Ladies' Knight: A Female Perspective on Chess

October 29, 2015 - May 1, 2016 1

Ladies’ Knight: A Female Perspective on Chess examines how a game often dominated by men inspires contemporary women artists.

The exhibition presents works by Crystal Fischetti, Debbie Han, Barbara Kruger, Liliya Lifanova, Goshka Macuga, Sophie Matisse, Yoko Ono, Daniela Raytchev, Jennifer Shahade, Yuko Suga, Diana Thater, and Rachel Whiteread. Their diverse interpretations of the game range from the playful and feminine to the serious, and encourage dialogue about subjects like crime, language, peace and conflict, and inequality.

The World Chess Hall of Fame (WCHOF) endeavors to present exhibitions that honor the game’s pioneers, reflect its significant cultural impact, and appeal to a wide audience. In 2015 and 2016, the WCHOF is launching an initiative to encourage more women to take up the game.

In February 2016, we will open another exhibition, Her Turn: Revolutionary Women of Chess, which will explore key historic moments in women’s chess history.

Supporting these two exhibitions about women, the WCHOF will provide an array of programming for all ages and groups with chess classes and tournaments for girls and women, beginner’s classes taught by female chess stars, and lectures and entertaining evening programs with the help of its sister organization, the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis.

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Joining us in this initiative are two inspirational women who continue to make a huge impact on chess: two-time U.S. Women’s Chess Champion, poker player, and author Jennifer Shahade along with Executive Director of the United States Chess Federation Jean Hoffman. Together they formed 9 Queens, a nonprofit organization dedicated to empowerment through chess by making the game fun, exciting, and accessible—especially to underserved and underrepresented populations. Both Shahade and Hoffman contributed essays to this brochure and will be heavily involved in the programming for our exhibitions over the next year.

Additionally, Shahade is a contributing artist in Ladies’ Knight.

It is my hope that the artists in this exhibition and their interpretations of the game will inspire you to look at chess in a new way and encourage more girls and women to play!

Shannon Bailey Chief Curator, World Chess Hall of Fame

Images from left to right, from top row: Liliya Lifanova, Anatomy is Destiny, Live performance at the Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis, St. Louis, 2012. Courtesy of the artist. Photo: Carmody Creative; Yoko Ono, Play It by Trust (Roskilde Version), 2002. Photo: Michael DeFilippo; Debbie Han, Battle of Conception, 2010. Courtesy of the artist; Yuko Suga, Checkmate: Series I Prototype, 2015. Courtesy of the artist. Photo: Michael DeFilippo; Goshka Macuga, The White-House made from Moscow, 2010. Photo: Michael DeFilippo; Diana Thater, Blitz, 2008. Image courtesy of the artist and David Zwirner, New York; Crystal Fischetti, The Sun and Moon, 2014. Courtesy of Purling London Luxury Chess Sets. Collaboration with Debut Contemporary; Jennifer Shahade, Naked Chess, 2009. Photo: Jennifer Shahade and Daniel Meirom; Barbara Kruger, Untitled (Do you feel comfortable losing?), 2006. Courtesy of the artist and Luhring Augustine, New York; Daniela Raytchev, Addictions, 2014. Courtesy of Purling London Luxury Chess Sets. Collaboration with Debut Contemporary; Sophie Matisse, Chess Set, 2009. Š Sophie Matisse/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. Photo: Michael DeFilippo; Rachel Whiteread, Modern Chess set, 2005. Courtesy of the artist, Luhring Augustine, New York.

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ᅂhe Queen's Gaze

by Jennifer Shahade, Chess champion and author My passion for chess began with chess problems. Compositions, as they are also known, are created from scratch to highlight beautiful checkmates and ideas.

They help make us stronger chess players, while never pretending toward educational purposes. Take this mate in two,* by the well-known female composer, Edith Baird, who created hundreds of problems during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The creative act of composition was an end in itself for Baird. As she wrote in her book Seven Hundred Chess Problems Selected from the Compositions of Mrs. W.J. Baird (1902), “The fascination of composing has always been far greater to me than that of solving.”

In my book, Play Like A Girl: Tactics by 9 Queens (2011), I showcased checkmates and tricky tactics by top female champions 4

to instill in young women that “playing like a girl” is a positive thing. Ladies’ Knight: A Female Perspective on Chess is the artistic version of that effort, highlighting the important voice of women in chess culture through its display of works that transcend gender and even chess.

The impact of women in chess goes beyond rankings and championships, and yet to overstate that runs the risk of reinforcing a pernicious back-handed compliment of which I have heard plenty of variations: women are too reasonable to play chess.

Many of the pieces in Ladies’ Knight confront this dilemma head-on.

Rachel Whiteread’s Modern Chess set reminds me of the false dichotomy between domesticity and intellectualism. Much bloodshed over the chess board is done in privacy these days, in online games or in preparation for over-the-board games using databases. Brilliant moves that are prepared during the off season at a grandmaster’s laptop are referred to as “home-cooking.”

Yoko Ono’s Play It by Trust is the ultimate example of the tension between aesthetics and competition. It is a visually appealing takedown of chess as a war metaphor, but also a playable set that emphasizes skill even more than a two-toned set. A strong player will remember to whom each white piece belongs. While doing so she will be compelled to find a heightened focus, as in the popular exhibition format, “blindfold chess.” Proficient blindfold players can even play multiple games at once without looking at the board. Four-time U.S. Women’s Chess Champion Anna Zatonskih has given numerous blindfold simultaneous exhibitions in Saint Louis to promote events at the World Chess Hall of Fame and the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis.

I recently gave my first blindfold exhibition in Toronto in conjunction with the ChessBard, a program that converts chess games into poems. My brain had never felt so drained after just one hour. I also felt there was something very feminine about blindfold chess, in its theatrical and meditative nature.

One woman who I interviewed for my first book, Chess Bitch: Women in the Ultimate Intellectual Sport (2005) said that she was jealous of her boyfriend, who also played chess professionally, because he was more obsessive about the game than she was. This drive toward obsession in chess has always intrigued me. Some top players, such as World Chess Champion Magnus Carlsen, are models of a more balanced life that allows for sport and socializing as well as intense periods of chess training. Daniela Raytchev portrays various addictions in her set, from eating disorders to gambling. These potential poisons are depicted on pieces that can provide solace from addiction or become addictions in themselves.

In my performance piece Naked Chess (2009), Daniel Meirom and I flipped the iconic image of Marcel Duchamp playing chess against a naked woman, Eva Babitz. The pieces are nude sculptures, and I am playing against a tattooed young man. The viewer observes the scene through my eyes, watching the man as well as the nudes, flipping the male gaze in a way that surely would have pleased Duchamp’s female alter-ego, Rrose Sélavy.

Welcome to Ladies’ Knight, where women look at chess, rather than the other way around.

Daniela Raytchev Addictions, 2014 Wood board, boxwood chess pieces King size: 4 in.

Board: 3⁄5 x 22 x 22 in.

Courtesy of Purling London: Luxury Chess Sets Collaboration with Debut Contemporary

*The solution is the quiet move 1.Qd8! If Black plays Kc4, e4 is a discovered checkmate. …e5 allows Qg8 mate, c4 leads to Qa5# while …Ke5 ends with Qg5#.

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ᅈomen, Chess, and the Power of the Queen

by Jean Hoffman, Executive Director of the United States Chess Federation Known by many as a game of war and kings, the chess world is often perceived as male-dominated. Today, less than 14% of the members of the United States Chess Federation (USCF) are female, and only one woman ranks in the top 100 chess players in the world. However—in spite of the underrepresentation of female players within today’s competitive chess world, women have played a central role in the development of the modern chess game. By examining how chess has inspired contemporary women artists, Ladies’ Knight: A Female Perspective on Chess provides a lens to explore the ways that women have contributed to chess in the past as well as their potential to change the game in the future.

Throughout history, women played a role in the development of one of the most celebrated symbols of feminine power on the chess board: the queen. Today, the queen is the most powerful piece on the board, faster and more dangerous than any of her male counterparts. But this was not always the case.

When chess was originally developed in India around 600 CE, all the pieces were male.

It was not until chess spread to Europe around 1000 CE that the figure of the chess queen began to appear on the chess board.

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At that time, the queen was one of the weakest pieces on the board, initially only able to move one square diagonally at a time.

By the end of the 15th century, the queen’s powers were transformed. In her book The Birth of the Chess Queen (2004) historian Marilyn Yalom shows how women played an integral role in the expansion of the queen’s powers. She posits that the reigns of strong female monarchs like Eleanor of Aquitaine, Catherine the Great, and Isabella of Castille led to the rise of the modern day chess queen as the most powerful piece on the board.

Despite the symbolic power of the chess queen today, female chess players are often treated as less powerful than their male counterparts. That is one of reasons that in 2007, Jennifer Shahade and I founded the nonprofit organization 9 Queens. It is one of many organizations throughout the United States that has worked not only to increase the percentage of female chess players, but also to encourage women and girls to achieve academic, personal, and professional success.

Much more than a game, chess is a powerful educational tool with the potential to foster both creative and critical thinking skills. Chess is both a sport and art, and the benefits of the game can be enjoyed not only by players but also by spectators, students, and artists.

Similarly everyone, regardless of gender or background, has the potential to experience the benefits of chess. I think of one of Barbara Kruger’s written statements in the show, “You are a piece of work,” not so much as one of fact but rather as a provocation— a provocation to challenge traditional power structures within a male-dominated world.

Ladies’ Knight: A Female Perspective on Chess serves as an important reminder of the many ways women and girls can empower themselves through chess.

Barbara Kruger Untitled (Do you feel comfortable losing?), 2006 Black and red Corian, miniature speakers, electronic and computer components, sublimated image in Corian, electronics, customized metal and carbon fiber flight case with printed exterior and foam interior Edition 3 of 7 artist’s proofs King size: 7 in.

Board: 3 ½ x 35 x 35 in.

Flight case: 10 x 41 x 41 in.

Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield Image courtesy of the artist and Luhring Augustine, New York.

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ᄆrystal Fischetti Crystal Fischetti is inspired by light, speed, and space. Her interest in literature, culture, physics, and philosophy is evident in her work, and she invites the audience to enter worlds of color which shape, move, and distort our perception of reality. Fischetti works on canvas, paper, and digital mediums. Her artwork is represented in private collections in London, New York, Los Angeles, Milan, Rome, Geneva, and Shanghai, as well as in the YueHu Museum in Shanghai.

In The Sun and Moon, Crystal Fischetti illustrates the concepts of courtship, love, and attraction through a game of chess. In this seductive version of the game, all moves are intelligent, calculated, elegant, slightly fearful, heated, cool, and overpoweringly sexy.

A tragic and romantic story of the sun and moon Fischetti learned from her mother inspired the set. In the story, the Sun loved the Moon so much it would die at night to let the Moon breathe. Each day and night this would occur as they moved circularly and in symmetry until one rare occasion when they eclipsed each other. They were finally united, but only for a fleeting moment.

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The masculine energy of the Sun is represented in the gold and yellow hues on one side of the chess pieces, while the feminine energy of the Moon is illustrated through the silver and blue hues.

The meeting of the opposing pieces during a game symbolizes their sensual dance and spiritual union. The work is an interactive piece, and the unique physical appearance of the chess board at the end of each game describes the eclipse of her mother’s story in abstract form.

Crystal Fischetti The Sun and Moon, 2014 Wood board with acrylic, lacquer, and paint; boxwood chess pieces King size: 4 in.

Board: ½ x 21 ¾ x 21 ¾ in.

Courtesy of Purling London: Luxury Chess Sets Collaboration with Debut Contemporary

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ᄇebbie Han Debbie Han is a Korean-American artist who grew up in Los Angeles and received her Bachelor of Arts degree in Art from the University of California, Los Angeles, and Master of Fine Arts degree from the Pratt Institute in New York. Han is deeply drawn to the issues of how human experiences are shaped and defined in contemporary culture. Her use of multi-layered staging of paradoxical dualities within the theme of idealized female imagery investigates subjects of race, culture, identity, and perception in today’s pluralistic societies.

The processes Han utilizes to create her work consist of a wide spectrum of methodologies that include appropriating classical images and craft techniques to cutting-edge photographic manipulation.

Her various sculpture series executed in a wide range of materials and techniques possess both conceptual strength and visual power stemming from their laborious hands-on processes.

The arbitrary mixing of diverse facial features on the iconic busts simultaneously demystifies the beauty myth as a social conception and renders racial hierarchy as volatile as a perception of beauty. At the same time, the playful but subversive hybridization of multi-racial features of these sculptures challenge the racial hierarchy within the global social dynamics. Han’s work shows that social conceptions and cultural experiences contribute critically to shaping one’s perception of reality.

Inspired by the organic beauty of Korean ceramics during an artist residency in South Korea, Han set out to execute this project in the ancient ceramic tradition of Korean celadon. This extraordinarily difficult technique took her seven years to complete.

Han’s works have been shown internationally, including fourteen solo exhibitions in the United States, Korea, China, Germany, and Spain. She also has participated in numerous group exhibitions in the United States, Asia, and Europe. Debbie Han lives and works in New York and Los Angeles.

In Battle of Conception, Han investigates the critical importance of perception as the key to defining oneself and the other.

Here, the celebrated icon of beauty, Venus, becomes a signifier for social perception that shapes a social standard of beauty. One side has female figures with diverse racial and ethnic characteristics who oppose a group with obliterated facial features.

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Debbie Han Battle of Conception, 2010 Ceramic (Korean celadon), wood tables King size: 13 x 6 x 6 ¼ in.

Board: 79 x 79 x 40 in.

Courtesy of the artist

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ᄄarbara Kruger Barbara Kruger is an artist who has explored the juxtaposition of image and text since the late 1970s. Her bold works combining black-and-white photography and white-onred type have become icons of late 20thcentury art. With each successive exhibition, Kruger has demonstrated an embrace of new materials and technology while remaining faithful to her acute, often humorous, critique of popular society and culture.

In 1989, enlisting a process developed for billboards, she first showed large photo silkscreens on vinyl, occasionally utilizing color photography. Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s Kruger was involved with numerous public art, editorial, and signage projects. In 1999, the Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles organized a mid-career retrospective that traveled to the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York. In June 2005, Barbara Kruger was awarded the Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement at the Venice Biennale, where she was also commissioned to design the façade of Italy’s national pavilion. This dual honor recognized the broad influence that her work has had on contemporary art, graphic design, and cultural discourse for nearly forty years.

Famous for her singular style that developed out of her background as a graphic designer and art director in the magazine publishing industry, Barbara Kruger uses the conventional interactivity of a chess match as a metaphor for the complex exchanges that take place during verbal communication. The basic concept of this chess set can be understood as a visualization of the theories of Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, particularly his use of the terms langue (language) 12

and parole (speech) to distinguish between the impersonality of the written word and the individuality and subtlety of spoken language. When a piece is moved into a position, a microchip is triggered that randomly plays through a small speaker one of over one hundred possible statements, which are also printed on the set’s flight-case-style box in her signature Futura Bold Oblique typeface. With each match promising a unique exchange of phrases, the “conversation” mirrors not only the virtually limitless number of possible move sequences in a chess match, but also the vast number—and seemingly random interactions—of slogans, headlines, and sound bites seen and heard every day in the mass media.

Barbara Kruger Untitled (Do you feel comfortable losing?), 2006 Black and red Corian, miniature speakers, electronic and computer components, sublimated image in Corian, electronics, customized metal and carbon fiber flight case with printed exterior and foam interior Edition 3 of 7 artist’s proofs King size: 7 in.

Board: 3 ½ x 35 x 35 in.

Flight case: 10 x 41 x 41 in.

Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield Image courtesy of the artist and Luhring Augustine, New York.

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ᄤiliya Lifanova Liliya Lifanova's paintings, sculptural installations, and wearables for collaborative participatory videos and performances are positioned at the intersection of fine arts, experimental theater/performance, and film.

Lifanova’s work is the struggle for abstraction as she broaches notions of identity within tradition, and the cultural memory of a political system destroying itself from within. Her work has been exhibited both nationally and internationally, most recently at Gridchinhall in Moscow, Russia, and the Parrish Art Museum, Southampton, New York. Lifanova received her Master of Fine Arts degree from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago and has been awarded the Fulbright Fellowship for Installation Art. The artist lives and works in Brooklyn, New York.

The title Anatomy is Destiny, a direct reference to the psycho-theory of Sigmund Freud, invokes the highly controversial theories that form the foundation of the psychosexual development of young boys and girls known as the Oedipus complex.

This work consists of two components.

The first is an installation of garments called 14

The Wardrobe: Game in Waiting, which was exhibited at the World Chess Hall of Fame in 2011 and 2012. The second is the fullscale performance in which performers don the garments and execute the moves of an imaginary chess match between Marcel Duchamp and his infamous female alter ego, Rrose Sélavy, that was envisioned by the artist Arman in 1972.

Inspired by a diverse array of historical military fashions and constructed of linen backed with cotton, each garment in the wardrobe was designed by Lifanova to restrict the movement of the performer in such a way that approximates the respective movements of that piece on the game board.

Two performances of Anatomy is Destiny are seen in the videos. One was presented at the Episcopal Church of the Epiphany in Chicago on September 11, 2009.

The other was staged in conjunction with Out of the Box: Artists Play Chess, an inaugural exhibition at the World Chess Hall of Fame, and took place at the Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis on February 15, 2012.

Above: Liliya Lifanova Anatomy is Destiny, Live performance at the Church of the Epiphany, Chicago, 2009 Single channel HD Video, color, sound 11 minutes and 19 seconds Duration of full performance: 37 minutes.

Credits: Liliya Lifanova - Concept, Design, Fabrication, Direction, and Production.

32 participants. Choreography by Davy Bisaro, Sound Design by Sebastian Alvarez, Video Documentation: Balta Pe単a.

Editing: Meredith Zielke Courtesy of the artist Image courtesy of the artist Opposite, and bottom: Liliya Lifanova Anatomy is Destiny, Live performance at the Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis, St. Louis, 2012 Single channel HD Video, color, sound 31 minutes and 55 seconds Duration of full performance: 31 minutes Credits: Liliya Lifanova - Concept, Design, Fabrication, Direction, and Production.

32 participants. Choreography by Davy Bisaro, Sound Design by Sebastian Alvarez, Video Production: Spectrum Studios, Kevin Duggin, Marcus Batton, Bryan Adams, Randy Sinquefield Courtesy of the artist Photos: Carmody Creative 15

ᄔoshka Macuga Born and raised in Warsaw, Poland, Goshka Macuga is an interdisciplinary artist who creates works that critically examine the histories of art, institutions, and politics.

Her installation artworks, which are often large in scale, incorporate the work of famous artists, archival materials, other existing objects, as well as original pieces. Macuga’s work blends artistic and curatorial practices and encourages viewers to find new meanings and narratives in familiar objects.

Based in London, Macuga has exhibited extensively in the last several years at institutions and shows around the world, including the Venice, Liverpool, and Berlin Biennales; the Tate Modern; Walker Art Center; and the Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago. In 2008, Macuga was nominated for the Turner Prize and is currently preparing for a solo exhibition at the New Museum.

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The White-House made from Moscow evokes Cold War tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union through the lens of the chess board, a familiar metaphor for political maneuvers. In 1972, Bobby Fischer battled to win the World Chess Championship in a match against the Soviet player Boris Spassky, a sports contest that became emblematic of the struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union for cultural, political, and technological supremacy. Here, a model of the White House made of blocks is centered on a chess board and surrounded by wooden spikes, which resemble flames. Communism and its legacy inspired many of Macuga’s pieces— one of which includes artifacts related to the Soviet space program, another arena in which the two nations competed.

Opposite, and above: Goshka Macuga The White-House made from Moscow, 2010 Wood, acrylic 53 ¾ x 18 ¼ x 18 ¼ in.

Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield Photos: Michael DeFilippo Bottom: Image courtesy of the artist and Andrew Kreps Gallery, New York

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ᅀophie Matisse Sophie Matisse is an international contemporary artist who initially gained notoriety for her series, Be back in 5 Minutes, in which she recreated famous old master paintings while erasing the figures. Matisse is part of an art dynasty. Her great-grandfather, Henri Matisse and her step-grandfather, Marcel Duchamp are considered to be two of the most influential artists of the 20th century. Duchamp was also a great chess player, achieving a French Master rating.

Her grandmother, Teeny Duchamp, also played the game along with Sophie’s father– artist and inventor Paul Matisse—and her grandfather, noted art dealer Pierre Matisse.

Matisse studied at the Massachusetts College of Art and Design and the L’Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris. In addition to her Be back in 5 Minutes series (Absentee Series), Matisse is also known for her “Zebra Stripe Paintings,” in which she takes known art historical images and weaves them with her own abstract patterns. Currently, Matisse is working on a new series of small, intimate gouache works on paper in which she continues to explore the nature of life’s continuously evolving perceptions.

She couples her own imagery with iconic commercial and luxury brand logos, words, and numbers. In these works, one’s attention is constantly refocused and reconfigured through the interaction of these varying vocabularies that the artist has layered out for viewers to explore.

With both art and chess in her blood, Sophie Matisse created and designed eight chess sets for the 2009 exhibition The Art of the Game, which was held in conjunction with San Diego’s Beyond the Border International Contemporary Art Fair.

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She felt her participation in this project was a living tribute to the presence of chess in her family. By adding color to the board, Matisse was exploring a different dimension to the game.

Before she was ten, Sophie Matisse learned to play chess from her father. During the many summers she spent with her grandmother Teeny in France, chess was a large part of their lives. She remembers a board that was imbedded into a table top with two time clocks on each side and pieces designed by Marcel Duchamp.

She was never able to walk past the table without glancing down at the board. Though Matisse enjoyed playing the game, she often preferred drawing the pieces instead.

Never quite sure which to call herself, une Problémiste or une Solutionniste, still today, she never travels without her 1972 edition of Bobby Fischer Teaches Chess, which she refers to as, "an old friend, tried and true."

Sophie Matisse Chess Set, 2009 Hand painted wood chess board, chess pieces, magnets King size: 2 13⁄16 in.

Board: 2 ½ x 14 x 14 in.

Courtesy of Francis Naumann Fine Art, New York © Sophie Matisse/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York Photo: Michael DeFilippo Sophie Matisse Chess Set, 2009 Hand painted wood chess board, chess pieces, magnets King size: 2 13⁄16 in.

Board: 2 ½ x 14 x 14 in.

Courtesy of Francis Naumann Fine Art, New York © Sophie Matisse/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York Photo: Michael DeFilippo

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ᅓoko Ono

Yoko Ono is an artist whose thoughtprovoking work challenges people's understanding of art and the world around them. From the beginning of her career, she has been a conceptualist whose work encompasses performance, instructions, film, music, and writing. Ono was born in Tokyo and moved to New York in 1953.

By the late 1950s, she had become part of the city’s vibrant avant-garde activities.

In 1960, she opened the Chambers Street loft to a series of radical performance work, and exhibited realizations of some of her early conceptual pieces there. In 1969, together with John Lennon, she realized Bed-In and the worldwide War Is Over! (if you want it) campaign for peace. Throughout the 1970s, 80s, 90s, and 2000s, Ono has continued to make films, records, and exhibited art work internationally. In 2009, she received the Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement from the Venice Biennale.

She continues to work for peace through her Imagine Peace campaign.

Starkly beautiful in its austere appearance and its unflinchingly straightforward concept, artist and longtime peace activist Yoko Ono’s all-white chess set Play It by Trust marries

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the spare, geometric lines of Minimalism with the intimate, playful interactivity of the games produced by the members of Fluxus, an international avant-garde movement with which Ono was associated in the 1960s. Originally conceived as the White Chess Set in 1966, Play It by Trust was born of a tumultuous era characterized by the Cold War tensions of the nuclear arms race, the military conflict in Vietnam, and the struggle for civil rights in the United States.

As the players are forced into ever-greater reliance on each other to identify which piece belongs to which player as the game progresses, Ono elegantly recontextualizes a game that is normally thought of as a microcosmic allegory of war, emphasizing collaboration over competition and empathy over opposition.

Yoko Ono Play It by Trust (Roskilde Version), 2002 Wood chairs, table, and chess pieces Edition 3 of 6 King size: 3 ¼ in.

Chairs: 54 x 16 x 18 in.

Table: 29 x 36 x 30 in.

Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield Photos: Michael DeFilippo

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ᄇaniela Raytchev Through her figurative and abstract drawings, Daniela Raytchev offers a rare subjective expression and her unique perceptions of the world. With a Foundation Diploma in Art and Design from Central Saint Martins and a Bachelor of Arts degree from the London College of Fashion, Raytchev creates artwork in a variety of media including sculpture, textiles, expressive paintings, and intricate drawings.

Raytchev shares her personal experiences and her impressions of her surroundings through her artwork. She explores conflicts, including social stigmas like addiction and abuse, and attempts to illustrate their emotional, psychological, and physical effects.

Her work serves as a visual interpretation of the impact of these often internal struggles.

happier and richer when one is not burdened by negativity. The set serves as a reminder that only when one is not ensnared in the destructive clutches of addictions can one have a clear enough mind to be able to enjoy such simple pleasures.

Both kings are the same—white—a metaphor to express that people are primarily good, but addiction is just an illness that one may suffer. One is fighting against oneself, thus no one really wins.

In Addictions, Daniela Raytchev portrays common and sad inner battles through the martial imagery of chess. Here, the black pieces represent the negative destructive self, supported by the toxic crutches one may hold onto as a result of fear and anxiety.

They battle against the white pieces representing the loving, positive, and nurturing self.

The black queen, bishops, knights, and rooks illustrate a range of addictions, including alcohol, drugs, food, shopping, and relationships, among others.

Spiked pawns guard the back rank, creating an uncomfortable barrier and blocking the pieces from the other “world.” The white kings, queen, bishops, knights, and rooks are decorated with delicate paintings of the natural world as well as other symbols of beauty and joy. These seemingly simple experiences can improve lives, making them 22

Daniela Raytchev Addictions, 2014 Wood board, boxwood chess pieces King size: 4 in.

Board: 3⁄5 x 22 x 22 in.

Courtesy of Purling London: Luxury Chess Sets Collaboration with Debut Contemporary

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ᄠennifer Shahade Jennifer Shahade is a chess champion, author, commentator, and poker player.

She is a two-time American Women’s Chess Champion and the editor at U.S. Chess. Her first book, Chess Bitch: Women in the Ultimate Intellectual Sport (2005), intertwined autobiographical elements with the stories of great women chess champions, past and present. Shahade also co-authored Marcel Duchamp: The Art of Chess (2009).

Jennifer’s Play Like a Girl! Tactics by 9 Queens (2010) is the first book featuring solely combinations that are all executed by female chess champions.

Shahade created the performance pieces Hulachess (2009) and Naked Chess (2009) with Daniel Meirom and Roulette Chess (2010) with artist and curator Larry List.

Hulachess was selected for the first online gallery of the YouTube Play Biennial organized by the Guggenheim. In 2007, Shahade and Jean Hoffman founded 9 Queens, a non-profit organization that provides chess instruction to those most in need of its benefits, especially girls and at-risk youth.

All the author royalties of her latest book, Play Like a Girl! Tactics by 9 Queens, benefit 9 Queens initiatives. Jennifer is the MindSports Ambassador for PokerStars and a commentator for the Grand Chess Tour and the U.S. Chess Championships.

With Daniel Meirom, Shahade created Naked Chess, which is inspired by the famous Julian Wasser photograph of the artist and chess player Marcel Duchamp playing chess against the artist and author Eve Babitz.

Staged at Duchamp’s retrospective at the Pasadena Museum of Art in 1963, the 20 year-old naked Babitz sits across from the 76-year old artist, who is fully-clothed and surrounded by his art.

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To update this scene, Shahade features herself as the clothed and dominant chess player in a game against a naked man, Jason Bretz. The two use pieces that are nude figurines. Shahade chose to base the game played on a Duchamp win over E.H. Smith— one of the 15 games she analyzed in the book Marcel Duchamp: The Art of Chess. Contrary to the events in this video, Smith did not play all the way to checkmate in the original game—he resigned a couple moves before ending in a totally lost position.

Julian Wasser Marcel Duchamp Pasadena, 1963 Black and white photograph Courtesy of Julian Wasser ©1963 Julian Wasser Jennifer Shahade and Daniel Meirom Naked Chess, 2009 Black and white video, sound 33 seconds Created by: Jennifer Shahade and Daniel Meirom Filmed by: Blake Eichenseer Courtesy of the artists Jennifer Shahade and Daniel Meirom Naked Chess, 2009 Black and white photograph 20 ½ x 20 ½ in.

Created by: Jennifer Shahade and Daniel Meirom People in photo: Jennifer Shahade and Jason Bretz Courtesy of the artists Photo: Jennifer Shahade and Daniel Meirom

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á…“uko Suga

Yuko Suga studied metalsmithing with Heikki Seppa at Washington University in St. Louis, where she received an Intense Minor in Metals and a Masters in Occupational Therapy. Her work is a reflection of the relationships between line, form, function, and process and is often inspired by events and experiences in the community and environment. While teaching at Craft Alliance, Suga’s interest in glass led her to learn glass fusing, kiln casting, and image transfer, and she continues to explore the application of techniques used in other media with glass. She is currently a faculty member at the Craft Alliance Center for Design in Saint Louis in both metals and glass, where she has taught for over 10 years.

Suga exhibits her work in metals and glass both in the Saint Louis region and nationally.

Inspired by the recent racial upheavals in Saint Louis and other cities in the United States including Baltimore, Detroit, and Cleveland, Yuko Suga created a chess set, board, and stands representing the perceived

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opposing sides and the current struggles in communication and proper action. The work of art is not meant to be a finished piece. It evolves as Suga adds in new cities to the base that are facing similar issues. Likewise, new bullet holes are added to the chess board as new acts of violence occur, representing blows that further deteriorate the foundation of community and our society.

The kings, queens, bishops, knights, and rooks represent public figures and individuals in positions of power. They are unmarked, as the players change through time and place, although there is a small pile of nameplates of individuals who have recently been the focus of attention and may be again in the future. The pawns who depict the protesters and law enforcement remain consistent to represent the continued struggle for equality, respect, and responsibility.

Yuko Suga Checkmate: Series I Prototype, 2015 Sterling silver, glass, porcelain, acrylic King size: 4 ½ in.

Board: 17 ½ x 17 ½ x 2 ½ in.

Courtesy of the artist Photos: Michael DeFilippo

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ᄇiana Thater Since the early 1990s, Diana Thater has created pioneering film, video, and installation-based works. Her primary emphasis is on the tension between the natural environment and mediated reality, and by extension, between tame and wild, and science and magic. Drawing on a wide variety of sources, including literature, animal behavior, mathematics, chess, and sociology, her evocative and sometimes near-abstract works interact with their surroundings to create an intricate relationship between time-based and spatial dimensions. She frequently transforms the exhibition venue into a hybrid space between sculpture and architecture, using color and light alongside her installations.

Born in San Francisco, Thater studied Art History at New York University, before receiving her Master of Fine Arts degree from the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, California. Since 1993, the artist's work has been represented by David Zwirner Gallery. Opening November 22, 2015, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art will host a comprehensive mid-career survey of Thater's work, The Sympathetic Imagination, which will travel to the Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago in 2016. Also a prolific writer, educator, and curator, Thater lives and works in Los Angeles.

Depicting black-and-white boards and games played by disembodied hands, Diana Thater presents a mixture of scripted and impromptu chess matches, simultaneously investigating ideas of history, rationality, reproduction, and time. Depending on a viewer’s familiarity with the rules of the game, the works may operate as intricate narratives or conversely as abstract series of images. This allows for 28

layered interpretations and diverse modes of viewing, and emblematizes Thater’s stated belief that film and video are not by definition narrative media, and that abstraction can, and does, exist in representational moving images.

In memoriam of Bobby Fischer, who died on January 17, 2008, Thater created three monitor pieces, representing major moments in Fischer’s life. Thater presents Fischer’s stunning triumph at age thirteen over Donald Byrne, his spectacular victory over Russian World Chess Champion Boris Spassky in 1972, and the daring reprise match against Spassky twenty years later in Yugoslavia.

Shot sequentially throughout the day— at morning, midday, and dusk—the works capture varying light intensities, thus aesthetically and metaphorically dramatizing the trajectory of Fischer’s legendary career.

The six-monitor Blitz shows players competing in three-minute games. In contrast to the other chess pieces in the exhibition, the games for this work are completely unscripted, as Thater presents members of the Los Angeles Chess Club playing six blitz games in real time.

Text courtesy David Zwirner, New York/London

Top to bottom: Diana Thater Blitz, 2008 Installation for: 6 video monitors, 6 DVD players, and 6 DVDs Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield Image courtesy of the artist and David Zwirner, New York Diana Thater Staying is Nowhere Bobby Fischer vs. Boris Spassky 1992 World Championship Match – Game 1 Ruy Lopez “C95” Sarajevo, Yugoslavia (Played by Mick Bighamian and Jennifer Acon), 2008 Work for: 1 video monitor, 1 DVD player, and 1 DVD Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield Image courtesy of the artist and David Zwirner, New York Diana Thater No art without transformation Bobby Fischer vs. Boris Spassky 1972 World Championship Match – Game 6 Queen’s Gambit Declined “D59” Reykjavik, Iceland (Played by Mick Bighamian and Jennifer Acon), 2008 Work for: 1 video monitor, 1 DVD player, and 1 DVD Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield Image courtesy of the artist and David Zwirner, New York Diana Thater Like me you are unlike me The Game of the Century Donald Byrne vs. Bobby Fischer Rosenwald Memorial Tournament, New York City October 17, 1956 (Played by Mick Bighamian and Nathaniel Lagemann), 2008 Work for: 1 video monitor, 1 DVD player, and 1 DVD Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield Image courtesy of the artist and David Zwirner, New York 29

ᄹachel Whiteread Rachel Whiteread creates elegant and poetic sculptures that explore architecture, space, absence, and memory. Often inspired by the physicality of the human body, her works are poignant for their exploration of intimate domestic spaces and household objects. Whiteread typically uses industrial materials such as plaster, resin, and rubber to cast the negative space surrounding or within an object—the murky darkness beneath a bed frame, the void within a humble cardboard box, the space in and around a myriad collection of books.

The resulting sculptures retain the texture and shape of the original objects, yet are eerie ghosts of their former selves.

Rachel Whiteread has earned a long list of international distinctions, which include winning the 1993 Turner Prize for House, representing Great Britain in the 1997 Venice Biennale, and presenting solo exhibitions at such prestigious institutions as the Kunsthalle Basel, the Reina Sofia, The Serpentine Gallery, and the Deutsche Guggenheim. Her work is housed in museums and private collections around the world, including the Museum of Modern Art, New York; the Stedelijk van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven; the Tate Modern, London; and the Centre Pompidou, Paris. The first retrospective exhibition of Whiteread’s work is being organized jointly by the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., and Tate Britain, London, and will open in the fall of 2017. The artist lives and works in London, England.

Keeping with her technique of focusing on the reinterpretation of domestic objects and spaces, Rachel Whiteread created a chess set with pieces inspired by the dollhouses 30

she collects. The board alternates linoleum and carpet squares to replicate the typical checkerboard pattern, while the pieces are meticulously made identical copies of her dollhouse furniture. A variety of miniature chairs act as the pawns on the side that is represented as the furnishings which also includes vanities, a television, and a fireplace.

These pieces sit in opposition of the utilities side, which includes cleaning supplies, garbage cans, appliances, and sinks.

The overall design of the board, set, and pieces as well as a custom-made games box evoke the design of mid-century furnishings. The set’s subject matter encourages viewers to imagine the daily routines of a typical woman and the domestic expectations of her during the 1950s and 60s.

Rachel Whiteread Modern Chess set, 2005 Carpet, lino, plywood, beech, plasticized resins, foil, white metal, fabric, enamel, varnish, aluminum wire, brass, ink, chrome, gloss paint, metal wire, foam, fabric handles Edition 1 of 7 King sizes: 3 1⁄16 & 4 ½ in.

Board: 27 x 27 x 1 ¼ in.

Box: 10 x 29 ½ x 17 in. © Rachel Whiteread Courtesy of the artist and Luhring Augustine, New York

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The World Chess Hall of Fame acknowledges Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield, whose generous support makes our exhibitions possible.

This exhibition has been presented through the kind assistance of many wonderful individuals and institutions.

Special thanks to the following contributors: Our artists: Crystal Fischetti, Debbie Han, Barbara Kruger, Liliya Lifanova, Goshka Macuga, Sophie Matisse, Yoko Ono, Daniela Raytchev, Jennifer Shahade, Yuko Suga, Diana Thater, and Rachel Whiteread.

Our lenders and participating galleries: Hannah Mandel of Andrew Kreps Gallery; Hope Dickens, Carolyn McDermott, Justine Durrett, and Alexandra Willkie of David Zwirner Gallery; Francis Naumann and Dana

Martin of Francis M. Naumann, Fine Art; Caroline Burghardt, Alexandra Ferrari, Mark Jetton, and Lisa Varghese of Luhring Augustine; Ron Warren of Mary Boone Gallery; Colm Mulligan and Simon Purkis of Purling London: Luxury Chess Sets; RKL Consulting; and Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield.

Additional contributors: Jean Hoffman; Jennifer Shahade; 9 Queens; Bradley Bailey; Daniel Meirom; Michael DeFilippo; and Tony Rich, Adam Gnuse, and the staff at the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis.

And an extra special thanks to all female chess players— past, present, and future.

Curated by: Shannon Bailey, Chief Curator, World Chess Hall of Fame.

LADIES' KNIGHT A Female Perspective on Chess

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October 29, 2015 - May 1, 2016

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Above: Sophie Matisse, Chess Set, 2009.

Courtesy of Francis Naumann Fine Art, New York; © Sophie Matisse/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York Photo: Michael DeFilippo

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