Nontariff Measures and Services Trade Restrictions in Global Value Chains 289
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
To go
ia N ig er N ig er Se ia ne ga l
an
rit
M
au M
SS A -1 5
SPS/TBT frequency coverage Non-SPS/TBT frequency coverage
al i
0
co un tr ie sa Bu Be ni rk n in a Ca Fa bo so Ve rd Ca e m e Cô ro on te d’ Iv oi re Et hi op ia G G ha am na bi a, Th e Li be ria
Frequency or value coverage as a share of total imports (%)
Figure 7.1 NTM Coverage of Imports in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries, by Type of Measure
SPS/TBT value coverage Non-SPS/TBT value coverage
Source: Kee and Nicita 2016. Note: SPS/TBT coverage data are partial, covering only 20 percent of the product-partner pairs observed, representing 31 percent of total import value. Data are the latest available between 2011 and 2015, varying by country. NTM = nontariff measure; SPS = sanitary and phytosanitary measures; SSA = Sub-Saharan Africa; TBT = technical barriers to trade. a. The “SSA-15” countries are Benin, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, and Togo. However, these data exclude Liberia for both SPS/TBT and non-SPS/TBT value coverage because the data were unavailable for Liberia.
18 percent of Sub-Saharan African imports; consumption taxes are the second most used, covering almost 12 p ercent of imports (figure 7.4). Coverage of SPS/TBT measures varies significantly across sectors, whereas coverage of the non-SPS/TBT measures is more homogeneous. SPS/TBT measures mainly affect the agriculture and agroindustry sectors, with almost 60 percent coverage (figure 7.5). Oher sectors (like metals or stone and cement) have expectedly lower coverage of SPS/TBT measures. The average number of SPS/TBT measures per product is highest in agriculture and agroindustry, with more than three measures per imported product, and lower in sectors like stone and cement or textiles and apparel (figure 7.6). The average number of non-SPS/TBT measures is much more uniform because of the non-sector-specific coverage of these types of measures. NTMs can be either nondiscriminatory or targeted at specific countries. More than 85 percent of the measures are nondiscriminatory in the 15 SubSaharan African countries in the sample (figure 7.7). Use of
