WTO Publications Catalogue: 20th anniv edition

WTO publications in 2015

1

Who we are The World Trade Organization deals with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.

Using this catalogue This catalogue provides information on titles published in 2015.

Prices and dates may occasionally vary and are subject to change without notice.

New and forthcoming title information is updated continually on our website at www.wto.org/publications.

Find out more Visit www.wto.org to register and receive free alerts when new titles become available.

Follow WTO Publications on social media Facebook: wtopublications Twitter: @wtopublications Google+: WTO Publications Pinterest: WTO Publications Foursquare: WTO Bookshop in Geneva, Switzerland To order WTO website: www.wto.org/publications WTO Bookshop in Geneva: www.wto.org/bookshop WTO Online Bookshop: http://onlinebookshop.wto.org General enquiries/orders: publications@wto.org / sales@wto.org Telephone: +41 (0)22 739 53 08/ 51 05

02

Flagship publications

05

WTO 20th anniversary brochures

06

WTO 20th anniversary publications

15

Other publications

20

Index

1

Flagship publications

WTO Annual Report 2015 The Annual Report 2015 provides an overview of WTO activities in 2014 and early 2015. The Report begins with a message from WTO Director-General Roberto Azevêdo.

This is followed by a brief overview of 2014-15 and more in-depth accounts of WTO activities over the past year.

English ISBN 9789287039828 Français ISBN 9789287039835 Español ISBN 9789287039842

World Trade Organization Centre William Rappard Rue de Lausanne 154 CH-1211 Geneva 21 Switzerland Tel. switchboard: +41 (0)22 739 51 11 Fax: +41 (0)22 731 42 06 email: enquiries@wto.org Website: www.wto.org

ISBN 978-92-870-3982-8

Also available as an app The app includes the full text of the Annual Report as well as videos, photo galleries, charts, podcasts and interactive maps. It can be downloaded free for viewing on your iPad, Android tablet or Kindle.

2

2015

Annual report 2015

Published in May 2015 | 164 pages CHF 50.-

Annual Report

Flagship publications

ationship c rise of y chains, creasing

WORLD TRADE REPORT 2015

ntegrated ries still

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WORLD TRADE

World Trade Report 2015 Speeding up Trade: Benefits and Challenges of Implementing the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement

REPORT 2015

Figure 7: Growth in the value of commercial services (annual percentage chang exports by region, e) 2011-14

78-92-870-3985-9

18

24

Figure 8: Prices of primary commoditie (indices, January 2012 = s, January 2012 - May 2015 100) 120

110

100

90

80

70

The World Trade Report 2015 examines why the Trade Facilitation Agreement is so important, what its economic impact is projected to be, and how the WTO is taking a number of important – and novel – steps to help countries to maximize its benefits.

To be published in October 2015 | approx. 180 pages CHF 60.English ISBN 9789287039859 Français ISBN 9789287039866 Español ISBN 9789287039873

60

50

Metals

Jan. 2015

Agricultural raw materials

Mar. 2015

Food and beverages

May 2015

40

Source: IMF Primary Com

Jan. 2014

to interpret dollar-denomin ated trade data very carefu in light of the strong price lly in the US ec onomy could fluctuations observed sin buttress global demand the middle of 2014. ce reinforce the trade and recovery. Conversely, any shortfall in the US performance would leave few Returning to Figure sources of rising import de alternative 2, we see that import demand slowed in volume terms in mand. US GD P growth cou disappoint if tighter mone developing e conomies in ld first quarter of 2015 tary conditions and lower the prices choke off while oil investment, including in developed countries. O import growth was steady in the energy sector. n the export side, shipme from developed nts economies turned down while those from developing Economic conditions countries picked up. Overall, world in the European trade growth slowed Union were improving in early from 1.8 per cent 2015 in quarter of 2014 the fourth improving, but unemployment remains hi to 0.7 per EU-wide gh (9.7 per cent in April) wh 2015, but remained positiv cent in the first quarter of fallout from the ile e. Some of the slowdown Greek debt crisis originated in Asia, threatens in financial inst ability. to revive where from 2.1 per cent in the fo import growth decelerated urth quarter of 2014 to -0 per cent the first .3 The outlook for quarter of China is also looks and other regions also saw 2015, but North America less certain than before, as activity import dema nd slowing (s in the Figure 4). ee (measured at purchasing world's largest economy over time. Th e 7.4 per ce power parity) has eased nt increase i n Chinese G in 2014 was the DP 4. Additional perspec smallest such rise in 24 years, and Chinese officials tives on trade have developments targets going forward. Chi downgraded their output na's growth m ay continue t exceed that of other maj World trade continued or economie s for some t o to grow at a moderate but it is likely do ime, so by smaller margins the first quar ter of 2015 b pace than in the past. This suggests ut the outlook for the seco in half was clouded slower rather than nd by numerous of accelerating import dema nd in China. risk factors, many of which are on the downside. US GDP growth has swung from strongly negative to strongly Lower prices for oil and other primary positive and back since the beginning commodities could boost global of 2014. Continued streng GDP and trade th going forward their positive impact on ne t importers of these produ if cts

Mar. 2014

Asia 2011 2012 2013 2014 Note: Data are compil ed according to the sixth edition from earlier year of the IMF Bala s. nce of Payment s Manual (BPM6 Includes the Car ) and are not co ibbean. mparable to figu res Source: WTO and UNCT AD Secretariats . a

May 2014

3

Middle East

July 2014

Africa

Nov. 2014

CIS

Sept. 2014

2

-8 Europe

Jan. 2013

5

4

-4 South and Central Americaa

Mar. 2013

6

5 3 1

North America

May 2013

5

4

0

World

July 2013

2

–5

–10

outweighs the negative impact on net exporters.

The extent of the have been offered recent slide in commodity for the slower illustrated by Figure prices is rate of increase in trade recently, 8. World trade could including adverse faster than expected also grow macroeconomic conditions, the maturation if a stronger economic of global supply takes hold in the euro zon recovery the accumulation chains, and e as a result of the Europe of post-crisis protectionist Central Bank 's current pro an among others . measures, gramme of monetary easin Any recovery in g. demand in have a disproportionate im the European Union would No definitive explanation pact on world trade statist due to the fact ics stylized facts can at least has emerged, but some that trade between EU members is be discerne d. First, the r counted in global totals. of world trade growth atio to world GDP growth to as the "income (referred elasticity of world WTO estimates trade") peaked sometime in the 1990s, lo of annual trade volume growth ng before the consensus estimates and financial crisis, but has fallen since of world real GDP then (see Figure exchange rates from 2010 at market 9). Second, it normal for world trade to to 2014 are shown in Table grow slowly for a time afte is Much attention has been p 1. global economic shock r a aid to the fac t that the rou before faster growth two-to-one relationship gh (e.g. the oil crises resumes that prevailed for of the 1970s and many years between world trade early 1980s).

Finally, lower global growth and world trade GDP growth appears to have broken d lower world t rade/GDP ra elasticity does not imply a own, as illustrated by the tio, which remains at or ne that trade and output fact record levels. These have grown at around ar facts rate for the last the same cyclical and s tructural fact suggest a combination of three years. A number of explanations ors at work b ehind the tra slowdown. de

Nov. 2013

3

8

7

Sept. 2013

3

0

7

6

5 5

Jan. 2012

13

9 9 4

Mar. 2012

12

11

5

May 2012

12

5

July 2012

17

15

10

I. THE WORLD ECONOMY AND TRADE IN 2014 AND EARLY 2015

I. THE WORLD ECONOMY AND TRADE IN 2014 AND EARLY 2015

20

Nov. 2012

elopment ticularly the Doha lopment.

Speeding up trade: benefits and challenges of implementing the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement

Sept. 2012

veloping orters of

e quickly s can be

World Trade Report 2015

countries support ng such

Fuel (energy)

modity Prices.

25

3

Flagship publications

NEW EDITION IN 2015

International Trade Statistics 2015 International Trade Statistics 2015 provides a detailed overview of the latest developments in world trade, covering both merchandise and services trade as well as trade measured in value-added terms.

An overview section at the start of the publication looks back over 20 years, using charts and maps to illustrate the most important trends. More detailed data are provided in a variety of tables covering specific aspects of world trade up to the end of 2014.

Economies by size of merchandise trade in 2013

To be published in November 2015 | approx. 160 pages CHF 50.-

INTRODUCTION

Economies by size of trade in comm ercial services in 2013

English ISBN 9789287039859 Français ISBN 9789287039866 Español ISBN 9789287039873 52%

The top 10 traders in merchandise trade accounte d for a little over half of the world’s total trade in 2013

43%

Developing economi es accounted for 43% of world merchandise trade in 2013

US$ 17.8 tn Merchandise exports of 160 WTO members in 2013

8

50%

The top 10 traders in world commerc ial services represen t half of the world’s total trade in commerc ial services in 2013

Where to find more: Table A6 and Table A7

34%

Developing economi es accounted for 34% of world trade in commercial services in 2013

US$ 4.6 tn

Exports of commerc ial services by WTO members totalled US$ 4.6 trillion in 2013

Download the data: www.wto.org/statistics World Trade International Trade Organization Statistics 2014

Where to find more: Table A8 and Table A9 World Trade Organization International Trade Statistics 2014

Download the data: www.wto.org/statistics

4

9

WTO 20th anniversary brochures

ot Op in e g ni go ng od m go ark ve et rn s a an nd ce

su r un ing ne sa ce fe ss tra ar d y in re g st wi ri th ct o io ut ns

The WTO is marking its 20th anniversary with a series of brochures focusing on particular aspects of WTO activities. The series includes:

pr om

En

GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT AGREEMENT

SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES

• WTO Dispute Settlement: Resolving trade disputes between WTO members • Trade and Environment: Building pathways to sustainable development • Trade and Tariffs: Trade grows as tariffs decline • Trade Facilitation Agreement: Easing the flow of goods across borders

, global trade in Over the past 20 years rupled, reaching goods has nearly quad compared with US$ 19 trillion in 2013 . This represents US$ 5 trillion in 1996 7.6 per cent on of an annual growth rate period, there average. Over the same reduction in cent per has been a 15

by WTO members. average tariffs applied

by WTO members and Chart 1: Tariffs applied 1996-2013 global trade in goods: Average MFN tariffs applied by WTO members (in %)

Value of global trade in goods (in US$ trillion)

12

20 10 15

8 6

• Government Procurement Agreement: Opening markets and promoting good governance

10 4 5

2 0

0

199 6 199 7 199 8 199 9 200 0 200 1 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 201 3

Did you know?

• Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures: Ensuring safe trading without unnecessary restrictions

Published throughout 2015 | Each available in English, French and Spanish FREE

Merchandise trade Average MFN tariffs Sources: International

Trade Statistics, World

Tariff Profiles

9%

Average tariff applied by WTO members in 2013

Forthcoming brochures •T RIPS Agreement

•T echnical Barriers to Trade (TBT)

•A ccessions

•S ervices

•T echnical Assistance

5

WTO 20th anniversary publications

The WTO Building Art and Architecture at the Centre William Rappard The WTO Building provides a fascinating insight into the artwork and architecture of the Centre William Rappard (CWR), home of the World Trade Organization.

The book describes the origins and evolution of the CWR, highlighting the many works of art created and donated to adorn the building over the years. This new edition looks at how the building has evolved to meet the changing needs of the WTO. It covers the extension of the CWR, the transformation of an inner courtyard into an atrium, and the latest steps taken to preserve the building’s historic artworks.

Published in June 2015 | 76 pages CHF 30.English ISBN 9789287039675 Français ISBN 9789287040053 Español ISBN 9789287040046

6

Art and architecture at the Centre William Rappard

the wto building

WTO 20th anniversary publications

A History of Law and Lawyers in the GATT/WTO The Development of the Rule of Law in the Multilateral Trading System

WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION

Marceau

A History of Law and Lawyers in the GATT/WTO

A History of Law and Lawyers in the GATT/ WTO

The Development of the Rule of Law in the Multilateral Trading System

Edited by Gabrielle Marceau

Edited by Gabrielle Marceau

This book paints an interesting and sometimes surprising portrait of the evolution of the role that law and lawyers have played throughout the history of the multilateral trading system. It brings together original contributions from an unprecedented number of eminent current and former GATT and WTO staff members, including many current and former Appellate Body members, to trace the history of law and lawyers in the GATT/WTO and to explore how the nature of legal work has evolved over the institution’s 60-year history.

26. Representatives of the Latin American countries and the following the signing European Union of the banana agreement in Geneva in November pictured include: Roberto 2012. Those Azevˆedo (third from Lamy (centre), then left), Ambassador of Brazil; Pascal WTO Director-General; and Gabrielle Marceau of the Legal Affairs Division. The picture (eighth from left) also includes ambassado Costa Rica, Ecuador, rs from Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela and Peru.

28. Rob Anderson (right), Counsellor of the Intellectual Bozena Mueller-Ho Property Division, lyst (second from and left), Counsellor of Negotiations Committee the Council and Trade Division (and generally Dispute Settlement responsible for the Body) at the WTO’s work of the Ninth Ministerial Conference in December 2013 in Bali, Indonesia.

Published in June 2015 | 684 pages | 31 color photos CHF 130.Hardback ISBN 9781107085237

27. Gabrielle Marceau, Counsellor of the Legal Affairs Division book, speaking on and editor of this trade and energy at a session of the WTO Public Forum 2013 in Geneva.

A Cambridge University Press and World Trade Organization co-publication.

29. Deputy Director-G eneral Karl Brauner holding a meeting strategic review) with (in the context of staff in the Centre the William Rappard in January 2014.

7

WTO 20th anniversary publications

CITES and the WTO Enhancing Cooperation for Sustainable Development This publication illustrates how the relationship between CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) and the WTO has evolved into a leading example of how global trade and environmental regimes can support each other to achieve shared objectives.

CITES WTO and the

Enhancing Cooperation for Sustainable Development

Published in June 2015 | 16 pages FREE

Setting the scene

for a harmonious

People around the globe have been trading in wildlife centuries. In the for ancient world, demand for wild exotic plants used as spices, incense or perfumes development of led to the an extensive network of trade routes connecting West to East by land and by sea. Nonetheless, the scale of that trade was nothing compared to the billion people consuming 7 biodiversity products globalized economy. in today’s

English ISBN 9789287040602 Français ISBN 9789287040619 Español ISBN 9789287040626

relationship

Strong apprehension about the impact of wildlife exploitation and trade on conservation was voiced for the first time at the seventh General Assembly (Warsaw, 1960) of the International Union for the Protection of Nature.

Later known as the International the Conservation Union for of Nature (IUCN), this international organization was established in 1948 with members from governmental Before the adoption and non-governm in 1973 of the ental organizations Convention on Based on new information International Trade . in Endangered about the conservation Species of Wild of many species, Fauna and Flora (CITES), status IUCN delegates also known as the urged the adoption import restrictions Washington Convention, international of on animals that would trade in wildlife match the export regulations of countries was largely unregulated at the of origin. global level. Several international instruments related For such a system to wildlife conservation of trade controls been concluded had to work, importing countries needed in the early part of the 20th century. information on Nonetheless, their the regulations exporting countries. membership and of However, at the time, species coverage were limited; efforts no international legal framework for to implement them such information were not sufficient to be effective and exchanges This led delegates existed. a number had become gathered at the outdated. With the somewhat eighth IUCN General Assembly exception of certain (Nairobi, 1963) national laws or bilateral or regional to recommend that an international convention agreements, countries were therefore to regulate trade quite free to trade in “rare or threatened wildlife with each other in species or their skins wild animal or plant species, in any quantity, and trophies” be drafted and submitted and without needing for the approval of such trade to any to report governments. global entity.

Ten years later, government delegates to the 1972 With the post-World Nations Conference United War II economic on the Human Environment wildlife trade increased recovery, on the Stockholm agreed significantly. The Action Plan for the new focus on ‘charismatic Human Environment, which included a mega-fauna’ and recommendat species-based conservation approaches ion that “a plenipotentiar conference be convened y proved insufficient as soon as possible, to slow the decline of certain appropriate governmental species populations. under Moreover, future or intergovernme trends looked worrying ntal auspices, to prepare and adopt in light of some a convention on export, instances of overexploitation, import and transit of certain a growing human species of wild animals population and everincreasing trade and plants”. The Plenipotentiary Conference activity. Additional pressures on wildlife to Conclude an International took the form of habitat Convention on Trade loss and pollution. in Certain Species of Wildlife was held from 12 February to 2 March 1973 in Washington, D.C., and attended by representative s from 80 countries.

The final convention text was signed on 3 March 1973 by 21 countries. It contained a preamble and 25 well as three species articles as lists (Appendices I, II and III) and a permit model (Appendix IV). CITES entered into force on 1 July 1975 and will have 181 Parties as of 8 July 2015, when the accession by the European Union enters into force.

A World Trade Organization and CITES co-publication.

2

CITES establishes a legal framework for the regulation of trade in specimens of wild animals and plant species, including fish and timber. The Convention is an early example of a multilateral framework to tackle environmental problem a global through international cooperation.

This reflects the reality that living resources do not know national boundaries, and that living resources in one state

CITES Plenipotentiary

Conference, Washington,

D.C., 3 March 1973

may be affected by activities carried out in another. In Preamble, CITES its set this dispute apart recognizes that peoples was the first-time and states are – and should be consideration in the multilateral trading – the best protectors system of a measure of their own wild fauna and flora. At that sought to protect a wildlife the same time, it recognizes in another species that was part of the Preamble not of commercial value. The GATT that international panel in this case cooperation is essential for the ruled in favour of Mexico. Although protection of certain the panel’s report wildlife species against over-exploitat was not formally adopted, it triggered ion through international a controversy over Convention may trade. The the capacity of the multilateral trading therefore be seen as recognition of system to accommodate need for a global approach the environmental concerns. legitimate to the regulation of international wildlife trade that favours multilateral That same year, cooperation and concerted action, members of the while also preserving European Free Trade Association (EFTA), the right of states to adopt stricter domestic then comprising measures.

Austria, Finland, Iceland, Liechtenstein , Norway, Sweden In the decades that and Switzerland, requested the Director-Gen followed the entry into force of CITES, eral of the GATT particularly the late to for the first time, 1980s and early the Group on Environmenta convene, 1990s, the possible trade-offs and synergies l Measures and International Trade between trade, the (the so-called EMIT environment and development Group), which had been created were the subject of two decades earlier. increased For example, a EFTA countries considered that 1991 General Agreement attention. a forum for and Trade (GATT) on Tariffs trade-related environmenta a structured dialogue on dispute involving the protection of l issues was important wildlife put the spotlight ensure that the GATT to on the risk of conflict would contribute trade disciplines between meaningfully to the outcome of the and measures for Rio Earth Summit. natural resource conservation. The dispute was about A key milestone an embargo by the United States on in the global policy imports of tuna from discourse on trade, the environment Mexico caught with nets that led to and development the incidental killing came in 1992, when world leaders gathered of dolphins. What in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil for the Rio Earth Summit.

In the final declaration, leaders formally acknowledged for the first time the contribution of trade and the multilateral trading system to sustainable development, as well as the importance of a multilateral approach when dealing with transboundar y or global environment problems (Principle 12 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development).

The pronounceme nts made at Rio were part of the backdrop to the establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) a few years later and played a decisive role in the decision to mention explicitly concept of sustainable the development in the WTO’s founding charter, the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the WTO. The WTO provides the institutional for multilateral trade framework cooperation and opening of trade.

By making a link between sustainable development and trade, WTO members recognized at the outset that

3

8

development n agricultural contribute to

iat rk

O

AID FOR TRADE AT A GLANCE 2015: REDUCING TRADE COSTS FOR INCLUSIVE, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH

2015

WTO 20th anniversary publications

Aid for Trade at a Glance 2015 Reducing Trade Costs for Inclusive, Sustainable Growth

AIDFORTRADE AT A GLANCE 2015

High trade costs inhibit the trade integration of numerous developing economies, slowing their economic growth and development prospects. Furthermore, these costs tend to weigh heaviest on the poorest economies, on the smallest firms and on trade in agricultural products. This publication calls for concerted action through the Aid for Trade Initiative to reduce these trade costs and contribute to achieving the emerging post-2015 development agenda.

REDUCING TRADE COSTS FOR INCLUSIVE, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH

abases.

UGANDA Aid, Trade and Development

AIDFORTRADE

Indicators for Uganda

EXTERNAL FINANCING INFLOWS (million current USD) FDI inflows Remittances Other official flows (OOF) of which trade-related OOF Official Development Assistance (ODA) of which Aid for Trade

A. DEVELOPMENT 2006/08

2010/12

721.8 528.7 37.0 33.2 2802.3 384.9

881.2 1145.9 832.4 931.6 77.2 42.6 61.4 41.4 1667.7 1821.3 426.4 570.8

2013

2006/08 IDA EU Institutions AfDF (African Dev.Fund) United States Norway

59% 76% 15% 25% -35% 48%

Sources: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat; WB, World Development Indicators; OECD, DAC-CRS Aid Activities Database

Source: OECD, DAC-CRS Aid

TOP 3 AFT PRIORITIES 2 ...

Trade policy and regulations

3 ...

Questionnaire

FINANCE AND FIXED CAPITAL

AFT/Development finance

2010/12

2013

2006/08

2010/12

0 Source: OECD, DAC-CRS Aid

Tariff Profiles; ITU, World

LOGISTICS PERFORMANCE Timeliness

Overall LPI 5 4 3 2 1

Source: WB Logistics Performance

Customs

Access to loans

2006

2013

12.7 12 1.1 96.8

12.8 9.6 0.2 100.0

...

0.0 2.5

7.4 0.1 16.2

T Indicators

2006/08

50

100

Index (LPI)

(1-7)

Electricity supply

USD 3 500 3 000 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0

Source: WB, Doing Business

Governance and impartiality

2015 (0-2)

Information availability 2.0 1.5 1.0 Advance rulings 0.5

200

SECTORS WITH NO

6.20 7.97 0.07 10.49 118.26 199.41 4.71 3.16 75.96 125.12 11.07 4.54 23.33 30.57 128.36 165.85 11.27 14.31 5.09 8.43 0.52 0.89 0.00 0.00

Uganda LDCs

Cost to export

DATA ARE NOT INCLUDED.

Cost to import

2006

2014

2006

TRADE COSTS (ad-valorem, 400

2014

Automation

AID FOR TRADE AT

Roads

2006 2014 2014 Uganda LDCs

Port infrastructure

2006 2014 2014 Uganda LDCs

A GLANCE 2015: REDUCING

2013 Imports 2006

74%

33% 22%

2013 Source: WTO Secretariat

2006 2014 2014 Uganda LDCs

TRADE COSTS FOR

325

Decrease

Other commercial services Travel Transport

12%

62% 17%

46%

TOP 5 MARKETS FOR MERCHANDISE 2006 United Arab Emirates Sudan Kenya Netherlands Switzerland

Exports 2006

% 2013 20 Coffee, coffee substitute 14 Petroleum products 13 Tobacco, unmanufactured 6 Fish, fresh, chilled, frozen 5 Lime, cement, construction

materials

% 18 6 5 5 4

ECONOMIC STRUCTURE

2013

0

500

Uganda TRADE COSTS FOR

% 22 5 4 4 3

Fixed veg. fat, oils, other Passenger motor vehicles, excl. buses Telecomm. equipment parts, n.e.s.

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

An OECD and World Trade Organization co-publication.

Income held: by lowest 20% by lowest 40%

2006

2013

2006

2013

2011 international $) 2011 international $)

2013 1 000

LDCs

Source: WB, World Development

A GLANCE 2015: REDUCING

% 27 11 10 7 6

2013 Petroleum products Medicaments

English ISBN 9789287040190 Français ISBN 9789287040206 Forthcoming Español ISBN 9789287040213 Forthcoming

INEQUALITY INDICATORS

Indicators

GDP per capita, PPP (constant

24.5%

28.7% Services, etc., value added (% of GDP)

% 20 5 4 4 3

Published in July 2015 | 464 pages CHF 90.-

INDICATORS

2006

Development Indicators

AID FOR TRADE AT

calculation.

IMPORTS (%)

(%)

Population living below: $1.25 a day (PPP) (%) $2.00 a day (PPP) (%) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2006 2013 2006 2013

GDP PER CAPITA (constant

25.6%

Industry, value added (% of GDP)

Agriculture Fuels and mining Manufacturing

% 2013 16 India 13 China 8 Kenya 7 United Arab Emirates 6 Japan

POVERTY INDICATORS

Source: WB, World Development

46.8% 2006

24.2% Agriculture, value added (% of GDP) Source: WB, World

WTO 2015

International Human

2012 3.8 49.0 8.5 9.5 1.6 0.48

21% 32%

62%

are included in the

2006 Kenya United Arab Emirates India Japan South Africa

2006 Petroleum products Telecomm. equipment parts, n.e.s.

Wheat, meslin, unmilled Medicaments Passenger motor vehicles, excl. buses Source:

648 930 0.047 0.057 120 134 0.065 0.101

63%

TOP 5 MERCHANDISE IMPORTS

D. DEVELOPMENT 2006 3.7 49.2 16.4 11.5 5.5 0.43

7% 7%

22% 25%

TOP 5 MARKETS FOR MERCHANDISE

% 13 11 10 9 7

392 875 0.085 0.050

TRADE

61% 15%

2013

101 120 0.071 0.060

71%

2013 Imports 2006

Source: WTO Secretariat Note: Only classified products

EXPORTS (%)

% 2013 19 Kenya 10 Dem. Rep. of the Congo 9 Sudan 6 Rwanda 5 South Sudan

(%)

2006

UN Comtrade

STRUCTURE OF MERCHANDISE

2013 13%

2006 Coffee, coffee substitute Fish, fresh, chilled, frozen Gold, nonmontry excl. ores Telecomm. equipment parts, n.e.s.

Tea and mate

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Total Intra-regional Extra-regional

GROWTH - © OECD,

Increase +144% p +362% p +125% p +244% p

3%

55% 16%

37%

WB, World Development Indicators; WTO Secretariat; Development Indicators UNDP,

Source: ESCAP-WB Trade Cost Database Note: Number of partners used in the calculation of average trade costs: total (47), intra-regional (14), extra-regional (33)

INCLUSIVE, SUSTAINABLE

2013 2.893 2.166 4.986 2.600

UN Comtrade

350

Air transport infrastructure

2006 1.188 0.469 2.216 0.756

CE

INDICATOR Product diversification (based on HS02, 4-dig.)

Number of exported products (max. 1,246) Number of imported products (max. 1,246) HH export product concentration (0 to 1) HH import product concentration (0 to 1) Market diversification Number of export markets (max. 233) Number of import markets (max. 233) HH export market concentration (0 to 1) HH import market concentration (0 to 1)

Sources: WTO Secretariat;

50.2%

2006 2014 2014 Uganda LDCs

Index

2013 59 43 34 61 37

TRADE

24%

INDICATOR Unemployment (% of total labour force) Female labour force (% of total labour force) Net ODA received (% of GNI) Import duties collected (% of tax revenue, 2008-2012) Total debt service (% of total exports) Human Development Index (0 to 1, 2005-2013) Sources:

Indicators

300 2006 2014 2014 Uganda LDCs

Source: WEF Global Competitiveness

2006 47 28 25 60 42

Secretariat; UN Comtrade

TRADE FLOWS (billion current US$) Exports Goods Commercial services Goods Commercial services

Imports

Sources: WTO Secretariat

STRUCTURE OF SERVICES

Exports 2006

%)

Appeal procedures

Source: OECD Trade Facilitation

C. TRADE PERFORMAN

INDICATOR Trade to GDP ratio (%) Commercial services as % of total exports Commercial services as % of total imports Non-fuel intermediates (% of merchandise exports) Non-fuel intermediates (% of merchandise imports Sources: WTO

TOP 5 MERCHANDISE EXPORTS

375 Procedures

% 28 17 12 10 9

USD)

150

2013

Activities Database

DAYS Time to export Time to import 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2006 2014 2006 2014 Uganda LDCs

TRADE FACILITATION INDICATORS,

2014 2007 LDCs

Infrastructure International shipments

COMPETITIVENESS INDICATORS 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Telecommunication/IC

INDICES (LPI) (1-5)

Tracking and tracing Logistics competence

406

SECTOR (million current

B. TRADE COSTS

INDICATORS Tariffs (%) Imports: simple avg. MFN applied Imports: weighted avg. MFN applied Exports: weighted avg. faced Exports: duty free (value in %) Internet connectivity (% of population) Mobile broadband subscriptions Fixed broadband subscriptions Individuals using the internet

Sources: WTO, World

Activities Database

Tourism Trade-related adjustment

2013

value 158.0 98.7 67.8 59.4 52.4

United Kingdom Norway

Industry Mineral resources and mining

2006/08

■ Uganda ■ LDCs

Source: OECD, DAC-CRS Aid Activities Database Note: No benchmarks are calculated for 2013.

AT A GLANCE 2015

USD)

2013 IDA AfDF (African Dev.Fund) EU Institutions

Energy generation and supply Business and other services Banking and financial services Agriculture, forestry, fishing

5% 0

% 44 18 12 4 4

Trade facilitation Transport and storage Communications

FORMATION

AFT/Fixed capital formation

10%

AIDFORTRADE

UGANDA TOP DONORS (million current value 169.5 71.1 47.8 16.3 15.3

AFT DISBURSEMENTS BY

1 ...

Source: OECD/WTO Partner

SHARE OF AFT IN DEVELOPMENT 15%

AT A GLANCE 2015

FINANCE

AFT DISBURSEMENTS:

Δ:06/08-13

INCLUSIVE, SUSTAINABLE

1 500

2 000

2 500

3 000

Indicators

12

GROWTH - © OECD,

http://dx.doi.org/10

WTO 2015

.1787/88893324226

1

407

9

WTO 20th anniversary publications

The Role of Trade in Ending Poverty The Role of Trade in Ending Poverty looks at the complex relationships between economic growth, poverty reduction and trade, and examines the challenges that poor people face in benefiting from trade opportunities. Written jointly by the World Bank Group and the WTO, the publication examines how trade could make a greater contribution to ending poverty by increasing efforts to lower trade costs, improve the enabling environment, implement trade policy in conjunction with other areas of policy, better manage risks faced by the poor, and improve data used for policy-making.

Chapter 1

as well as the progressive lowering of barriers to global trade and finance.3 This helps explain the to the WTO in 2001, strong correlation China’s simple average increased exports between tariff fell from about of goods and services percent in 1985 40 to under 10 percent as a share of global and the steady decline today.5 The growing GDP, increased openness in the number of size and global poor (Figure of large developing 1.1). markets has provided export opportunities new In this most recent for many other developing period, developing countries and has been an important countries have experienced high factor driving growth. and sustained growth while participation the global economy in has increased rapidly.

The emergence of global val Developing country total trade as a share ue chains has been an of GDP has doubled important driver of developi since 1985. Since alone, the developing ng country participation in 2000 the global economy. country share of world Countries no longer trade increased 33 percent to 48 from need to develop percent. China is competitiveness now the world’s largest in whole industries with a number of to be able to trade. exporter, other developing transportation and Declining countries in the top communications exporters, including twenty costs, along with improved Brazil, India, Indonesia, technology, have made it easier for Malaysia, Mexico, and Thailand. This firms in developing has been accompanied to provide particular countries tasks or activities by steady GDP growth.

Between 2000 and (services as well 2011, the largest, to value chains that as goods) higher-income developing extend across countries. countries — those More than half of that are members developing country of the G20 — experienced exports in value-added per capita GDP growth terms involve global value chains (GVCs.) of 5.2 percent per year on average, This is not being 3.9 percent in the up from generated just through preceding decade. trade from developing This growth has to developed countries limited to the largest not been — the share of trade developing countries. in parts and components Between 2000 and (a good approximation 2011, least-develope of GVC-related d country (LDC) trade) between developing per capita income countries has quadrupled percent per year grew at 3.7 on average, in stark 25 years.6 over the last contrast to negative 0.7 percent in the growth of preceding decade.

The developing country of world output grew share Economic growth is key to jo from 23 percent to 40 percent between b generation and critical for and 2012.4 poverty reduction, 2000 especially in countries with large numbers of young people.

Growth increases Important trade reforms und the demand for labor, is the main and often which ertaken in developing the sole asset of economies stand out as an im the poor. In turn, employment has increasing portant force behind these been crucial in sustaining trends. Major liberalization higher growth. It strong growth of episodes happened is the the global economy in Brazil, China and India over the over the past 10 last two decades. enabled the majority years that has Following China’s of the world’s working-age accession population to

Published in June 2015 | 80 pages CHF 40.English ISBN 9789287040138 Français ISBN 9789287040145 Forthcoming Español ISBN 9789287040152 Forthcoming

Figure 1.1: gdp, trade,

growth and the number

GDP per capita and U.S. Dollars 9,000 8,000

A World Trade Organization and World Bank Group co-publication.

7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000

the poverty challenge

Amid these shifts in the glob al economy, the world still fa a great challenge ces in ending extreme poverty and improving prospects for the poorest.

9 Between 1990 and 2010, the proportion of people living in extreme poverty was halved, Asia and the Pacific with East (primarily China) having made the contribution to this greatest (see Table 1.1). Nevertheless, based on the most recent estimates available (2011 data), slightly more than one billion people globally — around 17 percent of the world’s population developing — continue to live on less than $1.25 per day. table 1.1: population shares

world exports

U.S. Dollars 9,000

Percent

8,000

20

20

3,000 2,000

25

25

5,000

Percent

60

50

50 1.5

1.5

1.0

1.0

Millions of people

30

30

region

10

10

5

5

0

0

GDP GDP per capita (constantper capita (constant 2005 US$) US$) Exports2005 of goods and services Exports of goods (% of GDP) and services (% of GDP)

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0 1981 1984 1987

20

10

East Asia and Pacific

20

Eastern Europe and Central Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Middle East and North Africa

10

1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 0 1999 2002 20050 1990 1993 1996 2008 2010 2011 1999 2002 2005 2008 2010 2011 Number of poor Poor as share of

Indicators, PovcalNet

South Asia

Number of poor Poor as share of global population global population

Sub-Saharan Africa Total

Report_06 17.indd

13.7

1.3

2010

5.4 2.1

projections 2011

10.3

0.4

7.4 3.0

2015

7.9

0.6

2020

4.1

0.5

4.8

0.2

4.3

1.7

2030

1.5

0.3

4.6

1.7

3.8

2.0

0.1

a

0.1

b

3.1

39.3

56.6

34.1

52.8

29.0

49.7

24.5 46.8

13.8

24.8

48.2

18.1

43.5

40.9

2.1

34.2

13.4

23.6

10.5

5.7

below uS$1.25 a

1990 957.1 7.1 52.7 13.1

21.8

21.1

2005 324.1

9.0

16.3

17.0 14.5

day (2005 ppp) 2008 272.3

6.0 41.0

19.1

18.6

2.0 6.5

5.5

2011 160.8 2.3

28.3 c

5.6

532.7

465.3

406.8

399.0

416.4

415.4

2015

2020

86.4

31.3

1.3

27.6 c

589.0 399.1 1368.1

9.1

2.4

4.9

projections

2010 207.1 2.9

31.0

603.2 287.1 1920.2

1.8

11.5

26.8 c

0.8 24.8

7.3 310.6

2030 2.5 0.3 21.7

7.0

10.3

249.6

42.5

403.2

source: World Bank, 382.9 1251.4 Global Monitoring 334.6 unchanged income Report 2014/15.

1125.5 Poverty projections 1010.7 distribution within are based on per countries. a The statistic for 835.5 capita GDP growth 2030 is 0.11 for East 696.4 rates set out in the 411.8 b The statistic for Asia and Pacific.

World Bank 2014 It has been rounded 2030 Global Economic to 0.1 in the table. c Refers to the numbersis 0.06 for Europe and Central Asia.

Prospects report, It has been rounded that are provisional assuming to 0.1 in the table. because survey coverage is less than 50 percent of population in the region.

14 14 WTO_Trade_Full

2008

16.7

5.8

36.4

40

40

15

15

Total

poverty

day (2005 ppp)

2005

58.2 12.0 53.2

Sub-Saharan Africa Total (developing world)

Percent

60

of people in extreme

below uS$1.25 a

1990 1.5

South Asia

population

2.0

2.0

1,000 0

2.5

2.5

poor and share of

30

30

6,000

4,000

Billions

Billions

35

35

7,000

Billions of extreme

Percent

and total numbers

percentage of population region

East Asia and Pacific Eastern Europe and Central Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Middle East and North Africa

of poor

1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1960 1976 1962 1978 1964 1980 1966 1982 1968 1984 1970 1986 1972 1988 1974 1990 1976 1992 1978 1994 1980 1996 1982 1998 1984 2000 1986 2002 1988 2004 1990 2006 1992 2008 1994 2010 1996 2012 1998 2014 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

0

source: World Development

find employment.

Real wages for low-skilled jobs have increased with GDP growth worldwide, which indicates that, globally, poorest workers the have benefited from the increase in global and growth.7 Globally, trade between 2000 and 2011 real monthly average wages grew by just under 25 percent, but in Asia almost doubled, they while in the developed world they increased about 5 percent.8 by only At the same time, in every region of particularly in Africa, the world and youth unemployment is a major issue.

14

15 15 6/18/15 1:22 PM

WTO_Trade_Full

Report_06 17.indd

The Role of Trade

in Ending Poverty

15

6/18/15 1:22 PM

10

WTO 20th anniversary publications

WTO Accessions and Trade Multilateralism Case Studies and Lessons from the WTO at Twenty

World Trade Organization

Dadush and Osakwe

WTO Accessions and Trade Multilateralism

Edited by Uri Dadush and Chiedu Osakwe

Case Studies and Lessons from the WTO at Twenty

WTO Accessions and Trade Multilateralism

What have WTO accessions contributed to the rulesbased multilateral trading system? What demands have been made by original WTO members on acceding governments? How have the acceding governments fared? This volume of essays offers critical readings on how WTO accession negotiations have expanded the reach of the multilateral trading system not only geographically but also conceptually, clarifying disciplines and pointing the way to their further strengthening in future negotiations.

Edited by Uri Dadush and Chiedu Osakwe

Figure 29 Russian Federation. Signing Ceremony for Russia’s to the WTO at the Protocol of Accession Eighth Ministerial Conference in Geneva Nabiullina, Minister in 2011. Ms Elvira for Economic Developme nt of the Russian from the left), signed, Federation (fourth subject to ratification, Russia’s Accession Shuvalov, Deputy Protocol. Mr Igor Prime Minister of the Russian Federation also present. Russia (fifth from the left), became the 156th was WTO member on 22 August 2012.

Figure 31 Tajikistan.

Mr Emomali Rahmon, President of Tajikistan, to ratification, Tajikistan’s signs, subject Protocol of Accession to the WTO in 2012 Tajikistan became in Geneva. the 159th WTO member on 2 March 2013.

Figure 32 Yemen.

Mr Saadaldeen Talib, Minister of Trade Yemen, signs, subject and Industry of to ratification, Yemen’s Protocol of Accession Ninth Ministerial to the WTO at the Conference in Bali in 2013. Yemen became the 160th WTO member on 26 June 2014.

Figure 30 Lao People’s Democratic Republic.

Signing Ceremony Protocol of the Lao for the Accession People’s Democratic Republic in 2012 in Viyaketh, Minister Geneva. Mr Nam of Industry and Commerce of Lao PDR (fifth subject to ratification, from the left), signed, Lao PDR’s Accession Protocol. Mr Thongloun Deputy Prime Minister Sisoulith, of Lao PDR (sixth from the left) was Lao PDR became also present. the 158th WTO member on 2 February 2013.

To be published in September 2015 | 992 pages 33 colour photos | 50 tables Hardback ISBN 9781107093362 | price: CHF 180.Paperback ISBN 9781107472242 | price: CHF 70.A Cambridge University Press and World Trade Organization co-publication.

Figure 33 Seychelles.

Signing Ceremony for Seychelles’ Protocol in 2014 in Geneva.

Mr Pierre Laporte, of Accession Minister of Finance, Seychelles (left), signed, Trade and Investment subject to ratification, of Seychelles’ Accession Seychelles’ formal Protocol.

WTO membership is pending domestic ratification.

11

WTO 20th anniversary publications

Edited by Jayashree Watal and Antony Taubman

The Making of the TRIPS Agreement Personal insights from the Uruguay Round negotiations

To be published in October 2015 | 480 pages | 20 colour photos CHF 70.-

Watal and Taubman

The Making of the TRIPS Agreement presents for the first time the diverse personal accounts of the negotiators of this unique trade agreement. Their rich contributions illustrate how different policy perspectives and trade interests were accommodated in the final text, and map the shifting alliances that transcended conventional boundaries between developed and developing countries, with a close look at issues such as copyright for software, patents on medicines and the appropriate scope of protection of geographical indications.

The Making of the TRIPS Agreement

The Making of the TRIPS Agreement presents for the first time the diverse personal accounts of the negotiators of this unique trade agreement. Their rich contributions illustrate how different policy perspectives and trade interests were accommodated in the final text, and map the shifting alliances that transcended conventional boundaries between developed and developing countries, with a close look at issues such as copyright for software, patents on medicines and the appropriate scope of protection of geographical indications. Contributors share their views on how intellectual property fitted into the overall Uruguay Round, the political and economic considerations driving TRIPS negotiations, the role of non-state actors, the sources of the substantive and procedural standards that were built into the TRIPS Agreement, and future issues in the area of intellectual property.

In probing how negotiations led to an enduring agreement that has served as a framework for policy-making in many countries, the contributions offer lessons for current and future negotiators. The contributors highlight the enabling effect of a clear negotiating agenda, and underscore the important, but distinct, roles of the Chair, of the Secretariat and above all, of the negotiators themselves.

Personal insights from the Uruguay Round negotiations

The Making of the TRIPS Agreement Personal Insights from the Uruguay Round Negotiations

Edited by Jayashree Watal and Antony Taubman

226

The making of the TRIPS

Agreement Personal insights from the

Uruguay Round negotiations

Symposium on the TRIPS Agreement, 26 February 2015, at the WTO headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.

English ISBN 9789287040664 Jayashree Watal, Counsellor in the Intellectual Property Division of the WTO, speaking at the Symposium.

She represented India during the Uruguay Round TRIPS negotiations.

Many of the contributors to this book, attending the Symposium on the TRIPS Agreement in February 2015.

12

227

Ambassador Lars Anell, Chair of the Swedish Research Council, speaking at the Symposium. He chaired the TRIPS Negotiating Group during the Uruguay Round TRIPS negotiations.

Antony Taubman, Director of the Intellectual Property Division of the WTO, speaking at the Symposium.

WTO 20th anniversary publications

20 years of the WTO: A retrospective

Twenty Years of the WTO A Retrospective 20 years of the WTO A retrospective

20 Years of the WTO: A retrospective provides an overview of the first two decades of the arbiter of the multilateral trading system. A selection of compelling images and excerpts guides the reader through the history of the organization. Readers will uncover the origins, mission, composition, functioning and key figures of the organization, all the while exploring the challenges it has faced, and how it has worked to meet these challenges.

07/09/2015 09:06

80 Resolving disputes

30

and it was the existence of our efficient and effective dispute settlement mechanism that helped us to curb potentially disastrous protectionist forces during a dangerous period for the global economy.

In this way, and many others, WTO lawyers and practitioners have provided a great public service over the years to the global community.

In 2014, there were 30 active disputes in the WTO, the highest number since the WTO was established.

Total active disputes per

— Director-General Roberto Azevêdo, speech at the launch of “A History of Law and in the GATT/WTO”, 1 June Lawyers 2015.

year

30

Above The European Union and ten Latin

American countries signed

an agreement on 8 November

2012 ending 20 years of EU-Latin

25

American banana disputes.

20

15

— Jonathan T. Fried, 2013

DSB Chairperson, 26 March

10

5

Use of dispute settlement

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

0 2006

system – long regarded as the “jewel in the crown” of the WTO – is entering a new stage of maturity. It is therefore incumbent upon us – the members, the practitioners and the analysts – to make this next stage in the development of the system as productive and effective as the last.

2007

[The DSB] retains the confidence of members – both developed and developing – who continue to have recourse to it to resolve all manner of trade differences.

That these members continue to use the system even in the face of increasing complexity – and presumably cost – suggests that this

2008

WTO members comply with the rulings of the dispute settlement system in about 90 per cent of cases. If the member does not bring its measures into conformity with the relevant WTO agreements within the allotted time for compliance, the complainant may request the DSB to authorize retaliation in the form of trade sanctions, such as restrictions on imports, for an amount equivalent to the level of trade affected by the offending measure.

The WTO dispute settlement system is highly solicited, with nearly 500 complaints in two decades of existence.

For comparison, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, which was created one year after the WTO, has heard 23 cases in its existence.

To be published in October 2015 | 132 pages | Hardback CHF 60.-

35

mechanism

2014 Developed members

100

Developing members

English ISBN 9789287040060 Français ISBN 9789287040077 Español ISBN 9789287040084

80

40

20

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2006

2007

2008

2009

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

0

2015

2001

DSB Chairperson, 24 March

60

2002

— Fernando De Mateo, 2014

DSB and the dispute settlement system have performed superbly to ensure that international trade remains free and fair, while also respecting the sovereign rights of Members.

2003

Above Deputy Director-General Yi Xiaozhun during the launch GATT/WTO”, 1 June 2015. of “A History of Law and Lawyers in the

It is my belief that the DSB, and the dispute settlement system more generally, are at least partly responsible for the fact that the financial crisis of 2007-2011 did not lead to the sort of world witnessed in the 1930s.

In the face of creeping protectionism, the

2004

WTO disputes have grown in complexity in the last few years.

Dispute panels and the Appellate Body have to deal with an expanding body of case law and an increasing volume of complex technical evidence.

In 2000, nearly 100 exhibits were submitted as part of each complaint; for the most recent period (2009-14), that number increased threefold.

81 The benefits of our disputes work are wide-ranging, and not always immediately apparent. For example, in addition to the direct impact that it has on disputes on the parties involved, I think the strength of the dispute settlement function was also a crucial factor in the response to the financial crisis. Having the rules in place is not enough. These rules must be enforced,

2005

Compliance with rulings

13

WTO 20th anniversary publications

The WTO at Twenty Challenges and Achievements The WTO at Twenty: Challenges and Achievements explores how multilateralism in trade has worked over the past 20 years – and provides some lessons about how it can work in the future. It describes the WTO’s achievements across a number of key areas, including: strengthening the institutional foundations of the trade system; widening its membership and increasing participation; deepening trade integration through lower barriers and stronger rules; improving transparency and policy dialogue; strengthening dispute settlement; expanding cooperation with other international organizations; and enhancing public outreach.

The WTO at twenty Challenges and achievements

5

ThE WTO AT TWENTy

The past 20 years have shown that transparency is an indispensable element of the multilateral trading system. Enhanced surveillance and regular monitoring of trade policies and practices have significantly contributed to global efforts at countering the potential threat of protectionist pressures and at ensuring compliance with trade commitments. Transparency requirements – and knowledge that WTO the members stand on watchful guard – create a powerful incentive for members to abide by their commitments . This increases the level of confidence in the system. Moreover, the institutionalization of domestic transparency in trade policy-making enhances government accountability and public understanding , and reduces the scope for discretionary use of trade policy measures.

To be published in October 2015 | 84 pages CHF 40.English ISBN 9789287040633 Français ISBN 9789287040640 Español ISBN 9789287040657 A meeting of the General the WTO's headquarters Council at in Geneva.

50

Under transparency provisions in GATT/WTO agreements, the organization collects, administers, disseminates and, as necessary, analyses information about members’ trade policies and practices.

Transparency in the WTO is mainly provided through the Trade Policy Review Mechanism, specific provisions in Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) and the relevant notification obligations under many WTO agreements.

Surveillance takes place principally through the various committees or WTO bodies.

The raw material for this surveillance comes from the notifications, specific trade concerns raised by members and requests for consultations.

There are also comprehensiv e factual reports prepared by the Secretariat, such as the country-speci fic trade policy review reports.

As already noted, the WTO committee system has been energized by members over the last 20 years and offers members a regular opportunity to enhance their understanding of each other's trade policies and practices and to clarify the details of national trade policy measures and regimes. Discussions and consultations have allowed the resolution of many trade concerns committee level, without at the their escalating into actual 51

14

CHAPTER 5

Improving trans parency – strengthening moni toring, surveillanc and consultation e disputes. The cumulative impact of these various forms of information gathering and dissemination greatly enhanced has the transparency of trade policymaking. Moreover, all of this information is publicly and freely available to all on the WTO website.

Reviewing trade policies to encourage policy dialogue

The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) was originally established under the GATT on a provisional basis in 1989, when it covered only goods trade. Its establishment marked the first had allowed the Secretariat time that members to produce independent reports on members' trade policies. It became permanent with the launch of the WTO in 1995. Its purpose was stated as: "To contribute to improved adherence by all members to rules, disciplines and commitments made under the multilateral trade agreements and, where applicable, the plurilateral trade agreements, and hence to the smoother functioning of the multilateral trading system, by achieving greater transparency in, and understanding of, the trade policies and practices of members.”

With the birth of the WTO, its coverage was expanded to new areas under the WTO Agreement (i.e. intellectual property rights and services), as well as any other measures affecting production and trade. But the mandate clearly specifies that the mechanism is not intended to enforce specific obligations under WTO agreements, or for dispute settlement purposes, or to impose new policy commitments. While the TPRM mission and objectives have remained unchanged since its inception, preparatory process, the the review procedures and the dissemination of the results have been considerably streamlined in line with the recommendat ions of five appraisal exercises undertaken by the membership between 1999 and 2013.

Other publications

Trade Policy Reviews 2015 Trade Policy Reviews analyse the trade policies and practices of every member of the World Trade Organization. As well as analysing by sector and by trade measure, the reports also look into the country’s wider economic environment.

Trade Policy Review

The reviews consist of three main parts: an independent report by the WTO Secretariat, a report by the government, and the concluding remarks by the Chair of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Body following discussion of the review by the WTO membership.

ISBN ISBN 978-92-870-4030-5 978-92-870-4030-5

Japan 2015 9 789287 040305

A key trade facts section at the front of the review provides a handy visual overview of the country’s major exports/imports, its main export destinations, the main countries of origin for its imports and other key economic data.

Each volume of the Trade Policy Review series is priced at CHF 60-.

Standing orders available.

TPRs published in 2015

Forthcoming TPRs

Hong Kong, China Djibouti United States Japan Pakistan Mauritius Barbados Australia Brunei Darussalam

Tunisia Ukraine India Canada Chile New Zealand European Union Madagascar Dominican Republic

Guyana Angola Cabo Verde Moldova Southern African Customs Union (SACU) Jordan Thailand Haiti 15

Other publications

Dispute Settlement Reports 2013 This multi-volume series provides the full texts of panel reports, Appellate Body reports and arbitration awards issued by the WTO in 2013. It is an essential resource for all trade lawyers and students studying international economic or trade law. The series is produced annually.

These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. Dispute Settlement Reports are an essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers and are useful to students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law.

Cases covered in the Dispute Settlement Reports 2013 include: • Canada - Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable Energy Generation Sector / Canada - Measures Relating to the Feed-in Tariff Program (WT/DS412, WT/DS426) • China - Definitive Anti-Dumping Duties on X-Ray Security Inspection Equipment from the European Union (WT/DS425) • China - Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duty Measures on Broiler Products from the United States (WT/DS427) • China - Countervailing and Anti-Dumping Duties on Grain Oriented Flat-Rolled Electrical Steel from the United States (WT/DS414/2) Published in 2015 | 4 volumes | Price per volume: CHF 220.A World Trade Organization and Cambridge University Press co-publication.

16

Other publications

Dispute Settlement One-Page Case Summaries 1995-2014 (2015 edition)

Status of WTO Legal Instruments (2015 edition)

Dispute Settlement One-Page Case Summaries provides a succinct summary of the key findings of every dispute panel report up to the end of 2014 and, where applicable, the subsequent Appellate Body report.

Status of WTO Legal Instruments covers the legal instruments drawn up by WTO members in relation to the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization and the plurilateral trade agreements annexed to that Agreement.

Each one-page summary comprises three sections: the core facts; the key findings contained in the reports; and, where relevant, other matters of particular significance.

The disputes are presented in chronological order (by dispute settlement number). Two indexes at the end of the publication list the disputes by WTO agreement and by WTO member responding to the complaint.

Status of WTO Legal Instruments

Published in 2015 | 224 pages CHF 40.English Français Español

For each legal instrument, information is provided regarding signature, acceptance, ratification, accession and entry into force. The relevant final clauses of each instrument are also included. The cut-off point for information in this publication is end-April 2015.

This publication covers the legal instruments drawn up by WTO members in relation to the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization and the plurilateral trade agreements annexed to that Agreement. It lists the signatures affixed to the agreements, the receipt of instruments of ratification, acceptance, accession, and withdrawal, the entry into force of the instruments and the various notifications, communications, declarations and reservations received by the Director-General in his capacity as depositary of legal instruments. Parties to each instrument are listed under the headings “Acceptance” or “Accession”. “Acceptance” covers signatures, ratifications, and notifications. “Accession” refers to those members that acceded to the instrument.

Status of WTO Legal Instruments

ISBN 9789287040091 ISBN 9789287040107 ISBN 9789287040114

To be published in September 2015 | 138 pages CHF 30.English ISBN 9789287040572 Français ISBN 9789287040589 Español ISBN 9789287040596

The cut-off point for information included in this publication is end April 2015.

2015 EDITION

ISBN 978-92-870-4057-2

2015 EDITION

17

Other publications

The WTO Agreement Series: Agriculture

Services Profiles 2015

This fully revised and updated edition of ‘Agriculture’ provides an overview of the WTO’s Agriculture Agreement and its key principles, the full legal text of the Agreement, and the decisions relating to agriculture taken at the 2013 Bali Ministerial Conference. A separate section answers a number of frequently asked questions about the Agreement. It is the latest title in the WTO Agreements Series, which aims to assist public understanding of the WTO agreements.

Services Profiles 2015 provides key statistics on “infrastructure services”, i.e. transportation, telecommunications, finance and insurance, for some 150 economies.

The WTO Agreements Series Agriculture

The information is derived from multiple sources, such as national accounts, employment statistics, balance of payments statistics, foreign affiliates’ trade in services statistics, foreign direct investment statistics and quantitative indicators largely sourced from international/ regional organizations and specialized bodies. The profiles reflect data as contained in the WTO’s Integrated Trade Intelligence Portal (I-TIP) services database as of July 2015.

To be published in October 2015 128 pages CHF 30.-

The WTO Agreements Series Agriculture

English ISBN 9789287040220 Français ISBN 9789287040237 forthcoming Español ISBN 9789287040244 forthcoming

NEW EDITION IN 2015

Services Profiles provides statistics on key infrastructure services (transportation, telecommunications, and finance and insurance) for some 150 economies. On one page for each economy, the Profiles gather an invaluable number of statistical indicators of these sectors, making the publication a quick reference tool for market conditions and trade in services in the respective sectors. The information is derived from national accounts, employment statistics, balance of payments statistics, foreign affiliates statistics, foreign direct investment statistics and quantitative indicators largely sourced from international/regional organizations and specialized bodies.

Inf

ra s

tr

Services Profiles 2014

t uc

ices erv es ur



 

Investment

Transportation

Finance and insurance

18

ISBN 978-92-870-3977-4

Services Profiles 2014

World Trade Organization Centre William Rappard Rue de Lausanne 154 CH-1211 Geneva 21 Switzerland Tel. switchboard: +41 (0)22 739 51 11 Fax: +41 (0)22 731 42 06 email: enquiries@wto.org Website: www.wto.org

Trade



Employment

Telecoms

Production

Market indicators

To be published in November 2015 152 pages CHF 40.English ISBN 9789287039972 Français ISBN 9789287039989 Español ISBN 9789287039996

Other publications

Trade Profiles 2015

World Tariff Profiles 2015

Trade Profiles 2015 provides a snapshot summary of the most relevant indicators on growth, trade and trade policy measures on a country-by-country basis.

World Tariff Profiles 2015 provides a unique collection of data on tariffs imposed by WTO members and other countries.

The data provided include basic economic indicators (such as gross domestic product), trade policy indicators (such as tariffs, import duties, the number of disputes, notifications outstanding and contingency measures in force), merchandise trade flows (broken down by broad product categories and major origins and destinations), services trade flows (with a breakdown by major components) and industrial property indicators.

The first part of the publication provides summary tables showing the average tariffs imposed by individual countries.

The second part provides a more detailed table for each country, listing the tariffs it imposes on imports (by product group) as well as the tariffs it faces for exports to major trading partners. The profiles show the maximum tariff rates that are legally “bound” in the WTO and the rates that countries actually apply.

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World Tariff Profiles 2014 Applied MF

To be published in November 2015 190 pages CHF 40.-

The publication is jointly prepared by the World Trade Organization, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the International Trade Centre (ITC).

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English ISBN 9789287039910 Français ISBN 9789287039927 Español ISBN 9789287039934

ISBN 978-92-870-3974-3

World Tariff Profiles 2014

Trade Profiles 2014

ISBN 978-92-870-3971-2

UNCTAD

World Tariff Profiles 2014 provides comprehensive information on the tariffs imposed by over 160 countries and customs territories. New in this edition are the special topic on anti-dumping measures and a compilation of frequently asked questions on the statistics published. The regular summary tables in the first part of the publication allow for quick cross-country comparisons on the bound and applied duties for all products, as well as for agricultural and non-agricultural products. In the second part, a one-page summary for each country lists the tariffs imposed on its imports and the duties it faces when exporting to major trading partners.

Trade Profiles 2014

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NEW EDITION IN 2015

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To be published in November 2015 220 pages CHF 50.English ISBN 9789287039941 Français ISBN 9789287039958 Español ISBN 9789287039965

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Jointly published by the WTO, the International Trade Centre (ITC) and the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).

19

Index

A History of Law and Lawyers in the GATT/WTO: The Development of the Rule of Law in the Multilateral Trading System 07

Aid for Trade at a Glance 2015: Reducing Trade Costs for Inclusive, Sustainable Growth

International Trade Statistics 2015 04

Annual Report 2015 02

The Making of the TRIPS Agreement: Personal Insights from the Uruguay Round Negotiations 12

09

Annual Report 2015 App 02 CITES and the WTO: Enhancing Cooperation for Sustainable Development 08 Dispute Settlement One-Page Case Summaries (2015 edition) 17 Dispute Settlement Reports 2013 16

The Role of Trade in Ending Poverty 10 Services Profiles 2015 18 Status of WTO Legal Instruments 2015 17 Trade Policy Reviews 2015 15 Trade Profiles 2015 19 Twenty Years of the WTO: A Retrospective 13

20

World Tariff Profiles 2015 19 World Trade Report 2015 Speeding up Trade: Benefits and Challenges of Implementing the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement 03 The WTO at Twenty: Challenges and Achievements 14 WTO 20th anniversary brochures 05 WTO Accessions and Trade Multilateralism: Case Studies and Lessons from the WTO at Twenty 11 The WTO Agreement Series: Agriculture 18 The WTO Building: Art and Architecture at the Centre William Rappard 06

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