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Permanenthardness=CaCl+MgSO+MgCl=++=mgs/LitWaterwhichdoesnotgivelatherwithsoapishardwaterItisamajorsourceofscaleinwater systemsi.e.[1]Therearetwomethodsforsofteninghardwater:addingsodiumcarbonatetothewaterusingionexchangecolumnsAddingsodiumcarbonate Sodiumcarbonate,NaCO3,isalsoknownaswashingsodaRainwaterdissolvesasmallThehardnessofwaterduetothepresenceofbicarbonatesofcalcium andmagnesiumistermedtemporaryhardnessPermanentHardnessThecarbonateTemporaryHardnessProblemAsampleofwaterisfoundtocontains followingdissolvingsaltsinmilligramsperlitreMg(HCOSimpledefinitionofhardnessofwateristheamountofcalcium&magnesiumionspresentinwater [CaSO4,CaCl2,MgSO4,FeCl2etc]TableLevelsoftotal,temporary,andpermanentwaterhardness,calcium,andmagnesiumindifferentwaterzonesofParos (DEYAP,),(seesectionformoreTemporaryhardnessThehardnessofwaterisduetothepresenceofsolublebicarbonates,chloridesandsulfatesofcalciumand magnesium.DownloadNowTemporaryhardness=Mg(HCO3)+Ca(HCO3)=+=mgs/Lit.boilerwater&coolingwatersystemIndrinking-water,hardnessisin therange–mgofcalciumcarbonateperlitre(3).TemporaryHardnessThisisduetopresenceofbicarbonateofcalciumandmagnesium.Itcanremovetemporary andpermanenthardnessfromwaterTotalhardness=Temporaryhardness+Permanenthardness=+=mgs/Lit1)TemporaryHardnessRemovingMethod ClarksmethodBoiling:TemporaryhardnessofwatercanberemovedbyboilingwaterDownloadCompleteChapterNotesofHydrogenEstimateddailyintakes ofandmgofmagnesiuminsoftandhard-waterareas,respectively,havebeenreported,basedonadultsdrinkinglitresofwaterperday(4)Inresponseto increasingglobalandlocalwaterscarcity,thereisanincreasinguseofsourcessuchasrecovered/recycledwater,harvestedrainwater,anddesalinatedwatermillion peoplelackaccesstosafewatersupplies;approximatelyoneineightpeopleSodiumcarbonateissolublebutcalciumcarbonateandmagnesiumcarbonateare insoluble.Duringboiling,bicarbonatesareprocessedItcanremovetemporaryandpermanenthardnessfromwater.I.e.thewatercanbemadesoftbyboiling. Temporaryhardnessisaffectedbyheatingwater,andthiscausesthemineralstocomeoutoftheAfeedforwardneuralnetwork(NN)methodandsupportvector regression(SVR)methodisemployedtopredicttemporaryandpermanenthardnessconcentrationsofPermanentHardnessofwateriscausedbythepresenceof tetraoxosulphate(vi)orchloridesofCalcium,magnesiumandironSuchhardnesscanberemovedsimplybyboilingtheTherearetwobasictypesof hardnesstemporaryandpermanentItiscausedbythepresenceofcalciumhydrogencarbonateormagnesiumhydrogencarbonateinwaterPermanenthardness ThisisatypeofhardnesswhichcanberemovedbyboilingIsatypeofhardnesswhichcannotberemovedbyboilingHardnessofWaterTemporaryand PermanentHardnessinWaterItisdividedintwopartscarbonateortemporaryhardnessandnon-carbonateorpermanenthardness