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DRNDAYISABACORNEILLE,THYROIDandPARATHYROIDGLANDThethyroidglandiscoveredanteriorlybytheinfrahyoid(orstrapmuscles)The parathyroidglandshelpregulatethecalciumlevelintheblood.ItisadefinitereferenceParathyroidmalignant:parathyroidcarcinoma.Thetwolobesareunitedjust belowthecricoidcartilagebyanisthmus(Fig)[1]Inabout%ofindividuals,anunpairedartery,thethyroidaeimaisasmalloccasionalarteryfromthe brachiocephalictrunk,orleftTHYROIDANDPARATHYROIDSectionThyroidNeoplasiaFigStructureoftyrosine,T3andTmoleculeofT3(triiodothyronine) hasthreeatomsofiodine,whileeachmoleculeofT4(tetraiodothyronine)hasfouriodineatomsTheyarelargerthanthechiefcellsandseemtoincreaseinnumber withageThethyroidiscoveredbythestrapmusclesoftheneckandoverlappedbythesterno-AnatomyItissoftanditscolourisredItwasAlbrechtvon HallerinwhoclassifiedthethyroidasaSectionIntroductionFunctionTLDRWhenthecalciumlevelsinthebloodrease,theparathyroidglandreleasesa hormonecalledparathermoneorparathyroidhormone(PTH)ThyroidanatomyandphysiologyAnatomyThethyroidglandconsistsofleftandrightlobes connectedbyamidlineisthmus(Fig.).FigFollicularandparafolicularcellsofthethyroidgland.Thethyroidglandisamongthemostsignificantorgansofthe endocrinesystemandhasaweightofgThyroidstains:AE1/AE3BCL2beta-cateninBRAFcalcitoninCD5CDCEAchromograninCKCongoRedGalectin3 HBMEKimammaglobinNRASppPASPAX8PTENthyroglobulinTTFParathyroidstains:chromograninAGATA3parafibromin(CDC73)(pending)PTHYour thyroidisasmall,butterfly-shapedglandlocatedatthefrontofyourneckunderyourskinYHsuPublishedMedicineClinicalNuclearMedicineSectionThyroid andNeckSurgeryDownloadFreePDFTHYROIDandPARATHYROIDGLANDFoursmallmassesof1,·Inthisarticlewepresentthefundamental physiologicalmechanismsrelatedtopituitary,thyroid,parathyroidandadrenalhormonalproduction,secretionandTheaimofthistextistocreateauniqueindepthcomprehensivereferencecoveringallsurgicallyrelevantthyroidandparathyroiddiseases.It’sapartofyourendocrinesystemandcontrolsmanyofyour body’simportantfunctionsbyproducingandreleasing(secreting)certainhormonesOnceunderthepurviewofradiologists,UShasbecomeacentralfeatureof clinicalpracticeformanysurgeonsandendocrinologistsThethyroidglandiscomposedofrightandleftlobesthatarepositionedanterolateraltothelarynxand tracheaSectionPreoperativeEvaluationterminaldistributionintothethyroidglandSectionBenignThyroidDiseaseTheisthmusliesbelowthecricoidcartilage, andthelobesextendupwardoverthelowerhalfofthethy-roidcartilageYourthyroid’smainjobistocontrolthespeedofyourmetabolism(metabolicrate), whichisFigThyroidandparathyroidglandsThisorganislocatedbetweentheC5-T1vertebraeofcolumnavertebralis,infrontofthetracheaandbelowthelarynx Ultrasound(US)hasawell-establishedroleinthediagnosisandmanagementofconditionsofthethyroidandparathyroidglandsandhasincreasingrelevancefor nonendocrineneckconditions.