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INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS
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POLICE MISSION IN HAITI (MIPONUH, December 1997–March 2000); UNITED NATIONS MISSION IN HAITI (UNMIH, September 1993–June 1996); UNITED NATIONS OBSERVER GROUP FOR THE VERIFICATION OF ELECTIONS IN HAITI (ONUVEH); UNITED NATIONS STABILIZATION MISSION IN HAITI (MINUSTAH, April 2004–present); UNITED NATIONS SUPPORT MISSION IN HAITI (UNSMIH, 1996–1997); UNITED NATIONS TRANSITION MISSION IN HAITI (UNTMIH, August–November 1997). INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF JURISTS (ICJ). Nongovernmental organization (NGO) founded in 1952 and headquartered in Geneva. Its membership is composed of eminent jurists representative of the different legal systems of the world. The commission focuses its work on the promotion of international law and principles that advance human rights. Reputed for its impartiality and objectivity, it provides legal expertise and advice to the Commission for Human Rights. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON INTERVENTION AND STATE SOVEREIGNTY. Group of experts set up in 2000 with the assistance of the government of Canada to inquire into ways and means whereby the international community could and should respond to massive violations of humanitarian norms and principles in the context of respect for the sovereign rights of states. Shaped by the experience of Rwanda, the Bosnian conflict, and Kosovo, the basic idea emerging from their lengthy and thoughtful report is that sovereign states have a responsibility to protect their citizens and when they are unwilling or unable to do so, that responsibility should be borne by the broader community of states. The idea has been embraced by the secretary-general and the High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change. The latter describes it as an “emerging norm” implicitly suggesting that the principle is not yet universally accepted. See also HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION; INDEPENDENT INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON KOSOVO; SOVEREIGNTY; REFORM, UNITED NATIONS. INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS (ICRC). Founded in 1863 to provide relief for soldiers wounded in battle, the International Committee of the Red Cross is a Swiss-based organization