New Frontier
New Frontier A phrase used by J. F. Kennedy (1917-63) during the US presidential candidate nomination at the Democrat's National Convention in 1960. It expressed the energy and optimism of his term of office between 1961 and 1963. The initiatives included a civil rights programme, space exploration, the ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS, the formation of the PEACE CORPS and encouragement of global tariff reductions. This ambitious programme was slowed down by Congressional opposition and the grave international issues, particularly the BERLIN CRISIS (1958-62) and the CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS (1962). New International Economic Order (NIEO) This phrase was coined at a special session of the UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY in 1974, which dealt with the subjects of the export of raw materials and economic development, at a time of growing debate over North-South relations. There were proposals for a larger annual transfer of resources from affluent to poor STATES, a better balance between the prices of imported and exported goods, a reform of the international monetary system and encouragement of trading opportunities for developing countries. One principle advanced asserted that each STATE had an absolute right to control its wealth and natural resources, including the right to nationalize or expropriate foreign property. This was strongly opposed by the representatives of the developed market economies, who have since made few of the concessions requested by the LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES (LDCs) in the spirit of the NIEO. New Look The US nuclear arms policy associated with the Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890-1969). It was published in NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL (NSC) policy paper NSC 162/2 of 1953 entitled 'Basic National Security', which supported the STRATEGY of MASSIVE RETALIATION in response to a Soviet attack. Reliance on NUCLEAR WEAPONS was also considered less burdensome than major conventional rearmament for the taxpayer. The phrase 'New Look' was sometimes used also to refer to the support for WAR FIGHTING in the Reagan administration, during the 1980s. New Manifest Destiny A US phrase from the 1890s to describe the American expansionist spirit of the time. It was motivated in part by the economic recession in this period. The idea of MANIFEST DESTINY that had referred to the development of the USA itself in the nineteenth century was now advanced as a projection of POWER and influence overseas, particularly towards Latin America and the Far East. It involved a belief in Anglo-Saxon racial superiority, in a US 'civilizing mission' and, though less blatantly, in a degree of rivalry for influence in the world with the other Anglo-Saxon powers, Britain and Germany. New Order An expression denoting the Nazi concept of a Europe integrated under centralized German political and economic control. Nazi propaganda during the Second World War attempted to persuade people that such a system would be to the benefit of all Europe rather than merely provide the economic resources to enrich Germany. The phrase 'New Order in Asia' was the plan for Japanese expansion into South East Asia. Announced by the Japanese Prime Minister Konoe (1891-1945) in November 1938, this envisaged a coordination of military, political and economic activities under Japanese leadership in China and Manchukuo (Manchuria). After the