Lebanon A Cultural Cookbook Sample

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LEBANON

ACulturalCookbook

TABLEOFCONTENTS

LISTOFRECIPES

AdasBilHamod(LentilLemonSoup)...................50

AishelSaraya(BreadPudding)........................274

Arayes(Meat-StuffedPita)...............................52

BabaGhanouj(EggplantDip)............................54

BakedKibbeh(SpicedMincedMeatwithBulgur).....56

Baklava....................................................276

Bamia(OkraStew).......................................182

BatataBilSanieh(Shepherd’sPie)....................184

BatataHarra(SpicyPotatoes)............................58

BatataSalata(PotatoSalad).............................60

BulgurPilaf................................................246

CandiedEggplant........................................279

CarrotLentilSoup.......................................114

Falafel(FriedChickpeaFritters)........................62

FattehBathenjan(EggplantCasserole)...............190

Fattoush(BreadSalad)..................................140

Freekeh,Halloumi,andPomegranateSalad.........142

GreenBeanandTomatoSoup............................64

HalawetElJibn(SweetCheeseRolls)................280

Harissa(ChilePepperPaste)...........................249

HerbSalad..................................................66

Hummus.....................................................68

Ka’ak(Ring-ShapedBread).............................160

KamounitBanadoura(TomatoKibbeh).................70

KhyarBiLaban(CucumberYogurtSalad)...............73

KibbehNayyeh(RawKibbeh).............................74

KibbetBatata(PotatoKibbeh)...........................76

KishkSoup.................................................119

Knafeh(SweetCheesePastry).........................196

KoftaKebabs(GroundMeatKebabs)..................198

LabanImmo(LambinYogurtSauce)..................200

Labneh(StrainedYogurtCheese)........................79

LayaliLubnan(SemolinaPudding)....................284

LoubiaB’Zeit(StewedGreenBeans)...................80

Ma’amoul(FilledShortbreadCookie).................286

Mahalabia(MilkPudding)...............................288

Makdous(PickledandStuffedBabyEggplants)........82

Makhlouta(WholeGrainStew).........................204

ManakishBilLahme(FlatbreadwithMeatTopping)...162

Markouk(ThinFlatbread)...............................164

Meghli(SpicedPudding)................................289

MehshiKoussaAblama(StuffedZucchini)............208 MiddleEastern-StyleChili..............................120

Moghrabieh(LebaneseorPearlCouscous)...........212

Muhammara(BellPepperandWalnutDip).............84

Namoura(SemolinaCake)..............................290

Osmalieh(PhylloandCreamDessert)................292 Pita........................................................166

RizBiDjaj(ChickenandRice).........................214

RizBiHaleeb(RicePudding)...........................264

RuzBiLahme(LambRice)..............................216

SalatatFasoulia(BeanSalad)..........................150

SalatatLoubieh(GreenBeanSalad)....................86

SamkeHarra(SpicedFish)..............................218

SfeehaBaalbakieh(MeatPastries)......................88

ShishBarak(MeatDumplingsinYogurtSauce)......222

ShishKebab(SkeweredandGrilledMeat andVegetables)......................................90 ShishTaouk................................................226

ShorbatAdas(RedLentilSoup).......................122

ShorbatBanadourawaBurghul (TomatoandBulgurSoup)..........................92

ShorbatBatata(PotatoSoup)............................94

ShorbatDjaaj(ChickenSoup)............................96

ShorbatFasulya(BeanSoup)..........................130

ShorbatKhodra(VegetableSoup).....................132

ShorbatSamak(FishSoup)...............................98

WarakArish(StuffedGrapeLeaves)..................106

Za’atarMan’oushe(FlatbreadwithHerbs)..........108

ZnoudElSit(CrunchyCream-FilledRolls)...........296

FOREWORD

Welcome!Thiscookbookoffersastructuredandresearch-informedexplorationofLebanesecuisine,grounded inmorethan30yearsofculinarydocumentationandculturalstudy.Developedfromourreferencedatabase, homecooks,chefs,andfoodhistorians.ItisnotapersonalmemoirbutacontextualizedstudyofhowLebanesefoodhasevolvedandwhatitrevealsaboutthenation’shistory,geography,andculturalidentity.

Lebanesecuisineisoftenassociatedwithmezzeandtabbouleh,yetitsfoundationsarefarolderandmore intricate.ThefoodtraditionsofancientPhoenicia,theLevant,andthebroaderEasternMediterraneanform itscore,sustainedthroughcenturiesofagriculturalabundanceandtrade.Theuseofoliveoil,grains,legumes,

sity—spanningChristian,Muslim,andDruzecommunities—hasfurtherenrichedLebanon’sculinarylandscape, producingdishesthatbalancefreshness,spice,andtextureinequalmeasure.

toricalandculturalcontextalongsidemethod.Fromkibbehandhummustostuffedgrapeleaves,shawarma, andbaklava,eachdishissituatedwithinitsbroadernarrative—whetherrootedinancientagriculture,Ottomanurbancookery,ormodernreinterpretationsthatcontinuetoshapeLebanon’sdynamicfoodculture.

Aswithallbooksinthisseries,thetoneisfactualratherthananecdotal.Thegoalistoprovidereaderswitha practicalyetculturallygroundedunderstandingofLebanesecuisine—notonlywhatiseaten,buthowandwhy. forsharedmeals.Itstandsasbotharecordofheritageandareferencefortheongoingculinarydialoguethat connectsLebanon’spastandpresentthroughtheuniversallanguageoffood.

REGIONALCUISINE

diversehistoryandgeographicallandscape. spices,freshherbs,andgeneroususeoffruitsfulbutalsooftenveryhealthy.ThecuisinecombinesthesophisticationofEuropeancookingwith theexoticingredientsoftheMiddleEastandFar East.

mezze, avarietyofsmalldishesthatmayincludedips, salads,andproteins,offeringakaleidoscopeof chickpeapuree,hummus,isatraditionalspread intopattiesandfried—andbabaghanouj,aseasonedspreadmadeofroastedeggplant,oliveoil,lemonjuice, variouschoppednutsanddrenchedinhoney.

Beirut:TheCosmopolitanHeart

AsthecapitalandlargestcityofLebanon,Beirutistheculinaryheartofthecountry,where andArabicculinarytraditions.Populardishes includetabbouleh(asaladmadewithparsley, mint,tomato,andbulgur)andshawarma(marinatedmeat,usuallybeef,lamb,chicken,ora mixtureofmeats,cookedonarevolvingspitand

inthecity’sstreetfoodscene,asdoesknafeh,a syrup-soaked,layereddishofsweetenedcheese andbakedsemolinadough.Beirutalsoisknown foritsseafood.Astapledishincoastalareasis samkeharra pepper,garlic,andlemon.Avarianttoppingisaspicytomatorelish.

isaspicyfishdishincludingtahini(sesamepaste)sauce.

BekaaValley:TheAgriculturalBreadbasket

Situatedintheeast,theBekaaValleyisLebanon’smostimportantfarmingregion,knownforitsvineyardsand producefarms.Thecuisinehereischaracterizedbydishesthatrevolvearoundfreshandpreservedingredients. yabrak(grapeleavesstuffedwithriceandmeat) andlabneh(thickstrainedyogurt)arelocalfavorites.Kibbeh,Lebanon’snationaldishmadefrommincedmeat, bulgurwheat,andspices,comesinmanyregionalvariationsbutisespeciallyprominentinthisarea.

Lebanon’spopularmezzedishes includebabaghanouj,tabbouleh,andhummus.
Samkeharra

CLASSICDISHES BEVERAGES

Ahweh-InLebanon,coffeeisrarelymadewithout andwaterandrepeatedlybroughttotheboilingpoint tomakeathick,strong,sweetcoffeeservedintiny cups.Sometimescardamomandevenorangeblossom waterareaddedtoLebanesecoffee.

Arak-Arak distilledfromgrapes.Arakisserveddilutedwith waterandiceandservesasastandardaccompanimenttomezze.

HOLIDAYFAVORITES

Ma’amoul withpowderedsugararecommonlybakedforEid, Easter,andvariousJewishholidays.

Meghli-Aspicedricepuddingtoppedwithcoconut andnuts,meghliisenjoyedatChristmasandonspecialoccasions,especiallyatcelebrationsforthebirth ofababy.

Ahweh
Ma’amoul

DAILYMEALS

Dessert

Lebanesedessertsincludeavarietyofsweets madewithingredientssuchasphyllodough, cheese,andnuts,amongthembaklavaand knafeh.Rosewaterandorangeblossomwaterdingssuchasmouhalabieh thattopdesserts.Cookiesincludingma’amoul areenjoyedaswell,andafreshbowlofmelon orotherfruitstypicallyfollowsaLebanesemeal. Otherfavoritedessertsincludecandiedeggplantorpumpkinandaricepuddingknownasriz b’haleeb.

Beverages

Bothteaandcoffeearedeeplyembeddedin Lebanesedailylifeandhospitality,withcoffee adeeplyrootedculturaltradition.Itisstrong, cardamom.ManyLebaneseadultsdrinkbeer, wine,orarak meals,althoughthosewhomorestrictlyfollow Islamiccustomsavoidalcohol.Childrenoften enjoylimoonada(lemonade),freshfruitjuices, orjellab(asoftdrinkmadefromraisins).Milkis rarelyconsumedasabeverage.

Knafeh
Richlyflavoredcoffeeservedinsmall portionsisacentralpartofdailylifeinLebanon.

SPECIALOCCASIONFOODS

EIDAL-FITR

Eidal-Fitr,meaning“thefestivalthatbreaksthe fast,”markstheendofRamadan,theIslamicholy monthoffasting.Thecelebrationbeginswitha prayer,followedbyafeastwithfamilyandfriends. Populardishesincludemaqluba(ricelayeredwith meatandvegetables),kibbeh(mincedmeatwithbulgurandspices),andfattoush(asaladwithpiecesof toastedorfriedpita).Sweetssuchasma’amoul(butandqatayef(oratayef cheesesornuts—alsoareenjoyed.ThefoodduringEid al-Fitrsymbolizestheendoffastingandthejoyof abundanceofblessings.

CHRISTMAS

ChristmasinLebanoniscelebratedwithchurchservicesandfestivefamilygatherings.TheChristmas mealoftenfeaturesaroastturkeyorchickenand warakenab(stuffedgrapeleaves).TraditionalLebanesedishessuchasmujaddara(lentilswithrice), kibbehlabanieh(mincedmeatwithbulgurandspices inyogurtsauce),andbaklava(layersofphyllodough andchoppednutssoakedinahoney-basedsyrup)also arepartofthecelebration.BûchedeNoël,aYule localandWesterntraditions.ThefoodduringChristmasemphasizesfamilyunityandthejoyofsharing, withholidaycheer.

EIDAL-ADHA

memoratesIbrahim’s(Abraham’s)willingnesstosac-

dividedintothreeshares:oneforthefamily,onefor friendsandneighbors,andonefortheneedy.Dishes suchaskafta(groundmeatskewers),grilledlamb, andmansaf(ricewithlambandyogurtsauce)arepopular.Sweettreats,includingkunafeh(acheesepastry soakedinsyrup),alsoareserved.Themealsduring Eidal-Adhahighlightgenerosityandcommunity,with theactofsharingfoodembodyingthespiritofthe holiday.

STREETFOOD

SweetTreats BAKLAVA

Baklavaisarich,sweetpastrymadeoflayersofphyllo honeyorsyrup.Variationsmightincludeusingpistapopulardessertsoldbystreetvendorsandbakeries, especiallyduringcelebrations.

KNAFEH

KnafehisatraditionalLebanesedessertmadewith shreddedphyllodoughorsemolinalayeredwith sweetcheeseorcreamandsoakedinsugarsyrup. Variationsmightincludeaddingrosewaterororange blossomwaterandtoppingitwithcrushedpistachios. Knafehisapopularstreetfoodtreat,oftenenjoyed forbreakfastordessert,andiscommonlyfoundat sweetshopsandstreetstalls.

ATAYEF

Atayef(orqatayef withsweetenedcream,cheese,and/orcrushednuts, usuallyservedduringRamadan.Commonlyusedtypes ofnutsincludewalnuts,almonds,pistachios,and

Nutellaandaddingfruitssuchasdatesandraisins. Preparedfriedorbakedandthentoppedwithasweet syruporhoney,atayefiswidelyavailablefromstreet vendorsduringRamadanandisabeloveddessert acrossLebanon.

MA’AMOUL

Ma’amoulnutsorpistachios.Sometimesdustedwithpowdered sugar,ma’amoulisatraditionalsweet,especially popularduringreligiousholidaysincludingEasterand Eid,andissoldatbakeriesandmarkets.

DIDYOUKNOW?

HistoricWinemaking

Oneoftheworld’soldestwineregions,Lebanonhas alonghistoryofwineproduction,datingbackthousandsofyearstothePhoenicians.Theyexportedwine acrosstheMediterranean,spreadingtheiradvanced viticulturetechniques.ThecityofByblos,oneofthe oldestcontinuouslyinhabitedcitiesintheworld,was amajorhubforthewinetrade.

Continuingthisancienttraditiontoday,theBekaaValleyineasternLebanonistheheartofthecountry’s intheregionwhosequalityrivalsthebestwinesof Europe.Globallyrecognized,Lebanesewinesare tothoseofMediterraneanwines.Thecountry’sunique terroir,withitswarmclimateandfertilesoil,contributestothehighqualityofitswines.ThistraditionoficanceofviticultureinLebanon.

CoffeeCulture

LebanesecoffeecultureisablendofArabandTurkishtraditions.Coffeeistypicallypreparedusing along-handledpotcalledarakweh groundcoffeeissimmeredwithwaterandsometimes sugar.Thepreparationandservingofcoffeeareritualisticpractices,oftenaccompaniedbytheserving ofsweetssuchasbaklava.Coffeeisacentralpartof socialgatheringsandhospitality,symbolizingwarmth andfriendship.TheLebanesecoffeetraditionunderscorestheculturalimportanceofthisbeveragein socialanddailylife.

MakingVeggiesLast

PicklingisapopularmethodofpreservingvegetablesinLebanon,particularlycucumbers,turnips,and kabees, areoftenservedaspartofamezzespread,adding atangy,crunchyelementtothemeal.Thepickling processinvolvesbriningvegetablesinamixtureof vinegar,water,salt,andspices.

ThistraditionhighlightstheLebaneseingenuityin foodpreservationandtheimportanceofbalancingtheblendofpracticalityandculinarycreativity.

ARAYES (MEAT-STUFFEDPITA)

PrepTime:20minutesCookTime:15minutesTotalTime:35minutes RecipeServings:4DietaryConsiderations:DairyFree,Kosher,Halal

Crispontheoutsideandsavorywithin,arayesareafavoriteLebanesestreetfood—pitabread“sandwiches” gatherings,andareeatenasasnack,mezze,oraccompanimenttogrilleddishes.Typicallycutintoquarters, Lebanesearayesoftenareservedwithayogurtorgarlicdip.Thesetreatsareeasyandquicktomakeathome.

LOUBIAB’ZEIT (STEWEDGREENBEANS)

PrepTime:15minutesRestTime:5minutesCookTime:35minutesTotalTime:55minutes RecipeServings:4DietaryConsiderations:Vegetarian,GlutenFree,Kosher,Halal

Loubiab’zeitisoneofthosedishesthattastesbetterthenextday.B’zeitmeans“cookinginoil,”whichis averypopularmethodinLebanon(andintraditionalMediterraneancuisine).Loubiab’zeitliterallymeans loubiabadrieh.Whichevertypeof greenbeanisused,however,thisdishdeliverstendergreenbeansinarichtomatosauce.Thisdishcanbea side,partofamezzeselection,oramaincourseservedwithbread.

WARAKARISH (STUFFEDGRAPELEAVES)

PrepTime:35minutesRestTime:15minutesCookTime:1hourTotalTime:1hour50minutes RecipeServings:8–12DietaryConsiderations:GlutenFree,Kosher,Halal

Warakarish(orwarakenab)areLebanesemeat-stuffedgrapeleaves,whicharemadewithwhitericeand insaltwater;bothwaysguaranteetenderness.InLebanon,grapeleavesarepickedinlatespring,butthanks tothereadyavailabilityofpreservedleaves,thistastytraditionaldishcanbemadeyear-round.InLebanon, warakenabareservedwiththecucumber-yogurtdiporsaladcalledkhyarbilaban.

FREEKEH,HALLOUMI,AND POMEGRANATESALAD

PrepTime:20minutesRestTime:15minutesCookTime:35minutesTotalTime:1hour10minutes RecipeServings:4DietaryConsiderations:Vegetarian,GlutenFree,Kosher,Halal

Althoughit’sanancientgrain,freekeh(orfarik)isreferredtobysomeasthe“new”supergrain.It’sbeena stapleintheMiddleEastforcenturiesbutisnotverywellknownintheWest.Freekeh vitamins,andmineralsthanquinoa.It’smadefromgreendurumwheatthatisroastedandrubbedtocreatea

FATTEHBATHENJAN (EGGPLANTCASSEROLE)

PrepTime:20minutesCookTime:1hour20minutesTotalTime:1hour40minutes RecipeServings:6–8DietaryConsiderations:GlutenFree,Halal

FattehbathenjanisaMiddleEasterneggplantcasserole.Bathenjan,orbatinjan,means“eggplant”inArabic anditisamuch-lovedvegetableinLebanon.VariationsofthisdishareservedallovertheMiddleEast.AccordingtowrittenrecordsfromancientChineseagriculturaltreaties,eggplantswereintroducedthroughoutthe MediterraneanareabyArabsintheearlyMiddleAges.EnjoyedacrossvariousregionsinLebanon,thisdish ofteniseatenforbreakfast.

SFEEHABAALBAKIEH (MEATPASTRIES)

PrepTime:25minutesRestTime:45minutesCookTime:15minutesTotalTime:1hour25minutes RecipeServings:12pastriesDietaryConsiderations:Halal

SfeehaBaalbakieh facedsquareorroundshape.Theseareoftenservedaspartofamezzeorasamaindishwithyogurtand pickledvegetables.LebanesetypicallyenjoysfeehaBaalbakiehforfestiveoccasionsandfamilygatherings.

Baalbek,aLebanesetownaboutanhournortheastofLebanon’scapital,Beirut,isfamousforhavingthe largestandbest-preservedtempleruinsfromthetimeoftheRomanEmpire.Sfeehawasthedishprepared byfarmerswhentheyhadfreshlamb.Theywouldchopthemeat,mixitwithonionsandtomatoesfromthe Then,thepastrieswerebakedinstoneovenscalledtannour.

LOUBIAB’ZEIT (STEWEDGREENBEANS)

PrepTime:15minutesRestTime:5minutesCookTime:35minutesTotalTime:55minutes RecipeServings:4DietaryConsiderations:Vegetarian,GlutenFree,Kosher,Halal

Loubiab’zeitisoneofthosedishesthattastesbetterthenextday.B’zeitmeans“cookinginoil,”whichis averypopularmethodinLebanon(andintraditionalMediterraneancuisine).Loubiab’zeitliterallymeans loubiabadrieh.Whichevertypeof greenbeanisused,however,thisdishdeliverstendergreenbeansinarichtomatosauce.Thisdishcanbea side,partofamezzeselection,oramaincourseservedwithbread.

NAMOURA (SEMOLINACAKE)

PrepTime:15minutesRestTime:10minutesCookTime:30minutesTotalTime:55minutes RecipeServings:12–16DietaryConsiderations:Vegetarian,Kosher,Halal

Lebanesenamouraisatraditionalsemolinacakesoakedinscentedsugarsyrup.ItisenjoyedthroughoutLebanon,andtheMiddleEast,atfamilygatherings,holidays,andeverydayoccasionsandisespeciallypopular duringRamadan.Knownforitstender,slightlychewytextureandfragrantnotesoforangeblossomorrose water,namouraoftenistoppedwithalmondsorpistachiosandcutintodiamondshapes.Itiscloselyrelated toregionaldessertssuchasbasbousaandrevani,buttheLebaneseversionisdistinctforitssimplicity,rich

MARKOUK (THINFLATBREAD)

PrepTime:1hourRestTime:1hourCookTime:20minutesTotalTime:2hours20minutes RecipeServings:6largesheetsDietaryConsiderations:Vegetarian,Vegan,DairyFree,Kosher,Halal

Markouk

asaj.Thepreparationrequiresskillandspeed:thebakerstretchesthedoughuntilnearlytranslucent,and

Markoukhasoriginsinmountainvillageswhere communalsajgriddlesservedentireneighborhoods,andwomenwouldgathertobakedozensofroundsfor theweek.ThisthinbreadalsoknownassajbreadremainsastapleofLebanesecuisine—foldedaroundfresh herbs,cheese,orza‘atar,orusedtoscoopmezzedishessuchashummus.

BELLPEPPER

Description

Bellpeppersarethefruitofacultivargroupofthe speciesCapsicumannuumandmembersofthenightshadefamily.Theyareplumpandhollow,withan interiorribbingofwhitemembraneandseeds.The bellpepperistheonlymemberoftheCapsicumgenus thatdoesnotproducecapsaicin,thechemicalthat givesotherpeppersaburningquality.

Origin

ThebellpepperoriginatedinCentralandSouth America.

Varieties

Commonvarietiesarebrightred,orange,yellow,or green,whilelesscommonvarietiesarelavender,deep purple,white,orbrown.

Red,orange,andyellowbellpeppersaresweetand

texture.Greenandpurplepeppersareslightlybitter, asaretheinteriormembraneandseedsofallbell peppers.

Bellpeppers—particularlythered,orange,andyellowvarieties—areanexcellentsourceofvitaminC,as wellasagoodsourceofpyridoxine,vitaminA,folate, molybdenum,andvitaminE.Bellpeppersalsocontain

Preparations

Althoughtheyarebotanicallyfruits,bellpeppersare usedasvegetablesinculinarypreparations.Bellpeppersareusedfreshasasnack,insalads,andasa garnish.Theyarecookedwhenusedinsoups,stews, sauces,meatdishes,andvegetabledishes,andthey canbepreservedinsaltandoil.

Season

Red,orange,andyellowbellpeppersareharvestedin latesummerandearlyfall.

DidYouKnow?

•ThewordpeppercomesfromtheGreekword pipari,whichreferredtopungentblackpeppercornsoriginatinginIndia.

•ItisthoughtthatChristopherColumbusgavethis nametotheCapsicumgenusforitsspicycharacteristics,andthenamestucktobellpeppers, eventhoughtheyarenotspicy.

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