Lin_xinchao_818267_Final_Journal.pdf

Studio Air Xinchao Lin 818267

ICD-ITKE Research Pavilion 2013-14 / ICD-ITKE University of Stuttgart

.,

Part A page 3-27 Part B page 28-85 Part C page 86-122

Contents A.1. Design Futuring

A.2. Design Computation

A.3. Composition/Generation A.4. Conclusion

A.5. Learning Outcomes

A.6. Appendix - Algorithmic Sketches

References

A.1. Design Futuring : Philip Pavilion (1958), Los Angeles Rams Stadium A.2. Design Computation: ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion, Mesh Mould A.3. Composition/Generation: Esker House, Ultra-thin Roof (ETH ZĂźrich) A.4. Conclusion A.5. Learning Outcomes A.6. Appendix - Algorithmic Sketches + Referencing

Introduction My name is Xinchao Lin. I studied in China and UK. It is not long since I started my study of architecture. After coming to Melbourne, the universities and buildings in this city inspired me many times as my interest in design grow over the past 2 years.

Thinking about buildings, it is sometimes more from functionality perspective view that I start exploring my design rather than an aesthetic view . What interests me , for now, is the possibility for architecture to change everyday life, especially buildings of small scale. they draw my attention because they are perfect combinations of functionality, aesthetics, and form. This kind of design is really testing designers to take control of the whole and manage of all elements into one integrity in limited space to create architecture.

Coming to Studio Air, I wish to gain skills in thinking in more algorithmic and logical ways, and to produce work that is creative and beautiful.

I am always willing to learn new knowledge.

picture taken 2018 by author

Designing the future Human activities have changed the living surroundings of ourselves in ways mankind did not intent. Resource in the current world is in high demand.

Without sacrificing the possibility of a sustainable future, it is suggested that sustainable design is the starting point which mankind can choose to develop for future.

Responding to the world problems requires a long way to go . Choices about creation and/or destroy have never been so critical to designers. There are opportunities to be explored in all current design areas and chances to make positive changes to contribute to brighter future.1

SIG Design & Technology Flat Roofing 1 (Fry, 2008)

A1 Design Futuring Los Angles Rams Stadium

The Stadium Skin Case Study talks about a designed yet unbuilt project (finish 2019)with aid of computation process. The building itself contributed to a new way of work-flow, which is to speculating fixation details based on additively manufactured building components. During designing this building,digital software helps to build roof , which is made up of thousands of panels covering over 5 million square feet area, by designing geometry and digital fabrication.

The building in one aspect shows the variability and geometric complexity to research objects. Also, the building is revolutionary in creating the single piece of facade panels, and with the aid of computational design and computer controlled precise fabrication (3D printed node), the outcome can be done quickly and effectively. The panel each requires only three fasteners (CNC machine cut). These digital driven fabrications are all assessed in terms of computerization geometry, fabrication and especially actual performance. Computation aided actions show a possibility to expand in future possibilities to use better fixation methods to reduce complexity , because the traditional six-point fixation method can already be replaced by shop-fabricated and per-assemblage. This will instigate a change in large-scale, 3D printed construction as alternatives, the potential of 3D printing as a fabrication method at this scale of execution. One of the future possibilities is the project demonstrates an alternative approach for documentation in order to minimize the time required for construction. Also, many degrees of freedom, in future more conceptual ideas can be turned into reality. The communication within this example is for designers and fabricators, without worrying about drawing of each single piece of panel ,a text based file can well adopt all dimension, the designer can change the terminology and format of the file ,and change can happen directly by fabrication machines, 1 The stadium shows the possibility to make design process all driven by the computer. To generate extreme accurate fabrication outcome and reduce mistakes. This project not only shows the possibility of quick and precise construction. Also satisfying the level of geometric variability needed while enabling the initial purlin strategy comprised of fewer structural members. This method is more aligned with the development of direct design-to-fabrication processes, due to the ability to fully automate each part’s production as a single process.

1(Discovery.ucl.ac.uk, 2018)

“I will not make a pavilion for you but an Electronic Poem and a vessel containing the poem; light, color image, rhythm and sound joined together in an organic synthesis”.

--------Le Corbusier

Image above is Philips Pavilion by Le Corbusier in 1958.

The Philips Pavilion represented an important artistic phenomenon through its synthesis of architecture, visual media , and music. It was a great space in which slides were projected and the soundtrack of “Electronic Poem ” specially prepared by Edgar Varèse was heard.

This project, demolished on January 30, 1959 is important because , at time it was something that may never be re-created again. The Philips Pavilion and Poeme Electronique remain an artistic achievement that has left its mark in just eight minutes from history. At the time, digital design has revolutionary involved to design exterior of the pavilion, while other steps like wires , concrete formwork and use of concrete was still no computerization involved.1 Also what was revolutionary is how Le Corbusier combined light, color image , music rhythm and sound to join together in organic synthesis. What radical about the pavilion is it has minimal input to design the interior, because purposely, the pavilion inside is what Le Corbusier designed to be '8 minutes' walking period, the extremely short period time of staying is why the interior is not so much designed like the exterior. The project's construction contributes to the idea and a constructive possibility of hyperbolic paraboloid architecture (starting from 1950s), the idea of this architectural form will continuously be appreciated and evolved from this building's construction, for example, later construction of St. Aloysius Church. The construction of hyperbolic paraboloid at time was definitely radical , the successful application of this technique in a public architecture will be markedly significant. Key components like hyperbolic paraboloid form and thin roof surface will continue their influences.Corbusier designer interior while Lannis Xenakis designed exterior, together with professions in music composing, the space itself can guide people with organized sound. The interior, with connections linked by stories, enhanced the user experiences of walking through it.

1Le

Corbusier: Philips Pavilion, Brussels, 1958 – A Treasury of World's Fair Art & Architecture

Reading of Fry, Tony's 'Design Futuring' claimed that due to limited resources on the earth, the design must come up to stage to help solving the problem of human and design should be in the front-line of transformative actions 1

Stating that design is inherent within us, the technical and operational rules also need to guide people to design better. It also is important that mankind should know what design is against for hence future can be secured by design.

However, design solutions to many problems will not appear to be effective at once.

Knowing this, designing future is about slowing the rate of de-futuring and redirecting us towards far more sustainable modes of planetary habitation.

Design, stays at the front line of transformative action because for the future, design always performing as a practice when design futuring is set out to examine, elaborate and promote. Though future especially environment of living should be decided by people, historical examples have shown to us that designing future needs to consider specific democratic form and operation structure, only by doing this design as a tool to achieve better future is possible.

A2 Design Computation

Digital designing tools have become increasingly important component of designers. With the tools' and techniques' development, the power of logic and algorithm on designing and architecture has been revealed and explored more and more.

Parametric design makes geometries which were not achievable before to become real and fabricated.

Logic of algorithm makes the design process easier to be built because possibility of generating new design outcomes have increased.

A2 Design Computation CASE STUDY ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion 2013-14 / ICD-ITKE University of Stuttgart

This Research Pavilion, designed by Institute for Computational Design (ICD) and the Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design (ITKE) of the University of Stuttgart shows the possible outcome of the computerized design process can show a potential of novel design. 1 The unique fabrication process is the glass carbon fiber layer defines the geometry of the elements and serves as form-work for carbon fiber layers. These carbon fiber layers act as structural reinforcement and are individually varied through the fibers anisotropic arrangement. Computational form generation helped the built the structure, all elements can be allocated to maximize optimisation.

The research pavilions are based on a design methodology which employs computational processes of morphogenesis to synthesize multiple design criteria

1

(ArchDaily, 2018)

Computation incorporates various design criteria, fabrication procedures, material properties, and structural performance into , in this case, pavilion form, also allowing for examination of architectural design solutions and spatial qualities.

Computing also helped to conceive and achieve geometries, in this example, it is computing that enabled an analysis of the intricate internal structures of the beetle shell.

A2 Design Computation CASE STUDY

Mesh Mould Metal by ETH Zurich

The design process of the Mesh Metal was aimed by computing at use of the machine, it requires construction processes with minimal mass transfer and a high degree of geometric definition. The final outcome is a load bearing component , which started from extrusion to strong load-bearing structure. 1

At the time computational design in industry, more broadly been used and more projects acknowledge the computation to design geometries of the structural. The computational design model helps for finding a range of conceivable and achievable geometries. Computing simplified, speeded up and accurate the fabrication process, which in addition, it allows for the saving of material and therefore contributes to a more sustainable construction. In this project, the computational design model is the base which the mechatronic end-effector can mount on a mobile robot that fabricates the dense steel-mesh. 2 Optimizing structure, all depends on the formwork that computerized in advance.

The computation also helped in this example to achieve wall with different thickness and different load-bearing capacity in specific sections. Digital skills can produce efficient structure and robots to precisely fabricate them. 3

1 (Gramaziokohler.arch.ethz.ch, 2018) 2 (DFAB) et al., 2018) 3 (Gramaziokohler.arch.ethz.ch, 2018)

Mesh mould bespoke and standardized concrete architecture, no-material and cost-intense one-way form-works are needed, the walls and columns can be constructed.

Optimizing structure hence for designers degree of freedom in design has been improved (making various shapes). Mesh mould also use the robot to produce high precision steel mesh which is DENSE enough to retain the fluid concrete, itself is acting as reinforced formwork, especially for non-standardized shapes. (minimize cost and waste)1 Computing methods here helped to achieve an architectural practice to build load-bearing concrete elements of any shape .Due to formwork to hold fluid concrete This to the industry showed the possibility to revolutionize construction of the steel-reinforced concrete structure. Formwork in the end was not waste and became in-built, this reduces cost too.

1

(Gramaziokohler.arch.ethz.ch, 2018)

A3

Architecture dealing with the transformation from composition to generation.

The critical point is to reduce difficulties for fabricators, it is critical to keep materials to be as easily changeable and adaptable as computational design is in the design process.

The change from composition to generation is the main change of the architecture design in recent decades. With its global influence in the design area, computation helps to generate architecture has made us able to analyze design iterations. 3D models being achievable in computing driven design is the basic of this shift.

Small changes on the computerized driven algorithm will be able to change the form of outcome immediately, which is the possibility for designers to generate whole new form and explore their creative ideas while computing the design and algorithmically process.

Esker house / Plasma Studio

Name of this project means stratified geological formation. Built in Italy, it is a selfconstrained unit placed on top of an existing house from the 1960s. 1 Earlier the stages, the house was formed by series of steel and timber that deform to regenerate the smooth hillside of the surrounding Dolomites. The house has formed a topography for informal occupation, the separate level organization leads to the lengthened section of the stair.2 The design of the house's structure comes to ground with the aid of computational design, this allows generation, analog , and actions to rendering optimal in architecture with construction principle. This precedent shows also the generative approach, the generative structural performance to overcome design difficulties. Scripting and algorithmic allows designers to make the most efficiency of material while achieving structural optimization and creative architecture outcome at the same time.

It is important to notice that softness and fluidity when the house is designed, Simulating in grasshopper, the generating procedure makes a logic path for morphogenesis to follow and to achieve roof form.

1 (ArchDaily, 2018) 2 (Studio, 2018)

The roof (composite of steel and timber), steel is the structure to carry load. The external staircase (already been simulated before construction) shows a continuity from top to staircase level, this is due to timber and steel connected together to visually create this feeling of consistency.

The final outcome of the design may not be to do with the algorithmic aspect of computational design, but more to digitally to visualize the potential outcome during design process. 1

1 (house, 2018)

Cable-net Fabric Formwork Construction prototype for ultra-thin concrete roof, ETH Zurich. This project explores the potential of combining a cable net with a fabric. And though calculation to explore geometries more complicated than hyperbolic paraboloid .By designing the cable net with parametric modeling, wide range of shapes can be formed, which gives many changes based on hyperbolic paraboloid. The use of algorithmic thinking in this project helped to reduce material and labor workload in generating rigid formwork.

Cable net was made 2mm stainless steel cable,. Cables were guided through the timber frame along cringles, terminating at eyebolts using crimp sleeves. For the first prototype, nodes were fixed by winding a piece of wire around the intersecting cables. For the second, cross clamps were used instead , which also served as measuring points for photogrammetry.

For architecture, computational generation adapt to architecture design in this example in following steps: 1. establishing the boundary conditions and target a shape of the shell 2. generating a cable-net topology and mapping it onto the surface 3. patterning of the surface of the fabric 4. computing the nodal target loads based on the target shape and thickness 5. best-fit optimization of the cable forces under load in the final state 6. materialization of the cables 7. determination of the cable forces prior to casting through static analysis of the unloaded cable net 8. design of the external frame that ensures the chosen boundary conditions

Above shows generations in the architectural design process helped change and improved control of deviations compare to historical processes. Algorithmic thinking must achieve minimum construction effort by finding the best solution. The prototype demonstrated the use of the advanced computational form finding tools developed by the Block Research Group, more specifically the Best-fit Thrust Network Analysis. The constrained form finding and optimization methods used in the design of the cablenet were able to negotiate structural requirements, architectural and fabrication constraints, such as respecting the glass facade lines, while minimizing the number of cables and nodes.1 The generation in this design is when form-finding method as a shape generator, its advantages include optimal structural behavior. However, this generation compared to varying geometric parameters, it demonstrates the results are less optimal (for uniform thickness).

1 (Block.arch.ethz.ch, 2018)

Cable forces and form need to be designed to optimize the shell, hence the structure can achieve efficiency the most, despite the formwork’s flexibility and the weight of the wet concrete.

What algorithm is involved in this design is to ensure the structure being stable and all force are equally distributed. The variety of shapes can be formed is another achievement of the design , this is due to calculating the per-stressingforce with aid of digital design tool. Hence many forms and shapes can be achieved. (shown below)

A4 Conclusion

In part A, the fact of computation influences on design proves architecture need not only solution about design requirements but also generate valuable information about making decisions.

Computation helps achieving high complexity geometry makes the design which is previously restrained to flow.

The algorithms, significantly reduced time and effort for the human to manually handcrafting the outcome, this is not only to productivity, efficiency, and precision has important meaning; but also contribute to lessening waste and save material and cost.

From my personal view, it is the ultimate precision that excites me in making new outcomes, because this will improve the overall quality of the product to a new level.

For me, the algorithmic production method is what I have been seeking, working on the parts in the definition where I can change precisely and preview then adjust the outcome to the final form I am looking for.

I intend to design while simulating own ideas in the coming proposals and to preview how the outcome can be, like just said, to use parameterize ways to tweak the design and transform to final outcome with precision and tweaking. This will be very valuable because this decreases the time for designers to test each outcome, all simulation can be seen and achieved with algorithms. To the outcome, this also benefits the environment for less waste caused by us.

A5 Learning Outcome

These weeks exploring give me an understanding of parametric design is not only a design tool but also an approach which form and complete design ideas step by step. The examples showed me the importance of clear and concise grasshopper definition can significantly reduce the difficulties in fabrication and in flowing steps. My understanding now is computing and algorithmic being an important part of design, must cooperate with fabrication to maximize outcome effect.

It is the computing can actually help designer to think and sometimes give hint to designers about next flowing steps that can open the possibilities of new architecture, Combining with personal experience, the plug-in in grasshopper also helps solve the difficult problems which are similar I met in the previous semester in design subjects, the computing has proved to be able to provide excellent solution by simulating the material and performance.

I am expecting to see what grasshopper can help me in design in next few weeks.

A6

most interesting example in the sketchbook and explanation

3 examples above show the most interesting iteration of the creation of tower, they are selected because their looking are completely different from the original looking of the lofted tower and from each other(see sketchbook). It is not minor changes of the scale and angle of rotation but the feeling of the rendered computerized outcome expresses. For example, the tower in the middle of this page can well express a sense of drip touching. These visualize outcome for designers for their further decisions.

Another important knowledge in the process of exploring the tower ending with steeple-top, it is the series and rotation in GH that are used, this will in reality, be fabricated with low difficulty.

Without the help of algorithmic design method, the process will be complex and precision may go down. Any variable in the grasshopper definition can be changed and the overall outcome will be different. Best performance and the most valuable outcome can always seek out. Digital design shows its advantage of leaving the room for creative changing while keeping the possibility of fabrication in real life, it is like a safe boundary in which all algorithmic component can be altered and played with.

A6

latest examples of bouncy practice iterations of shell/gridshell in GH with Kangaroo Week3

week 1 exploration of tower form generation and iteration

plans

elevations

perspevtive

curve

point surface

mesh

brep

Studio Air Part B 2018 semester 1

XINCHAO LIN 818267

FIGURE 1 1

CONCEPTUALISATION

FIGURE 2

2

CONCEPTUALISATION

B.1. Research Field B.2. Case Study 1.0 Form finding Iteration B.3. Further exploration with kangaroo B.4 Technique Development B.5 Physical Prototype B.6 Site Analysis and Design Proposal

B.1. RESEARCH FIELD: CABLE NET AND HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID

FIGUER 3 4

CONCEPTUALISATION

Cable nets are remarkably minimal structures when the boundary steel required to accommodate typically high prestress loads is ignored. Cables and fixings are often specified as stainless steel, resulting in highly durable, low maintenance glass walls.

Cable net also be used on building facade, it is a true magical siaplay of facade engeneering, cable are used in a net form and always the cable can be hidden .

Cable net systems are considered by many, as the most visual free constriuction concept in the design.

The cables’ elasticity factior means they will sag anfd tighten greatly wiuth different remperature of the day.

The large defelection is what the most important for cable s to hold the upward structure, the planar teo-way cable system support and stabalize through the resistanve to deformation of the twoway pretensioned net. the gravitational loads are carried though the attachment nodes. 1 The system also resist lateral deformation, wind and seismic loadings are resisted by the tendency of each each horizontal and vertical cable to return to its straight line configuration between supports.

Joining the cable net also need its design to be controlling the prestressing forces, this helps with generating the whole form of various shapes.

Cable nets shows the ultimate in simple minimalist structural systems. Cable net provides optimun tranasparancy in the outcome. This system ,developeded and popularized by Frei Otto in 1960s and 70s, has been used in design for decades, architect Helmut Jahn and engineering firm Schlaich Bergermann that applied the technology in a most innovative manner for the Kempinski Hotel in 1992.

Then it has been used broadly across the industry.

FIGURE 4

5

CONCEPTUALISATION

FIGURE 5

B2 PREDECENT Hilo the usage of cable net

This project is designed and built in ETH, the cable-net formwork system is illustrated in the construction. This precedent has always inspired the dewsign of the prototype, it is the formwork we studoed that helped to generate the group’s first prototype.

The cables inside the structure distribute the load within the structure, however,the distribution is uneven. The gravity of the concrete is pulling the structure towards different directions. 2 Here copmes to the cable-net formwork underneath that works, the cable-net enabled and stabalized the structure, making the pouring of concrete is applicable.

FIGURE 6

6

CONCEPTUALISATION

The ETH Zurich built this ultra-thin project i, the roof is curved concrete, which used innovatice digital designc methods. The shell is a part of a roof-top apartment unit called hilo that is plannes to be built the year after.

This self supporting, doubly curved shell roof has several layers;it has heating and cooling coil, and the insulation are installed over the inner concrete layer. it will provide space for people.

B2 PREDECENT Hilo the usage of cable net

FIGURE 7 7

CONCEPTUALISATION

The structure is not uniformly thick everywhere, . The thickness of the concrete has an average thickness of 5 cm varying between 3 cm along the edges of the roof to 12 cm at the support surfaces.

This cable net supported a polymer textile that together functioned as the formwork for the concrete.

Another advantage of the flexible formwork solution is that during the concreting of the roof, the area underneath remains unobstructed and thus interior building work can take place at the same time.

The algorithms ensure that the forces are distributed correctly between the individual steel cables and the roof assumes the intended shape precisely.

The cable-net used in this project cna be observed from the picture, the cables and embedded and joined tiogether underneath the concrete structure, when the concrete is cured and the formwork is taken out, underneath the structure , will be able to see the marking (trce of using ) of the used cable-net system

8

CONCEPTUALISATION

The precedent shows the powerful bearing capacity of gridshell system, number of anchors , changes in spacing and height are all important for the construction of the structure, which alsoinfluenced the design process when i explore the bike shelter design.

B.2. HYPARBOLE: THE LIT LIGHTNESS of COMIBING HYPARS

FIGURE 8

9

CONCEPTUALISATION

The hyperbole by MARC FORNES / THEVERYMANY is a hyperbolic surface thrusts which is located at the entrance at Rhode Island College’s Fine Arts Center. 5 The structure includes burst of bright green curves, which shows the texture and create the folding and wrinkle effect on the surface. the burst of bright green curves, enacts a threshold to creative practice and ushers studiogoers, faculty and campus visitors alike toward inspiration and actoins.The thinness and the lightness will be the most attractions of the pavillion.

The structure with cuts will also enable the sunlight to penetrate through , this may be inspiring to the coming design about how to bring the natural lightn and enviromnment into the designed bike shelter.

The hypar geometry relies on the anchors at the bottom at few points, which will prevent the structure from upifting load of the wind.

The aluminium structure is to assume the geometric form of hyperbolic paraboloid, or hypar, which is a 3D , doubly-ruled surface that is said to use infinite planar and linear elements to form a surface .

Its three-legged structure relies on the double curvature for support, refering to Felix Candela’s experiments with hyper geometry in thin-shell structure.

10

CONCEPTUALISATION

hyparbole

11

CONCEPTUALISATION

The structure is itself a product ofresearch , the iterative process of development and prototyping makes the final form stand with height 22inch , 25inch wide and 30inch deep.

Hyperbolic paraboloids is combined in generating the new design,the aluminium sreucture assumes the geometry of the hyperbolic paraboloid, With reference to Felix Candela’s experiments, hyperbolic paraboloids ,or hypar, is a 3d doubly curved surface, it has a convex form along one axis, and a concave form on along the other.

The weakness of the structure lies at the bottom, sop in the precedent, the addition of a pleated base lends additional resistance to lateral loads.

The structurem, has always bee nrepresentives of light weight and efficient, minimising the material and increse the structural performance. 6

The hyperbolic paraboloid , in architecture and construction has the advantage of easily constructyion ,because the line sunderneath are all straight line,s surface lies on two straight lines across the surface.

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CONCEPTUALISATION

B.2. HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID

FIGURE 9

13

CONCEPTUALISATION

Hyperbolic paraboloid The research filed is hypar, the form is a doubly curvced, surface, all the lines across the surface is straight lines, no curves top form the structure. This is very suitable to cable net, because the cable -net formwork in tension is very difficult to be cuirved opr bent . 7

The shape is not easily to be developed, once the form is set by two lines or curves. The hyperbolic paraboloid can be simulated and very precisely calculated before construction.

The use of hyperbolic paraboloid has been widely in modern architecture, with the technology in engeneering, this form stands for very optimised structurel performance with saving in material .

The shape is not easily to be buckled under compression with high level of stiffness.

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CONCEPTUALISATION

FIGURE 10

Los Manantiales by Felix Candela

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CONCEPTUALISATION

Los Manantiales is work by Felix Candela in 1958.

As the study of the bacle net formwork, this restanrant shows the possible outcome of combining it with hypar.

This architecture is not only the demonstrate of structural solution of curved architecture, but also shows how hypars intersecting can generate very interesting forms .

The hypars have pitched point at the center, the roof structure is divided into ,many segments. The parts of hypars overg]hang and the shell is stretched out to all directions. Being a symmetrical shape, the structure will cancel the thrust out itself, resulting thhe stable overall structure. 3

Ther roof is made out of concrete, though combining multiple surfaces together, the whole building las lot of compression forces in it. Formwork was narrow borads, and the surface is all formed by straight lines, which made it hyparbolic paraboloid. 4

16

CONCEPTUALISATION

other outcome during exploration

17

CONCEPTUALISATION

HEIGHT

This is done simply by changing the heioght ar the corners of the outcome structure, By changing the location of the point and constant baking, the form changed from planar to very skew.

The images on the left also shows

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CONCEPTUALISATION

INTERSECTING

When hyparbolics intersect, it is easy to see that the parts in between can easily be very messy, the idea of doing this group of intersection is to reflecting on actual design, the outboundary is very interesting and applicable, The intersecting parts, with sharp edges going up or down to the level can also act as an anchor point of the final outcome.

19

CONCEPTUALISATION

TRIM

Iterations on the left show when combining or joining multiple hypars together, the form tunred to be quite syemmetrical ,this can be further exploered in the coming tasks when required to create the space underneath to several geometries.

These are also examples of curved edges

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CONCEPTUALISATION

ANCHORS

The anchor determines how many point the outcone can be touching with the groungd, this can determine to extent the span and height of the overall outcome.

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CONCEPTUALISATION

MULTI

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CONCEPTUALISATION

CURVED EDGES

HEIGHT AND ANCHOR

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CONCEPTUALISATION

PAVILLION POSSIBILITIES

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CONCEPTUALISATION

Successful iterations and extrapolations

The minimal surface, in the architectural application , has design potential to create the space around the structure, the following 4 of the most successful iterations can be extrapolate.

The extyrapolatin of the thi soutcone can be visualize as the rudiment of a potential pavillion, the centered part is pitched and the corners acting like the anchor points.

The form also demonstrate the system i am exploring, th cable net system, this shows a preview of the structure that when cable-net system has well designed and calculated anchors at the bottom around them , the system can be able to create space which is huge in both height and plane scale.

The extyrapolatin of the outcome turned to be a non-uniform structure, which itself in the digital model, controlled by the sea of controll points, the applicaiton of the form can be starting with the adaption of the form to requied fileld.

The iteration is also successful because this makes the hyperbolic paraboloid no mire single , similar, hypars, but the joining between them can create space and visualize the system behind this structure.

This also shows the possible outcome when combing multiple forms of hyperbolic paraboloid together. The possibly create the fluctuation between them in the connecting part.

The extyrapolatin of the outcome turned to be a non-uniform structure, which itself in the digital model, controlled by the sea of controll points, the applicaiton This form is bit similar to the predecent study of the ultra-thin concrete

of the form can be starting with the adaption of the form to requied fileld.

roof example,in which the cable net is light weight but being able to take locad which is many times bigger than its owne weright.

This also shows the possible outcome when combing multiple forms of hyperbolic paraboloid together. The possibly create the fluctuation between them in the connecting part.

The iteration is also successful , showing the possibility to have fluctuate effect of a structure.

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CONCEPTUALISATION

The grasshopper definition I started with create a dome like shape which can be achieved with cable net system.

The design potential is to create the space underneath the formwork to be variable , stable and functional.

The parameters being changed in this part include the base geometry, the position of the central geometry in terms of height and scale, and the height of the corners. The form outcome shows the different kinds of cable net combination (linework) that can be generated when small manipulation of the parameter values are changed.

Also the division of the base curve can be changed, this will reduce the complexigty of the output geometry.

The form varies and shows the potential of being mostly the shelter .Also depoends on the base geometry which the form started with , the height and the sapce created will vary significantly.

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CONCEPTUALISATION

The selection area of the iterations include thew change in number of corners, the cable distance and the height of the formwork. Also outcomes are selkected when their corners can be trimmed off to form different shell structures.

The four outcomes are selected because they are all very much different in terms of the overall looking and the system that was exploered when doing iterations. From four perspectives, the density of cable network , the height of the each cable and the bouncy effect can very much vary the outcome.

When creating the sequence of geometry variation , the geometry variations in this definition appears to be the difference and change in base geometry. The height and the anchor points, the desirable outcome, strated from the hyperbolic paraboloid, shows at forst place thew four corners, hence i manipulated and changed the height of the coners.

Base geometry create different anchor points, which affects the fluctuation of the overall outcome shape. The goals i intent to achive is the irregular fluctuant effect in both u and v direction in the digital model .

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CONCEPTUALISATION

B.3. CASE STUDY 2.0

FIGURE 11 My prededent is Los Manantiales by Felix Candela , this project is comprised of four intersecting hypars, a strikingly thin roof surface create a dramatic dining soace. The design intent of the project is to for the architect Felix Candela tp to experimentaly find the form gave rise to an eficient , elegant and enduting work of structural art. The output has very well explained the design intent, the whole structure is is elegant in shape and looking lightweight.

The roof is a circular array of four curved edge hypar sasddles that intersect at the center point. And the eight sided groined vault is produced. The canted paraboloid overhang is formed by trimmed at the perimeter. The outward throust can be reduced by the overhangs acting in the opposite direction from forces along the arched groin , reducing outward thrust. 1 Following 5 images shows the process of Reverse-engineer the project with grasshopper and kangaroo DETERMINE HYPAR CUTTING PLANES

COMMENT 1

HYPAR SURFACE FROM

CUTTING HYPAR

POLAR ARRAY AND MOVE

AND OVERHANG

NETWORK OF GENERATRIX

WITH PLANES

AT GROUND FLOOR LEVEL

COMMENT 1

COMMENT 2

this is the process to form a network

pick the plane as a brep, then

two planes intersect and the

controls the number

surface from two sets of polylines.

deconstruct it, and for each

component division to divide

, width and length of

then to divide 2sets of curves(4

line, to create a line segment

them each up , then rotate

hypar, also determines the

curves) into lines with Divide Curve.

defined by start point, tangent

the vector aroung the axis,

distance of the overhang

then the component polyline to

and length , the connect the

connect point on one line with the

points with vector and use

corresponding poiint on another

the output to construct a

line, then network surface

plane, then split the surface

resulting to create a plane perpendicular to a vector.

28

WIDTH AND LENGTH

CONCEPTUALISATION

polar array the outcome, to get the pavilion shape

Kangaroo simulation the outcome has been more dynamic and the shape is no more tend to symmetrical, the pitched points are incresed ,and the complexity of the outcome incresed because several outcomes are joined togetherl .To develop it further, i will be looking into the floating patten of the combined form, and maybe trying to simulate and generate more dynamic form, for examplem the waces. the outcome compare to the original, is very similar though in firstly, the whole looking, they all have pitches and waving effect across the surface, the main diference main lay on the uniform shape of the original and the iterations are more like freeform visually.

29

CONCEPTUALISATION

04.20 5PM

30

CONCEPTUALISATION

B.3. CONTINUING EXPLORATION WITH KANGAROO KANGAROO SIMULATE THE CABLE

TIGHTNESS (NOT IN REAL NUMBER)

TIGHT

31

CONCEPTUALISATION

LOOSE

KANGAROO SIMULATE THE CABLE EFFECT WHEN UINDER THE LOAD OF CONCRETE

PATTERN UNDERNEATH

This is the simulaiton of the cable net formwork formed, under the load under concrete, From this we can see that the deformation of the shape mainly happend in the middle centered part, which is due to the effect of gravity, the central concrete will deform due to the compresstion.

32

CONCEPTUALISATION

10N

50N

100N

This simulation to some extent, express the property of cable-ne,twhich is the cables in tension ,sit in the middle, will be carrying the load , and cables deform from loose to tight.

33

CONCEPTUALISATION

400N

1000N

SELECTION CRITERIA

OUTCOMES

The bike shelter, fir the new precinct, the shelter shoukld fit all reqwuirement of students and other users.

Constructing in Unimelb campus, the users will be all people working and studying and living around this area.

The users may want proper locations for parking their bikes during the day and use the place as a shelter for chilling.

The design of the bike shleter will focus on the purpose to satisfying the function requirements as well as providing aethetic shelters.

The design will make the surrounding environment to focus on people who live and use within, also the cable-net system , which is used to generate the form has proven to take the load of concrete .

Also the aesthetic aspect is important, the design has very fluent form which incorporqte with the busy school lofe, the hypar here is functioning as the space foe student to relax, hence also to itsw funnctions, the bike shelter must just be one of the few possible usages of its own.

tightness The tightness of the cables are quite important, in the design and achieve of this proposal, in the formwork, without connection to the steel with right amount of tention, the structure will be struggled to stand, or with too much tight within each other , it may cause problems to the anchors.

This outcome has been a product of intersected hyparbolic paraboloid, the intersecting part to create the void and the space for various purposes, in this example,the bike shelter. Also this makes me think aboutb the sydney myer music bowl, the

Another importat thing is that the output oif the geometry must be able to be produce, here is to cosider the actual costructability of the bike shelter. By castig with cocrete, it is critical to cosider the property of the material and how to incorporate the concrete’s all kinds of perperties,, into both design andf engineering aspects.

The clientsw need to bark their bikes at this spot for vay times during the day, to fit this needsm, the shelter n=must to be designed to save most of tiome anf easily access. .

deflection the deflection for the structure, the load from concrete, need to consider the formwork. the deflection shows the condition having a rigid base, then outcome of the concrete will not slope in the center. The base of the design and the formwork together hold the cast and the loads .

34

CONCEPTUALISATION

04.20 5PM

B.4. CONSTRAINS This sytem allows to achieve many shapes in reality, include hypar, the load of concrete can be tested on the system, when applying the force onto fabric From creating the digital model of physical fabrication with enough details, the advantage of the system show includes:

and cable net. This can tell us the maximum load the system can carry beforehand of the constructin ,which will save trhe cost of the many trails.

1 flexibility in adjusting the system to adapt prototypes changes 2 the cable-nert is proved to be well adapt to expansion and alter in geometry, this includes the joining of two or more geometries together ,in the rhino outcome, the advantage is shown that the system can expand the volume also many interesting combination of hypar can be produced. This is because the cables are able to fit and changed to the shape of wanted design without many difficulties.

3 The main drawback and the concern is the connection between cables can be solved, while the connection of the each hypar pieces sitting on top of the system is hard to achieve.

The process of achieveing the successful result, requires the cables being really tight and rigid, this now can be simulated by Kangaroo. The outcome of the prodeced cable net patten will generate the concrete during curing, the pattens of the outcome concrete can be seen from the formwork.

But the gravity and the weight to some extent will be the weakness, the cable-net must be rigid and being able to take all load, the more complicated structure will require

4 Because the weight of the concrete panels above the cablenet is not evenly distributed after the casting, the outcome of the prototype may be very weak at the conection points.

Also the drawback of the cable-net system includes: 1 when having the thickness of the structure sitting on the cable net system is not evenly distributed, some parts with too thick concrete may cause the cable-net to fail to carry the load hence the casting process need to be proceed again,. This to the system shows that, the distributiuon of the load on the cable-net system is always not even, hence needs professional engeering calculation and structural optimization to make it really work in large scale of cable-net formwork.

2 Secondly, the cables are flexible, it assumes a shape compatible with the applied loads whist architectural and building requirements demand the sreucture has a definite form. Any deviations from that form due to tha action of the applied loads, must be kept to a minimum.

3 To meet this requirement, a pretention must be introduced into the structure, which must be capable with the desired shape, and when conbined with the applied loads, must maintain the deformation between specified limits. The large scale design therefore involve use of mathematical ‘form-finding’ pocedures , implemented by appropriate saoftware.

4 Thr various forms this system can be able to produce is from deformation, ,this plays an essential role in the analysis and the principle of superposition of effects is not valid.

Also ,to improve the stability, firstly, additional permanent loads support need to be put on.

Secondly, use rigid members acting as beam, where permanent load may not be adequate to counteract uplifting forces, whilst availing of cables to help resist effect of gravity loading.

The form variation, as discussed in the grasshhopper design outcome, can make the form vary a lot, in the anchorage, cable stayed streuctures generate a requirement for the anchoring of tension forces, to solve this, it is commonly used to vertical and hotiroanl reactions provided by axially loaded elements.

35

CONCEPTUALISATION

the formwork to be very precise,The reinforcement will also be hard to help tyaking the load when having complex geometries, then the concrete outcome may crack.

The actions should be tyaken is the experimenting with the formwork and the material, the HYPARBOLIC PARABOLOID, will have different variations of connecting and intersecting hypars.

04.20 5PM

36

CONCEPTUALISATION

37

CONCEPTUALISATION

TESTING THE TECHNIQUE FROM PROTOTYPE 1

B.5: Physical prototyping 1

3 selecting tools, using swages to tightnen and fasten the cables.

TESTING THE TECHNIQUE FROM PROTOTYPE 1 FOLDER: 180409, PROTOTYPE 1 , The priocess of prototyope 1 shows construciton of the hypar with cablenet and fabric, the outcome is a sytem in which the tightness of cabkles can be adjusted manually, which will affect the regidity. The outcome of the concrete shell respond to the adjustments made in the formwork .

1 preparing the fabric material (which will be put underneath the concrete) for casting

4 building up the frame by joining cut timber parts together by screws

2 testing and simulate the effect we intent to change and moderate the shape

5 making sure of the place of cable to be evenly spaced and with correct height on each side

38

CONCEPTUALISATION

TESTING THE TECHNIQUE FROM PROTOTYPE 1

9 then screwing another piece of fixation at the connection at the

6 preparing the turn buckles and loosen them firstly, ready for attach o frame

frame corners, this helps to resist the lateral force pof the fame and this fixation happens at both top and bottom of each timber stud.

7 making sure the frame is stable enough by screwing in both directions at the connecting corners ,also to punch holes on frame with equal distance

10 making sure the anchor point is really tight and can bear all the load, by screwing deep in. , on the other side to strengthen it by screws.

11 now connecting wires through the holes which are drilled previously, then pull the wire down , and make=ing sure every single one is through the hole of the anchor, then on the other side , to use swages to fix. Additional tool ,the swages tool is used and manually to apply force on it to make sure the anchor is really tight.

8 at the bottom of the frame, screwing in the anchors, and make sure that anchors go really deep into the frame without movement.

39

CONCEPTUALISATION

12 now adjusting the turn buckle to make sure the string is really tight, this procedure cna be done in one side of the two anchors of the cable, ot two sides at the same time.

IMG_1274.JPG

14 adding the connecting point at each intersecting point of u and v direction cables, this is to make sure the cable net grid to be really 13 this procedure will be proceed in both u and v direction of the desired

tight and no sudden movement of U and VC direction cvables.

surface, then after doing it one by one, a grid surface will be create.

IMG_1270.JPG

following are the detailed pictures of the finished formwork.

because the frame is designed to simulate the shape of a hyparbolic paraboloid, the difference in height will be shown in the cabke net grid ,

IMG_1297.JPG IMG_1272.JPG

40

CONCEPTUALISATION

15 fixing the edges and the formwork is ready fot casting concrete.

15 now cable net form work is finished, the next step is to puton the fabric onto cable-net, here cable-net is acting as the support of the structure.

15 get ready the mixing , the concrete, and the sand aggregate , then mix

16 then put on the fabric layer , this is to prevent moisture losing when the concrete is poured and set to cure.

15 then trom the corners for the ease to take out in the future.

41

CONCEPTUALISATION

16 apply the micture onto the surface and screeding the surface many times.

17 making it set to cure, and leave the concrete in dry ,space.

Also to flap on the bottom very very gently, this is for making the air left in the concrete to come out . Finish of prototype 1 .

The formwork of first prototype is well designed and constructed.

However, the degree oif curvature is not bit, hence for the more curved curface, we may need to adjust the formwork.

The cable net system, is used, the tensioned and rigid surface , as the base to pour concrerte, is th result of the turn buckle working in the system.

When the cable i tightened, the network of the cable will be formed.

The concrete was not very well mixed, hence to the product , dose not have a very clean finish on surface, and finally cracked at the corner.

Some improvements need to be made for the next prototype, the ratio of mixture is critical, too much and too little water will all cause problem , and lead to fail of casting.

The bearing load of concrete will need to be improved. The fabric may be changed , due to the dificulty we experienced when trying to peal them off ftom the cured concrete.

Also , very importantly, we must to take away the water proof membrane, this has been proven to be wrong,that, the bottom of the cured of concrete is damp.

42

CONCEPTUALISATION

B.5: Physical prototyping 2

43

CONCEPTUALISATION

44

CONCEPTUALISATION

45

CONCEPTUALISATION

These photos represents the whole process of seciond prototype, the curved hypar form is generated by the cable net system formwork.

Compare to the previous porototype formwork ,this time it is the curved cables that are tested, the fabric also responded to the change in thightness ,like the previous one.

All cables are still all in tension and the intertsecting points are particularly tightened with extra steel wires fasten in between each of them .

This prototype is successful in creating the concrete shell in whole and in integrity, the cable net system has been shown on the cast of the concrete.

Ther cable-net showed powerful holding ability and transfered the load really well .

The outcome is stable and not crash, this has largely to do with adding in the reinforcement into the concrete and this maximized the structural ability to hold force.

However,the distribution of the material on the fabric is somehownstill not so evenly distributed.Resulting the thickness is not regular across the whole thing.

The mixing ratio can be finilised with better proportion ,which will leave to us for further exploration .

46

CONCEPTUALISATION

B.5. TECHNIQUE: PROTOTYPES

B.6: Site analysis

The elements of the system fit together mostly with the force generated by tensioned cables. The cables forming cable net with the connections at intersection points between each lines, this is done manually each time duirng fabriation .Also use the short wires to tighten the connection ,hence each point can take greater loads. The intended The vertical turn bukles is what controls the tightness og the cables and hold them in place, because two turn buckles at each side of the cable determines the position of the cable without change., The good connection of the formwork , tight cables with tension and the adjustable anchors prevent the structure from collapsing, Cables in the cable net of the prototype is Additional tools like swaging tools, acting as external forces to enhance the strnength in cables , stability in connection and making sure that cable are in tight state and anchors to be fixed. The accembly sequence is building up the stud frame, drilling hole s on the horizontal and vertical timber studs, drilling holes on timber according to the numnber on each timber in the digital model , than make the cable to go into the hole on one side and out from another side,

Wind of the chosen place and can be affected by northsouth wind through during the day, but the effect is very little, Due to the buildings in the front and back at the parking place.

This is good for the cyclists, as sometimes it is very hard for people to walk with their bikes in strong winds.

B.6: Site analysis and design proposal.

The reason the spot is not chosen at the very center is because to make sure the people are still being able to socialise and use the main space of the area, instead having abike shelter to take the centyral space in the center.The spot also has advantage of gathering the cyclists from Swantsson street and Grattan Street.

This place, for perdestrains, as a place for visiting is fairly easy to access, yet it tend to disappear in the buildings around it, the horizontally circulation shows that the spot is well North

chosen because the people walking by will be large in the day , which

The sunpath shows that the spot we choose has block some of the

makes the shleter a

sunshine during the day in the campus. This is good for the cyclists to

possibility for social

avoid direct sunlight during the day, especially in the noon time.

47

CONCEPTUALISATION

The vegetation near the spot, and around the new campus precinct, is rich.

The vegetation can be nsatural shelter around to the new parking space.

B.5. TECHNIQUE: PROTOTYPES BEgin thinking about materialisation (fabrication and assembly) in relationship to your technique. How do the elements fit together? What holds them in place? How will they assume indented positions and orientations? What will be the assembly sequence?

What prevents your structure from collapsing?

How do visual and compositional effects depend on material choices?

Which works best for your technique? Specifications?

Fabrication layouts? Assembly diagrams?

Traditional documentation? Something else?

PHOTOGRAPH AND RECORD THE MODEL-MAKING PROCESS. WHAT IS YOUR SELECTION CRITERIA. WHAT AFFECT ARE YOU TRYING TO ACHIEVE? ARE YOUR DESIGNS SATISFYING THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE BRIEF?

The space is acting as a shelter (its own chacacter and function,parking

Adjacent to the new parking space, is the John Smyth building, the old building

space for cyclists ), a social space (near central location in the area and

can very well contrast with the parametric design of the new bike shelter.

connects few buildings together ), the social space (openness in structure )

48

CONCEPTUALISATION

The new precinct is the new design in the campus, which combines students, services and events all together. in the central ofbrief theand campus, B.6: Project analysisthis whole new area will be used in many purposes including study, meeting and relaxation.

Location of the new accomodation will be on the south , the precinct incorporates surrounding buildings in the campus, the existing buildings will be considered and will be adapted with the new design of the area. 8 Locating in the central part of the location, near Swaston Street and Grattan Street, the precinct will be well connected by the piublic transport , the trams , rail starions (being built), the new precinct will be very well connected to the spaces outrages the univ ersity. 9 Also for the natural environments, for the university , the trees and gardens will be protected and being left, the natural elements, oincluding trees, grassland, and others will continue to distribute. 10

49

CONCEPTUALISATION

“WE NEED AN ATMOSPHERE THAT ENCOURAGES BOTH PRODUCTIVITY AND CREATIVITY. I WANT SOMEWHERE TO CREATE THINGS, BE A BIT MORE ARTISTIC.” – STUDENT FEEDBACK

50

CONCEPTUALISATION

B.6:MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE SITE This image shows the circulation of the precinct, we cansee that after the construction of new precinct, heavy circulation will happen from the main open area of the space in bewtween the building, this has given out a design opportunity to design many possible outcomes of the bike shelter.

FIGURE 12 B.6:THE DESIGN

The bike shelter, in the position, near the exit ti Swatson Street, this is

The brief of the design is to generate a bike shelte, but i really want to

because , firstly, the openness from the street to this spot, has given the

develop the space more than that. With the set design method (cable-

position well wide spread, and very open connection tio the streets.

net system ) and desired outcome (hypar formwork bike shelter), the bike shelter in my opinion should play more roles, not only for parking, but also with the function of socializing and connecting,

Sercondly, for the university, it is not allowed to ride within the campus, so the bike shelter should never be too long from the spot where cyclists need to get off their bikes.

The spot has been chosen within the rec circle shown above, at this lcoation, this is not going to interupt the people in this area a lot, because this choice has left the central area for all activities.

Another reason is that the location always have circulation from many directions, (indicated above with arrows), this will make the another function of the bike shelter as the social space for people walking through everysday.

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CONCEPTUALISATION

PRECISE LOCATION PROPOSED SITE

BIKE SHELTER LOCATION

52

CONCEPTUALISATION

B.6. TECHNIQUE: PROPOSAL CONTINUE DEVELOPMENT. FINE-TUNE YOUR TECHNIQUE SO IT MEETS THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE BRIEF AND YOUR OWN SELECTION CRITERIA. CONSIDER HOW YOUR TECHNIQUE COULD BE APPLIED TO THE SITE. WHAT IS INNOVATIVE ABOUT YOUR DESIGN? WHAT WILL YOU EMPHASIZE IN THE YOUR INTERIM PRESENTATION? WHAT ARE THE CONCEPTUAL AND TECHNICAL ACHIEVEMENTS OF YOUR TECHNIQUE? WHY IS YOUR APPROACH PREFERABLE IN COMPARISON TO OTHER POSSIBLE OPTIONS? WHAT ARE ITS DRAWBACKS AND HOW CAN THEY BE OVERCOME (OR WHY ARE THEY WORTH THE ADVANTAGES?) ENSURE YOU HAVE REQUIRED SITE INFORMATION (PLANS, MODELS).

PUT RENDER HERE

PLAN VIEW

ELEVATION EAST

1M 2M

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CONCEPTUALISATION

ELEVATION NORTH

ELEVATION SOUTH

ELEVATION WEST

SECTION LINES CUT

SECTION AA

54

CONCEPTUALISATION

SECTION BB

B.7. LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES

The part B looks at the both design and fabrication part of th system, which has been not easy . Firstly it is critical to understand the hypar, not only it is a a doubly curved surface, but also the single hypar is not enough to generate interesting design. The process of part B , in which , it has been proved that the outcome when multiple hypa joining together will be really interesting.

The grasshopper in the process has been very helpful, espeacially in the part of simulating the load effect, i can not see the effect of the applied load, and simulate the load problem i will be faceing, for example, the concrete weight. and roughly see whether the structuer will still be able to take it. This is very helpful for architecture projects, because it gives very rough idea and sauggestion (NOT CONCLUSION) of whether the design will work in structrly or not, the rest of the problems, i believe, will also involve engineers to joining.

The geometry i studied on ,the hyparbolic paraboloid, which i am more famalier than before, is a powerful geometry, which is simple enough, simple in idea,doubly curved surface, and simple in mathematical expression, z={\frac {y^{2}}{b^{2}}}-{\frac {x^{2}}{a^{2}}. Grasshopper is an important tool , because it quickly produce outcome and makes all iterations to happen in real time.

Also it is very important to build the cable -net formwork, the group decide to build the model not to very small scale, which now seem like a right decision, also brought to us the challenges , like how to solve the cracking in the corners etc, which may not be so influencial and apparent in small scale prototypes.

The physical output made the confidence in prototyping of myself to go up ,and in reverse, makes me think sometimes, the design in the grasshopperm though the load can be simulated with exact numbers, when coming to actual prototyping, the use of the concrete may vary for number of reasons, such as proportion of all segments and the quality, this will not simulate the perfect distribution of load like did in the grasshopper, like just by applying simple numbers into the definition.

Obverall ,the design and construction process in both digital and prototype make me think the cable net system to be conbined and work together with hypars, which has been very challenging yet interesting.

Is it a big moment when i experience the structure and designed formwork working together quite well.

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CONCEPTUALISATION

B.8. ALGORITHMIC SKETCH

56

CONCEPTUALISATION

57

CONCEPTUALISATION

Part C

CONCEPTUALISATION

CONTENT:

C.1. Design Concept - C.1.1 Address feedback from interim presentations -C.1.2 Finalise the concept behind your design proposal -C1.3 FINAL FORM PRECEDENT -C.1.4 a diagram illustrating technique : using hypar

C.3. Final Detail Model -C.3.1 Hero Image -C3.2.

materiality and surface treatments, shading and visual effects

-C.3.2 -C.3.3.

-C.3.4 -C.3.5

Form Analysis (Grasshopper) Detailed model process 3D model Physical fabrication

C.4. Learning Objectives and Further Development Drawing C.5. ALGORITHMIC SKETCHBOOK and references 5C.2. A ‘core construction element’ of design -C.2.1 Prototype 1 (process) -C.2.2 Protype 2

(process)

-C.2.3 Protype 3 (process) -C.2.4 Refinement : Material Selection: Fabric -C.2.5 protype reflection and Bills of Quantities

2

CONCEPTUALISATION

CONCEPTUALISATION

Address feedback from interim presentations : system selection

The final design is the outcome of combining two designIng categories, cable-net system and multiple hyparbolic paraboloids. Using multiple hypars can increase the complexity and dynamism in the final outcome.

With using of cable-net, during design, diffuculty of fabrication can be considered.

The voids are the important elements in the new design. Voids not only is the openness of the structure, it in the design allows the other element . In this case, the tree. Which will be placed in the middle of the structure.

Also for the middle of the structure, due to the fuction of resting and chilling, also for aethetic purpose, we have decided to put a tree in the middle hence the overall structure can better cooperative with the surrounding and fit better into the natural environment .

With the main voids in the center, we proposed to make series of openings with various of patterns on the structure, this will aethetically improve the looking of the structure, and also brings more light into the structure and make the space more interesting.

Eventually, form is generated by combining and moderate multiple hypars , including joining in edges, trimming overlap , adjust hypar height according to function ,and smoothing the joining edges details .

4

CONCEPTUALISATION

CONCEPTUALISATION

C.1.2 RE-ASSESSING DESIGN PROPOSAL, FINALISE THE CONCEPT 1 system selection The final design is the outcome of combining two designIng categories, cable-net system and multiple hyparbolic paraboloids.

Following image is analysis the combines outcome with techniques.

The starting point of analyzing the designed final form is by combining 5 different hypars with different sizes together by joining edge to edge between each other.

This will create a multiple hypar shape which is more dynamic and adjustable.

This defines the shape of overall design, also considering the method to use, we choose cable -net as formwork to generate and support the structure.

Cablle-net formwork is strong in bearing the load applied onto it , also reduce the extra material use when forming the structure. It plays important role in makingthe formwork of the final outcome.

6

CONCEPTUALISATION

CONCEPTUALISATION

2 MAIN VOID 2 CREATING VOIDS AND BRINGING LIGHT IN

The void being created in the new design is where the tree will come out Considering the whole structure will be cast in concrete, the incorporation with the nature will bring unique characteristic for the design .

The main void is changed from small openings from part B design (original precedent is Hyparbole Pavillion) to much bigger openings, this firstly, is for accomodating the size of the tree truck, which will be incorporated with design . And secondly, allows light to penetrate into space, which is the key component to create atmosphere when people are inside.

The concept behind the design proposal is to using hyparbolic parabboloid intersecting with each other to increase the complexity of the whole shape.

Developing the technique is through the coorporation with the site.

Also considering people using the structure, the technique should be easily achieved and applicable during construction. The main void here considered the experience when people are underneath the structure, having void makes possibility to more openness.

This drawing is to show the place that the designed structure is sitting on site.

Above drawing also gives a rough sense of sclae and size of the designed opening on structure.

When deciding the shape of the opening, more oval shape is used instead of round, this is to considering the stucture shape and giving more aesthetic view.

8

CONCEPTUALISATION

CONCEPTUALISATION

Workflow of design definition diagram and construction process diagram This part shows critical steps of the design, breaking down into FORM, TECTONIC, FABRICATION AND INSTALLATION

Form

Fabrication

Design Combine hypars with different edges of each other,multuple hypars are joined in different position to make the form The hypars should all have footing of each, number hypars should be same hypars of different sizes and selected of as number of anchors

hyperboolic paraboloid

Form

Condition (the site)

Site analysis, New Student Precinct Unimelb , look at the location of possible location and correspond to site condition

We considered circulation and small scale typography, which will affect the scaling and foot/ anchor design in follwing steps

Also consider position of shelter, and the shadow effect when under the sunlight, this will determine the shadow pattern in the later animition of shadow effect inside form.

We considered circulation and small scale typography, which will affect the scaling and foot/ anchor design in follwing steps Number of hypars can be set when we know in which few directions that the design will be incorporating with and be independent with circulation

Techtonic The structure is important to think, the thinkness at the top of the design is relative thinner than the other part of form, and bottom and anchor part of structure is the thickest.

This is considering the bottom of structure takes more load. The thickness is between 10mm and 30mm in top and bottom respectively.

Casting of abchor is by making a boxed shaped formwork and just leave concrete in it to cure,in the end the formwork will be stayed together with concrete achor. inrelative simple than casting .

Material : cuboid raw concrete 10

CONCEPTUALISATION

structure detail Cable -net Using 2mm diameter thick cable for prototype, for real construction can use thickness ranging 3mm to 15mm Connection Used steel wires for stands for ‘cable’.

In reality is Nodal cross clamps.

Supporting Temporarily and removable timber formwork. temperary scaffloding Tightness and adjustability We used turnbuckles , it can adjust the tightness according needs, to make sure the cable-net dosen’t deform by the weight applied onto it by concrete.

Holes on the form Grasshopper (image sampling to make the shapeby tracing the [attern we make, also in Grasshopper) The outcome is shadow to respond to designed pattern .

formwork The formwork is acting as temporary supporting, hence we need to drill holes on Holes need the formwork to be in different sizes, hence cutting tubes in varied sizes.

Installation The installation process is 1 setting up the scaffolds 2 put timbers one by on ein the correct position , this is by bolting with steel plate.

3 connecting every cable Using cables (steel wire) to form the cable-net 4 stretch and extend the polymer fabric over the entire cable-net, and use mesh textile with lining up.

CONCEPTUALISATION

3 A TREE

This is the element being newly added in to the design . The tree is being proposed in the new student precinct. With the concrete strcture, it creating the shading inside the space.

Visually, adding the tree will improve the overall outcome feeling by contrasting nature with concrete material. This will improve the complexity of the scene, with colour of tree in differnt reasons.

With incorporating with the tree, the overall effect of structure has been improved by reducing the balancing coldness and heaviness feeling of pure concrete structure.

The tree also provide sitting spaces in the structure, resting place for people is the circular bench aroung the tree truck. For summer days, trees provide coolness for people sitting underneath.

Hence the space will be more user friendly and attractive.

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CONCEPTUALISATION

CONCEPTUALISATION

GENERATING PATTERNS

3 HOLES

Various number of holes are drawn and are projected onto the structure to bring the light in.

When choosing the shape of the holes, circular holes are decided because consider the structure being curvature in the form and circular holes will suit the form more compare to angular and linear geometries.

Including hole sizes, pattern, and density, holes are projected onto the structure . When creating the pattern, it was using the parametric design to create random circles .

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CONCEPTUALISATION

CONCEPTUALISATION

C1.3.final form precedent : method of using hypars C1.3.FINAL FORM PRECEDENT : METHOD OF USING HYPARS Philip Pavillion in 1958 is in Brussels exhibition, designed by Le Corbusier, which is a structure made up of eight or more hypars. This is a structure shoes the creation a system of precast concrete panels hung in tention from wire cables.

philips pavillion with multiple hypars make the space an closure when multiple hypars joining edges with each other and enlarge the space.

ThIis the starting point for me to look at playing relationship along mulyiple hypars.

New form , as called ‘ hypar-shell’

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CONCEPTUALISATION

CONCEPTUALISATION

C1.3.final form precedent : method of using hypars phelix candela Los Manantiales restaurant

C.1.4 A diagram illustrating technique: and final form view Using hypar: conceptual drawing

PERSPECTIVE

Los Manantiales is comprised of four intersecting hypars, thin roof and the whole structure shows an efficient, elegant and enduting work of structural art.

This structure shows the possibility of having multiple hypars to be put together, the design in the final form is taking this idea, but change the scale of some of the hypars to provide more intriguring shape compare to Los Manantiales.

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CONCEPTUALISATION

CONCEPTUALISATION

The core construction element of my design is the leg part of the structure.

(Also described as anchor).

Few tpototypes have been made of the leg of the structure need to be able to take heavy load from above.

C.2. A ‘core construction element’ of design

The leg ,also as anchor , has functions of holding the upward structure and take then transfer the load to the ground.

In the actual performance of the design, the leg need to corporate with the surrounding site, to sit on the most stable position.

The leg is also adjustable. As shown in the prototype, the part with is touching the ground is a piece of heavy casted concrete, in the actual situation on site, the casting can be placed on the stairs (shown in model graphics in later part) to balance the different site condition.

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CONCEPTUALISATION

C.2.1 Prototype 1 (outcome and keypoint)

C.2.1 Prototype 1 KEYPOINT

KEYPOINT

Turn buckle to adjust the Tightness of the cable network

This is the joining of each cable to coonect to each other, by ttighteniing using thinner iron wire

This prototype is in the start prototype of the semester, which is simulating hyparbolic paraboloid.

The prototype shows the possibility of formwork for the basic to create differnt geometry.

This prototype shows firstly the cable-net formwork to take strong concrete bearing load. The formwork use the tightnening system to adjust the tightness of the cable by turning the turn buckle.

The controlable system build up by steel wire and turn buckle are the key component of this prototype.

Turn buckle adjust the tightness of each wire according to the differnt position they are placed in the formwoek, the top part and the corners are under great force and more easier to deform than other places.

Turn-buckle as the key because it make the cable tight in two directions, hence the connection is adjustable to tight and being able to carry great load on the above.

Wire at each connection point is to prevent movement happening between cables, hence the whole structure is hold in tension and stable.

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CONCEPTUALISATION

C.2.2 Prototype 2(outcome and keypoint)

This prototype is trying to push the outcome possibility of cable net furtherby creating more curvy shape of cables. All cables in tension in the system, like previous, is tensioned by wires.

Compare to previous one, the surface is not so smooth ,this is because adding in reinforcement into the concrete and maximized the structural stability . Which in turn, to some extend , affected the smoothness of oucome surface.

This prototype is presentable in showing the concrete shell, which as a whole stand the idea for heavy concrete with relative thin structure and thickness.

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CONCEPTUALISATION

C.2.2 Protype 2

C.2.3 Prototype 3 (part of physical model of our proposed design)

1 Still using turn buckle to adjust tightness of cable-net formwork

Some distortion happens after tightening the turn buckle , due to the curvature shape.

formwork for making the leg (standing part)

2 Clear cable-net marking of the system ,reflecting on the formed concrete

Setting up the formwork of final prototype, this is the basement where the prototype will sit in during castning, and it actually represent the fabricationanchorage o

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3

CONCEPTUALISATION

C.2.2 Protype

C.2.3 Protype 3 (process)

This image shows the prototype process, which is quite differnt from previous , because the prototype represent The leg part of the design, hence it needs to be supported duriing concrete curing.

The process is similar to previous casting, Creating formwork with tensioned turn-buckle, put curtain sheets onto it, put the seel mesh as reinforcement.

Then adding mixed concrete on the canvas, tilt/angle the whole structure and lean itt onto the wall , use extra ti=ool to support the structure at the back to prevent falling. And wait for curing .(sprayed water regularly.)

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CONCEPTUALISATION

C.2.4 Refinement : Material Selection: Fabric Comparing and contrast few materials we used across all prototype .

The third prototype , is part of calypso material fabric windoware. When coming to removing it from the prototype cured concrete , more adhesion of it is attached.

This is not so good for the overall outcome effect, and the back of the model is bad looking.

However, in the previous prototype 1. When removing the cured concrete from nonwoven fabrics, firstly, the addhesion between cured concrete and the mmaterial is very tight, which made it difficult to remove the fabric off, the team had to peal that fabric layer very carefully, because otherwise, the force in tight adhesive part may break the cured concrete.

When removing the cured form in the second prototype, because the material it used was a black fabric with 70% polyester and 30% Lycra. It perform much better, also there are some more water lost when curing with using this material.

Prototype 1 ,non-woven geotextile membrane:enough strength ,too difficult to remove。 Prototype 2 , mix material of 70% polyester and 30% lycra, can stretch in ine direction , high strength .

Prototype 3 , not stretchable, high strength , too thick.

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CONCEPTUALISATION

C.2.5 prototype reflection

C.2.5 prototype reflection Final prototype is to demonstrating one of the important anchor parts of our design, when doing the prototype and casting the concrete, we had to simulate the angle between this anchor and ground, according to Rhino model , and make adjustments.

The result turned out to be that , the part in casting representing the structure, can very firmly connect to the formwork, which is filled with concrete.

This proved that the anchor can deal with the weight from the structure onto it, and stand still.

All prototypes show the capability of the cable net system to form complex geometry and being able to bear the load with a strong capacity.

Prototype 3 , we looked more to the outcome itself in real life, firstly,theprototype is a much lager scale . We considered the actual performance , for example, the thickness at the footing and whether the base can hold the weight of the cast concrete and stand itself.

We also tested the connection between structure and anchor, the result turned to be very strong connection which can hold the structure firm and still.

Prototypes considered the property of material in use. For example, when mixing concrete, testing were made for several times to see whether the mixxing is too dense or too sparse, hence when applying concrete on the formwork, it can stay in position.

Reflecting on the prototype, there are few things i need to address

1 the importance of prototype can be seen . For our system, prototype 1 shows the form of straight cable-net system ,can take heavy load . Prototype 1 reflected strong bearing load capacicy characteristic .It is impressing to see how much heavy load of the concrete that our formwork can take . However, the form is relative fixed, because the height of each corner is fixed.

C.2.5 protype reflection Prototype 2 looks at more curvature and more dynamism form, it shows the importance of connection point and importance of turn buckle in our designed formwork.

Intension of this prototype was making hypar with more curvature. We this time had void and round edges.

Prototype 2 has a much more complex formwork, and better casting material ,we used cement and sand , which has no stone, aggreagtes or any other kinds. Prototype 2 also introduced new material , the new 70% polyester and 30% lycra fabric.

Prototype 2 proved the possibility in making more curvier shape (based on hypar), it also shows the form of continious concrete shell in one trail, with a more complicated framework.

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CONCEPTUALISATION

C.2.5 prototype reflection

Final prototype is to demonstrating one of the important anchor parts of our design, when doing the prototype and casting the concrete, we had to simulate the angle between this anchor and ground, according to Rhino model , and make adjustments.

The result turned out to be that , the part in casting representing the structure, can very firmly connect to the formwork, which is filled with concrete.

This proved that the anchor can deal with the weight from the structure onto it, and stand still.

Prototype 3 , we looked more to the outcome itself in real life, firstly,theprototype is a much lager scale . We considered the actual performance , for example, the thickness at the footing and whether the base can hold the weight of the cast concrete and stand itself.

We also tested the connection between structure and anchor, the result turned to be very strong connection which can hold the structure firm and still.

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CONCEPTUALISATION

C2.6 Bills of quantities

Cable

BILL OF QUANTITES

thickness: 10mm Cost $

Area: 585m2

Amount needed: 1786 metres Concrete Area: 585m2 Thickness: 50-120mm Bolts and node component Cost: $500

Cost $ Amount needed: Reinforcement Mesh Amount needed: 585m2 Cost:

Timber 120m of timber dimensions of timber: 300 x 300

Cost $ Amount needed: 120 metres

Props Amount needed: 32 days Cost $ 20 per day = $640 20 dollars for each prop, the project requires around 60, and it takes 32 days to cure,, which will give 20 x 60 = $1,200 $1,200 for around 32 days? = $38,400

DO NOT NEED TURNBUCKLE Total $58,900

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CONCEPTUALISATION

3.1 Hero image

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CONCEPTUALISATION

C3.2.

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materiality and surface treatments, shading and visual effects

CONCEPTUALISATION

C3.2.

Form analysis

This shows the specific joining order of the final form , Each individual hypar is joined to adjacent one and top point where 5 hypars meet together is trimmed off.

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CONCEPTUALISATION

C3.2. Grasshopper definition with analysis

Followings are grasshopper definition used for genrating 5 hypars in final design

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CONCEPTUALISATION

C.3.3. Detail model process and bills of quantities

C.3.3. Detail model process

It is important to adjust and combingiing the collapsing hypar edges together by changing the control points in the middle to be the same height .

Above showing modified 5 hypars that are generated by baking and adjusted the first group of definition.

When baking hypar outcome of first group of definition, the rhino model are the same outcome , then in rhino we need to adjust the height and length of edges by changing the control points at the corners.

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CONCEPTUALISATION

Joing each hypar with adjacent one in edges and this step repeated until all hypars are joined together. Center point is the same height for all 5 hypars.

The outer point can then be modified to determine each corner’s height and expand of structure. and then the point of the point where the structure is sitting on the ground can also be adjusted , according to the site condition, e.g. sitting on different level of the ground , or coorporating with the stairs on the sote.

CONCEPTUALISATION

OVERVIEW IN PERSPECTIVES OF DESIGN

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C.3.4

3D model render

CONCEPTUALISATION

C.3.4 3D model

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CONCEPTUALISATION

C.3.5

Physical fabrication

Digital to Reality We used 3D printing to

produce our proposed form in a scale of 1:200. The 3D printingof the design gives outcome with

very smooth

surface

and finishes.

Below are the images of 1:200 model in the site. We used 3D printing to make our form, it is the process to make our form from digital to solid.

The process of our method generally can be explained in 3 steps. Create the 3D model, prepare Model for Print and Send to Printer. The key idea of 3D printing is ‘The object is created using an additive process where successive layers of material are laid down until the object is created. Each of these layers can be seen as a thinly sliced horizontal cross-section of the eventual object.’ (from https://edsc.unimelb.edu.au/makerspaces/next-lab/services/3d-printing

C.3.5

Physical fabrication

Digital to Reality

We used 3D printing to produce our proposed form in a scale of 1:200.

The 3D printingof the design gives outcome with very smooth surface and finishes.

Below are the images of 1:200 model in the site.

We used 3D printing to make our form, it is the process to make our form from digital to solid.

The process of our method generally can be explained in 3 steps.

Create the 3D model, prepare Model for Print and Send to Printer.

The key idea of 3D printing is ‘The object is created using an additive process where successive layers of material are laid down until the object is created. Each of these layers can be seen as a thinly sliced horizontal cross-section of the eventual object.’ (from https://edsc.unimelb.edu.au/makerspaces/next-lab/services/3d-printing )

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CONCEPTUALISATION

C.3.5 Physical model fabrication 1409

C.3.5 When making Physical fabrication of the 1:200 scale model, is it the 3D print that can directly generate and produce the form at this scale.

In the actual construction process to build a 1:1 scale. We need to consider with technique of constructing of success with same system formwork, Hilo Nest to make the structure come true.

The prototype is differnt from real physical fabricatin we have done.

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CONCEPTUALISATION

C.3.5 Physical fabrication : important message from studying Hilo nest can suggest the steps in making the outcome in actual full size of our design.

Still using cable-net and fabric formwork, the process of making Hilo Nest is broken down in follwing areas: cables, cable-net rods; cable-net nodes and connections;edge beam’steel supports;fabric cutting and sewing.

The project is with a bounding box of 20m x 10m x 7m.

SPecific steps in constructing this projects include:

1 cable-net instrllation

2 geometry mesurements

3 reinforcement placement

4 decenterd shell Prototype 3 with 2D printing is the part of our proposed design in the scale of 1;200,the casting od the actual form is discussed below.

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CONCEPTUALISATION

1 cable-net instrllation

Constructing formwork first, , each part of the formwork tightened with lateral support connect to the ground

Then start connecting the cables one by one ay ahchoring each cable’s end and start to formwork.

When each cable intersect with each other, skills are spplied on them to make two wires to intersect with each other really firmly at that intersecting point.

The cable net seeks intersetion at each point to be hiorizontal and vrtical . So the cales can be tansioned allways.

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CONCEPTUALISATION

3 reinforcement placement 2 geometry measurements

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CONCEPTUALISATION

4 decenterd shell

Methods being discussed above will then be applied onto the making process of real construction of our design.

Image on the right is a breaking down of process in steps.

1 making concrete bases, 2 then casting the base plate for stronger holding capacity of the load from the structure above.

3 scaffolding to support the structure to stand still s]during the construction of concrete structure and its cure.

4 timber formwork is used for the last step on the edge of structure , which will be removed when the structure is set .

Concrete :60-180mm, note with cement, wans, aggregate ratio3:1:3

Fabric :white polymer:efficient for casting process, low cost, high strength

10mm cable-net (700x700 each) Each net is 700x700mm, thicker cable (10mm this case)is required

area 300mmx300mm Timber framework (temporarily)

Scaffolding and props This is for against inward force

Base plate Also for fixing purpose, the capability of the whole structure can be increased.

Concrete base :made on site, fixed to the ground,

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CONCEPTUALISATION

C.4. Learning Objectives and Further Development Drawing

C.4. Learning Objectives and Further Development Writing justify the purpose of having a void ?

The final presentation was held in week 12 and our group were suggested to improve and clarify in the following question, this part is my response to the possible solution i may want to take to address these questions in the future.

The precedent of Nest Hilo shows specific shape is used in relation to structural characteristics of the geometry.

To improve the deisgn, there are few aspects i need to look at, firstly, the prototypes address the feasibility of design.

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The change of void is the new thinking and elements after being critized after Part B, though we had opening in the part B design, that previous opening was an imitation of Hyparbole by Marc Fornes.

The void is all about brightness, openess and feeling , which are shown in the design and renders .

This time the new void is not only for better incorporaating with the tree, which contrast with form’s material--concrete. The main void gives the structure with more openness .

The main voids can also corporating with series of voids pattern, this brings light into the space.Compare to Part B proposal, this time the design is more dynamic and open, which will make the proposed design more appealing to people.

CONCEPTUALISATION

Plan View of Design

C.4. Learning Objectives

The Studio Air introduced parametric design, which has been proved to be powerful tool to help design and achieve ideas through out the practive of this semester.

Regarding the learning objects, this part is going to respond to each correspondingly.

Elevation View of Design

For the formation of brief, it was using parametric tools that helped finding the way of solution of design.

Our design was originaly started from doubly curved model, then During the weeks, we generated various of possibilities , including adding, subtracting, intersecting hypars, and adding more elements to fit design requirements .

The subject involved a lot of digital skills in design, personally this skill is significantly improved in the iteration part when many new concepts and components are introduced. Computational geometry is a key factor of this development, it was from hyparbolic paraboloid that i started to explore the various possibility of parametric design tool .

Talking about the project, its design widened my knowledge in architecture, particularly for the gradual approach to final design when using parametric tool to visualize and communicate ideas.

Computation in design process has made changes and adjustments of design into more detailed level and more controlable .

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CONCEPTUALISATION

Section view of design

THICKNESS IS 180MM

Design on the site to illustrate scale

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CONCEPTUALISATION

C.5. ALGORITHMIC SKETCHBOOK and references

C.5. ALGORITHMIC SKETCHBOOK and references

To conclude the three parts in the past weeks, it is important to point out that the extent to which parametric design method has influenced and made change on my thinking about architecture.

The beginning was to realize the direct vidualization of the transfer from design actions into complex outcome into Rhino through baking, the parameter was to change the design component to discover new geometries by logically thinking behind using Grasshopper.

The subject has helped me to develop the habit to use parametric design to deal withthe architecture design as a starting point. It is always new ideas and thinking Coming up during the tweaking parameters in the Garasshopper design.

The whole design task iacross semester is also eyeopening, It is important to address that the new elements have been comstantly introduced during the tutorial to inspire us trying new stuff.

I also persoanlly touched the basic knowledge anbout using software to test the structural performance of design. This is achieved by using Karamba , which involed lot time and effort to dive in, but the outcome helped finilising the design in terms of considering the actual performance iin the world. I with group did this process to help us thinking about thickness of our design on the differnt area of entire surface, to make an argument that our proposal Is not only easily generate and bake stuff in grasshopper , but to simulate the outcome of every step We want to change.

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CONCEPTUALISATION

B.9 BIBLIOGRAPHY

2018. ETHZ.CH <HTTPS://WWW.ETHZ.CH/CONTENT/DAM/ETHZ/NEWS/MEDIENMITTEILUNGEN/2017/BILDER/ HILO/HILO_003_DSC_0102_MICHAEL-LYRENMANN.JPG> [ACCESSED 20 APRIL 2018] “ABOUT – NEST HILO”. 2018. HILO.ARCH.ETHZ.CH <HTTP://HILO.ARCH.ETHZ.CH/?PAGE_ID=2> [ACCESSED 20 APRIL 2018] “LOS MANANTIALES RESTAURANT - DATA, PHOTOS & PLANS - WIKIARQUITECTURA”. 2018. WIKIARQUITECTURA <HTTPS:// EN.WIKIARQUITECTURA.COM/BUILDING/LOS-MANANTIALES-RESTAURANT/> [ACCESSED 20 APRIL 2018] CONCEPTUALISATION LYDON, GEARÓID. 2018. “HILO RESEARCH OVERVIEW PUBLISHED – NEST HILO”, HILO.ARCH.ETHZ.CH <HTTP://HILO.ARCH.ETHZ.CH/?P=607> [ACCESSED 20 APRIL 2018]

“HYPARBOLE / MARC FORNES / THEVERYMANY”. 2018. ARCHDAILY <HTTPS://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/882387/HYPARBOLE-MARC-FORNES-THEVERYMANY> “GALLERY OF THE CHURCH OF ST. ALOYSIUS / ERDY MCHENRY ARCHITECTURE - 8”. 2018. PINTEREST <HTTPS://WWW.PINTEREST.COM.AU/PIN/521502831833181598/> [

FOOTNOTE 1 BLOCK RESEARCH GROUP,(2018) 2 Block Research Group, Full-Scale construction prototype of the NESTHILO shell roof (zURICH 2018) 3 ArchDaily, (2014).

4 ArchDaily, (2014).

5 UrbanNext, Hyperbole:Ther Lit Lightness,(2017), <https://urbannext.net/hyperbole/> 6 UrbanNext , (2017) 7 ArchDaily, (2014).

8 Urban Next ,(2017) 9 The University of Melboiurne , (2018)

NOTE FIGURE 1 HTTPS://WEWANTTOLEARN.WORDPRESS.COM/TAG/CABLE-NET/#JP-CAROUSEL-1040 FIGURE 2 HTTPS://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/882387/HYPARBOLE-MARC-FORNES-THEVERYMANY/59F15F00B22E381994000404HYPARBOLE-MARC-FORNES-THEVERYMANY-IMAGE?AD_SOURCE=MYARCHDAILY&AD_MEDIUM=BOOKMARKSHOW&AD_CONTENT=CURRENT-USER FIGURE 3 HTTP://MATSYSDESIGN.COM/WP-CONTENT/UPLOADS/2012/04/IMG_9397.JPG FIGURE 4 IMAGE FROM HTTP://BLOCK.ARCH.ETHZ.CH/BRG/IMAGES/CACHE/CABLE-NET_5_1455874637_1920X1080.JPG?1455874637 FIGURE 5 IMAGE FROM HTTP://BLOCK.ARCH.ETHZ.CH/BRG/IMAGES/CACHE/CABLE-NET_5_1455874637_1920X1080.JPG?1455874637 FIGURE 6 IMAGE FROM HTTP://WWW.SUMMUM.ENGINEERING/2017/10/16/NEST-HILO-11-ROOF-PROTOTYPE-COMPLETED/ FIGURE 7 IMAGE FROM HTTPS://WWW.ETHZ.CH/CONTENT/DAM/ETHZ/NEWS/MEDIENMITTEILUNGEN/2017/ BILDER/HILO/HILO_003_DSC_0102_MICHAEL-LYRENMANN.JPG FIGURE 8 IMAGE FROM HTTPS://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/882387/HYPARBOLE-MARC-FORNES-THEVERYMAN Y/59F16003B22E38E2AB000237-HYPARBOLE-MARC-FORNES-THEVERYMANY-IMAGE FIGURE 9 (“GALLERY OF THE CHURCH OF ST. ALOYSIUS / ERDY MCHENRY ARCHITECTURE - 8” 2018) FIGURE 10 IMAGE FROM HTTP://RUDYGODINEZ.TUMBLR.COM/IMAGE/112417158774 FIGURE 11 IMAGE FROM HTTPS://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/496202/AD-CLASSICS-LOS-MANANTIALES-FELIXCANDELA/53493E7FC07A80F351000082-AD-CLASSICS-LOS-MANANTIALES-FELIX-CANDELA-IMAGE FIGURE 12 IMAGE FROM HTTPS://STUDENTS.UNIMELB.EDU.AU/STUDENT-PRECINCT/HOME

“AD CLASSICS: LOS MANANTIALES / FELIX CANDELA”. 2018. ARCHDAILY <HTTPS://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/496202/ AD-CLASSICS-LOS-MANANTIALES-FELIX-CANDELA> [ACCESSED 20 APRIL 2018]

"AD Classics: Expo '58 + Philips Pavilion / Le Corbusier And Iannis Xenakis", Archdaily, 2018 <https://www.archdaily.com/157658/ad-classics-expo-58-philips-pavilion-lecorbusier-and-iannis-xenakis> ArchDaily. (2018). Esker house / Plasma Studio. [online] Available at: https:// www.archdaily.com/11957/esker-house-plasma-studio [Accessed 16 Mar. 2018].

"Construction Prototype For Ultra-Thin Concrete Roof", Ethz.Ch, 2018 <https:// www.ethz.ch/en/news-and-events/eth-news/news/2017/10/innovativeconstruction.html> (DFAB), NCCR, MIT News, Oliver Mitchell, Robocars.com Brad Templeton, Wyss Institute, and Oliver Mitchell and others, "Mesh Mould: Robotically Fabricated Metal Meshes | Robohub", Robohub.Org, 2018 <http://robohub.org/mesh-mouldrobotically-fabricated-metal-meshes/> "Esker House / Plasma Studio", Archdaily, 2018 <https:// www.archdaily.com/11957/esker-house-plasma-studio> Fry, Tony, Design Futuring (Oxford: Berg, 2008) "Gallery Of Esker House / Plasma Studio - 1", Archdaily, 2018 <https:// www.archdaily.com/11957/esker-house-plasmastudio/500f12b028ba0d0cc7001965-esker-house-plasma-studio-image> "Gallery Of ICD-ITKE Research Pavilion 2013-14 / ICD-ITKE University Of Stuttgart - 27", Archdaily, 2018 <https://www.archdaily.com/522408/icd-itke-researchpavilion-2015-icd-itke-university-of-stuttgart/53b212d4c07a80790f0001c4-icd-itkeresearch-pavilion-2015-icd-itke-university-of-stuttgart-image> Gramaziokohler.arch.ethz.ch. (2018). Gramazio Kohler Research. [online] Available at: http://gramaziokohler.arch.ethz.ch/web/e/forschung/221.html [Accessed 16 Mar. 2018].

Hdl.handle.net. (2018). Fry, Tony's 'Design Futuring'. [online] Available at: http:// hdl.handle.net/1903.1/29 [Accessed 16 Mar. 2018].

"ICD-ITKE Research Pavilion 2013-14 / ICD-ITKE University Of Stuttgart", Archdaily, 2018 <https://www.archdaily.com/522408/icd-itke-research-pavilion-2015-icd-itke-