Paasikivi Line
People's Republic of China, Britain and France. Until 25 October 1971 the Republic of China (Taiwan) occupied the Chinese seat. Paasikivi Line A line of DIPLOMACY named after Juho Paasikivi (1870-1956), President of Finland from 1946 to 1956. Finnish policy was much concerned with relations with its dominant neighbour, the USSR, with which it had been at WAR during the Second World War. This approach involved manifesting a clear understanding of the USSR's strategic concerns in the COLD WAR in order to escape greater Soviet pressure on Finland's independence. Fear in the West over such pressure on Western Europe was expressed in the term FINLANDIZATION. Pacem in terris The Latin for 'peace on earth'. In international relations this refers, first to the Papal Encyclical On Peace between all Nations, Based on Truth, Justice, Mercy and Freedom, issued on 11 April 1963 by Pope John XXIII (1881-1963). It was the first time that the HOLY SEE had expressed official support for the UNITED NATIONS (UN) and joined Roman Catholics with people everywhere in an appeal for a world community of mutual understanding. Secondly, the phrase has been used as the name of international conventions on behalf of PEACE - for instance, during 1965 to honour the year designated as the Year of International Cooperation. Pacific Rim The region bordering the Pacific Ocean in Asia and North and South America. This term has come into general currency with the dramatic growth of the Asian economies in the post-Second World War period, in particular Japan, China and the 'four little dragons', Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea and Taiwan. In the 1960s the Asian economies were producing just 4 per cent of the world's economic output. By the 1990s this had risen to 25 per cent and US exports to Asia exceeded those to Europe. Pacific settlement Of disputes In international relations, the resolution of conflicts without recourse to FORCE. This can come about through a variety of techniques including ARBITRATION and MEDIATION. These techniques may be applied to disputes between STATES, between states and international organizations and between international organizations. As an example, the HAGUE PEACE CONFERENCES of 1899 and 1907 sought to codify procedures for establishing peaceful settlement. They proposed, for instance, that states postpone hostilities while MEDIATION was taking place. Subsequently, the LEAGUE OF NATIONS hoped to impose upon conflicting parties a delay of some months before hostilities occurred. Pacification This has two meanings. First, it may refer to PEACE negotiations. Secondly, it may be used to mean the use of armed FORCE to suppress demonstrations or revolts, or to terrorize the population concerned. Pacifism This term was coined in 1901, though it expresses an idea of opposition to WAR advanced throughout history. For the absolute pacifist this means opposition to all war, including CIVIL WAR and non-participation in conflict, except, sometimes, in a non-combatant role. Article 4 of the UNITED NATIONS CHARTER opens membership of the UNITED NATIONS (UN) to 'peace-loving states'. Governments are in theory committed to the ideal of PEACE over war. For those who have been absolute pacifists