Punjab State Brief

Punjab

Indicators at a Glance PUNJAB

ALL INDIA

POPULATION 1991

2001

2011

2011

Total population (million)

20

24

28

1211

Urban share (%)

30

34

37

31

Share of adults (% age 15+)

66

70

74

70

Child sex ratio (age 0-6)

875

798

846

919

1994

2005

2012

2012

POVERTY & INEQUALITY Poor (million) Poverty rate (%)

Gini coefficient

5

5

2

270

All

22

21

8

22

Rural

20

22

8

25

Urban

27

19

9

14

0.25

0.31

0.30

0.32

1994

2005

2012

2012

28,175

37,739

55,967

42,647

Agriculture

46

33

23

14

Industry

22

25

30

28

Services

32

43

48

57

All

INCOME & GROWTH Real GSDP per capita (2005 rupees) By sector (%)

Annual growth rate of real GSDP per capita (%)

1994 to 2005

2005 to 2012

2005 to 2012

2.7

5.8

6.7

JOBS Labor force participation rate (%)

Workers by sector (%)

Workers by wage-type (%)

1

June 20, 2017

1994

2005

2012

2012

All

57

61

54

56

Male

84

83

79

80

Female

28

39

27

31

Agriculture

57

50

36

49

Industry

15

22

31

24

Services

27

28

32

27

Self-Employed

59

59

51

52

Salaried

18

22

28

18

Casual Wage

23

19

21

30

Punjab

Indicators at a Glance PUNJAB

ALL INDIA

HEALTH 2001

2006

2013

2013

Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)

177

192

141

167

Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)

51

44

26

40

Stunting (% age 0-5)

—

37*

31~

39~

1994

2005

2012

2012

Literate (% adults)

57

68

75

70

Secondary education and above (% adults)

25

35

41

32

INFRASTRUCTURE & AMENITIES Power

1994

2005

2012

2012

All

90

96

98

80

Rural

87

96

98

73

Urban

96

98

99

96

2008

2012

2012

All

86

87

56

Rural

81

85

46

Urban

96

90

77

All

24

16

44

Rural

36

22

60

Urban

5

6

9

Connectivity

2005

2012

2012

Road density - km. per million people

1,816

3,347

3,231

Road density - km. per 1,000 sq. km.

923

1,864

1,206

2012

2013

2014

2014

Debt to GSDP ratio (%)

26

25

25

51

Fiscal Deficit (% of GSDP)

3.3

3.3

2.6

4.4

Real GSDP growth rate (%)

6.5

4.6

5.2

6.9

EDUCATION

Electrification (% households)

Water and sanitation Drinking water on premises (% households)

Open defecation (% households)

RECENT GROWTH AND FISCAL PERFORMANCE

* NFHS III, ~ RSOC

2

June 20, 2017

Punjab

Poverty, Growth & Inequality With poor people making up less than a tenth of its population, Punjab is one of India’s richest states. After 2005, poverty reduction in the state was among the fastest in the country. In spite of this, Punjab’s western and central districts record higher levels of poverty than its other regions. Since 2005, however, the state’s growth has fallen below the national average. And, off late, services have contributed more to growth than manufacturing. Surprisingly, after 2005, consumption inequality in Punjab has decreased, albeit only slightly.

Poverty in Punjab is among the lowest in the country Population below poverty line, 2012 (%) 50

40

40 37

37

35

34

33

32

32 29

30

22

22

21

20

20

19

17

17

15

15 12

12

10

11

11

11

10

9

9

8

8

8 5

0 CG JH MN AR BH OD AS MP UP AI MZ KA WB NL MH GJ TR RJ MG TN UK HR JK DL AP SK

PJ

KL HP GA

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

There is higher poverty in the central and western parts of Punjab than the rest of the state District level poverty, 2012 Patna

Population below the poverty line, 2012 (%)

N

1

June 20, 2017

3−5

0.6-5.2 3-5 5.3-13.2 5-7 13.3-17.2 7-9 17.3-22.6 9-11 22.7-62.8 11-18

Punjab

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Like many states in India, poverty reduction in Punjab was faster after 2005 Population below poverty line, (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MN JH BH OD AR AS CG KA MH UP AI TN AP MP WB RJ

● 1994

● 2005

GJ MG HR HP UK TR SK KL JK

● 2012

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Poverty reduced in both rural and urban areas in Punjab after 2005 Population below poverty line, (%) 30 Urban

Total 20

Rural

27

22

20

22 21 19

9

10

8

8

0 1994

2

June 20, 2017

2005

2012

PJ

GA NL DL MZ

Punjab

Poverty, Growth & Inequality 0

10

20

30

Annual decline in poverty rate, 2005 - 2012 (%)

-1

40

50

60

70

80

High poverty, declining slowly

AS

Growth in Punjab has been -3 lower than the national average after 2005 JH

Annual growth 2005- 2012 - 2012 Annual growthrate, rate, 2005 (%) (%)

11

CG

-5

9 8 7 6

WB

-9

All India

GJ HR

-11 KL PJ RJ

BH -13

OD CGHP MP

-17 Lagging

4

BH

Leading OD

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low Income States are highlighted in orange.

TN

-15

5

MP

KA

-7

Improving

10

UP

UK

Low poverty, UP declining fast

GJ

AP MH RJ

MH

KL HP

TN

HR

Interpreting the graph

KA

UK

Improvement from 2005 to 2012

12

PJ

WB AP

JH AS

Weakening

3 2

0

Leading High income, high growth

Lagging Low income, low growth

Weakening High income, low growth

Standard of living, 2005

5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000

per capita, (2005 RealReal GSDPGSDP per capita, (2005 Rupees)

Improving Low income, high growth

Rupees) All India

Since 2009, services have been contributing more to Punjab’s growth than manufacturing Annual growth rate, (%)

Components of GSDP growth rate, (%) 12 12

15 15

10 10 10 10

5

8

8

6

6

4

4

2

2

0

0

3.7 3.2

1.9

5

3.5

0

0 20052006 20062007 20072008 20082009 2009201020102011201120122012 2005

■ Punjab GSDP

■ All India GDP

2.8

5.6

4.8

4.0

2.8 0.3

0.9

1.1

1.3

3.7

4.2

2.6

1.9

0.6

-0.4

0.4

5.4

0.7 0.4

-0.1

-2 -2 20052006 20062007 20072008 20082009 2009201020102011201120122012 2005

■ Services

3

June 20, 2017

■ Industry

■ Agriculture

Punjab

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Poverty reduction in Punjab after 2005 has been faster than in most states Poverty rate, 2005

Annual decline in poverty rate, 2012 Annual decline in poverty rate,2005 2005 --2012 (%)(%)

0

10

20

30

-1

40

50

60

70

80

High poverty, declining slowly

AS

-3

JH CG UP

-5

MP

KA

-7

WB

-9

BH

All India

OD

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low Income States are highlighted in orange.

GJ HR

-11

RJ KL PJ

-13

TN

HP

-15

Low poverty, declining fast

MH

UK AP

-17

A very small share of India’s poor live in Punjab bubble size: number of poor (millions)

UP

20

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low Income States are highlighted in yellow.

BH

15

What % of India’s poor lives in this state?

Stateshare share in poor, 20122012 (%) (%) State in India’s India’s poor,

25

MP

10

MH

JH

5

OD

HP

0

WB

RJ

CG GJ

AS

0

KA

HR KL UK PJ

5

TN

AP

10

15

20

State sharein inIndia’s India’s population, 20122012 (%) (%) State share population,

4

June 20, 2017

25

Interpreting the graph Share of poor > share of population

e ar Sh

or po of

e ar sh

of

n io at ul p po

=

Share of poor < share of population

What % of India’s population lives in this state?

Punjab

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Slight reduction in consumption inequality in Punjab after 2005 Gini coefficient 0.4 0.34 0.31

0.3

0.30

0.29

0.25

0.24

0.28

0.32

0.26

0.2

0.1

0.0 Total

Rural

■ 1994

■ 2005

Urban

■ 2012

Consumption inequality in Punjab is just below the national average Gini coefficient, 2012 0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1 KL DL KA MH AR TN AI HR WB MP CG UP

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

5

June 20, 2017

PJ

HP GA UK AP GJ MZ OD JK JH RJ AS TR NL BH SK MG MN

Punjab Jobs

Contrary to popular perception, over two-thirds of Punjab’s labor force works off the farm, among the highest levels of non-farm employment in the country. Since 2005, job growth in the state has been modest, with most new jobs being created in the non-farm sector. Most of these new jobs have, however, been for men. Female labor force participation in the state is not only low, but has been declining sharply since 2005. On the positive side, Punjab’s share of wage employment, especially of salaried jobs, has increased.

Over two-thirds of the people in Punjab work in the non-farm sector Employment share by sector, (%) 100

42

50

64

80

■ Non-farm

60

■ Farm

58 50

40

36

20

0 1994

2005

2012

Punjab’s non-farm employment share is higher than in most other states Non-farm employment share, 2012 (%) 100

80

100

96

74

73 65

60

64

61

61

58

57 51

51

40

51

51

50

50

50

48

47

45

44

44

43

42

41

40

38

38 32

27

20

0 DL GA KL TR TN PJ MN WB JK HR GJ UK AI MH JH KA RJ UP AP MZ OD AS MG HP MP NL SK BH AR CG

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

1

June 20, 2017

Punjab Jobs

Job growth in Punjab has been weak since 2005 Number of jobs added, 2005-2012 (mn)

Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)

WB UP RJ MH CG BH OD AP DL MP GJ TN

WB

1.8

UP

0.8

RJ

1.1

MH

0.5

CG

1.6

BH

0.5

OD

0.7

AP

0.3

DL

2.2

MP

0.4

GJ

0.3

TN

0.2

PJ

PJ

0.5

TR HP SK MG GA MZ MN AR AS KL JH HR NL UK KA

TR

4.4

-1

0

1

2

3

4

HP

1.3

SK

3.9

MG

0.7

GA

1.3

MZ

1.1

MN

0.1

AR

-0.1

AS

0.0

KL

-0.1

JH

-0.2

HR

-0.3

NL

-3.6

UK

-1.0

KA

-0.5

5

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Most new jobs after 2005 in Punjab were created in the non-farm sectors of the economy Number of jobs, (mn)

Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)

FARM

FARM

-4

MANU

MANU

5

THR

THR

-1

PUB

PUB

5

CONS

CONS

7

TRAN

TRAN

2

FIRB

7

MINE+UTIL

6

FIRB MINE+UTIL

0

2

1

2

■ 2005 June 20, 2017

3

4

■ 2012

5

6

Punjab Jobs

Salaried jobs increased in Punjab after 2005 Employment by wage type, (%) 100

80

19

21

22

28

Wage Labor

60 59 51

40 Self Employed

20

0 2005

■ Casual Wage

2012

■ Salaried

■ Self Employed

The share of workers with salaried jobs is higher in Punjab than in many other states Salaried jobs share, 2012 (%) 70 63

60

60

50 40 30

28

27

26

25

24

24

23

22

22

22

20 10

21

19

18

18

18

18

17

17

14

14

13

13

11

11

11

10

10 6

0 DL GA PJ MH TN GJ NL HR KA KL MZ SK JK AR HP AP AI UK WB MG MN AS RJ TR MP UP OD JH CG BH

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

3

June 20, 2017

Punjab Jobs

Not enough jobs for the size of the working age population in Punjab, especially for females Million

Annual growth, 2005-2012 (%)

20 20

â&#x2013; 2005

+2.0

â&#x2013; 2012

Working age population not in school

15 15

1.7

0.5

All Workers

+0.4 10 10

+0.9 1.7

Male Workers 5 5

-0.5 Female Workers

-2.6

0 0

Working age population not in school

All Workers

Male Workers

Female Workers

-4 -4

-3 -3

-2 -2

-1 -1

0 0

Low urban and declining rural female labor force participation in Punjab Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 84

80

84

84 79 80

78

Rural Male 60

Urban Male 47

40

33

Rural Female 32

20 21 15

18

0 1993-94

4

June 20, 2017

2004-05

2011-12

Urban Female

1 1

2 2

Punjab Gender

Women in Punjab record mixed progress. On the bright side, maternal mortality — already lower than the national average — is improving. And, although fewer adult women have secondary education compared to adult men, the gap in schooling between boys and girls is narrowing.

On a less positive note, however, the state has one of the lowest child sex ratios in the country.

In addition, fewer women work in Punjab than in many other states. What’s more, women’s participation in the state’s labor force has declined dramatically after 2005, especially in rural areas. While rural women work mostly on the farm, when urban women work, they tend to have similar jobs as urban men.

Punjab has one of the lowest child sex ratios in the country Child sex ratio, 2011 (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 972 970 970 969

964 962

957 957 956

950

948 948

943 943 942 941 939 936 935 919 918

900

909

902

894 890 890 888 871

862 846

850

834

800 AR MG MZ CG KL AS SK TR WB KA JH NL TN GA OD AP MN BH AI MP HP UP MH GJ UK RJ DL JK

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Punjab’s child sex ratio, which worsened during the 1990s, increased after 2001 Child sex ratio, (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 950 900

875

846

850 798

800 750 700 1991

1

June 20, 2017

2001

2011

PJ HR

Punjab Gender

Since 2009, maternal mortality has been declining at a faster pace in Punjab Maternal mortality ratio maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 200 178

172 141

100

0 2003

2009

2013

Punjabâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s maternal mortality rate is below the national average Maternal mortality ratio, 2013 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 300

285 285

300

244 208 208

221 221 222

200 167

112 113

100 61

68

79

127 133

141

92

0 KL MH TN AP GJ WB HR KA PJ

AI BH JH MP CG OD RJ UP UK AS

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low income states are highlighted in orange and AI is All India.

2

June 20, 2017

Punjab Gender

There are more women in Punjab with secondary schooling than in many other states Secondary education attainment among women, 2012 (% adults) 70 60

57 52

50

46

43

40

41

38

38

35

34

34

33

31

30

30

28

28

26

26

26

26 22

21

20

21

20

20

20 16

16

16

15

14

10 0 DL GA NL KL HP MN PJ MH TN HR KA UK MG MZ AR JK AP AI

GJ SK AS UP JH WB MP CG OD RJ BH TR

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

There are gender disparities in education in Punjab, rural women lag behind urban Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 50 44

40

35

30

30

20

Rural Females

38

20

21

20 15

23

12

30

Urban Females 12

22

10

15

11

52

0

Males

■ Illiterate

3

Females

■ Literate or primary school completed

June 20, 2017

0

20

■ Middle school completed

40

60

80

100

■ Secondary school or higher completed

Punjab Gender

Gender gaps in secondary schooling and above are narrowing for the young in Punjab Enrolled in education institutes, (%)

2005 10

10

21-23

0

Female

Male

15-17

62

Age

57

5

1

94

93

100

-2

86

88

6-8

2

86

84

12-14 9-11

-5

25

30

18-20

80

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

100

Enrolled in education institutes, (%)

2012 23

21-23

21

-2

Female

15-17

9-11

100

June 20, 2017

3 76

1

92

95

95

3 3

98

93

6-8

4

45

75

Age 12-14

Male 42

18-20

91

80

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

-2 100

Punjab Gender

Fewer women participate in the labor force in Punjab than in many other states Female labor force participation rate, 2012 (%) 70 63

60

63 55

55 49

50

47 43

40

41

40

38

38

37

37

36

33

30

33

32

32

31

31

30

27

25

25

25

24 19

20

17

15 9

10 0 HP SK CG MG MZ AP RJ NL TN MH AR TR UK MN KA OD JK KL AI MP GJ

PJ

JH WB UP GA HR AS DL BH

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Low urban and declining rural female labor force participation in Punjab Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 84

80

84

84 79 80

78

Rural Male 60

Urban Male 47

40

33

Rural Female 32

20 21 15

18

0 1993-94

5

June 20, 2017

2004-05

2011-12

Urban Female

Punjab Gender

A large majority of rural women work in farming in Punjab, more non-farm jobs for rural men Share of employed, 2012 (%) Rural Males

Rural Females

4 9

20 12 44 18

75 18

■ Farm - All

■ Non-farm Self Employed

■ Non-farm Salaried

■ Non-farm Casual Wage

When urban women work in Punjab, they have similar types of jobs as urban men Share of employed, 2012 (%) Urban Males

8

46

■ Farm - All

6

June 20, 2017

Urban Females

4

4

12

41 54

■ Non-farm Self Employed

■ Non-farm Salaried

30

■ Non-farm Casual Wage

Punjab

Social Inclusion Despite Punjab’s overall progress in poverty reduction, some social groups have been left behind.

Scheduled Castes in particular display higher levels of poverty and have witnessed slower poverty reduction than other groups. Moreover, education and job outcomes for these groups present a stark contrast with others. Open defecation is also higher among the Scheduled Castes. Compared to this, access to drinking water, which is high compared to the rest of the country, does not vary as much between Punjab’s households.

Higher poverty and slower poverty for the Scheduled Castes in Punjab Population below poverty line, (%) 40

Households by Social Group, 2012 (%) All India

38

Punjab

Scheduled Tribe

9

0

Scheduled Caste

19

38

Other Backward Caste

43

13

General

29

48

30

21

19

20

Pace of poverty reduction 16 -12% per year

10

7

-15% per year

8 -13% per year

6

2 -14% per year

0 2005

■ Scheduled Tribe

2012

■ Scheduled Caste

■ Other Backward Caste

■ General

Poverty among the Scheduled Castes in Punjab is lower than in other states SC population below poverty line, 2012 (%) 60 50 40

51

47

44

41

40

40

39 33

30

33

29

29

24

20

21

20

19

19

19

19

18

18

16

16

16

10

15

15

13

10 0

0 BH CG MN UP JH MP OD KA GA AI AS HR WB MH DL TN RJ

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

1

16

June 20, 2017

JK

GJ SK KL HP NL

0

PJ UK AR AP TR MG MZ

Punjab

Social Inclusion There is more illiteracy among the Scheduled Castes than other groups in Punjab Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 25

Scheduled Tribe

21

31

37

Scheduled Caste

22

Other Backward Caste

21

18

General 0

25

17

20

■ Illiterate

23

13

25

15

41

13

53

40

60

80

100

■ Literate or primary school completed

■ Middle school completed

■ Secondary school or higher completed

More casual wage jobs for the Scheduled Castes when compared to other groups Share of employed, 2012 (%) Scheduled Tribe

Scheduled Caste

5

39

56

35

41

24

■ Casual Wage ■ Salaried Other Backward Caste

General

■ Self-employed

6 20 51 29

2

June 20, 2017

30 65

Punjab

Social Inclusion Open defecation is higher among the Scheduled Castes than others in Punjab Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100

80 69 59

60

48

44

40 29

20

21

16 8

7

1

0 All

Scheduled Tribe

■ Punjab

Scheduled Caste

Other Backward Caste

General

■ All India

Access to drinking water is high for all groups in Punjab Households with drinking water on premises, 2012 (%) 98

100

93

87

84

81

80

69 58

56

60

44

40 27

20

0 All

Scheduled Tribe

■ Punjab

3

June 20, 2017

Scheduled Caste

Other Backward Caste

■ All India

General

Punjab

Health and Education 60 50 40

Punjab has made significant progress in health and education. Infant mortality and open defecation rates are lower than 30 the national average. And, more adults have completed secondary school 20 than in many other states.

What’s more, children’s learning outcomes are among the highest in the country. Nonetheless, malnutrition levels are high for many households across different 10 income groups. And, while children from poor families go to public school, those from richer families mainly attend 0privateTotal school.

Rural Urban Infant mortality has been declining in Punjab Infant mortality rate Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 60 50

48

44

36

40 28

26

30

23

20 10

■ 2006

0 Total

Rural

■ 2013

Urban

Punjab’s infant mortality rate is below the national average Infant mortality rate, 2013 Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 60

50

46

40 31

30

18

20

10

9

10

21

22

24

24

31

32

32

35

35

36

26

26

PJ

TR KA WB AR UK HP MZ GJ

37

37

39

40

41

47

47

50

51

54

54

42

12

0 GA MN KL NL TN SK MH DL

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

1

June 20, 2017

JK JH AP AI HR BH CG MG RJ UP OD AS MP

Punjab

Health and Education Malnutrition in Punjab is below the national average Stunting in children <5 years, 2014 (%) 50

47

40

30

20

27

19

21

28

28

29

29

32

33

34

34

34

35

35

35

36

37

38

39

41

42

42

43

49

50

43

31

31

PJ

TR JK MN UK HP KA WB AP MH RJ HR OD AI AS MP GJ MG CG JH BH UP

23

10

0 KL GA TN MZ SK AR DL NL

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Barring the rich, malnutrition levels are higher than the national average for most households in Punjab Stunting in children <5 years, 2006 (%) 70 60

60

56 52

53

48

50 40

54

49 45 41

37

30

25 20

20 10 0

All

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

â&#x2013; Punjab Latest stunting data by wealth class available for 2006.

2

June 20, 2017

Quintile 3

â&#x2013; All India

Quintile 4

Quintile 5

Punjab

Health and Education Open defecation in Punjab is lower than in other states Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100

80 68 58

60

40

34

30

20

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

2

4

7

12

16

16

16

17

35

35

39

42

44

61

Households practicing open defecation, 2012(%) 73

90

92

10

8

Quintile 3

Quintile 4

97

80

60

40 36 27

20 16

0 All

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

■ Access and use of latrine

3

June 20, 2017

61

JK AP TN AI KA RJ MP UP BH CG OD JH

Open defecation is higher among low income groups in Punjab

64

74

45

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

84

73

22

NL DL SK MZ MN TR KL MG GA AS AR PJ UK HR HP WB MH GJ

100

68

■ Open defecation

3

Quintile 5

Punjab

Health and Education The share of adults with secondary schooling in Punjab is greater than the national average Secondary education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 70 62 58

60 52

50

47 38

40 30 20

18

21

24

24

25

25

25

26

26

27

28

30

32

32

32

32

34

39

40

41

43

43

48

43

34

10 0 TR OD CG BH WB RJ SK MP AS UP JH MZ GJ AR MG AI AP JK UK TN KA PJ MH KL HR HP MN NL GA DL

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Since 2005, Punjab has made significant progress in secondary schooling and above Education attainment, (% age 18-30)

Enrollment by age cohort, (%)

60 60

33

50 50

10

21-23

23

20 20

10 10

44

60

15-17

+17 76

+16

Age

30 30

+12

27

18-20

40 40

22

20

46

12

31

85

12-14

22

9-11

13

6-8

94 87

94

+9

96

+2

92

+5

00 Illiterate Illiterate

Literateoror Middle Literate Middle primaryschool school completed completed primary completed completed

Secondary Secondary andabove above and

â&#x2013; 2005

4

June 20, 2017

100 100

â&#x2013; 2012

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

00

20 20

40 40

60 60

80 80

100 100

Punjab

Health and Education Public school enrollment in Punjab is lower than in most states Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% TR BH AR AS OD WB CG JH MZ SK HP MP GJ

■ All education levels

JK UK AI DL KA MG TN RJ MH HR AP UP NL

● Elementary

● Secondary and above

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Enrollment in private schools is increasing in Punjab, a lot more for the rich Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100 87 78

80

69

60

67 59

57 47

44

44

40 27

20

29 15

0 All

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

■ 2005

5

June 20, 2017

Quintile 3

■ 2012

Quintile 4

Quintile 5

PJ MN KL GA

Punjab

Health and Education Learning outcomes of children in Punjab are among the highest in the country Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%) 80

75

70

67

60 50 39

40 33

34

42

43

46

47

NL

SK AR UP TR

GJ

44

45

52

52

52

53

54

56

58

67

67

68

60

47

47

47

48

48

RJ

TN KA

AI

BH OD MZ CG WB MH AP MG UK KL MN PJ

34

30 20 10 0 AS MP JH

JK

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Since 2012, learning outcomes have been declining in Punjab Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, (%) 100

80

60

40

20

■ Punjab

■ All India

0 2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

*Data on learning outcomes available for rural areas only.

6

June 20, 2017

2012

2013

2014

HR HP

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS Demographics

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Population

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

Urban Share

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

Child Sex Ratio

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Defined as the number of girls per 1,000 boys in the 0-6 age group.

Adults

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Individuals of age 15 years and above are classified as ‘adults’.

• The NSSO conducts employment and unemployment surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.

Working age population not in school

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Individuals of age 15 years and above that are currently not attending any educational institutes

Poor

Poverty lines based on the ‘Tendulkar’ poverty lines published by the former Planning Commission of India

• Households whose monthly per capita consumption expenditure is below the poverty line are classified as ‘poor’.

• Poverty rate is the proportion of population that is counted as poor.

• The number of poor is calculated by applying poverty rates, estimated using NSS data, to population estimates.

Population for 1994 has been estimated by interpolating the 1991 and 2001 census population to January 1st of 1994. Similarly, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012.

Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to noncensus years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• The NSSO conducts consumption expenditure surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.

• The population census is conducted once every 10 years.

The most recent population census data available is for the year 2011.

Poverty Poverty rate

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

Inequality Gini coefficient

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May 20, 2016

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of consumption expenditure among households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution.

• Gini coefficient of 0 represents perfect equality, 1 implies perfect inequality.

• Gini coefficient is estimated using survey data on monthly per capita consumption expenditure. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS Welfare distribution

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Consumption expenditure quintiles

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Survey data on household consumption is used to estimate consumption expenditure quintiles within each state in India. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.

Wealth Index quintiles

National Family Health Survey, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

• Survey data on asset ownership is used to construct a ‘wealth index’ which forms the basis for estimating wealth quintiles within each state in India.

Real GDP/GSDP growth rate

Central Statistical Office (CSO)

Real GDP/GSDP per capita

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• 2014 All-India estimate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) corresponds to the 2011-12 base year (new series). All other All-India GDP and state GSDP estimates correspond to 2004-05 base year and 2004-05 prices (old series).

• All estimates of GDP/GSDP are as of March 31st of the corresponding financial year. For e.g. the Real GSDP for the financial year 1993-94 is as on 31st March 1994.

• Population for the years 1994 to 2011 has been estimated by interpolating census population to March 31st of the corresponding year. For example, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to March 31st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to March 31st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• Growth rate of GSDP/ GDP across any two consecutive years is the simple growth rate. Growth rate over multiple years is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR).

• Composition of 3 main sectors of the economy (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Components of GSDP growth rate represent the contribution of a sector to overall GSDP growth rate. This is estimated by the ratio of increase in value added in a sector to increase in overall value added and multiplying the ratio with the GSDP growth rate.

Income & Growth

Components of GSDP growth rate

Fiscal

2

Debt

Controller General of Accounts (CGA)

Fiscal Deficit

Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

May 20, 2016

• Debt is the government’s outstanding liabilities.

• Fiscal deficit is the difference between the total revenue and total expenditure of the government in the financial year.

• Both are expressed as a ratio of the nominal GDP/ GSDP (market prices).

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Jobs Labor force participation rate

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Adult individuals are classified as part of the labor force if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) or if they have been seeking work or have been available for work for a minimum of 6 months during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the labor force.

Workers/Employed/Number of jobs

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Members of the labor force are classified as ‘workers’ if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) for a minimum of 30 days during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the work force.

• The number of jobs/workers is arrived at by applying worker participation rates to population estimates. The ‘number of jobs’ estimate corresponds to the ‘number of workers’. • Population for 1994 and 2005 has been estimated by interpolating census population to January 1st of the corresponding year. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• Job growth over a certain period is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR).

• Classification of workers by sector (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned.

• A further disaggregated classification of workers by sector FARM – Agriculture/ farming CONS – Construction THR – Trade, hotels and restaurants MANU – Manufacturing PUB - Community, social and personal services TRAN - Transport, storage and communication FIRB - Financing, insurance, real estate and business services MINE+UTIL – Mining & quarrying + Utilities • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned.

Job growth Workers by sector/wage-type

3

May 20, 2016

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Education Literacy Education attainment

Enrollment Public educational institutes

Learning: Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%)

4

May 20, 2016

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• ‘Literate’ – includes those who have received both formal and informal schooling.

• Education levels explained (i) ‘Illiterate’ – individuals who are not literate. (ii) ‘Literate or primary school completed’ – includes individuals who have completed primary school as well as those are literate but have not completed primary school. (iii) ‘Middle completed’ – individuals who have completed middle school. (iv) ‘Secondary and above’ – individuals who have completed secondary schooling or any level higher. Includes individuals who have completed higher secondary, diploma or certificate course or a graduate, postgraduate or higher degree.

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Includes all those currently attending formal primary schooling and above.

• Public educational institutes include those that are run by the state/ central governments or by local bodies. This excludes any kind of privately owned and run institutes including private aided institutes.

Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), Trends over time 2006-2014, ASER Centre/ Pratham

• Data available for rural areas only

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Health Maternal mortality ratio

Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Maternal mortality ratio is derived as the proportion of maternal deaths per 1,00,000 live births reported.

• Data for 3 years is pooled to enhance sample size and yield more reliable estimates.

• For states split after the year 2000, i.e. Bihar and Jharkhand; Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand; Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, MMR is estimated jointly.

Infant mortality rate

Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths (children aged 1 year or less) per 1,000 live births.

Malnutrition: Stunting

National Family Health Survey (NFHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

• ‘Stunting’ defined as percentage of children below age 5 who are short for their age.

• Data for 2006 is from the NFHS and for 2014 is from the RSOC. Though both provide stunting estimates for children below age 5 the numbers for 2006 and 2014 may not be strictly comparable due to differences in survey methodology.

Rapid Survey on Children (RSOC), Ministry of Women and Child Development

Infrastructure & Amenities Electrification

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• ‘Electrification’ defined as the proportion of households using electricity as primary source of energy for lighting.

Road density

Basic Roads Statistics, Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways

• Road density has been defined as road length per million people and road length per 1,000 sq. km.

• Road length estimates correspond to ‘total road length’ data published in the Basic Roads Statistics report.

• Population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005.

Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• Land area estimates have been taken from the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.

Drinking water on premises

Survey of drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and housing condition conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• The most recent survey data is available for the year 2012.

Open defecation Access to latrine

5

May 20, 2016

Technical Appendix

LABEL Data labels

29 STATES AND ALL INDIA

LABEL

SOCIAL GROUP

ST SC OBC General

‘scheduled tribe’ ‘scheduled caste’ ‘other backward class’ ‘others’

(7 ‘low income states’ highlighted)

AI AP AR AS BH CG DL GA GJ HP HR JH JK KA KL MG MH MN MP MZ NL OD PJ RJ SK TN TR UK UP WB

All India Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Haryana Jharkhand Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Meghalaya Maharashtra Manipur Madhya Pradesh Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal

Adjustments for split states In the year 2000, 3 large states namely, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh were each split to form two states each.

Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand were the 3 new states created. The NSSO survey data allows us to separately estimate variables for ‘split’ states, enabling us to construct a consistent and comparable series of variables for the pre-split and post-split period.

A consistent and comparable series for population and growth data is not available. Specifically - 1991 population census data for ‘split’ states is not available and GSDP series for ‘split’ states is only available for years after 2000. In order to create a consistent population series, the 1991 population estimates for the parent state have been divided in a way that mirrors the relative shares of the new states’ population in the parent state population in 2001.

In order to create a consistent GSDP series, pre-2000 GSDP figures for the parent state have been divided in a way that preserves the relative shares of the new ‘ GSDP in the parent state GSDP for a ten year period after the year 2000.

In the year 2014, the state of Telangana was carved out of Andhra Pradesh (AP), with the remaining portion of AP retaining the name of the parent state. Separate estimates for Telangana have not been published in the States Briefs. All state-level estimates for Andhra Pradesh correspond to AP and Telangana combined.

6

May 20, 2016