Her Turn: Revolutionary Women of Chess

February 4 - September 4, 2016

Sports Illustrated Vol. 15, No. 6 August 7, 1961 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame

Her Turn: Revolutionary Women of Chess examines women’s chess history through highlights from the collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame as well as loans from the John G. White Chess Collection at the Cleveland Public Library and numerous private collections. The photographs and other artifacts included in this show tell stories about women chess stars, both in the United States and worldwide.

Her Turn is part of an effort by the Saint Louis Chess Campus to attract more girls and women to the game. On October 29, 2015, the World Chess Hall of Fame opened Ladies’ Knight: A Female Perspective on Chess, which explores the game through the imaginations of a group of spectacular contemporary artists including Rachel Whiteread, Yoko Ono, and Barbara Kruger. These artists used the lens of chess to examine a variety of issues—from questions of justice in Yuko Suga’s Checkmate: Series I Prototype (2015) to standards of beauty in Debbie Han’s Battle of Conception (2010). Soon after the opening of this exhibition, the Chess Club and Scholastic Center revamped its beginner chess classes aimed at women.

Like its companion exhibition Ladies’ Knight, Her Turn presents a variety of perspectives in an effort to show the diverse history of women chess players from the late nineteenth through early twenty-first centuries. It includes artifacts related to early pioneers like Vera Menchik, the first Women’s World Chess Champion and the first woman to be inducted into the World Chess Hall of Fame; Georgian superstars like Nona Gaprindashvili and Maya Chiburdanidze; and Susan, Sofia, and Judit Polgar, among many others. The exhibition also presents artifacts

related to important moments in women’s chess history, including nine-time U.S. Women’s Chess Champion Gisela Gresser’s medal from the first Women’s Chess Olympiad, Susan Polgar’s 1996 Women’s World Chess Championship Trophy, and Alexandra Kosteniuk’s medal from the 2008 Women’s World Chess Championship, as well as many photographs depicting tournaments.

Menchik, Gaprindashvili, and Chiburdanidze are three of the six women currently inducted into the World Chess Hall of Fame. The others are Soviet Women’s World Chess Champions Elizaveta Bykova, Olga Rubtsova, and Lyudmila Rudenko.

Her Turn also includes artifacts related to the legacies of the female members of the U.S. Chess Hall of Fame: Gisela Gresser, Diane Savereide, Mona May Karff, and Jacqueline Piatigorsky.

The stories of a variety of players, writers, and organizers are also presented in the exhibition.

As part of Her Turn, the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis will also host an installation of photographs, score sheets, and other artifacts related to the U.S. Women’s Chess Championships, which the organization has hosted since 2009.

Through sharing the inspiring stories of these women, we hope to encourage more girls to take up the game and share this sometimes overlooked history with our visitors.

—Emily Allred, Assistant Curator, World Chess Hall of Fame

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Images from top, left to right: Chess Review Vol. 9, No. 9 November 1941 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame

Chess Review Vol. 12, No. 5 May 1944 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame

Chess Review Vol. 10, No. 6 June-July 1942 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame

Mary Bain Memorial United States Women’s Open Chess Champion Trophy c 1972-1973 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame

Images from top, left to right: 1965 Lucille Kellner Memorial Tournament Trophy 1965 John G. White Chess Collection at the Cleveland Public Library Alexey Root’s United States Women’s Invitational 1989 Tournament Champion Trophy 1989 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of Alexey Root

1967 United States Women’s Chess Championship Score Sheet 1967 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of the family of Jacqueline Piatigorsky Event Program from 1991 Highland Beach, Florida U.S. Women’s Chess Championship August 17th-24th, 1991 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of John Donaldson

Chess Life & Review Vol. 34, No. 11 November 1979 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of John Donaldson

By Woman International Master Ruth Haring, past President of the Board of Directors, United States Chess Federation In 1969, I started playing in chess tournaments at age 14 after my family moved to Arkansas for my father’s new position as the Head of Graduate Studies at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.

In my new middle school, friends introduced me to the world of tournament chess. This was the era in which American chess grew and became more popular, as Bobby Fischer was rated over 2700 and on his way to becoming World Chess Champion. Part of the “Fischer boom,” his success on the world stage inspired me, and I vowed to improve, participating in as many competitions as possible. In the 1960s and 1970s, there were no computers or chess engines and few afterschool chess programs or coaches and trainers. One learned the game primarily through reading books and magazines and through the experience achieved during over-the-board play.

My dad soon realized I was serious about the game and bought me a life membership in the United States Chess Federation (then the USCF, now US Chess) and gave me a Chess Informant for Christmas. Though the story of how I first became interested in chess is surprisingly similar to others of my generation, it would lead to interesting adventures, first as a player in national and international tournaments, and later as a president of the United States Chess Federation Board of Directors.

As a freshman in college, I was surprised to be invited to the 1974 U.S. Women’s Chess Championship as the alternate. Though seeded last with a 1757 rating, I finished the tournament undefeated, and placed second with a score of 7.5-2.5, a half of a point behind Woman International Master and seven-time U.S. Women’s Chess Champion Mona May Karff of New York.

I would go on to play in every U.S. Women’s Chess Championship between 1974 and 1984, placing second in 1979’s tournament with a score of 8.5-2.5.

After my first U.S. Women’s Chess Championship, I competed in a number of top level tournaments both in the United States and abroad. From 1974 to 1982, I competed in a total of five women’s Olympiads. I achieved one of my best performances in the 1976 Olympiad in Haifa, Israel, scoring 5-3 as the reserve player to win an individual bronze medal.

Earlier that same year, I competed in my first real international competition, the Interzonal Tournament in Roosendaal, The Netherlands, and I scored 5-8. This included a draw with the tournament winner and future Women’s World Chess Championship challenger Woman Grandmaster Elena Akhmilovskaya Donaldson, then playing for the Soviet Union. In the 1980 Malta Olympiad, I was the top scorer for the U.S. women’s team, earning a score of 7.5-4.5 on Board Three. In this competition, I played 12 rounds! In October 1980, I won an international women’s tournament in Thessaloniki, Greece, with a score of 8-1—going undefeated. With this victory, I became the first American woman to win an international round robin norm tournament. I played chess because I loved the game, the camaraderie, and the competition.

As a teen and young adult, I played thousands of games in every tournament event possible in both the United States and Canada on most weekends for 17 years. To support myself, I worked as a law clerk in San Francisco. Playing tournament chess brought many advantages to me, but money was not one of them. However, chess enabled me to travel throughout the United States and make friends everywhere.

In the beginning, when I qualified for an international women’s event, it felt like I had won the lottery. I received an all-expense paid trip to a city, sometimes even overseas, in return for being myself and doing something I loved to do.

These tournaments, in faraway and sometimes exotic places, were great learning experiences for a young woman. I am grateful that the USCF supported women’s events at that time.

Interestingly, I did not view myself as a “woman chess player” but just a “chess player,” and considered myself lucky to be eligible for events that ultimately changed my life through the learning that travel and meeting people brings.

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Still, it was never an option for me to become a “professional chess player,” nor did I consider it. For example, the prize fund at the 1976 U.S. Women’s Chess Championship was $1050 with a first prize of $300. I tied for second and won a prize of $175.

Though I am telling much of my story through the lens of women’s events, I played in many more USCF weekend Swiss tournament games during that era than women’s events. The majority of my games were in fact played against men, as a “weekend warrior.” In 1977, while rated 2043, I scored a victory over International Master (IM) John Peters, rated 2476. The bulletin from the tournament notes that Peters was experiencing a winning streak noting, “Prior to the following game John Peters had a 10-0 tournament game result in Arizona which resulted from his 4-0 finish in the 1976 Summer Chess Festival (in which he defeated Grandmaster Larry Christiansen to tie with Grandmaster James Tarjan for first), the 1977 Grand Canyon Open, and the first round game above. None of his last six games, all against expert level competition, lasted over 28 moves.”

Ruth Haring - John Peters 1977 Del Webb’s Townhouse Summer Chess Festival, Phoenix, Arizona 1. e4 c5 2. c3 d5 3.ed Qd5 4. d4 e6 5. Nf3 Nc6 6. Be2 cd 7. cd Nf6 8. Nc3 Qd6 9. 0-0 Be7 10.

Be3 0-0 11. Qd2 b6 12. Rad1 Nb4 13. Ne5 Bb7 14. Bf4 Qd8 15. Bg3 Rc8 16. Rfe1 Nbd5 17. Nd5 Nd5 18. a3 Bg5 19. Qd3 Bf4 20. Bf3 Bg3 21. hg Qc7 22. Be4 Nf6 23. Bb7 Qb7 24. g4 Nd5 25.

Re4 Qe7 26. Nf3 Rfd8 27. Rde1 Qc7 28. Ne5 Qc2 29. Qf3 Rc7 30. R4e2 Qa4 31. Rd2 f6 32.

Nd3 Qd4 33. Red1 Ne7 34. Nf4 Qd2 35. Rd2 Rd2 36. Ne6 Rcc2 37. Qa8+ Nc8 38. Qb7 1-0 This nomadic kind of life, with a consuming focus only on chess, was fun but not sustainable, so in 1983 I decided to pursue a career in Silicon Valley. I went back to school and took programming classes and used this new training and my earlier degree in psychology to earn a job at TRW Inc., a company in Santa Clara, California. I worked as a technology professional in Silicon Valley moving on to IBM, Lockheed Martin, and eBay. My new career marked the end

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of an era in my life as my focus began to change, and I played in fewer and fewer chess events, finally ceasing to play in tournaments in 1985.

In 1986 my eldest daughter was born and my top priorities officially became my family and career.

A new chapter in my chess adventure began in 2008, when I returned to chess after a 23 year hiatus, and took my son to his first tournament, the U.S. Open in Dallas, Texas. Upon my return, I learned that there was an election for the Executive Board of the US Chess Federation, and that there were serious organizational issues to be solved. This inspired me to give back to the organization that had supported me as a young woman and afforded me the opportunity to travel worldwide and play chess. I felt fortunate that my chess experiences had helped me to become a successful businesswoman. I ran for the USCF Executive Board and won in 2009 and subsequently served as Vice President for two years. I was selected as President of the Board and served from 2011-2015 and am currently serving my last year as a member of the Board of Directors. During my tenure as President of the Board, I emphasized increasing US Chess Federation membership, and this included studying issues related to attracting girls to the game and retaining female members.

Through this work, I have often been asked why women are not rated at the same level that men are at chess. This is a complex question with many cultural and societal variables. However, if you examine the numbers of women playing compared to men, it becomes obvious that the reason women do not achieve higher ratings is that there are not enough women in the population of tournament players to make that a statistical reality. For example our scholastic programs sometimes have up to 20% girls, but they drop out at puberty. Among adults the female playing population varies from 7% to 4%, declining as age increases. Thus I believe that the best way to achieve the goal of parity with male players is to encourage play among girls.

When the populations are equal in numbers this problem will disappear and hopefully afford the same opportunities that I received to a new generation of female players.

Victor Vasarely 1976 Haifa, Israel, Chess Olympiad for Men and Women 1976 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame

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Images from top: Photographer unknown Jacqueline Piatigorsky, Gissela Gresser, and Julian Gresser Analyzing a Chess Position while in Emmen, The Netherlands, during the 1957 Women’s Chess Olympiad 1957 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of the family of Jacqueline Piatigorsky

Gisela Gresser’s Bronze Medal from the 1957 Emmen, The Netherlands, Women’s Chess Olympiad 1957 John G. White Chess Collection at the Cleveland Public Library

Images from top: Bill Hook Diane Savereide (U.S.A.) vs. Maya Chiburdanidze (U.S.S.R.) at the 1984 Thessaloniki, Greece, Chess Olympiad 1984 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of the U.S. Chess Center

Bill Hook Pia Cramling (Sweden) Competing at the 1984 Thessaloniki, Greece, Chess Olympiad 1984 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of the U.S. Chess Center

Images from top, left to right: Gisela Gresser Photo album from Gisela Kahn Gresser Archive Date unknown John G. White Chess Collection at the Cleveland Public Library Chess Life Vol. 35, No. 1 January 1980 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of John Donaldson

Chess Life & Review Vol. 34, No. 1 January 1979 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of John Donaldson

Georgian Chess Heroes

By International Master Rusudan Goletiani, 2005 U.S. Women’s Chess Champion Georgia has always held a special place in the chess world. Its women have been especially strong, having once held the Women’s World Chess Champion title for just under 30 consecutive years. The first pioneer and a phenomenal success of women’s chess in Georgia was Nona Gaprindashvili, who in 1962 became the Women’s World Chess Champion at the age of 21. A five-time world champion, Nona helped to propel the Soviet Olympiad team to 11 team gold medals during her tenure. During this impressive run, she managed to earn an astounding nine individual gold medals. She is also the first woman in chess history to earn the prestigious grandmaster title. Nona’s success inspired generations of Georgians and thousands of chess players worldwide. She was an idol to her fans and held such popularity amongst young girls that parents began naming their daughters Nona in her honor. They also signed up their children for chess lessons in record numbers.

Nona carried celebrity status and was recognized on the streets just as easily as any Hollywood actor.

She was indeed a national hero and influenced fellow Georgian stars like Maya Chiburdanidze, Nana Aleksandria, Nana Ioseliani, Nino Gurieli, Ketevan Arakhamia, and Ketevan Kakhiani.

Nona Gaprindashvili held her title until 1978 when she was dethroned by the above mentioned Maya Chiburdanidze. As a child, Maya kept a picture of Nona hanging on her wall and actually beat her for the first time during a simultaneous exhibition when Maya was only 13. She kept her Women’s World Chess Champion title for 13 consecutive years, often defeating fellow Georgians vying for the title.

three consecutive gold medals during the 1992-1994 and 1996 Olympiads. Their most recent win was at the 2008 Olympiad held in Dresden, Germany. The team was anchored

by Maya Chiburdanidze, Nana Dzagnidze, Lela Javakhishvili, Maia Lomineishvili, and Sophio Khukhashvili. During that competition, Maya Chiburdanidze added another individual gold medal to her record by posting a 2707 performance rating.

Nona Gaprindashvili’s love for the game and her fighting spirit continues to amaze many chess players around the globe. She has won four Senior World Chess Championships in 1995, 2009, 2014, and 2015. The latter two victories were in the over 65 division.

Chess in various forms was first introduced in Georgia in the seventh and eighth centuries. Since then chess has often been found in Georgian literature and poetry. Traditionally, when Georgian women got married their parents would give them chess sets as part of their wedding presents.

Chess continues to be the most popular sport in Georgia. Many young players still win medals at the World Junior Championships each year.

Most recently the Georgian National team won the Women’s World Team Championship in 2015.

Currently, Nana Dzagnidze, Lela Javakhishvili, Bela Khotenashvili, and Nino Batsiashvili are all on the list of top 20 female players.

It is hard to explain the success of women from my home country other than to say that perhaps we were lucky to be born in a country where we take in chess with our first breath. We see our parents and relatives play with great enthusiasm and have a steady stream of female role models to inspire us. Whenever I return home, I feel my rating and chess understanding increase the moment I touch Georgian soil.

During Nona’s and Maya’s reigns, Georgia was still part of the Soviet Union. The then U.S.S.R. teams completely dominated world events and were comprised of many Georgian players. Once the U.S.S.R. broke, an independent Georgia took

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Images from top, left to right: Bill Hook Playing Hall with Female Competitors at the 1990 Novi Sad, Yugoslavia (now Serbia), Chess Olympiad 1990 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of the U.S. Chess Center Bill Hook Xie Jun (China) at the 1994 Moscow, Russia, Chess Olympiad 1994 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of the U.S. Chess Center Bill Hook Maya Chiburdanidze (Georgia) at the 1994 Moscow, Russia, Chess Olympiad 1994 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of the U.S. Chess Center

Bill Hook Nana Ioseliani (Georgia) at the 1994 Moscow, Russia, Chess Olympiad 1994 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of the U.S. Chess Center Bill Hook Judit Polgar (Hungary) at the 1994 Moscow, Russia, Chess Olympiad 1994 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of the U.S. Chess Center Bill Hook Sofia Polgar (Hungary) at the 1994 Moscow, Russia, Chess Olympiad 1994 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of the U.S. Chess Center Bill Hook Susan Polgar (Hungary) at the 1994 Moscow, Russia, Chess Olympiad 1994 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of the U.S. Chess Center

Photographer unknown Bobby Fischer Playing Chess with Susan Polgar c 1992 - 1993 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame Inside Chess Vol. 2, Issue 7 April 17, 1989 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of John Donaldson Chess Life Vol. 47, No. 11 November 1992 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of Charles Ward Susan Polgar with Paul Truong Breaking Through: How the Polgar Sisters Changed the Game of Chess 2005 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame

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Images from top: 64, No. 10 2008 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame Alexandra Kosteniuk’s 2008 Nalchik, Russia, Women’s World Championship Medal 2008 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame

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Interview with 2008 Women’s World Chess Champion Alexandra Kosteniuk When did you first take an interest in chess?

My father taught me to play chess at the age of five. I don’t remember whether I was fascinated by the game from the very first games I played, but definitely I had some talent and most important perseverance and ability to concentrate on chess for a long time. It first brought victories in children’s tournaments and after that, little by little, I made my road to the world of chess.

What players were inspirations to you early in your career?

Were there any women chess players whom you viewed as role models?

I have never had any role models, not only in chess but in anything else. I admire and respect people who reached certain heights in their professions but I can’t say that I had a role model.

In addition to being the twelfth Women’s World Chess Champion, you are a writer who has published books about your accomplishments. What are some of the most memorable moments of your career?

Every victory is a memorable one. There are no easy victories, and there are a lot of emotions, struggle, and work hidden behind every single game. So when I look at the results of my career I can’t say that I have the most favorite or memorable tournament. Of course winning the 2008 Women’s World Chess Championship, was a special victory, but, for example, every single Chess Olympiad gold is as special for me as the victory in Nalchik.

What was your favorite game of the 2008 Women’s World Chess Championship? Could you provide analysis of a position from it?

In my book Diary of a Chess Queen, I described the first game of the final match of the 2008 Women’s World Chess Championship. In it I wrote: And so, here I was, seven years later, playing another title match. A lot had changed in my life in those seven years. I had played at least a couple of hundred tournament games, attended over fifty training sessions, won perhaps a thousand games in simultaneous exhibitions, given innumerable interviews, made my film debut, given my first public speech, written two books, graduated from the university, gotten married—and most importantly, given birth to a wonderful baby, who was now back in Moscow, rooting for her Mama throughout the whole match. I’d had to go through thick and thin to get a second chance to fight for the chess crown.

For my encounter with Hou Yifan, in contrast to the final match in 2001, now it was my opponent who played the role of the underdog, as she was only 14!

The final match was under control from start to finish. In nearly every game, I had winning chances. The number of unconverted extra pawns in this match probably broke all records.

In the first game, I managed to win with Black; and in the end, that proved decisive.

As a chess promoter, what do you see as some of the challenges to getting more girls and women to take up chess and how can they be overcome?

I think the challenges in order to attract girls and women into chess are similar to the challenges that other “non-female” professions have. There are not so many girls (compared to the number of boys) who wish to connect their life with physics or mathematics, going into space, or playing soccer. The answers to this issue are mostly in our social environment and in the way nature created men and women. In order to overcome these obstacles in chess, we have to create more girls-friendly clubs and programs and support girls on their way to reach new chess heights.

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Opposite, from top: Competitors in 1949/50 Moscow, Russia, Women’s World Chess Championship December 1949-January 1950 John G. White Chess Collection at the Cleveland Public Library Mary Rudge 1897 John G. White Chess Collection at the Cleveland Public Library Adele Rivero 1939 John G. White Chess Collection at the Cleveland Public Library E.I. Bykova Vera Menchik 1957 John G. White Chess Collection at the Cleveland Public Library Above and left: Mrs. W.J. Baird 700 Chess Problems 1902 John G. White Chess Collection at the Cleveland Public Library

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Her Turn:

Revolutionary Women of Chess February 4 - September 4, 2016

Related programming and a pdf of this brochure are available for download at worldchesshof.org.

World Chess Hall of Fame 4652 Maryland Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63108 (314) 367-WCHF (9243) © World Chess Hall of Fame Printed on Recycled Paper Share your #HerTurnChess photos with @WorldChessHOF b a x v r Collection images: Michael DeFilippo & Austin Fuller Above: Nancy Roos, Competitors in 1945 Hollywood, U.S.A., Pan American Chess Tournament, 1945. Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of the family of Jacqueline Piatigorsky Cover images left to right, from top: Gisela Gresser, Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of Bill Merrell, Courtesy of US Chess; Vera Menchik, Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, Courtesy of US Chess; Elizaveta Bykova, Courtesy of SPUTNIK / Alamy Stock Photo; Nona Gaprindashvili, Courtesy of US Chess; Diane Savereide, Courtesy of US Chess; Maya Chiburdanidze, Courtesy of the John G. White Chess Collection at the Cleveland Public Library; Mona May Karff, Courtesy of US Chess; Lyudmila Rudenko, Photographer unknown; Jacqueline Piatigorsky, Collection of World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of the family of Jacqueline Piatigorsky; Olga Rubtsova, Courtesy of SPUTNIK / Alamy Stock Photo.

Acknowledgements

WCHOF Staff

The World Chess Hall of Fame acknowledges Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield, whose generous support makes our exhibitions possible.

General Manager

This exhibition has been presented through the kind assistance of many wonderful individuals and institutions.

Special thanks to the following contributors:

International Master John Donaldson; International Master Rusudan Goletiani; Woman International Master Ruth Haring; US Chess Executive Director Jean Hoffman; Women’s World Chess Champion Alexandra Kosteniuk; Janelle Losoff; Daniel Lucas and Chess Life; John McCrary; Michael Negele; Luke Neyndorff; Grandmaster Judit Polgar; Tony Rich, Ryan Chester, Richard Pointer, Alex Stetina, and the staff of the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis; Chess champion and author Jennifer Shahade; International Master Jeremy Silman; FIDE Master Paul Truong; Bob van de Velde.

Our lenders:

Richard Benjamin; Woman International Master Ruth Haring; Julie O’Neill; Women’s World Chess Champion Susan Polgar; Woman International Master Alexey Root; FIDE Master Allan Savage; Mike Utt; Pamela Eyerdam, Kelly Ross Brown, and the Staff of the John G. White Chess Collection at the Cleveland Public Library.

Joy Bray

Chief Curator

Shannon Bailey Assistant Curator

Emily Allred

Development

Lauren Stewart Laura Schilli Education, Outreach & Events

Kathryn Adamchick Heather Craig Catherine Leberg Allison Rieke Finance

Linda Davis Graphic Design

Paige Pedersen Aidan Douglas

Gallery Manager

Matt Dauphin IT Specialist

Tammy Hyde

Installation & Research

Eugenia Alexander Desiree Dixon Austin Fuller Jake Germann Nay’Chelle Harris Candice Jones John King Magdalene Linck Brian McCulloch Jesse Nenninger Kristen O’ Keefe Emily Scott Saylor Surkamp Katy Talent Nicole Tessmer Rob Storr Preparator

Nick Schleicher PR & Marketing

Kaleidoscope Management Group Nicole Halpin Q Boutique

Brian Flowers Josh Castleberry Registrar

Maggie Abbott Research Assistant

Catherine Niehaus

And an extra special thanks to all female chess players— past, present, and future.

Curated by:

Emily Allred, Assistant Curator, World Chess Hall of Fame

Please note that copyright remains with the artists and other copyright holders as specified. Every reasonable attempt has been made to identify owners of copyright.

Errors or omissions will be corrected in subsequent editions.