scales?

How

can lessons from current interventions be transferrable to similar vulnerable contexts?

11

Chapter 2 : The slums of Manila

The population density in Manila is one of the highest in the world. Among the main factors contributing to this are the flow of migrants seeking economic opportunity, and the built environment of informal housing, commonly known as slums.

Lying on the coast of a large bay in the north of the Philippines, it is officially inhabited by around 12 million people, 30% of which are poor, and 1 million of which live in poor slum conditions.

Manila is the largest urban agglomeration in the Philippines, among the top 10 risk-prone countries according to the World Risk Index, surveying the vulnerabilities and capacities of nations in terms of health, economy and climate risk.

Infrastructural failure and inadequacy, as well as shortage of housing, are directly linked to the slum environment and efforts are continuously hindered by strong tropical typhoons and heavy monsoon rains which shut down the city for days or weeks at a time on a yearly basis. * see first page of Appendix for illustrative diagram

12

Sources top to bottom: Charism Sayat - AFP/Getty Images, Edo Ankum (photographer), Reuters

13

0_ Geographical context

The Philippines is one of the most exposed countries in the world to tropical storms. Manila, being the largest urban center of this country, is situated on the eastern coast of the Manila Bay, east of the South China Sea. The city is positioned between this Bay and the inner Laguna de Bay, a large freshwater lake which drains through the city to Manila Bay via the Pasig river.

In the north-east limit of the city lies the Marikina Valley Fault, which could trigger an earthquake above 7.0 magnitude.

The design and research take into consideration this particular vulnerability profile of Manila as a high-risk urban center by declaring it a prototype site and fitting context for addressing all issues.

0

1 km

14

15

1_ Slum profile

Source: Bernard Lang (photographer)

16

As floods hit the city and infrastructure is disrupted, we find a large overlap between slum areas and the incidence of flooding.

That is to say - the urban poor are the ones suffering most from the negative consequences of a lack of a resilient built environment and sustainable policies.

Informal Housing

0

5 km

Flood Risk

Maps based on data from NOAH Project flood reports and Urban Poor Associates 2013 Eviction Monitor

17

Population

4,000,000 in slums (33% of city) of which 750,000 near water bodies

Economic needs

40% unemployed. Fishing and unskilled labor, food vending and domestic help. River pollution drives to rubbish scavenging.

Transportation

Rickshaws and taxis, canal boats, bicycles

Water features

Coast, bisecting river, land reclamation

Demography

Family size > 5 with mostly young children.

Low life expectancy due to poverty.

Informal housing

12 to 20 m2 shacks often with no flooring, water, or toilet. Whole families crowd together.

Hazards

Floods, river pollution, typhoons and earthquakes.

Source: Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Asian Development Bank 2000 and 2009 reports

18

Age: 23 Previous Occupation: Farming Current occupation: Scavenging Highest education: primary Family size: 6 Residence: Coast slum House size: 14 m2 Shared with: 5 Running water: partial Toilet: no Stove: no Flooring: yes

19

2_ Important questions

The particular situation in Manila regarding the resilience and vulnerability of the urban poor leads us to ask more specific questions within the framework we have defined.

These questions pertain to the urban landscape in Manila and attempt to undertand the directions in which a design or possible solution can take: Which areas in the Manila area are most severly effected by multiple risk factors?

What are the ways in which Resilience can be improved while keeping social cohesion?

How can the connectivity of the proposed design fit within its framework of modularity and contribute to the existing fabric?

20

3_ Conclusions

The specific nature of Manila is a highly dense urban fabric boarding on water, increasing the exposure of weak populations by combining multiple risk factors such as flooding, fire, typhoons and health and infrastructure problems in the same locations close to the city center.

This combination, coupled with a strong familial structure of community and particular neighborhood scale and hierarchy of self-governance on the local scale, prompts to think of a solution that will address multiple scales as well as heavily rely on infrastructural security to enable the assets that the urban poor possess.

The crucial factors for increased resilience therefore are a flood-free and flexible and modular design, focused on empowerment of the capabilities of the urban poor themselves and a strong continuity with the existing urban landscape.

21

Chapter 3 : Navotas slum as a prototype site

The Navotas slum sits along the Manila Bay coast north of the main city port. One of the biggest and most dense slum areas, it is inhabited by around 250,000 people.

Given the requirements of the project and the intersecting aspects of slum nieghborhoods and the risks of Manila City, the Navotas slum presents an optimal location for testing the prototype.

The location north of the port still contains much economic activity in terms of the fishing industry, and the area is close to a central coastal bus terminal.

The Navotas beach is characterized by combinations of housing and informal slums, giving it an interesting character in terms of assessing the effectivness with which the prototype contributes to the built environment as a continuous part of the city.

22

0

1 km

23

0_ Elements of value

Source: Bernard Lang (photographer)

24

The design was guided by a set of parameters and requirements both physical and conceptual, in order to guarantee a comprehensive view and approach to the entire intervention, on multiple scales and in consideration of an array of solutions combined to create the most benefit.

Parameters such as the density and stability on the larger scale, with the constructional and spatial qualities on the smaller scale, allow careful integration of various functions.

City scale

Modularity

Stability

Storm Break

Wave Height

Module Size

Tsunami

Weight

Cost

Energy

Monsoon

Diagram by author

# of People

Module scale

Transport

Education

Health

Energy

Monsoon

# of People

Food

Materials

Demographics

Family scale

Climate

Food

Materials

Demographics

25

1_ Fundamental considerations

Source: Romeo Ranoco/Reuters

26

If the structure is more than twice the wavelength in extent, its response will tend to zero.

Source: Seasteading engineeing report (2011)

A high width to depth ratio will have a very large metacentric height, adding to its stability.

Image: Borg M, Collu M. 2015, A comparison between the dynamics of horizontal and vertical axis offshore floating wind turbines.

27

Modularity adds value in terms of efficiency, riskspreading, and multi-functionality.

Stacking utilities and functions in each floating module is one way to improve these aspects.

Pedestrian / Greenery

Soil

Utilities

Water Storage

Diagram by author

28

Optimal volume to surface ratio enables more storage capacity (rain collection), material efficiency (cost and sustainability), and bouyancy (stability).

1.166

0.833

0.56

Specifically in the case of Manila and the contextual adaptivity regarding risk-spreading, a strategy of decentralization of crucial infrastructure helps to improve resilience.

Centralized

Decentralized

Distributed

29

2_ Community

Source: Edo Ankum (photographer)

30

Community cohesion and hierarchy is a very important aspect of slum life in Manila.

The design answers to a specific composition of familial ties and group size, as well as the density of the surrounding area to ensure compatibility.

Barangay Administrative urban unit > 2000 people Human social unit Dunbar’s number ~150 people Density of Manila City 300 people / ~7000 m2 Area of stable module 6500 m2

300 300

300 300

300

300 300 31

Many types of urban organization in the form of square versus hexagonal modules were considered. In a process of objective prioritization according to valuable criteria, a selection was made that fit the Manila context appropriately.

Large public space

Medium spaces

Small spaces

Dense housing

32

Number of Units

Courtyard Access

100%

Public Space

Water Collection

Accessibility

2.583

Public Space

Water Collection

Accessibility

Quality of Views

Number of Units

Courtyard Access

Number of Units

Quality of Views

Score

1

1

1

1

1

5

3

1

1

1

1

4

3

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

3

2

1

2

2

0

1

Courtyard Access

0

Public Space

0

0

Water Collection

0

0

1

Accessibility

0

0

1

0

Quality of Views

0

0

0

0

2.25

1.917

0

1.667

Weight

1.667

2.25

33

3_ Infrastructure and mobility

Source: Bernard Lang (photographer)

34

To tap into the capabilites already present in the slum communities, the modular units can be fabricated out of a high density plastic material which will strengthen employment and sustainability.

Selecting the right material involves comparatively balancing important physical characteristics for long-term functionality and feasibility.

HDPE (plastic)

Concrete

Wood

Steel

Weight Durability Sustainability

Strength

Cost

Good OK Bad 35

Modular units are reconfigurable into sub-types of surface usage. While the base bouyancy chamber remains constant, the top layers are flexible and can facilitate different functions over time and space.

Variations of surface usage for modular Pods

Street Pod

Wetland Pod

Family Pod

gutter

soil layer

rain collection

septic tank water tank

36

Roof area : Families :

2508 m2 257

Solar panels :

1529

Kwh / Family :

5.95

The basic needs of cooking and sanitation are provided and the electric power is generated through solar paneled roofs of public buildings, providing services such as clinics, classrooms and markets.

The footprint of public buildings is configured by the same modularity principles of hexagonal elements and columns, and results in a wide array of possibilities.

Variations of footprints for public buildings

37

A crucial aspect of the design is the function of central courtyards for each house cluster.

A rain collection tank (spatial stacking principal) provides enough water for all uses, given the monsoon rain frequency.

In addition, the central courtyards act as a Constructed Wetland, filtering grey and black water through a septic tank and a soil layer which are stacked further above the rain collection tank.

This provides not only a social space inner to each cluster for semi-private activites, but a source of vegetation growth and possible nutrition, as well as sustainable use of water.

Pod surfaces used for water collection 1 3

2 4

6 Storage 325m3 / Pod

5 7

Sectors

Pipes

Liters collected by amount of surfaces July

August

September

October

...

...

June

1 Pod

23010

30810

26065

11830

18655

2 Pod

28020

71640

105770

111430

51930 38

Rainwater

Waste

Septic Tank

Collection Tank

Washing

Grey Water

Drinking

Black Water Constructed Wetland

Diagram by author

Common Gardens

Pipes

Native Reed “Phragmites Karka” 20cm Sand Black Water

40cm Gravel Grey Water

39

Paths along the perimeter or through inner streets of module neighborhoods allow a differentiation of traffic intensity and activities.

0

5

25m

41

4_ Housing

Source: Edo Ankum (photographer)

42

Vernacular relates not only to past traditions, but also to the accustomed way of building and maintaining practices in daily life over time.

Therefore the slums, some of which are several generations old, have become in themselves a vernacular which the local inhabitants refine and practice on a yearly basis.

The specific materials in each are different, but the guiding principals are the same for both: Lightweight, cheap, flexible and easy to maintain.

Vernacular materials and their expression Coco Lumber

Wood Scraps

Nipa Hut Bamboo

Nipa Palm

Slum Plastics

Metal Sheet

43

The 35m2 family houses are constructed from 4 concrete columns and a bamboo roof which are provided for the inhabitants.

The walls, windows and doors are infilled by the family itself as it moves in, establishing both a sense of ownership as well as personal organization.

The capacity to extend the house to a second floor exists, and the orientation of the house can be changed in 3 axis over time to better suit changing needs.

A basic utility core is provided, giving each family a kitchen and toilet, and organizing the space.

Metal sheet roof 6cm bamboo purlins 10cm bamboo truss 15cm bamboo beam

Prefab concrete beam

Prefab toilet and kitchen core Prefab concrete column

65m2 pod surface

44

Activity zones

Sleeping

WC Living

Kitchen / Dining

Core utilities

A

A

0

1

5m

Climate section A-A

45

The aim of the project is not to provide high-quality housing, but rather to provide the possibility for such, as built and improved over time by the inhabitants, through a process of increased resilience and economic capacity.

A sense of ownership and stability in terms of riskreduction can empower inhabitants to appropriate the housing as their own, leading to improvements over time.

Initial infill by inhabitants

0

1

5m

Sense of ownership leads to improved materials and investments 46

The extension to the 2nd floor leaves more flexibility in terms of private spaces and potential to have functions on a balcony, or to free up the first floor for more public activities.

C

C 0

1

5m

Section C-C

47

5_ Collective life

Source: Edo Ankum (photographer)

48

The modular design allows various configurations of house extensions in the form of the vernacular canopies, used for shading various commercial and social activities.

Variations for canopy extensions between and from house structures

49

Considerations of sunlight allowance and variations of water boundary need to be considered with regards to the effects on the ecosystem as well as the provision of minimum clearance between communities in case of fire.

Water, and life on the edge of it, is transformed from a risk and hazard into a new relationship and a way of life.

50

Relationships between house-edge and water

Food source

Nutrient Exchange

Biodiverse zone

Dark zone

51

In order to begin to assess the potential of the modular and flexible arrangement of infrastructural elements, housing, and street life, we must show how different lifestyles, family compositions and physical requirements of privacy can successfully fit into the possible configurations.

Private

Semi-private

Public

Semi-public

A

Couple with 4 children Home shop

A

B

B

3 generation home Fishermen

D

B

C

Young couple with relatives Street vendors

B

C

D

Young couple with children Scavenging trash

D

A

E

Young couple with children Construction worker

E

C

52

Due to the tropical climate and the social traditions of Manila, daily activities focus on street life and the space between houses.

53

1.

1st pod

2.

More attached pods

3.

100 pods per community

4.

Structural columns and beams

56

5.

Core toilet and kitchen

6.

Bamboo and steel roof

7.

Infill walls by inhabitants

8.

Collective street canopies

57

6_ Development in time

60

As generations grow and families expand, more space should be provided and flexible ways of accommodating needs should exist. The design allows replacement of elements and maintenance as well as expansion of private homes and extensions.

Development of housing extent over time according to family growth

Lifespan of elements according to use patterns and maintenance

Base pod 30 years

Modular elements 10 years

Daily life 3 years 61

7_ Scenarios

Scenario 1 - Housing

Scenario 2 - Industry

Scenario 3 - Commerce

Placement of the developement in proximity to current habitation and economic activities creates an extension of the city fabric.

Slums

Housing

63

Scenario 1

0

10

50 m 65

The illustration in this spread and the previous one are of an example scenario, where the floating community is adjecent to an existing residential area. Slums inhabitants are relocated and infrastructure on the shore area can be improved in parallel.

67

Coastal improvements Mixed transport Pedestrian only Housing cluster Boat docking

69

Chapter 4 : Wave breaker

Manila is faced each year with strong typhoons which send high waves bashing against the shoreline. In extreme storms these waves can reach 4 meters in height.

The conclusion from this simple fact is that no innovative design to increase resilience would do well without a protective measure against this risk.

The strategy is constructing a floating wave breaker at a short distance from the floating community, buffering the waves and protecting the inhabitants.

This protection, following the principals identified in other parts of the project, is also multifunctional in nature and contributes beyond being a simple physical barrier.

72

Sources top to bottom: SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department, nzgeo.com, dreamwreath wordpress

73

The floating wave breaker integrates nutrient remediation of the Bay waters which are heavily polluted, provides economic opportunity, and improves resilience on many scales.

An integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA)system can be implemented using segmented floating concrete barriers, chained together. This will provide a source of food and income for the people living on the floating community.

Feed Per m2 : “Bangus�

Fish Native Seaweed

3 kg of fish 5 kg of shellfish 3 kg of seaweed

Mussels/ shellfish Nitrogen & Phosphorus

Nitrogen Diagram by author

74

aw

d ee

Se

sh ilkfi

ets

hN

s ellfi

Sh

es

Lin

s

ge

Ca

M

315 m

A chain of IMTA units providing employment and protection for the community while strategically placing barriers at a distance from modular pods

50 m

100 m

75

Reflection

The issues presented in the research and throughout the design are immense, to say the least. They address the very core of urbanization and climate risks today and they seem insurmountable at first glance. The interventions proposed try to break them down to their managable components and approach them in a comprehensive way.

Nevertheless, this task is surely not fully completed in this singular project, nor can it be improved and propegated without further development of the concepts and design in the future.

It does however prove to be a very good tool that enables us to think differently about these issues, and all of its aspects can be tested and assessed, which means it can prove useful to others.

I am glad to have made this project and to have attempted to provide some possible solutions to very real problems, which relate to many millions of people around the world.

76

Appendix

77

Slum inhabitants are locked many times in a cycle of vulnerability, which prevents them from leveraging their assets and improving their conditions.

Crucial to the understanding of the situation of the urban poor is the diagram below, illustrating their back and forth journey between risk and vulnerability in the urban context.

i

Pod surfaces, due to their modular and flexible nature, can transform quickly into green areas, water features, and other social and functional uses.

Low green

Trees

Trees + Street

Public bathroom

Socializing

Water feature

Small deck

Large deck

ii

Each pod has a cavity of 1m separating two walls of HDPE plastic.

This cavity contains seawater to balance the bouyancy of the pod in water.

5

2

1

1

2cm HDPE panel

2

Water and waste service tunnel

3

Zigzag connection between panels

4

HDPE 2cm bolts

5

2cm inner HDPE panel with reinforcing ribs

6

2cm corner HDPE panel for rigidness - 1m cavity chamber

6

Interlocking rings slide into the exterior perimeter panels to join two pods together, and service tunnels a placed high and provide pathways for services.

Corner joint 3

Interlocking mechanism between pods

Connecting HDPE bolts

4

iv

On top of each bouyancy chamber there are 2 layers: Layer 1 - Modular HDPE volumes for services and soil.

Layer 2 - Modular reinforced concrete slabs with inserts for columns and central gutter.

25cm thick reinforced concrete cap modules

50cm thick 2cm HDPE service modules Center holding ring

v

How far into the water do the pods actually sink?

Each pod has a volume of 325 m3, which is used to calculate the relative density of all materials involved to the overall volume, and see the optimal submerged level inside the sea so that the surface is niether dangerously shallow nor deep enough to allow water into service tunnels.

Material

m3

m3 * (Kg/m3)

Kg / 325 m3

% submerged

HDPE plastic

6.5

6240

19.20

1.92

Concrete

17

40800

125.54

12.55

Seawater

111

111000

341.54

34.15

Bamboo

0.25

125

0.38

0.04

x

~5000

15.38

1.54

Other

163165

50

vi

The constructed wetland is connected to each house cluster through a system of a rain collection tank, septic tank and filters which provide all needed services of sanitation and water to the household.

WL OF

F

Filter

OF

Tank Overflow

WT

Water Tank

P

Pump

S

Sink

SH

Solar Heater

SW

Shower

WC

Toilet

ST

Septic Tank

WL

Wetland

ST

WC

SH

SW

OF WT

F

P S F vii

The organization of the house can follow patterns of contextual activities, be that growing food for the family in a garden or selling products through a front shop or any other activity which relies on flexible boundary conditions.

Front shop

Back garden

0

1

5m

viii

The structure of the house is provided to the inhabitants, while they infill this frame of concrete columns and simple truss bamboo roof covered with steel corrugated sheets.

5

6

1

15cm bamboo beam

2

10cm bamboo beam

3

6cm bamboo purlin

4

20x20cm reinforced concrete beam

5

20 degree angle corrugated steel roof

6

Potential DIY hollow brick wall

The aim is that after appropriation of the house, families will improve the materials over time and create better living conditions for themselves.

Bamboo truss and purlins 3

1

2

4

Column section and hollow concrete brick

Column steel pin and roof connection

x

Each column is topped with a steel pin with perforations, both to insert the concrete beam between two columns as well as provide connections for steel wires attached to the bamboo roof.

At the footing, the column is inserted onto another steel bar which can optionally be glued to it to add strength or left unglued to provide changes in the future placement of the columns.

xi

An array of anchors is implemented to the sea bottom to tie down the modular pods and floating wave breakers, while allowing some minimal tolerance for movement due to waves and self-weight.

Suction caissons are an innovative way for offshore anchoring, offering easier installation and removal, and are a fitting technology for the scale and parameters of the project.

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Joining two pods together requires a flexible joint, which will allow movement tolerance on 3 axes due to waves and dynamic loads.

Attaching communities at multiple points with steel rods set inside sockets, will give an additional stability to the whole collection of pods making up each community.

Gap covers 1m gap

Flexible joint

Socket

1m steel rod

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Given the innovative nature of the project, certain safety aspects need to be investigated. The high risk of fire usually accompanying slum life urges us to understand what scenario might occur in the event of a fire.

The following diagram shows how ladders, fire hydrants, and evacuation paths can be located to ensure safety in extreme scenarios.

Evacuation path [max 50 m] Hydrant and Ladder locations

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