N’Djamena GMT +1
EY Boulevard Ngarta P.O. Box 324 N’Djamena Chad
Indirect tax contacts
Anselme Patipewe Njiakin +235 22 52 36 20 anselme.patipewe.njiakin@td.ey.com
Joseph Pagop Noupoue +33 6 74 57 72 12 (resident in Cameroon) joseph.pagop.noupoue@cm.ey.com
Asnavour Deugoue Chemeni +235 60 74 04 51 asnavour.deugoue.chemeni@td.ey.com
A. At a glance
Name of the tax
Value-added tax (VAT)
Local name Value-added tax (VAT)
Date introduced 20 December 1999
Trading bloc membership Central African Economic and Monetary Union (CEMAC)
Administered by General Director of Taxation
VAT rates
Standard 18%
Reduced 9%
Other Zero-rated (0%) and exempt
VAT number format 9000000Z
VAT return periods
Monthly or quarterly Thresholds
Registration XAF50 million
Recovery of VAT by non-established businesses No
B. Scope of the tax
VAT applies to the following transactions made in Chad:
• Supply of goods or services made in Chad by a taxable person
• Importation of goods
The territory of Chad includes, air space and other areas where, in accordance with international law, the Republic of Chad has sovereign rights for the purposes of exploration and exploitation of the natural resources of its soils, subsoil and water.
C. Who is liable
A taxable person is any business entity or individual that makes taxable supplies of goods or services or importation of goods in the course of a business in Chad. A taxable person that begins activity must notify the tax authorities of its liability to register for VAT purposes.
“Large contributors” are also subject to VAT. “Large contributors” are taxable persons registered in the Large Taxable persons’ Division with annual turnover more than XAF500 million. For enti ties not treated as large contributors, there are two different tax regimes depending on the business revenue. There is the “simplified” regime and “not subject” regime. The “simplified” regime is for entities that exceed the threshold from XAF50 million to XAF500 million. However, while the “simplified” regime is mandatory for such entities, they have the option of applying for the “large contributors” regime. The other regime is the “not subject” regime is for entities that are not subject to VAT obligations (turnover less than XAF50 million).
Exemption from registration. The VAT law in Chad does not contain any provision for exemption from registration.
Voluntary registration and small businesses. The VAT law in Chad does not contain any provision for voluntary VAT registration.
Group registration. Group VAT registration is not allowed in Chad.
Non-established businesses. A “non-established business” is a business that has no permanent establishment in the territory of Chad. Non-established businesses that perform taxable operations in Chad must nominate a representative who will be jointly responsible for payment of the VAT due. The representative must comply with all the obligations created under the VAT Code for taxable persons namely the declarative and registration obligations.
If no tax representative is nominated, the VAT due should be assessed and paid by the purchaser (if the purchaser is a taxable person for VAT purposes).
Tax representatives. As mentioned above, non-established businesses must appoint a tax representative for VAT purposes in Chad. In case of default (nonpayment of VAT due within the legal deadline), the representative and the non-established business are jointly liable for the payment of the VAT due.
Reverse charge. The reverse-charge mechanism is applicable in Chad. Whenever a non-estab lished entity fails to nominate a VAT representative, the non-established entity sends to the local customer (purchaser) an invoice without local VAT. The VAT is calculated and remitted to the tax authorities by the purchaser within 15 days of the month following the supplier’s payment. This VAT paid will be deducted in the declaration of the following month to the extent there is a full right of deduction.
Domestic reverse charge. There are no domestic reverse charges in Chad.
Digital economy. There are no special VAT rules in Chad for digital supplies.
Nonresident providers of electronically supplied services for business-to-business (B2B) sup plies are not required to register and account for VAT due on supplies in Chad. Instead, the cus tomer is required to self-account for the VAT due by way of the reverse-charge mechanism (see the Reverse-charge subsection above).
Nonresident providers of electronically supplied services for business-to-consumer (B2C) supplies are also not required to register and account for VAT due on supplies in Chad. Instead, as there is no reverse-charge mechanism for private individuals, no VAT is accounted for on B2C supplies.
There are no other specific e-commerce rules for imported goods in Chad. Online marketplaces and platforms. No special rules exist for online marketplaces and platforms in Chad.
Registration procedures. Under the General Taxable person Registration regime, all Chadian busi nesses or non-established entities that have a head office or other establishment in Chad must be
registered. The submission should be made by paper and sent to the General Taxable person Registry. The documentation needed would is the following:
• Copy of the company’s deed registered by the notary
• Copy of the registration of the Company or natural person with the trade register
• Copy of the ID of the partners, directors and technicians of the company or passport/residence card (for foreign persons)
The registration must be done within 15 days following the start of its activity.
Deregistration. Individuals or companies subject to VAT must, within 15 days from the date of termination of activity, submit a Statement of Termination of Activity to the General Director of Taxation.
Changes to VAT registration details. Taxable persons must, within 15 days from the date of change in its VAT registration details, inform the General Director of Taxation. A copy of the notification of the change must be submitted by paper and sent to the General Taxable person Registry. In the case that the change is not done, the tax administration will not consider the change.
D. Rates
The term “taxable supplies” refers to supplies of goods and services that are liable to a rate of VAT, including the zero rate.
The VAT rates are:
• Standard rate: 18%
• Reduced rate: 9%
• Zero-rate: 0%
The standard rate of VAT applies to all supplies of goods or services unless a specific measure provides for the reduced rate, zero rate or an exemption.
Examples of goods and services taxable at 0%
• Exports of goods subject to a declaration signed by the customs administration, international transportation and replenishment of aircraft with JET A1 to abroad
Examples of goods and services taxable at 9%
• Local products only, e.g., cement, sugar, oil, soap, textile and concrete iron and by-products of the local agrifood industry excluding alcohol
Examples of exempt supplies of goods and services
• Sales made directly to consumers by farmers, livestock breeders or fishermen, of non-processed products of their farming, livestock production or fishing
The following operations provided they are subject to specific taxations exclusive of any taxation on revenue:
• Operations connected with insurance and reinsurance contracts implemented by insurance and reinsurance companies in the normal course of their business, as well as services related to such operations provided by brokers and other insurance intermediaries
• Operations whose purpose is the transmission of immovable property and intangible personal property liable to registration duties, excluding operations of the same kind performed by estate agents or those of leasing
• Operations relating to postage stamps, duty stamps and stamped documents issued by the State and local authorities
• Operations covering the import and sale of newspapers and periodicals, excluding advertising income
• Leasing operation
• Supply of super oil and gas oil by N’Djamena Refinery Company
• Services or operations of a social, health, education, sporting, cultural, philanthropic or reli gious character provided by nonprofit organizations for which the management is voluntary and selfless and when these operations are directly related to the collective defense of their members’ moral or material interests; but operations carried out by these organizations are tax able when they take place in a competitive sector
• Sums paid to the central bank responsible for the privilege of issuing banknotes and the pro ceeds of the operations carried out by this bank generating the issuance of banknotes
• Operations relative to leasing undeveloped land and empty premises
• Services coming under the statutory exercise of the medical or paramedical professions with the exception of accommodation and catering costs
• Teaching institutions practicing under approval delivered by the National Education Ministry and practicing approved pricing
• Imports of goods exempted under article 332 of the UDEAC Customs Code, supplemented by the act 2/92 UDEAC 556 CE-SE1 and the specified subsequent modifying texts, concerning equipment for mining and oil prospecting
• Sales made by painters, sculptors, engravers and basket makers when they concern only the products of their craftsmanship and provided that the amount of annual revenue does not exceed XAF20 million
• Sales, disposals or services performed by the State, regional authorities and public institutions not having an industrial or commercial character
• Equipment and goods specifically and solely intended for mining and oil prospecting that is the subject of a decree from the Finance Ministry
• Potable water produced by the Chad Water Company (STE) or any other company that may sub stitute for it
• Electricity produced by the Chad Electricity Company (SNE) or any other company that may substitute for it
• Potable water produced by other company
• Electricity produced by other company
• Interest remunerating external loans
• Interests on professionals’ deposits with credit or financial institutions
• Examinations, consultations, treatment, hospitalization, medical biology and analysis work and the supply of prostheses performed by health facilities
• Input products for livestock breeding and fishing, used by the producers
• Leasing empty buildings used for housing
• Small items of fishing equipment, agricultural equipment and machinery
• The materials, equipment and services necessary to the production and exploitation of cotton fiber
• The materials, equipment and services necessary to the production and distribution of water and electricity
• Baked bricks manufactured locally
• Interest on loans of an amount between XAF1 and XAF1 million granted by micro-credit finan cial institutions with a repayment schedule of at least six months and monthly payments less than or equal to XAF100,000
• Interest on property loans granted by financial institutions
• Gambling and games of amusement
• Equipment and products used for the fight against HIV AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, yellow fever, COVID-19 and severe viral infections related to illnesses in children and the elderly without resources, under the conditions fixed by the regulations (with effect from 1 January 2021)
• The acquisition of materials and equipment used for the production and promotion of renew able energy, as well as associated services (the addition of associated services takes effect from 1 January 2020)
•
Interest on loans for financing the renewable energy (with effect from 1 January 2020)
• Interest on loans for the acquisition of agricultural materials and equipment by relevant com panies of the actual scheme (with effect from 1 January 2021)
• Machines and equipment for agricultural production and processing (with effect from 1 January 2021)
• Material and equipment for person with disabilities (with effect from 1 January 2021)
• Fertilizers, seeds appearing in the above list (with effect from 1 January 2021)
Option to tax for exempt supplies. The option to tax exempt supplies is not available in Chad.
E. Time of supply
The time when VAT becomes due is called the “time of supply” or “tax point.” As a general rule, an invoice should be issued before the fifth business day following the basic time of supply. The actual tax point becomes the date on which the invoice is issued. However, if no invoice is issued, tax becomes due on the fifth business day after the basic tax point. If the payment occurs before the invoice is issued, even if only partially, VAT is due at that time on the amount paid. The same is applicable in case payment occurs or invoices are issued before the finalization of the taxable operations.
The basic time of supply for goods is when they are made available to the client or at the time the transaction was fully or partially settled (before the client has received the goods).
The basic time of supply for services is at the time the referred provision of services was fully or partially settled (before the service has been provided).
Deposits and prepayments. For advance payments, the tax point is the date on which the advance payment is received. The supplier must issue an invoice as soon as an advance payment is received.
Continuous supplies of services. For continuous supplies of services based on agreements foreseeing successive payments, the time of supply occurs at the end of the period concerning each payment. However, when the payment schedule is not defined or exceeds 12 months, the VAT is due at the end of each 12-month period.
Goods sent on approval for sale or return. There is no special time of supply rules in Chad for goods sent on approval for sale or return. As such, the normal time of supply rules apply.
Reverse-charge services. There is no special time of supply rules in Chad for reverse-charge services. As such, the normal time of supply rules apply.
Leased assets. Leasing agreements are also considered a continuous supply of services, and as such the time of supply occurs at each payment.
Imported goods. The tax point for the importation of goods will be the moment during which the formalities of customs duties are completed.
Construction works. Qualified as service providers and entrepreneurs in property renovation or enterprises with mixed activities covering the delivery of goods and the provision of services, with the exception of transactions made with the State or local authorities, may be authorized to pay VAT according to the debits. In the case of receiving installments before the debit memo, the tax is payable when the VAT is collected according to the debits.
F. Recovery of VAT by taxable persons
A taxable person may recover input tax incurred with the acquisition of goods and services deemed indispensable for the maintenance of the business. A taxable person generally recovers input tax
by deducting it from output tax charged on the supplies of goods or services carried out as well as tax paid on the import of goods.
Input tax includes VAT charged on goods and services supplied in Chad, VAT paid on import of goods and VAT self-assessed on the reverse-charge services.
To deduct VAT, the taxable person must be in possession of invoices or other equivalent docu ments and this invoice must contains mandatory information provided by the Tax code.
The time limit for a taxable person to reclaim input tax in Chad is two years.
Nondeductible input tax. In principle, for registered taxable persons, VAT applied upstream on the price of a taxable operation shall be deductible from the final tax applicable to such transactions, provided that the said operation is necessary for the company exploitation. However, the Chadian General tax code has limited the deduction to certain goods and services.
Examples of items for which input tax is nondeductible
• Expenses for housing, accommodation, catering, reception, shows, vehicle hire and transport of persons. This exclusion does not concern professionals in tourism, catering and shows
• Imports of goods and merchandise re-dispatched in its current condition
• Services related to goods excluded from the right to deduction
• Oil products, with the exception of fuel purchased for resale by importers or wholesalers
• Assets transferred without remuneration or in return for remuneration much less than their normal price, particularly commissions, salaries, bonuses or gifts, whatever the capacity of the beneficiary or the form of the distribution
• Tax that has been paid on vehicles or machinery, irrespective of their type, designed or devel oped to transport persons or for mixed uses constituting a fixed asset
• The spare parts, accessories and expenses for maintenance and/or repairs for the said vehicles or machinery, except:
Road vehicles including, other than the driver’s seat, more than eight seated places and used by enterprises for the exclusive transport of their personnel
The fixed assets of vehicle hire enterprises or enterprises for the public transport of persons
• VAT on invoice paid in cash when the amount is more than XAF500,000
Examples of items for which input tax is deductible (if related to a taxable business use)
• Raw materials and supplies used in producing goods and services
• Purchase of goods and merchandise used for business purposes
• Capital goods used for business purposes, excluding items listed above
• Purchases of assets
Partial exemption. Input tax directly related to exempt supplies of goods or services is not gener ally recoverable. If a Chadian taxable person makes both exempt and taxable supplies, it may not recover input tax in full. This situation is referred to as “partial exemption.” The VAT Code provides two methods to recover VAT when a company makes both exempt and taxable supplies.
The first is a pro rata method according to which VAT is only deductible in the same ratio as the annual amount of operations that originate deductibility versus the exempt operations.
A second method, referred to as the “direct allocation method,” prescribes the real allocation of all or part of the goods and services used.
Approval from the tax authorities is not required to use the partial exemption standard method in Chad. Special methods are not allowed in Chad.
Capital goods. Taxable persons are obliged to record their purchases of capital goods to allow the monitoring of the input tax deductions made.
The records should contain, for all goods, the following elements (requirements):
• Data of the acquisition
• Value of the input tax
• Value of the input deducted
• Such records should be made until the following deadlines: Output operations: until the last day of the following month to which the operations refer to Input operations: until the last day of the following month to which the operations refer to
The referred deadline should be counted from the earlier of the following:
• The date of the reception of the invoice or equivalent documents that proves the purchase of the good
• The date of the conclusion of the constructions works
• The date in which the rectifications should be processed
Refunds. If the amount of input tax recoverable in a monthly period exceeds the amount of output tax payable in that period, the taxable person has an input tax credit that will be carried forward to the next taxable periods.
However, if the taxable person has been in a credit position, the refund can be requested if the tax credit is less than 24 consecutive months from the beginning of the credit.
Pre-registration costs. Input tax incurred on pre-registration costs in Chad is not recoverable.
Bad debts. Taxable persons may deduct the VAT amount related with bad debts revealed in its accounting records, as well the irrecoverable debts resulting from the process of execution and insolvency. A bad debt is considered to exist in case of debts that nonpayment risk is duly justified namely where the credit is overdue for many months and there are objective proofs of its impairment and actions performed regarding its payment, including the asset being recognized in the accounts.
Noneconomic activities. Input tax incurred on purchases that are used for noneconomic activities is not recoverable in Chad.
G. Recovery of VAT by non-established businesses
Input tax incurred by non-established businesses in Chad is not recoverable.
H. Invoicing
VAT invoices. Taxable persons must generally provide a VAT invoice for all taxable supplies made – including exports. Non-established entities that are required to nominate a representative must issue invoices with the VAT number and address of the chosen representative additionally to the other ordinary requirements of any invoice.
Credit notes. A VAT credit note may be issued to reduce the VAT charged and reclaimed on a supply (e.g., return of the goods or a discount). A credit note must be cross-referenced to the original invoice and contain the following statement: credit note. The supplier can make the reductions if it has in its possession the proof that the customer agreed and acknowledged with such procedure.
Electronic invoicing. Electronic invoicing is not allowed in Chad. While there is no formal prohi bition of electronic invoicing in Chad, Chad tax law does not make any specific reference to electronic invoicing. As such, generally only paper invoices are allowed in Chad.
Simplified VAT invoices. Simplified VAT invoicing is not allowed in Chad. As such, full VAT invoic es are required.
Self-billing. Self-billing is not allowed in Chad.
Proof of exports. VAT is charged on supplies of exported goods at the rate of 0%. For the application of this rate, exports must be supported by evidence that confirms the goods have left Chad. Sufficient evidence is the receipt of the country of destination of the goods and proof of the repatriation of funds by the exchange services.
Foreign currency supplies. Invoices can be issued in any currency, as well as the domestic cur rency, which is the Central African franc (XAF). A currency conversion requirement is in place, except when the invoices are related with import and export operations, which are subject to the international trade rules.
Supplies to nontaxable persons. There are no special invoicing rules for supplies to nontaxable persons in Chad. As such, full VAT invoices are required.
Records. For VAT purposes, all invoices must be recorded with a chronological number and kept available in Chad.
There is no provision in the Chad VAT law outlining where the VAT records should be held. However, in practice, VAT books and records must be held within Chad.
Record retention period. All invoices or equivalent documents must be kept, according to the legislation in place, by the taxable person for 10 years.
There are no specific record keeping requirements for VAT in Chad. The documents must be kept in a form accessible to the tax authorities in case of a tax audit.
Electronic archiving. Electronic archiving is not allowed in Chad. Archiving must be made in paper form only.
I. Returns and payment
Periodic returns. VAT returns must be submitted monthly or quarterly. They must be filed togeth er with full payment of VAT. VAT returns must be submitted within 15 days of the month following the realization of taxable operations.
State-owned companies, public and para-public institutions, as well as private companies for which the list is established and published by the General Director of Taxation, are required to withhold VAT on the invoices received from their suppliers. However, this withholding does not apply to reciprocal transactions between companies entitled to withhold VAT at source. Any compensation between withheld VAT and taxes due is prohibited. Withholding VAT must be reversed by the 15th of the following month.
Periodic payments. VAT amounts due should be paid to the collection service of the tax depart ment, by the same date as the VAT return filing deadline, i.e., by the 15th day of the month fol lowing the realization of taxable operations.
The VAT returns, according to the template provided by tax authorities, shall be subscribed in two copies, signed and dated by the taxable person or its authorized agent. This form is submitted jointly with the proof of payment (notice of credit of tax administration bank account). When confirmation of payment is received, the tax receipt reference is mentioned on the declaration and copy given to the taxable person.
Electronic filing. Electronic filing is not allowed in Chad. Taxable persons can only submit their VAT returns by paper. The said returns are filed with the tax authorities within the legal dead lines.
Payments on account. Payments on account are not required in Chad.
Special schemes. No special schemes are available in Chad.
Annual returns. Taxable persons are required to file an annual tax return for the period ended 31 December. The taxable person must submit the annual return by 30 April of the following year. The annual return must include a summary of VAT payments made during the prior calendar year (January to December), including output tax, input tax and the net VAT paid to the tax adminis tration of VAT credit position at the end of the year. This annual return must also contain the reference of tax receipts issued by the tax administration. The prescribed format of the annual return is provided by the tax authorities.
Supplementary filings. No supplementary filings are required in Chad.
Correcting errors in previous returns. A taxable person can voluntarily correct a previously filed VAT return, within the last two months from its submission. If correction is not done within this deadline, such corrections cannot be accepted by the tax administration. The penalty for failure to make such a correction is the fact that the amended return can be rejected by the tax adminis tration.
Digital tax administration. There are no transactional reporting requirements in Chad.
J. Penalties
Penalties for late registration. Late registration of taxable persons liable to VAT generate immedi ate taxation by tax authorities. Immediate taxation refers to arbitrary assessment procedure in which tax authorities unilaterally determine the amount of taxes due by the taxable person. This procedure is only possible when the taxable person has not regularized its situation within seven days following reception of a reminder representing a notice to register. The taxation is based on the gross margin realized by the taxable persons. This immediate taxation is in addition to a penalty of 25% of tax due, for late registration of VAT.
Penalties for late payment and filings. Whenever the taxable person fails to submit a VAT return or pay the VAT due on time or does so after the legal deadline has passed, the amount of tax due is increased by 100%. The increase is raised to 150% in the event of a repeat offense. Notwithstanding the application of these penalties, the taxable person owes an interest of delay of 5% per month up to 50%.
If the VAT return is not submitted on time, the taxable person will receive a reminder letter to declare within seven days receiving the letter. In case of nonperformance, the tax authorities will proceed with an arbitrary assessment. The basis used to calculate due taxes is the gross margin realized with penalty of 25%.
If the taxable person fails to pay VAT assessed by the tax authorities within the established dead line, proceedings aiming at the coercive collection of tax due will ensure. However, if the taxable person voluntarily submits the missing VAT return before the deadline expires, as a result, the tax assessed by the tax authorities will no longer be due. Notwithstanding, penalties for late submis sion may still be applicable.
Penalties for errors. Deficiencies, omissions or inaccuracies that affect the basis or elements of taxation and that lead the tax authorities to make any adjustments will result in the application a late payment interest of 5% per month, capped at 50%. For any missing invoices, false invoices or invoicing and accounting errors, the penalties are as follows:
• Nondeduction of the VAT mentioned on the invoice in case of absence of the ID number
• A fine of 100% of the transaction value with a minimum of XAF500,000
No penalty applies to failure to notify or late notification to the tax authorities for changes to a taxable person’s VAT registration details. For further details, please see the subsection above, Changes to VAT registration details.
Penalties for fraud. Any fraudulent activities can result in the increase of 150% of the amount due without prejudice to criminal proceedings.
Personal liability for company officers. Company officers cannot be held personally liable for errors and omissions in VAT declarations and reporting in Chad.
Statute of limitations. The statute of limitations in Chad is three years. The time limit that the tax authorities can go back to review and identify errors and impose penalties is three years. The tax authorities allow two months to taxable persons to voluntarily correct errors in previous VAT return.