Unlocking East Asian Markets to Sub-Saharan Africa 183
12. For a complete list of countries, the number of firms in each country, and the number of firms by industry, see annex 4A, tables 4A.1 and 4A.2. 13. We estimate TFP using a common definition in the literature, where TFP is defined as TFP = VA/(Total employment2/3 Total fix assets1/3). 14. In this survey, a firm is considered to be part of a transnational corporation if it is the wholly owned subsidiary or joint venture of a parent firm with headquarters in another country. If the foreign investor is a foreign national or family that has invested in the firm alone or as a joint venture partner and not a subsidiary of an enterprise based in another country, it is considered to be a foreign entrepreneur firm.
References ADB (Asian Development Bank). 2010. “The Rise of Asia’s Middle Class.” Special chapter of “Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific” annual statistical report (1–57), ADB, Manila. AfDB (African Development Bank). 2016. “Feed Africa: Strategy for Agricultural Transformation in Africa 2016–2025.” Strategy document, AfDB, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. Aw, B. Y., and A. R. Hwang. 1995. “Productivity in the Export Market: A Firm Level Analysis.” Journal of Development Economics 47: 313–32. Baldwin, J., and W. Gu. 2003. “Export-Market Participation and Productivity Performance in Canadian Manufacturing.” Canadian Journal of Economics 36 (3): 634–57. Bernard, A. J., J. B. Jensen, and R. Z. Lawrence. 1995. “Exporters, Jobs, and Wages in U.S. Manufacturing: 1976–1987.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity: Microeconomics 1995: 67–119. Bernard, A., and J. Wagner. 1997. “Exports and Success in German Manufacturing.” Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 133: 134–57. Bigsten, A., P. Collier, S. Dercon, M. Fafchamps, R. Gauthier, J. W. Gunning, et al. 2004. “Do African Manufacturing Firms Learn from Exporting?” Journal of Development Studies, 40 (3): 115–41. Bigsten, A., and M. Gebreeyesus. 2009. “Firm Productivity and Exports: Evidence from Ethiopian Manufacturing.” Journal of Development Studies 45 (10): 1594–1614. Chikweche, T., and R. Fletcher. 2014. “Rise of the Middle of the Pyramid in Africa: Theoretical and Practical Realities for Understanding Middle Class Consumer Purchase Decision Making.” Journal of Consumer Marketing 31 (1): 27–38. Clerides, S., S. Lach, and J. Tybout. 1998. “Is Learning-by-Exporting Important? Microdynamic Evidence from Colombia.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 113 (3): 903–47.
