STUDIOAIR
2018 SEMESTER 2, STUDIO 10, ALLAN XIANRONG LI
About Me My name is Sherry and I am studying architecture at University of Melbourne. I’m from China and has lived in Australia for four years. The reason I choose architecture as my major is building design is full of fun. Besides, I love to see futurize building and historic building.The most essential, I love painting and that’s why I love to create things. At now, I am not sure what aspect I should pursuit in the future. In my experience, Architecture is modernist and post-modern. But I think architecture should focus on. I focus on how to let people live in conveniently and comfort. Also, in reality, no real-estate is willing to sacrifice their profit for the future generation. I think I would call myself a consultant instead of an artistic architect. I visited some parametric designed building. The fist one is a shooping center entrance hall in Tokyo, Japan. The second is the twin towers designed by Zaha Hadid architects in Nanjing, China. The stunning apearance is so attractive for pedestraints. That’s is my fist impression of it.
Table of Contents 6 A.1. Design Futuring 14 A.2. Design Computation 24 A.3. Composition & Generation 30 A.4. Conclusion 31 A.5. Learning Outcomes 32 A.6. Appendix _ Algorithm Sketchbook 42 B.1. Research Field 52 B.2. Case Study 1.0 54 B.3. Case Study 2.0 66 B.4. Technique: Development 69 B.5. Technique: Prototype 72 B.6. Technique: Propodal 76 B.7. Learning Objectives and Outcomes 78 B.8. Appendix _ Algorithm Sketchbook 84 C.1. Design Concept 96 C.2. Technique Elements & Prototypes 106 C.3. Final Model 124 C.4. Learning Objectives and Outcomes 126 C.5. Appendix _ Algorithm Sketchbook 128 Bibiliography
PART A CONCEPTUALIZATION
INTRODUCTION “ Designers should become the facilitators of flow, rather than the originators of maintainable ‘things’ such as discrete products or images” John Wood, 2007 [1] As we all know, the earth has limited resources only. Although there are renewable waste that can reuse after processes, we are using them 25% faster than it renew rate. Moreover, we have experienced consequences of sacrifice environment for development such as acid rain, more extreme climates. This environmental sacrifice is the consequence of urbanization. We cannot survive in a worsen climate and environment in the future so we have to raise the awareness of protecting or nature habitat in the Merri creek project. Humans civilization and awareness of the nature, raising awareness from solving aesthetic problem to ‘the wicked problem-sustainability’. Designing future at now is all about sustainability and speculative future instead of focus at architect own style. Program such as Design Democracy is a powerful freeware computer application that drives the design to focus on sustainability. At now, materialistic world will be reshaped and changes are made to the design ethics and education. As the industrialization comes at end, it is the time to think about environmental protection.
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PRECEDENT 1.1 DELTA TOWER, MELBOURNE / STUDIO 505, 2015
This 10-12 stories tall residential tower is Australia’s first passive house certificated building. The initial design aiming to break the 105 Green star record building _ Pixel designed by studio505 at 2011 and be the greenest residential building in Austrlia. Although they did not make it, it still potentially could be carbon neutral because of the timber construction, hightly insulated, airtight and high-efficiency windows.
I think the most important thing about this building is not what they’ve achieved, but why it is so hard to achieve such a high standard of Green building in large scale architecture. Pixel building was building in 2011 as a small scale office building, and after four years new residential building still can’t reach such a high standard. This medium rise residential tower tried to follow the “Passive House” trend in an affordable price. When residential buildings start to go higher and higher, our future might be tight with those towers. How to make High rise towers cooperate with the trend of sustainable development and making responsible designs is worthwile to think about. [1] JOHN WOOD, DESIGN FOR MICRO-UTOPIAS: MAKING THE UNTHINKABLE POSSIBLE, 2007 [3] TONY FRY, DESIGN FUTURING : SUSTAINABILITY, ETHICS, AND NEW PRACTICE, 2008 [4] ANTHONY DUNNE, SPECULATIVE EVERYTHING, 2013, P.34 [5] HTTP://WWW.STUDIO505.COM.AU/WORK/PROJECT/BOUVERIE-STREET-APARTMENTS/86 [6] HTTPS://INHABITAT.COM/DELTA-TOWER-CARBON-NEUTRAL-WOODEN-COMPLEX-TO-BE-AUSTRALIAS-FIRST-PASSIVE-HOUSE/ CONCEPTUALISATION 7
PRECEDENT 1.2 TWIN TOWERS, THE 323M ONE QUEENSBRIDGE & AUSTRALIA 108
GREY (EXISTING) GREEN (APPROVED) YELLOW (UNDER CONSTRUCTION) BLUE (UNDER APPLICATION). PICTURE: CITY OF MELBOURNE FIGURE 1. MELBOURNE HIGH RISE BUILDINGS[1]
TWIN TOWERS / _ at the corner of Exhibition and La Trobe streets AUSTRALIA 108 IN SOUTHBANK/ FENDER KATSALIDIS ARCHITECTS, 2012_ Australia’s tallest building when constructed. QUEENS PLACE/ COX ARCHITECTURE, FENDER KATSALIDIS ARCHITECTS AND HECKER GUTHRIE,2017_ twin 79-storey skyscrapers After looking at the industrie leading example, what is common architectural design nowadays? As show in the diagram (Fig 1.) above, the ongoing development and approval for high-rise buildings in the Melbourne CBD is a hot topic. The popular design style is extremely similar as the three towers at left. However, the style only make our environment become worse. More high-rise buildings are approved for construction. During th daytime, the surface temperatures will be wamer than air and slowly release to the environment during night. Besides, it creates light pollution such as glare. The constant release of heat washes the city resulting in “heat island” effect. Besides, more than 60 per cent of energy consumption in commercial buildings comes from heating, ventilation and air-conditioning. Altering the current common design to a sustainable style considering cost savings, occupant comfort and energy efficiency is the issue draw from the comparision of Delta tower and thss newly approved skyscrapers.
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FIGURE 1. TWIN TOWERS[1]
FIGURE 2. AUSTRALIA 108[1]
FIGURE 3. QUEENS PLACE[1]
[1]HTTPS://WWW.HERALDSUN.COM.AU/NEWS/VICTORIA/FUTURE-MELBOURNE/FUTURE-MELBOURNE-3D-MODELSHOW-FUTURES-SHAPE-OF-CITY/NEWS-STORY/C50E10AF07910F996E5DE5AA46D6AB40 [2]HTTP://WWW.SDCONSULTANTS.COM.AU/BLOG/ITEM/36-MELBOURNE-CBD-FROM-COODE-ISLAND-TO-HEAT-ISLAND
CONCEPTUALISATION 9
DESIGN TASK 1_ Mutate a Fence
This fence create the semi-private and semi-open space act as a introduction to the building complex. Plants gives vividity to the heavy construction body. It is very eye attracting and a very good example of what a fence can play multiple roles serves the building environments.
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CONCEPTUALISATION 11
FAIL
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SUCCESS
FAIL
SUCCESS
CONCEPTUALISATION 13
A.2. Design Computation INTRODUCTION Computer advancement provide low cost and virtual environment for designers. Programs create algorithms that not only generate a single outcome but formulate processes of generating traceable solution.[10] Designers will have more time and resources become a decision maker instead of producing a product. Creativity, is a prduct made from choosing thousands of decision. The inputs of creativity into computer system is a ‘superb analytical tool’ that fit to the complex situation at nowadays. [11] By make a good use of the software, mimic of the complex nature is possible, thus sustainability is achievable. See precedent 1. Studies for more discussion. Also, computer programs minimise material waste and increase constructability and materiality. Digital fabrication is a good use for large building construction as limited waste produce and allow alteration, detail and management of the contruction. Despite designers has limitation in creativity due to limited fields and by the program, using computer allow diversify creativity and generate different solutions. [12] Program such as RhnioScrip, VBA and Grasshopper are good software and designers should be proficient in these. Oxman argues that current design is losing its rooms for tectonic expression as a “poetics of construction’. [13] In my opinion, Architecture is the relationship of technology and construction material that shine in the age of technology. Architecture firms are changing their style from hand drawing to computerize drawing.
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PRECEDENT 2.2 ICD/ITKE RESEARCH PAVILION 2015-16 Institute for Computational Design and Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design of the University of Stuttgart designed this pavilion inspired by sea urchin’s structure as one of their research. It involves computation use in every stages. The individual arrangement of the calcite plate, geometric morphology of a double layered system and differentiation in the material provide high performance of the segmented structure.Also, fibrous connection maintain sea urchin’s integrity when it grow. They design the doublelayered plywood strips structure with fingers joints at edge to transfer shear and tensile forces. The timber sheet cut in shape by CNC Miling. By make good use of software, individual plywood strips are bend up by industrial robot and assembled to segment by sewing machine. The combination of architecture, biology and engineering produce this complex system with the help of computer programs. Computer allows mimics the relationship and environment between material, form and robotic fabrication to make this timber shell structure production. This proves computer provide opportunity, increase efficiency when working on a complex, multi-discipline design.
FIGURE 1. TWIN TOWERS[1]
FIGURE 1. TWIN TOWERS[1] [1]“ICD/ITKE RESEARCH PAVILION 2015-16.” INSTITUTE FOR COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
CONCEPTUALISATION 15
PRECEDENT 2.2 ASTANA LIBRARY, KAZAKHSTAN / BIG, 2009
FIGURE 4. MELBOURNE CITY SKYLINE[2]
Algorithms can assist to build complex form of building in reality. In architecture, it is essential to measure, change variables and re-measure to ensure correctness. If we use traditional way, it is ineffective. The optimized algorithms help us to save time and alter many variables at a short period., The optimization method is an approach to the final product from form to detail. But, how to maximise effectiveness and efficiency according to the feature of the tree for a single architecture piece? That is the reason why will have to learn generative design and ability to deal with algorithms.
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FIGURE 4. MELBOURNE CITY SKYLINE[2]
Follwed by screenshots from video at Ramboll. It shows the Mobius strip form of Astana library and engineered to ‘maintain the ideal form, minimize deflections, panel variations, cost and material usage to make the project a reality Firstly, they use repulsion driven algorithm that set up a distribution of façade glazing panels of different shapes and sizes. After optimization of each panel, sizes are reduced from 2.245 to 1.464. Also, it reduces number of nodes and bunching of members at complex junctions. Secondly, they optimize geometry by stressing in façade members to deduce deflection of façade and reduce steel weight. They start with a node, then morph the given size bar onto Mobius ring, then they achieve the optimum result. By using this 2 strategies, optimisation of multi-objects between façade panel and structural frame. Algorithms assist designers to build and stay in the industry as the industry is ‘survival of the fittest’.
FIGURE 4. MELBOURNE CITY SKYLINE[2]
[1]HTTPS://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/33238/NATIONAL-LIBRARY-IN-ASTANA-KAZAKHSTAN-BIG [2]HTTPS://WWW.DESIGNBOOM.COM/ARCHITECTURE/BIG-NEW-NATIONAL-LIBRARY-IN-ASTANA-KAZAKHSTAN/ [3] RAMBOLL, ‘ASTANA FACADE OPTIMISATION.MOV’, 2010, YOUTUBE [4] MICHAEL. S. BERGIN. “ TRENDS IN GENERATIVE DESIGN.” ARCHINECT, 2018
CONCEPTUALISATION 17
DESIGN TASK 2_ Developed Fence
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CONCEPTUALISATION 19
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SITE INVESTIGARION_Fences on site
Fence Location Road Contours My Route Public Transportation Green Land Water Body
CONCEPTUALISATION 21
EXPERIENCES COLLAGE The Merri creek trail provide an outdoor activity space for the local communities. People use the space by there free choices and needs. It represent a highly susccessful planning example of a polluted side be regenerated to suit the developments of the surrounding environments. Nowadays, people ride bikes, do excercises, working dogs or simply just like to have a walk there.
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CONCEPTUALISATION 23
A.3. Composition & Generation INTRODUCTION ‘On two occasions I have been asked,“Pray, Mr. Babbage, if you put into the machine wrong figures, will the right answers come out?”… I am not able rightly to apprehend the kind of confusion of ideas that could provoke such a gestion’ ____Charles Babbage. Achim Menges says computation generate complex order, form and structure with interrelated database. [20] Architectural expression transform from symmetrical composition to organic, abstracted and asymmetrical due to technology advancement in computer. Modernist and post-modern architects get inspiration from industrial products, diagrams, site attributes and experimental process. When will study Tokyo Metropolitan government building by Kenzo Tange, Crown Hall by Mise, Neue Staatsgalerie by James Stirling, they are made from materials that deconstruct or assemble together to become a master piece of architecture. Alternatively, algorithms work as a virtual machine to provide virtual environment for the design. Algorithms gives various, numerical possibility and reversible outcomes.
FIGURE 4. MELBOURNE CITY SKYLINE[2]
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PRECEDENT 3.1 HANGZHOU SPORTS PARK NBBJ & CCDI, 2010 - CURRENT FIGURE 4. MELBOURNE CITY SKYLINE[2]
NBBJ and CCDI designe Hangzhou Sports Park for a sustainable public spaces in the Hangzhou new suburb. Design director of CCDI’s sport division mention the design of a big stadium in a 2 million m2 land in the park as a future urban centre. The stadium bowl covered with truss structure looks like petals. A bowl profile is produced from a copy and mirroring process. The design concept is transferred to a flexible parametric system using Grasshopper. Grasshopper allow adjustment in multiple parameters such as number of rows, sightline standards, distance to the playing field,riser angles and seating capacity. For example, change in searing parameters will lead to change in exterior petal structure as well. The algorithm in grasshopper links design elements and omit the tradition 3D modelling “build-test-discard-rebuild strategy”. The final composition of the centre is from function, structure, aesthetics and other considerations. Due to history is explicit, real-time change base on parameters adjustment increase efficiency of analysis and presentation. These software use allow designers to draw [1]“THE PROVING GROUND.”MEASUREMENT, UNCERTAINTY, AND THE DATASPACE - THEPROVING GROUN [2]BRADY, PETERS, AND XAVIER DE. KESTELIER. COMPUTATION WORKS: THE BUILDING OF ALGORITHMIC THOUGHT. LONDON: WILEY, 2013. PRINT. PP10 [3]OXMAN, RIVKA, AND ROBERT OXMAN. THEORIES OF THE DIGITAL IN ARCHITECTURE. LONDON: ROUTLEDGE, 2014. PRINT. PP6 [22]MILLER, NATHAN. “NBBJ: PARAMETRIC STRATEGIES IN THE DESIGN OF HANGZHOU STADIUM (PART 1).” THE PROVING GROUND BY NATHAN MILLER. 28 DEC. 2009. CONCEPTUALISATION 25
FIGURE 4. MELBOURNE CITY SKYLINE[2]
FIGURE 4. MELBOURNE CITY SKYLINE[2]
Inspired by nature-Anthoza Dress for Paris fashion show. This art piece is inspired by human skin. They designed as a continuous skirt but not assemble by different parts. This cloth can filter air and sweat due to their variation of material composition. Engineered by nature_Biolymer printing. Most manufacture materials are toxic and not environmental friendly. Designer uses biodegradable material pritin like chitin, a polysaccharide, to produce the clothes. It is completely recyclable as it can melt into water and provide food to fishes or grow of trees. This product is a part of natural environments. For example, like L-system, Boids Blocking and senseless drawing robots, the algorithm output random treasuravle arts works. Algorithms and parametric design can solve actual world complexity. Algorithms is used for performative design, building tectonic models and digital materiality. This is the solution to design and protect our environment. Last, algorithm helps formalize the biomimetic principles, we can “potentially create a second nature with respect to material ecology�.
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FIGURE 4. MELBOURNE CITY SKYLINE[2]
Unlike nature, designers assemble different kind of materials into a product. The organic chemistry and biology shows the process is continuous according to the material and product properties. “It growth.” Nerri Oxman shows us 2 great maps: Assembly – the table of elements, and Growth – the human genome. From nature, designers make good use of the resources to produce their own products. Design nature_Microfluidic Co-Culture Printing. Nerri Oximan tries to change the biological function. She combines 2 prokaryotes, Cyanobacteria and E.coli. Cyanobacteria convery light into sugar and E.Coli will consumes as the biofuel. She claim it ’designers evolution” as we can create. The wearable ecosystem is 59 meters long and convert chemical energy to solar energy.
Design inspired nature_Silk pavilion. Different composition in a single material. It composes of 2 protein, 1 act as structural support and 1 act as a glue for connection. The silkworm can spin a flat cocoon. They found a way to shape the raw silk without the need of boiling.
PRECEDENT 3.1 NERI OXMAN FIGURE 4. MELBOURNE CITY SKYLINE[2] [1]“MEDIATED MATTER.” VESPERS: SERIES II ENVIRONMENT |LONDON DESIGN MUSEUM [2]TEDTALKSDIRECTOR. “DESIGN AT THE INTERSECTION OF TECHNOLOGY AND BIOLOGY | NERI OXMAN | TED TALKS.” YOUTUBE, YOUTUBE, 29 OCT. 2015 [3] WORLDECONOMICFORUM. “BIO-INSPIRED DESIGN | NERI OXMAN.” YOUTUBE, YOUTUBE, 19 FEB. 2016 CONCEPTUALISATION 27
DESIGN TASK 3_ Developed Fence
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CONCEPTUALISATION 29
A.4. Conclusion Part A studies observe futurism design derived from nowadays living standards, limited resources and excess consumptions. Focus on the need of sustainability on the planet to encourage change in architect behaviour. So our new goal is to sustain the future generation but also maintain the quality of life. Future design require many attributes take into consideration like carbon emitted, function, transportation, function, connectivity and future development. As sustainability is ambiguous and wicked, design is difficult to have certain outcome. Designers aim to find systems that fit current complex situations and redirect the future to sustainable. When design attempt to create nature like system, computer program is the most effect tool. We acknowledge nature is interrelated, random, organic and change. So designers need to write a script to the rule rather than focus on single outcome. Parametric design perfectly present rule of nature, although we somehow limit by knowledge, discoveries or program to exhaust all circumstances. Parametric softwares allow generate composition and adjust the outputs quickly. Moreover, during fabrication stage, the algorithm can manipulate and reduce waste of material while maximize variability. In the drawbacks, digital fabrication is not popular in building industry yet but we hope it will be popular in the future. At now, modular system of parametric design can allow modular construction in future building industry. All in all, profession in 1 aspect cannot solve the complicated problems we are facing currently. As our world is diversity, computer software can help designers to experiment with different parameters like tectonics and material in building performance analysis and accurate result output.
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A.5. Learning Outcomes 1. Architecture as art pieces is speculative result. At instance is focus on how to protect our environment to allow human survival in the next few decades. Designer’s goal is to design a system that is sustainable. When there is a huge development in history, there will always be conflict and afraid of something. Architecture is not changed and architecture is changed. Designer aim to discover innovation by computer and algorithm. 2. Computerization is a new method for design by helping designers to design and make changes in form finding process. Multidisciplinary approach is preferred to make a design system. As human brain is limit, designer cannot specialize in all aspect, program and algorithm assist connection of the designer and multidisciplinary in a fast and effective manner. None the less, at fabrication stage, computation and machines help us to solve construction problems in a effective and fast pace no matter how complex the production is. 3. All design is parametric, but algorithm help designer to calculate multiple parameters as a group to generate and adjust result quickly. Grasshopper has the advantage over the Rhino. 4. Though computation is so powerful, it is a tool only at nowadays. The captain in architecture design is still the designer. Designers need to remind themselves the initiative of the design is to the future and better living but not ‘computationalism’ and loss the fundamental of design.
CONCEPTUALISATION 31
A.6. Appendix _ Algorithm Sketchbook
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CONCEPTUALISATION 33
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CONCEPTUALISATION 37
CONCEPTUALISATION 39
PART B CRITERIA DESIGN
B.1. Research Field B.1.1 STRIPS & FOLDING INTRODUCTION People uasually think strips and folding as a paper crafting tecniques, such as japanese Origami. The properties of paper makes bending, folding and cutting so easy. With the development of digital fabirication techiniques, other material such as wood, metal and plastic also could achieve similar complex form as paper do. The studies of The Very Many studio focused on the unique research of a stripes-based material system to describe a organic form. They call it “ topological-walking stripe” [4]. As in the three precedents (Fig 1. 2. 3) shows, the form consists of thousands of parts, which are digitally cutted flat flat aluminum pieces, and then fatened together. I was surprised the result this studio delivered to us, the physical reality of an curvy, organic and incredible form in such a large scale.
FI
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[1]Fornes, Marc. 2018. “JINJI LAKE BIENNALE PAVILION”. MARC FORNES / THEVER [2]Fornes, Marc. 2018. “WORLD EXPO ‘17 - ASTANA, KZ”. MARC FORNES / THEVERY [3]Fornes, Marc. 2018. “FRAC CENTRE - ORLEANS, FR”. MARC FORNES / THEVERYM [4]Fornes, Marc. 2018. “Invention Of Stripes”. MARC FORNES / THEVERYMANY.
B.1.1 INSPIRATIONS THE EVRY MANY / MARC FORNERS FIGURE 2.MINIMA / MAXIMA [2]
IGURE 1. DOUBLE AGENT WHITE [1]
RYMANY. YMANY. MANY.
FIGURE 3. NOLIN/LIN [3] CRITERIA DESIGN
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B.1.2 Breif Fence is a building elements used based as a barrier. The fuction could further extended according to the uses and aims in different context. There is a CERES community park located at the north of Meeri creek trail. The park itself shows some value the regeneration programe what to achieve. Many fences in the CERES area are designed to have a vivid, colourful and welcoming feeling to people visited this place, which is also what we want to pusue for our fence project.
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B.1.2 STUDIO BREIF
The fence we choose to rebuild act as a physical barrier and define the social ownership of CERES community park. It also exclude the people passsing by from park area. This wire mesh fence in comparrison is so boring and brings nothing about the value of the site. Beside, the surrouding grassland is wasted. Nothing interesting happended around this place.
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B.1.3 SITE INVESTIGARION_HUMAN SYSTEM
CERES PARK
The Merri Creek and its surrounding area hosts some of the m urbanization happed. There are conflicts between expanding the Merri Creek as a successful site of human recreation cor
Therefore, the new fence aims to interacting and knowleging
most threatended ecosystems in Australia. In contrast, this area is where the dense g pollution and human inhabitation, to the preservation of local flora and fauna. How to make rrior which draws the the environmental significants is the core value of our project.
g people, as well as promoting the natural environment.
B.1.3 SITE INVESTIGARION_ NATURAL SYSTEM
Need
Golden Sun-moth
Synemon plana Critically Endangered Flora & Fauna Guarantee listed
Based on the site analysis, we picked one of most the protection needed species. The population of Golden sun moth decreases mainly because of the loss of habitable area and food shortage.
Wallab
Spe 48
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dle grass
by grass
ear grass
Wallaby grass Incresing the biomass to facilitate the endangered species
The Golden Sun Moth feeds almost exclusively on wallaby grasses (Austrodanthonia species), spear grasses (Austrostipa species) and the exotic Chilean needle grass (Nassella species). Spear glass is not suitable to grown on Melbourne soil condirions, and the needle grass is invasive. Wallaby grass will be the final choice. Although the Merri Creek site aims on regenaration of local and native enviroment, most of the lawn are imported grass species. Besides, the most grass seeds available in the market also imported species. Plating native grass to create green land is a relatively new idea. People might took the idea of plating wallaby grass as their backyard lawn. DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES. 2018. “WALLABY GRASS”. WALLABY GRASS - A DOMESTICATED NATIVE GRASS. DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES. 2018. “WALLABY GRASS - A DOMESTICATED NATIVE GRASS”. DPI.NSW.GOV.AU. DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY. 2018. “APPROVED CONSERVATION ADVICE FOR SYNEMON PLANA (GOLDEN SUN MOTH)”. ENVIRONMENT.GOV.AU. DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY. 2018. “SYNEMON PLANA — GOLDEN SUN MOTH”. ENVIRONMENT.GOV.AU. AGRICULTURE VICTORIA. 2018. “A GUIDE TO NATIVE PASTURE MANAGEMENT | NATIVE VEGETATION | FARM MANAGEMENT | AGRICULTURE | AGRICULTURE VICTORIA”. AGRICULTURE.VIC.GOV.AU. AGRICULTURE VICTORIA. 2018. “CHILEAN NEEDLE GRASS | A-Z OF WEEDS | WEEDS | PESTS, DISEASES AND WEEDS | AGRICULTURE | AGRICULTURE VICTORIA”. AGRICULTURE.VIC.GOV.AU. AGRICULTURE VICTORIA. 2018. “COMMON WALLABY-GRASS | VRO | AGRICULTURE VICTORIA”. VRO.AGRICULTURE.VIC.GOV.AU. AGRICULTURE VICTORIA. 2018. “FEATHER SPEAR-GRASS | VRO | AGRICULTURE VICTORIA”. VRO.AGRICULTURE.VIC.GOV.AU. MERRI CREEK MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE. 2018. “ABOUT MERRI CREEK”. MCMC.ORG.AU. CRITERIA DESIGN
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WALLABY GRASS IMAGINATION We want to create a wealcoming fence attract people to interact with and have the unique experience of flowering of wallaby grass and surrounded by the beautiful Golden sun moth.
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B.1.4 PROJECT CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAM
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B.2. Case Study 1.0 _ Seroussi Pavilion/ Biothing Ides: The biothing team see it closer to musical notation. Script: The structure is created by vectors based fields, and then lifted by the graph of sine functions. Applications: Parameters added to create local adaptions to site conditions.
[1]MATT. 2018. “DIY GREENWALLS”. DIYGREENWALLS.BLOGSPOT.COM.
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PARAMETER CHANGE
FIELD
CHANGE
CHANGE
ITERATIONS
GRAPH
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B.3. Case Study 2.0 _ Nolin/Lin Revers engineering
[1]FORNES, MARC. 2018. “FRAC CENTRE - ORLEANS, FR”. MARC FORNES / THEVERYMANY. 54
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Step 1. Draw overall form with mesh boxes and boolean union it to a single mesh. Explode and delete the naked edges surface.
Step 3. Triangulate the form and scale the triangles with attracting factors. Then merge triangles to the form.
Step 2. Kangroo simulation with springs and unary force to create a tensile mesh.
Step 4. Each pair of triangles are coupled with a planar surface.
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50 ITERATIONS
A B
C
D
E
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F
A. GRAPH MAPPER B. RIPPLING TUBE C. SOUTH POD D. BOX MORPH E. MESH SKIN VORONOI F. KANGROO RELAXATION G. WEAVERBIRD MESH PATTERN H. OC TREE I. 3D VORONOI INTERPLAY WITH WEAVERBIRD J. 3D VORONOI INTERPLAY WITH WEAVERBIRD 58
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G
H
H
I
G
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CRITERIA SELECTIONS
INTRODUCTION For human For moth and grass Constructability Fuction as fence
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INTRODUCTI For human For moth and g Constructabi Fuction as fe
ION n grass ility ence
INTRODUCTION For human For moth and grass Constructability Fuction as fence
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SUITABLE SCALE FOR HUMAN TO RESTING ON AND GRASS TO GROW ON THE SKIN
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Scale Vor
Populate Voronoi 3D Box
Scale Voronoi parts's volumes
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ronoi parts' areas
Create quad mesh by two parts end points
Join and weld meshes, smooth surafce with Catmull–Clark subdivision surface
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B.4. Technique: Development Laser Cutting
Strips and Folding as a techinique of traditional handcrafting, can be transformed in to a modern large scale building technique with laser cut. The Minima/Maxima pavilion provides us some ides about how to develop the script into strips and futher make fabrication possible.
KANGROO STRIPPER
UNROLL
FORNES, MARC. 2018. “WORLD EXPO ‘17 - ASTANA, KZ”. MARC FORNES / THEVERYMANY. 66
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SHORT LIST
LASE
n
ER CUT
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BARRIER MESH
WEED CONTROL MAT
MOISTURE RETAINTION MAT
SOIL AND GRASS
IRRIGATION SYSTEM
STRUCTURE
Based on the research of green wall system, we created a six layers system to hold the soil in place and let the grass grow according to the form of the fence.
MATT. 2018. “DIY GREENWALLS”. DIYGREENWALLS.BLOGSPOT.COM. 68
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B.5. Technique: Prototype PROTOTYPE 1 Bamboo The bamboo woven structure could provide rigidity and flexibility to shape the curvy form we what to create. Besides, it could bear both weight of human body and grass required structure. However, the material is very hard to cope with digital fabirication techniques.
PROTOTYPE 2 Aluminum strips with tabs for fasteners connection Aluminum strips is what The Very Many studio used to shape their self-standing structure. Metal as material have very high weight to strength ratio, means it is strong and lightweight at the same time. However, the cost is relativally higher than other material.
PROTOTYPE 3 Double layer poliproplis We finally decide to use double layer of poliproplis as prototyping material. It is cheap, easy to laser cut. However, the testing on the weight bearing capacity of this material needs further research.
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Step 1. LASER CUT TEMPLATE READY TO BE REMOVED.
Step 3. LAY EACH SECTIONS ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER ON THE STRIPS
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CONSTRUCTION PROCESS Step 2. USING MASKING TAPE TO GET THE STRIPS IN SHAPE.
Step 4. STAPLE STRIPS TOGETHER INTO SMALL PARTS.
Step 5. ASSEMBLE SMALL PARTS INTO A UNITY
CRITERIA DESIGN
71
SITE PLAN
B.6. Technique: Propodal
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CRITERIA DESIGN
MOTH SCALE
HUMAN SCALE
CRITERIA DESIGN
73
FINAL VIEW Wallaby could densely grass grow from the opennings of the form. During the flowering season, golden sun moth will come to feed. Visitors will find their own comfort place to sit and relax on the fence. The imagination of the new fence will be the spexisting of human and nature. People also can learn from the fence by getting awarness of using native rass as the choice of gardenning, to have their backyard lawn in native grass and facilitate the growth of the population for endangered spacies such as golden sun moth.
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CRITERIA DESIGN
CRITERIA DESIGN
75
REFINE CONCEPT The original concept is to build fence cope with the existing
REFINE STRUCT
The structure of our pr
fuction as a barrier for people passing by. However, it
simple but with a comple
doesn’t fit in well with the site analysis and our original
system. We need to do m
aim. A welcoming and interacting fence serves better.
on how to reduce the g
burden, and increase the
of the structur
1. Change non-purpose
B.7. Learning Objectives and Outcomes
to dual fuction open
Like the Nolin/Lin pro
opennings could integ
the connection system
the time of laser cut an
the structural cont
2. Double layers str
Inspired from Minima
project, the new struct
set the green wall in-
the double layers ski
FOLLWING THE SITE TYPO AND TRAIL The current script we use need further developemnt. Instead of drawing box in rhino, we should learn from the BIOTHING script to follow local site adaption.
than in seperated sy
TURE
rototype is
ex green wall
more research
green wall
e efficiency
re.
e openings
nnings.
oject, the
grated with
m to reduce
nd increase
tinuity.
ructure.
a/Maxima
ture could
-between
in rather
ystems.
CRITERIA DESIGN
77
B.8. Appendix _ Algorithm Sketchbook
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CRITERIA DESIGN
CRITERIA DESIGN
79
80
CRITERIA DESIGN
CRITERIA DESIGN
81
DETA
A WELCOMING FENCE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CERES COMMUNITY PARK 82
PROJECT PROPOSAL
PART C AILED DESIGN
PROJECT PROPOSAL
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C.1. Design Concept
Concept Inspirations Developed from the part B feedbacks, the core idea about rebuilding the new fence is thinking beyond the fence. Based on several elements we found on site, such as the always openned bamboo fence gate and the main entrace (fig. 1 & 2. ). Our final concept is designing an “OPEN FENCE� to be copliment the style and value which CERES community park representing. Our chosen site is the same as Part B, and during the fourth site visit, I found more about the site as shown the Fig 3. A lot of gabbages are dumped into this area, which makes rebuilding and replanning the site becomes more meaningful for CERES park.
FIG.1: THE BAMBOO FENCE GATE
My final imagination of the new fence will invite people to explore and have more interaction of CERES. Besides, the new fence will put visitors in a festive mood and dazzle people passing by. In addition, It will have multiple functions such as educating, prviding resting places, and symbolizing the spirit of CERES park.
FIG.2: THE MAIN ENTRANCE
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
FIG.3: OUR CHOSEN SITE
PROJECT PROPOSAL
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[1] CENTRE FOR EDUCATION AND RESEARCH IN ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES, “VOLUNTEER | CERES COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENT PARK”, CERES COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENT PARK, 2018 [2] CENTRE FOR EDUCATION AND RESEARCH IN ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES, “COURSES | CERES COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENT PARK”, CERES COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENT PARK, 2018 86
PROJECT PROPOSAL
On the left I highlighted some key projects happing around CERES. The new fence we designed will cooperated with the design development programe opened for public applications. Providing opportunities for activities 1. visiting 2. volunteering and 7. bringing your school. Besides, we want to have the new fence and surrounding area be designed around Landscaping&Gardening, Environmental education, Sustainable events and Urbanfamer. The right side shows some “designed looked” fences locating in CERES park. However, it simply act just as a barrier and outline the boundaries of the CERES. As I mentioned before, CERES as a public and community park are opened to the public 24 hrs. A barrier preventing people to enter the place is opposite to the designning intents of the site itself. Therefore, Our fence will “REVERSE THE TRADITIONAL CONCEPT” of what a fence should be. PROJECT PROPOSAL
87
EDUCATION
SHAR
DYVERSITY
VOLU PARTICIPATION Key Values
88
PROJECT PROPOSAL
RING FREEDOM
UNTEERING
SUSTAINABILITY PROJECT PROPOSAL
89
DESIGN CPONCEPT DIAGRAM
SPECIF
NATURAL SYSTEM
NATIVE SUSTAINABILITY BIO-DYVERSITY PROTECTION
CERES COMMUNITY PARK
SPECIF
HUMAN SYSTEM
A form infor form site ana
SHARING EDUCATION PARTICIPATION VOLUNTEERING FREEDOM
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
There are a l information on about protecting species. We w pick one which protection urg because it m most for the p building this
Spear grass
FIC
lot of the site g native want to h need gently means people site.
FIC
Needle grass
Wallaby grass
GOLDEN SUN MOTH Critically Endangered Flora & Fauna Guarantee listed
Golden Sun-moth Incresing the biomass to facilitate the endangered species. The wallaby grass is the most suitable choice from our part b research.
OPEN FENCE
rmed alysis.
PROJECT PROPOSAL
91
CERES PARK
MERRI CREEK MAP
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
Site Interpretations
There figures indicates the location, topography and area of our chosen site. The new fence will extend all the way between the north and south two gates to make CERES fully accessble for visitors from Merri Creek Trail.
FIG.1: SITE
FIG.2: SITE OVERLAY
PROJECT PROPOSAL
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FIG.2: CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAM
Because the site is deeply sloped to the Merri Creek, I looked at some inspirations of how to manipulated the similar site and came oput a snake like ramp to make CERES fully accessible for disabled people form the new gate. The area around the site also be re-planed based on different fuctions. One side becomes a natives species garden for sustainable gardening, The other side will be used for urban farming. The fence it self will be mainly occupied by wallaby grasses to attract Golden Sun Moth. FIG.1: LANDSCAPE DESIGN INSPIRATIONS
GANEA, SIMONA, “EXPLORING THE WORLD OF GREEN ROOFS AND UNDERGROUND HOMES”, HOME DECORATING TRENDS - HOMEDIT, 2018
94
PROJECT PROPOSAL
FORM FINDING DIAGRAM
1
Extracting the form from the existing fence.
4
Breaking the form into sections to make the fence open.
2
Creating an open gate for disable access based on the location of existing gate.
5
Extending the form into the redesigned ramp to create an uniform look and design continuity.
3
Designing a ramp based on the site topography.
6
Manipulating the bounding boxes shapes to give each parts an unique shape and height to adapt the freeform design intent.
PROJECT PROPOSAL
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C.2. Tectonic Elements & Prototypes
Tectonic 1. CNC Milling Modular systems This techinique was only be researched beecause we faced some trouble in Part B strips assmbly. The complexity, structural capacity and numbers of strips makes us think about other fabrication tecniques. CNC Milling a mold for the whole system and have self-interconnected joints might be one way of interpolate this kind of form. Firstly, a paper clay model on site was made to test the overall form and height of our final design. However, it’s already the last stage of designning. We finally decide to continiue develop the striping techniques because we already have a lot of texting and detailed research on that one. Starting a new technique is not worthwile.
FIG.1: DATA - CLAY
Stein, Joshua, “Data Clay :: Projects :: Tectonic Horizons”, Data-Clay.Org, 2018
96
PROJECT PROPOSAL
FIG.2. PAPER CLAY PROTOTYPE
PROJECT PROPOSAL
97
BAMBOO VENEER 2.8 MM
KERF T
WOOD STRIPS Tectonic 2. Minimal surface formed by strips
LUAN PLY SHEET 2.7 MM
The final techinique is a further development of our Part B studies. “Mesh Morphologies” is the techique been researched detailed by many designers.
STEAM I
Based on our capacity of using grasshopper, we decide to give up the connection details Marc Fornes used for his model and go for a double layer strips structure. Because these strips need to have bending and twisting capabilitys. A plan of bending different materials was made to form our final model.
MILD STEEL 0.6 MM
KERFIN TE
METAL STRIPS ALUMUNIUM 0.61 MM
98
PROJECT PROPOSAL
FING PATTERN
M BENDING
NG PATERN
FIG.1:AA MESH MORPHOLOGIES EXAMPLE
Aarhus Visiting School, “AA AARHUS VISITING SCHOOL - Mesh Morphologies”, Aarhus.Aaschool.Ac.Uk, 2018
PROJECT PROPOSAL
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Kerfing Pattern Testings The first step is to research what type of kerfing pattern we want to use for our final model. We planed to test 1. No pattern material 2. One dimentional bending pattern 3. Multi-dimentialnal bending and twisting patten The second step is test the 1:1 scale of Kerfing parttern. 1. Single _ Can bend but might break . 2. Double _ Easy to bend and still strong. 3. Multiple _ Super flexible . 4. Designed Pattern _ save on lasercutting time and increase the strength of stips and provide connection details. Therefore, the final decision is using our regenerated pattern for the final model.
[1] KOFAKTORLAB, “SUPER FLEXIBLE DOUBLE CURVATURE SURFACE - LASER CUT PLYWOOD”, INSTRUCTABLES.COM, 2018 [2] PORTERFIELD, AARON, “CURVED LASER BENT WOOD”, INSTRUCTABLES.COM, 2018
100
PROJECT PROPOSAL
FIG.1: KERFING PATTERN TESTS
PROJECT PROPOSAL
101
Materiality Testings
ALUMINIUM
MILD STEEL
LUAN PLYWOOD
CARBONISED BAMBOO
102
PROJECT PROPOSAL
Aluminum itself already very soft and esay to shape. Kerfing pattern is not necessary.
Single material is hard to shape. Kerfing pattern suits perfectly for mild steel. Rusting might happen, surface treatment required.
Single material hard to shape. Because of the production method of this laminated naterial, it is not suitable for twisting. Ther material broke during testing. Steam bending is a better method for Ply. However, luan ply is relatively to weak compared to th other three materials.
Carbonised bamboo is a very strong and stiff material. The multi-dimentional bending pattern gives it flexibility, and it can still remain the strength. Besides, bamboo as the material already used on site, it gives a uniform look and create a touchable feeling for visitors. In terms of sustainability, bamboo can be fastly reproduced. The material is also more economical according to the price. Therefore, bamboo sheet will be our final model choice.
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Prototype 1. Polypropylene
Prototype 2. Luan Plywood
The first attempt on our prototyping is using the Polypropylene as the underneath layer. Because the material itself is very durable and super flexible for mantain this kind of form.
The second attempt is steam bending luan plywood strips according to our materiality study. This method tried to get rid of the breaking caused by patterning the material.
However, polypropylene is very hard to combine with other materials because the connection method is totally different. It is impossible to dill, but only breakable by heating it or cutting by sharp knifes. It is a failed prototype.
However, the form consists huge number of strips and need to bend all together. 5 minutes after steam bending, the material became cold and back to hard state. It’s almost impossible to steam bend the whole form in once because it is in a such large scale. As shown in the first image, Plywood trips breakes if there is moisture inside suring construction because the binding agent become loose. It is a failed prototype.
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
Prototype 3. Carbonised Bamboo Sheet The third attempt is steam bending carbonised bamboo strips. Bamboo is very stiff and the result of absorbing moisture and heat then become bendable is not very ideal . As shown in the photo above, the back of bamboo strips have fibers coming off. According to the patterning test we did before, our final model will be patterning bamboo strips. However, the prefered Carbonised Bamboo sheet is not available in fab lab. We temporaly replaced it by natural Bamboo sheet. The ideal final model will still be made out of Carbonised bamboo, because it is insects and weather resistant, have longer life span and stronger and stiffer.
PROJECT PROPOSAL
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C.3. Final Model
Iterations & Final View On the left id the iterations for final form. Instead of having certain criteria of picking three or four best iterations, all iterations will be used to form the final fence. Each parts are in different scale and shape. The usage of the fence are freely decide by the visitors. It is also digital designed tools such as what Grasshopper providing. The ease of creating complex forms in such as short time for designers to choose. For the final desigh of the fence, the visitors also could be the creators and designers of the space. It’s all about freedom, sharing and openning.
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
PROJECT PROPOSAL
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FABRICATION PROCESS
FRONT VIEW
BACK VIEW
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
PROJECT PROPOSAL
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Selected part to fabricate.
Dividing th fabricatabl
FABRICATION PROCESS
Mapping kerfing pattern onto the strips.
Creating do
110
PROJECT PROPOSAL
he part into le segments.
ouble layer strips structure.
Extracting the section.
Turn the mesh into strips.
PROJECT PROPOSAL
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MESH WB SUBDIVISION LEVEL KANGROO STRIPPER
WEAVERBIRD SUBDIVISION LEVEL 2
WEAVERBIRD SUBDIVISION LEVEL 3
FABRICATION PROCESS
112
PROJECT PROPOSAL
KANGROO TURN + STRIPPER
PATTERN ANALYSIS
N S MAP PATTERN
+ UNROLL STRIPS AND CURVE
UNROLL STRIPS +
MAP PATTERN
LASER CUT
PROJECT PROPOSAL
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BAMBOO VENEER 2.8 MM
KERFING TER
WOOD STRIPS LUAN PLY SHEET 2.7 MM
LASER CUTTING
MILD STEEL 0.6 MM
METAL STRIPS
FABRICATION PROCESS
114
PROJECT PROPOSAL
ALUMUNIUM 0.61 MM
STEAM B ING
KERFING TER
G PATRN
BENDG
G PATRN
WOOD FINISHING CONNECTION SCREW
Marine grade polyurethane spray
PROJECT PROPOSAL
115
Construction Processes
Final detailed Model Analysis
1. Because of the complexity of the strips, the first step is to organised the strips into correct order according the number etched on to the strips. We lay it separately by its horizontal and vertical layers.
After the completion of our final model, there actually still improvements could be made.
2. Then two layers were overlay together to let the drill go through two layers at the same time.
2. Using larger scale kerfing patterns to make the trips stronger.
3. Bolting two layers together.
3. Surface polyurethane spray
4. Bolting connecting clips at the junction of divided sections.
4. Use Carbonised bamboo sheet instead of natural Bamboo sheet.
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
1. Reducing the amounts of bolts been used.
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS & FINAL DETAILED MODEL
PROJECT PROPOSAL
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Site Plan The fence are represented in red colour to give indication of the overall form and how people passing through the fence freely to get into CERES park.
118
PROJECT PROPOSAL
Final Design
Section This section shows how the fence are reacted with the site topography.
PROJECT PROPOSAL
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120
PROJECT PROPOSAL
Final View Final view gives basic idea of the scale of the fence and what it will look like when wallaby grass was on the form. Not only wallaby grass, some sections could have native flowers, greens or vegitables on the fence to make the fence more fuctional as the fence spans hundres meters long. The scale of fence varies from climable to giant. Diffrent height could provide opportunities to let people interact with fence in different ways by their free choice. The use of carbonised bamboo to construct the fabric of final model makes fence approachable and have the natural signal to let people feels want to touch. Back to our initial design intent, the fence let site totally open to the Merri Creek trial. The chance of attracting vistors will significantly increase.2
PROJECT PROPOSAL
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Story 1. A man want to just sit on the fence and read books. A good way to spend your time.
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
Story 2. It shows another way of resting on the fence. Peoples do this more often, just look at your phone.
Story 3. Different native on the fence to attract I need to take som
e plants and flowers are t visitors. So beautiful, me photos and get
Story 4. Children are brought by local school teachers to visit the new landmark of CERES park and learn how important it is to protect local endangered species.
Story 5. Golden Sun Moth inhabited on the fence and are having their meal. Expecting to see the growth of their population.
PROJECT PROPOSAL
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C.4. Learning Objectives and Outcomes OBJECTIVE 01
OBJECTIVE 03
Developing ability to interpreting brief and client’s requirements.
Developing capacity of generating various design iterations, drawing spirits from contemporary architectural projects and making proposals.
OUTCOME 01 My ideas about design are seriously challenged by Allan because my understanding about the site is not enough to support me to form a good concept. It is essential to be aware of design have to be tight back to brief to make sure that is for human needs and based on the site context. I should be more open to new ideas and do as more site visit as possible to get understanding. During the four site vist, I learned a lot.
OBJECTIVE 02 Developing understanding of parametric design and Obtaining essential skill sets to future career. OUTCOME 02 Studio Air is the starting point for me to use grasshopper and know parametric design. Although the form of computational design is renowned by the public under the name of Zahra Hadid, it’s my first touch to understand the process and rational behind it. The computation of the whole society requires us equipped with the knowledge and skills to adapt current designing trend. Even if I’m not mastering grasshopper, but nothing is harder than begin. I’m still interest in exploring more about parametric design and apply it to my further studies in Uni. Besides, I familiar myself with the CNC milling, laser cut and 3d print process.
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
OUTCOME 03 The design generation process during studio air is fresh from me. Instead of a single outcome, we are required to generate multiple design iterations with digital design tools. Although the result is selected from KPI, the various outcomes is what we hard to come up with in a short time because of the power of digital tools. During several case studies, I learned more how to making reference rather than copy form precedents. Besides, because the subject is very intensive, my improvement on making panels and delivering design diagrams are significantly fast than before.
OBJECTIVE 04 Getting students familiar with collaborative design process. OUTCOME 04 Through my Uni study, multi-disciplinary and collaborative is one of the key word appears so many times during lecture and tutorials. Before studio Air, I haven’t had any chance to work with a group to achieve a group design outcome. Every people are come from different background with different knowledge, and we come up with whole different perspectives to justify our and improve our design. Although we are not the professional collaborative design team with architects, engineers and consultants, we as a team.w I’m surprised with how many prototypes and experiments we have tested.
PROJECT PROPOSAL
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C.5. Appendix _ Algorithm Sketchbook
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
Bibiliography Part A Brady, Peters, and Xavier De. Kestelier. Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought. London: Wiley, 2013. Print. Dunne, Anthony, and Fiona Raby. Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming. S.l.: MIT, 2014. Print. Fry, Tony. Design Futuring Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2014. Print. “ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion 2015-16.” Institute for Computational Design and Construction. Web. 12 Aug. 2017. Kalay, Yehuda E. Architecture’s New Media: Principles, Theories and Methods of Computer-aided Design. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2004. Print. “Mediated Matter.” Vespers: Series II Environment |London Design Museum, matter. media.mit.edu/environments/details/vespers-second-series#prettyPhoto. Micheal. S. Bergin. “ Trends in Generative Design.” Archinect, 2018 archinect.com/archlab/trends-in-generative-design. Miller, Nathan. “NBBJ: Parametric Strategies in the Design of Hangzhou Stadium (Part 1).” The Proving Ground by Nathan Miller. 28 Dec. 2009. Web. 13 Aug. 2017. “NBBJ and CCDI Break Ground on Hangzhou Sports Park.” ArchDaily. 15 Apr. 2010. Web. 13 Aug. 2017. Oxman, Rivka, and Robert Oxman. Theories of the Digital in Architecture. London: Routledge, 2014. Print. “River Red Gum.” VRO | Agriculture Victoria, vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/water_sss_river_red_gum. Stand Level Biodiversity Management - Module 3, Part B: Wildlife Trees, www. for.gov.bc.ca/hfp/training/00001/module03/wildlife-trees.htm. “Sustainability Pavilion for Expo 2020 Dubai.” E-architect. 26 July 2017. Web. 12 Aug. 2017. TEDtalksDirector. “Design at the Intersection of Technology and Biology | Neri Oxman | TED Talks.” YouTube, YouTube, 29 Oct. 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=CVa_IZVzUoc. “THE PROVING GROUND.” Measurement, Uncertainty, and the Dataspace - THE PROVING GROUND, wiki.theprovingground.org/article-measurement-dataspace. WOOD, JOHN. DESIGN FOR MICRO-UTOPIAS: Making the Unthinkable Possible. S.l.: TAYLOR & FRANCIS, 2016. Print. WorldEconomicForum. “Bio-Inspired Design | Neri Oxman.” YouTube, YouTube, 19 Feb. 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=nAA0DfAdiIU. “Expo 2020 Dubai: Grimshaw Plans Sustainability Pavilion.” Designboom | Architecture & Design Magazine. 19 Jan. 2017. Web. 12 Aug. 2017.
Part B Agriculture Victoria. 2018. “A Guide To Native Pasture Management | Native Vegetation | Farm Management | Agriculture | Agriculture Victoria”. Agriculture.Vic.Gov.Au. http://agriculture.vic.gov.au/ agriculture/farm-management/native-vegetation/a-guide-to-native-pasture-management. Agriculture Victoria. 2018. “Chilean Needle Grass | A-Z Of Weeds | Weeds | Pests, Diseases And Weeds | Agriculture | Agriculture Victoria”. Agriculture.Vic.Gov.Au. http://agriculture.vic.gov.au/ agriculture/pests-diseases-and-weeds/weeds/a-z-of-weeds/chilean-needle-grass. Agriculture Victoria. 2018. “Common Wallaby-Grass | VRO | Agriculture Victoria”. Vro.Agriculture.Vic. Gov.Au. http://vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/water_sss_common. Agriculture Victoria. 2018. “Feather Spear-Grass | VRO | Agriculture Victoria”. Vro.Agriculture.Vic.Gov. Au. http://vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/sip_salt_feather_spear_grass. Arch2O. 2018. “Seroussi Pavilion |Biothing - Arch2o.Com”. Arch2o.Com. https://www.arch2o.com/seroussi-pavilion-biothing/. Bunnings. 2018. “Pillar Products 0.915 X 10M Waterlock Premium Mulch Mat”. Bunnings. https://www. bunnings.com.au/pillar-products-0-915-x-10m-waterlock-premium-mulch-mat_p3042245. Department of Primary Industries. 2018. “Wallaby Grass”. Wallaby Grass - A Domesticated Native Grass. https:// www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/pastures-and-rangelands/species-varieties/pf/factsheets/wallaby-grass-native. Department of Primary Industries. 2018. “Wallaby Grass - A Domesticated Native Grass”. Dpi.Nsw.Gov.Au. https:// www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/pastures-and-rangelands/species-varieties/pf/factsheets/wallaby-grass-native. Department of the Environment and Energy. 2018. “Approved Conservation Advice For Synemon Plana (Golden Sun Moth)”. Environment.Gov.Au. http://www.environment.gov. au/biodiversity/threatened/species/pubs/25234-conservation-advice.pdf. Department of the Environment and Energy. 2018. “Synemon Plana — Golden Sun Moth”. Environment. Gov.Au. http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=25234. Fornes, Marc. 2018. “FRAC CENTRE - ORLEANS, FR”. MARC FORNES / THEVERYMANY. https://theverymany.com/constructs/10-frac-centre. Fornes, Marc. 2018. “Invention Of Stripes”. MARC FORNES / THEVERYMANY. https://theverymany.com/invention-of-stripes/. Fornes, Marc. 2018. “JINJI LAKE BIENNALE PAVILION”. MARC FORNES / THEVERYMANY. https://theverymany.com/suzhou-biennale. Fornes, Marc. 2018. “WORLD EXPO ‘17 - ASTANA, KZ”. MARC FORNES / THEVERYMANY. https://theverymany.com/world-expo-17-astana-kz-1. Matt. 2018. “DIY Greenwalls”. Diygreenwalls.Blogspot.Com. http://diygreenwalls.blogspot.com/. Merri Creek Management Committee. 2018. “About Merri Creek”. Mcmc.Org.Au. http://www. mcmc.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36&Itemid. Merri Creek Management Committee. 2018. “Golden Sun-Moth”. Mcmc.Org.Au. http://www.mcmc. org.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=211&Itemid=117203/#gsm.
Part C Aarhus Visiting School, “AA AARHUS VISITING SCHOOL - Mesh Morphologies”, Aarhus.Aaschool. Ac.Uk, 2018 <http://aarhus.aaschool.ac.uk/portfolio/mesh-morphologies/> Centre for Education and Research in Environmental Strategies, “Volunteer | CERES Community Environment Park”, CERES Community Environment Park, 2018 <HTTPS://CERES.ORG.AU/VOLUNTEER/> Centre for Education and Research in Environmental Strategies, “Courses | CERES Community Environment Park”, CERES Community Environment Park, 2018 <HTTPS://CERES.ORG.AU/EDUCATION/COURSES/> Ganea, Simona, “Exploring The World Of Green Roofs And Underground Homes”, Home Decorating Trends Homedit, 2018 <HTTPS://WWW.HOMEDIT.COM/BUILDINGS-THAT-LET-NATURE-TAKE-OVER-THEIR-DESIGN/> kofaktorlab, “Super Flexible Double Curvature Surface - Laser Cut Plywood”, Instructables.Com, 2018 <https://www.instructables.com/id/Super-flexible-duble-curvature-surface-laser-cut-p/> Porterfield, Aaron, “Curved Laser Bent Wood”, Instructables.Com, 2018 <https:// www.instructables.com/id/Curved-laser-bent-wood/> Stein, Joshua, “Data Clay :: Projects :: Tectonic Horizons”, Data-Clay.Org, 2018 <http:// www.data-clay.org/projects/Tectonic%20Horizons/index.html>