U N A FEBRUARY 19
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MADE BY GAIA Contu HOU kai-hsin KWON jihan
Italy Taiwan South Korea
GAO yaije
China
HASEGAWA chikano
Japan
KANO hibiki
Japan
KUBO shiina
Japan
OH dahyeon
South Korea
TAKAYAMA miku YOON byung hyun
Japan South Korea
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03.
HOW DO THE LANDSCAPE AND THE ENVIRONS OF ICELAND COME TO HAVE SEVERAL IMPACTS UPON A KOREAN’S SENTIMENT ?
07.
BOUNTY OF ICELAND’S LAND
08.
ICELANDIC NATIONAL COSTUME
10.
THE MEANING OF HAPPINESS FOR ICELANDIC PEOPLE
12.
VOLCANOES IN ICELAND
14.
ARTS PRODUCED BY ICELAND
16.
CHRISTIANITY OF ICELAND
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HOW DO THE LANDSCAPE AND THE ENVIRONS OF ICELAND COME TO HAVE SEVERAL IMPACTS UPON A KOREAN’S SENTIMENT ? The moment I arrived at the Keflavik airport for the first time in my life was almost the end of my prior life. deep down, I was on the edge of the solitary hill where I had to confront with a huge magnitude of coincidences which drove me into the unprecedented hell for almost a year thus far. Therefore, it was my own brave determination towards myself to fly up to here from a small, uprising country called South Korea. The political drives blown off to my motherland in the recent few years had been too colossal to handle as a tiny little fraction of youth. as a matter of course, I had to crawl along with the alienated people who desperately were in need of help from me. That period was so freezing, even colder than the Icelandic snow during winter. Nevertheless, I did not give up. I had not stopped crawling down the avenue of two political powers. However, the sequelas left beside my shadow were too severe. the brokenheart of a young Korean, frankly had been calling someone much more desperately than any other whose healing was up to himself. At first, I thought the reason why I felt the snowy road was demanding to me was because the length was too long. But in fact it wasn't. When I encountered the deep white road, and slipping into the snowy trap, I accidentally fell into a thought. 'Why does the snow which is truly beautiful, clean, pure like innocence, become a snag towards us?'. 'It's not fake aesthetics, not only appearance but also the inside is pure as Icelandic water and the air are genuinely clean and almost flawless. then why?'
“THE OBJECTIVE GOOD CANNOT BE THE ABSOLUTE GOOD, AND VICE VERSA.”
At the end of the road, a sudden awakening soared up inside my mind. Even the most innocent, transparent existence could be an obstacle towards someone. 4
HOW DO THE LANDSCAPE AND THE ENVIRONS OF ICELAND COME TO HAVE SEVERAL IMPACTS UPON A KOREAN’S SENTIMENT ?
While I was not enough to realise there always are irregular hopes unexpectedly arrive towards us without any notification beforehand, my faith was transiency. I explained myself to others that I believed in God for
“IN THE CORE OF DARKNESS, UNDERNEATH THE SHADE, ABOVE ALL FROSTY DESPAIR, HOPE SURVIVES AND BEHOLDS EVERGREEN UNTIL ETERNITY.”
so sure and as a matter of course, highlighted that the faith was not fake every single time I had to converse about religion with my friends and so on. But on the other hand, I subconsciously knew that my faith towards God might be just a useful tool of practical justification for my long-term disbelief towards everything that I had kept for a little more than one decade. In fact, I had no belief at all. When I came to encounter aurora borealis (the northern lights), a thought came up in my mind that the reason why I stood against true faith might have been a long-term misconception in my previous life. Life might be a mere accumulation of coincidental mistakes; just like me blinking my eyes above, nonetheless the gravity of life exists in the endless journey where we discover the overtones of mistakes and in the moments when we dive into the inside of them.
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HOW DO THE LANDSCAPE AND THE ENVIRONS OF ICELAND COME TO HAVE SEVERAL IMPACTS UPON A KOREAN’S SENTIMENT ?
Just same as the procedure I mutated myself from a scientific and mathematic person to a philosopher whose faith is concrete enough to build up a fine balance between science and religion, you never know if you stop challenge. Leave your footsteps all around the world, and bring in continual revolution till your true finale of breath. Life has no interest in how much you suffer from the hell you encounter. Life is never willing to end itself until you give up by yourself. KEEP HOLDING ON, 'Cause you know you will make it through ANYWAY.
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BOUNTY OF ICELAND’S LAND Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, can see the northernmost aurora of the world. It is a small country with a land area of 100,000 square kilometers, but it is full of mysteries of beauty and nature. Iceland, which is said to be the country of ice and fire, has many spectacular places.
HOT SPRINGS
GEYSER
In this country the majority of the country is a volcanic zone and a hot spring big country. Among them, the world's largest outdoor bath, the Blue Lagoon is famous. A large outdoor bath like a lake shines in the sky and shines in turquoise blue color.
In the area called Golden Circle in Iceland, there is a powerful geyser. The state that a lot of water springs up is truly brilliant. Even today, it spouts about 20 meters every 5 to 10 minutes. The charm of the geyser is also at the moment of spurting. At the moment of blowout, the blue water gradually rises and has a beautiful color like a large clear marbles. You can experience both the power and beauty of the earth.
The hot water of this facility, which was made using hot water from the geothermal power plant, is set at 38 °C to 41 C. At first I feel lukewarm, but it gradually warms up to the core of my body. In addition, silica and minerals are also effective for treating skin and skin diseases with abundant hot water. It is a place indispensable for traveling to Iceland.
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ICELANDIC NATIONAL COSTUME If we look at traditional clothes, we can know about the country such as its history and weather. The history of Iceland has begun around the 8th century. It was first discovered by Celtic Irish, and the Norwegian (Viking) settled in Iceland around the 9th century. In the 13th and 14th century, Iceland was ruled by Norway and Denmark. Having this special history, Icelandic national costume has been influenced a lot by Norway and Denmark, and we can find many nordic style and Viking features in the clothes. In addition, Iceland is warm compared to other countries in same latitude because it's influenced by the warm Gulf stream. But in winter, there is a strong wind and it often snows and rains, so many kinds of fur clothes are developed in Iceland. There are many types of Icelandic national costume and we can make an explanation separated in Women's, Men's and Shoes.
WOMEN’S COSTUME
twill skirt and a jacket of fine knitted woollen
There are five types of costume in women's
yearn with a black tail cap. The U pphlutur
costume. The faldbúningur , peysuföt and the
consists of bodice that can be coloured in bright
upphlutur are traditional daily wear of Iceland-
colours such as red or blue, but often black. Its
ic women in olden times. The kyrtill and skautbúningur were designed in the 19th century from scratch as ceremonial costumes.
headpiece is a tail cap. The costume is basically the undergarment of the faldbúningur which evolved into a costume of its own right.
The Faldbúningur had worn by women since at
The Kyrtill is designed by the artist Sigurður
least the 17th century and well into the 19th. It
Guðmundsson in the 19th century. It was
includes a hat decorated with a curved sheet-
designed to look like Viking age costumes. It
like ornament. Previously a large hat decorated
incorporates a hat similar to the one on the
with gold-wire bands was worn with it, But
skautbúningur .
from around the start of the 18th century,
designed by Sigurður Guðmundsson. It was
women started to wear the much simpler
conceived as a modernized variation of the
tail-cap with it.
The Peysuföt are black wool-
faldbúningur and it incorporates a complicated
len clothes commonly worn by women in the
hat inspired by the ones traditionally used with
18-19th century. They usually consisted of a
the faldbúningur
MEN’S COSTUME Men's costume
Men's costume exists in
The Skautbúningur was also
while the others were designed as ceremonial costume.
The Þjóðbúningur karla is identical to
three or four radically different versions. The
the clothing Icelandic men commonly wore from
þjóðbúningur karla is the only direct descend-
the 17th until the 19th century. It is considered
ant of traditional daily wear of Icelandic men,
most traditional, which consists of woollen 8
ICELANDIC NATIONAL COSTUME
breeches or trousers, a usually double buttoned vest and a double buttoned jacket called treyja . This costume was usually black, navy blue or dark green, although the vest used white wool instead of the darker colors. The
Fornmannaklæði
designed
by
Sigurður Guðmundsson, an Icelandic artist. He designed a costume for men which closely resembles 10th century Nordic clothing, in the The Hátíðarbúnin-
gur is conceived as a modernized version of the men's traditional
the result of a competition for an updated ver-
sion of the men's national costume held in 1994 in correlation with the 50th anniversary of Iceland's independence from Denmark and the
was
middle of the 19th century.
worn instead of a tuxedo to formal events. It is
costume and is frequently
establishment of the Republic. costume
was
also
designed
The fourth by
Sigurður
Guðmundsson in the middle of the 19th century. It was commonly worn by students. It consisted of a black jacket, white shirt and black knee-breeches with horizontally striped or solid colored white socks..
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THE MEANING OF HAPPINESS FOR ICELANDIC PEOPLE What is happiness? Have you ever thought about it before? Generally, happiness completes when your life fulfills your needs. In other words, happiness comes when you feel satisfied. It is a feeling of contentment which life should be resembling. We were happy and lucky to interview Icelandic people. In this way, we come to know how the Icelandic people think about happiness and then come to explore the meaning of life towards them. Here is our question—“What is meaning of happiness for you?”
DORI, AN ICELANDIC 80 YEARS OLD MAN “You need to be happy. I mean life is life. It is not like the whole pinky things in the sky. Sometimes, you get problems and challenges. But that is what life should be. So, enjoy your life, meet new people, and learn different cultures. Just remember, there is always a way out.” “Life is a gift. Enjoy it.”
JOHANNA, A TEACHER IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL “I think the best thing for me is to sit there watching my children playing. I feel satisfied when I know that they are secure and happy. Happiness is not about achieving goals in your life. I mean achieving something definitely makes you feel happy but you do not have to achieve things to make yourself happy. You can feel satisfied with everything you already have. Spending time with friends and family, having good food, knowing new people can delight me as well.”
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THE MEANING OF HAPPINESS FOR ICELANDIC PEOPLE
THORDIS SAEVARSDOTTIR, A MUSIC TEACHER “I feel happy in many ways. Having good food, meeting new friends, traveling, and spending time with family and friends. You do not have to force yourself to do things that make you happy. Happiness is always there. You just need to feel it and get satisfied with everything.”
AUDUR VALDIMARSDOTTIR, AN OFFICE ADMINISTRATOR “Actually, I feel really happy when sun finally show up because we do not have sun that much in Iceland especially during winter. We also have sun ceremony to celebrate it! Anyway, I feel happy and satisfied with everything I have. Life is life. It has its ups and downs undoubtedly. Savoring all the moments you had and life will find a way out itself. I feel happy for everything that has happened in my life.”
KRISTJAN HREIBSSON, A POET, WRITER, TEACHER, LYRCS WRITER “The best thing is to choose the best thing to do. For example, if you are playing golf, the purpose is to put ball from point A to point B. However, you can not predict which direction the ball will go. This is what life is. You do not know when and what will happen next. As a result, the happiness for me is to savor every moments and enjoy everything that is happening. That is happiness. Also, achieving goals can be a happy thing in one’s life. However, the part for happiness is not the goal itself, in fact, the happiness is the process of achieving things. The happiness is happening when you are chasing the goal for your life.”
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VOLCANOES IN ICELAND Iceland is a country full of mysteries and magics. The reason of this land becoming famous not only ice and snow, but also volcanos. Ice and fire exist at the same time, conflict and combination, as heaven and hell. There are around 130 volcanoes in Iceland, a hundred volcanos on the central plateau which have not erupted in the past thousand years and between 30 and 40 that are active.
EYJAFJALLAJÖKULL On 16th February, we got a chance to visit one of these mysterious lengend of nature, Eyjafjallajökull. It located in the southern region of Iceland. Eyja means Islands, Fjalla means Mountains and Jökull means Glacier. Eyjafjallajökull is a stratovolcano and it’s veins follow an East-West direction. The mountain itself, the highest point stands1651 meters. The crater rim has three main peaks Guðnasteinn, 1,500 metres; Hámundur, 1,651 metres; and Guðnasteinn, 1,497 metres. The mountain facing south of Iceland's coastline. The former coastline now consists of sheer cliffs with many waterfalls, of which the best known is Skógafoss. over the past 1,100 years, Eyjafjallajökull has erupted more than three times: in 920, 1612, and between 1821–1823. And the last explosion is in 2010. People worrried about this explosion is going to cause another giant major eruption in the nearby subglacial volcano, Katla. In 2010 this famous eruption with ash clouds reaching all the way to Europe and its smoke grounding all air travel for days! Accounding to the history, Eyjafjallajökull’s explosion has high possibility to wake Katla up. That will cause much more harm and damage beyond human’s expectations. 12
VOLCANOES IN ICELAND
SNAEFELLSJÖKULL Snæfellsjökull situated in the west region of Iceland, 120km far from the capital Reykjavík. The mountain is included in the Snæfellsjökull National Park (Icelandic: Þjóðgarðurinn Snæfellsjökull), it never explosion after 1229, it has been sleeping about 1800 years till now. And no one knows its next eruption . French novelist Jules Verne believes there is a path lead to the center nor earth, and the entrance is in this volcano. He also wrote an novel to expand his imagination in 1864 Journey to the Center of the Earth. In particularly clear weather, the Snæfellsnes Peninsula can sometimes be seen from Reykjavík, making views across the water from the capital of Iceland extremely amazing and attractive.
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ARTS PRODUCED BY ICELAND You have a lot of opportunity to be exposed to arts in Iceland and there are many artists despite the fact that it is a country with a low population density. When you walk through the city in reykjavik, you can see various kinds of art like sculpture, graffiti, music, and building which is an unusual construction. Also, there is a variety of museums and art galleries. Until 20th century, there were not arts and places to enjoy them. However, in 2000, Reykjavík was selected as one of the 9 European Capital of Culture.
SCULPTURE AND BULDINGS Reykjavik is full of sculptures and you can see them everywhere. Einar Jonsson is a sculptor who represents Iceland and he succeeded in the early 20th century. At that time, sculpture were not known
well but Einar learned them abroad for 20 years. He created unique artworks which is different from others and it made him famous in the world and sculpture became popular in Iceland. Most of his artworks are dotted in Reykjavik and exhibited in Einar Jonsson Sculpture Garden which is located next to the Hallgrimskirkja. Speaking of modern sculpture, The Sun Voyager designed by Jon Gun-
nar is one of the most famous sculpture in Reykjavik and many tourists visit there. As reported by him, the sculpture signifies a fascination of adventure, pleasure of discovery, importance of stepping forward, and bridge between dream and reality. It faces to Faxafloi Bay and it is made of steel, so it turns into orange during the dawn and the sundown and it looks really beautiful. You also can see unique constructed building in Reykjavik. Hallgrimskirkja Church can be described as a symbol of Reykjavik and it is a design using Thor’s hammer and hexagonally-shaped columnar joint at Svartifoss Waterfall as a motif and its construction is impressive and beautiful. Speaking of modern building, Harpa Concert Hall represents Iceland and this facility supports various kinds of artwork especially music though it was influenced by economic crisis in Iceland. The design was inspired by basalt in Iceland and it is surrounded by glass panels, so it reflects the sunlight and it’s beautiful. . 14
ARTS PRODUCED BY ICELAND
GRAFFITI
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ARTS AND ICELAND As I stated above, typical arts like Hallgrimskirkja Church and Harpa Concert Hall are inspired by magnificent nature. Iceland is blessed with the bounty of nature and such a geography makes people more creative and more artistic. The unspoilt nature has a great effect on arts and artists in Iceland. We can say no such an amazing art without such an amazing nature.
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CHRISTIANITY OF ICELAND The number of people visiting Iceland are increasing nowadays due to its outstanding landscape and creative arts that Iceland can offer. Besides all of that, however, there is a main attraction inside the city of Reykjavik which is the largest church in Iceland and among the tallest structures in the country Hallgrímskirkja church is a Lutheran (Church of Iceland) parish church in Reykjavík, Iceland. Most Icelanders (80%) are members of the Lutheran State Church. Another 5% are registered in other Christian denominations, including the Free Church of Iceland and the Roman Catholic Church. So how could the christianity be spread throughout the Icelandic society?
The vast majority of the initial settlers of Iceland during the settlement of Iceland in the 9th and 10th centuries AD were pagan, who worshipped the Æsir (the Norse gods). Beginning in 980, Iceland was visited by several Christian missionaries who had little success. Beginning in 980, Iceland was visited by several missionaries. The first of these seems to have been an Icelander returning from abroad, Thorvald Konradsson. Thorvald's attempt to convert Icelanders had limited success. Olaf Tryggvason, who was the king of Iceland, sent an Icelander named Stefnir Thorgilsson back to his homeland to persuade people of his own nation. Stefnir violently destroyed sanctuaries and pictures of the heathen gods and this made him so unpopular that he was eventually considered as an outlaw. After Stefnir's failure, Olaf sent a priest named Thangbrand who was an experienced 16
CHRISTIANITY OF ICELAND
missionary. He had proselytized in Norway and the Faroe Islands which are located underneath Iceland and his mission in Iceland from 997–999 was only partly successful. Thangbrand returned to Norway in 999 and reported his failure to King Olaf, who immediately adopted a more aggressive stance towards the Icelanders. The effort to Christianize Iceland was intensified and the two rival religions soon divided the country which could lead to civil war.
The matter was submitted to arbitration with law speaker Thorgeir Thorkelsson (and he was also a pagan) at the Althing, which was the parliament of Iceland. The law speaker of the Althing, Thorgeir Thorkelsson was acceptable to both sides as mediator, being known as a moderate and reasonable man. Thorgeir accepted res-
ponsibility for deciding whether Iceland should become Christian or not, with the condition that both parties abide by his decision. When this was agreed, he spent day and night resting under a fur blanket, deciding what to do. The following day he announced that Iceland was to adopt Christianity, with the condition that old laws concerning the abandonation of infants (infanticide) and the eating of horseflesh would remain, and that private pagan worship be permitted.
These conditions were long-established customs that ran contrary to the laws of the Church. Infanticide was accepted around the world at that time, and the practice of murdering "surplus" children was an established part of old Icelandic culture. It was strongly believed that there was a limitation to the number of people that the island could support and that raising too many children would bring disaster for all considering its capacity to supply food. Thorgeir, who was himself a pagan priest, took his pagan idols and threw them away into a large waterfall, which is now known as Waterfall of the Gods (GoĂ°afoss).
The problem of changing religions was solved, as people abided by Thorgeir's decision and were baptized then after. They could bring civil war to a halt through arbitration. Iceland's peaceful adoption of christianity is remarkable in many ways, given the decades of civil strife before Norway became fully Christian.
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CHRISTIANITY OF ICELAND
Iceland today is developing itself with its own uniqueness combined with christianity and their root, which is related to norse mythlogy. It would not have been possible for them to be Icelandic as they are now if they had adopted only one religion. It seems it’s christianity that brings people of Iceland altogether and their root from norse mythology is what makes people get interested about the country itself and it’s affecting the whole world at the same time as you can see Thor (God of thunder in the northern european mythology) is beloved as a member of the movie ‘Avengers’.
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