World Development Report 2022

Page 279

References Badarinza, Cristian, Vimal Balasubramaniam, Louiza Bartzoka, and Tarun Ramadorai. 2021. “How Has the Pandemic Affected Household Finances in Developing Economies?” Economics Observatory: Families and Households (blog), June 29, 2021. https://www .economicsobservatory.com/how-has-the-pandemic -affected-household-finances-in-developing-economies. Badarinza, Cristian, Vimal Balasubramaniam, and Tarun Ramadorai. 2019. “The Household Finance Landscape in Emerging Economies.” Annual Review of Financial Economics 11 (December): 109–29. Carney, Mark. 2015. “Breaking the Tragedy of the Horizon: Climate Change and Financial Stability.” Address at Lloyd’s of London, London, September 29, 2015. https:// www.bis.org/review/r151009a.pdf. Daehler, Timo, Joshua Aizenman, and Yothin Jinjarak. 2020. “Emerging Markets Sovereign CDS Spreads during COVID-19: Economics versus Epidemiology News.” NBER Working Paper 27903, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.

Eurostat (Statistical Office of the European Communities). 2020. “Taxation in 2019: Tax-to-GDP Ratio at 41.1% in EU; a One-to-Two Ratio across Member States.” News Release 160/2020, October 29, 2020. https://ec .europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/11469100 /2-29102020-BP-EN.pdf/059a7672-ed6d-f12c-2b0e -10ab4b34ed07. Fender, Ingo, Mike McMorrow, Vahe Sahakyan, and Omar Zulaica. 2020. “Reserve Management and Sustainability: The Case for Green Bonds?” BIS Working Paper 849, Monetary and Economic Department, Bank for Inter­ national Settlements, Basel, Switzerland. Gennaioli, Nicola, Andrei Shleifer, and Robert W. Vishny. 2012. “Neglected Risks, Financial Innovation and Financial Fragility.” Journal of Financial Economics 104 (3): 452–68. Stroebel, Johannes, and Jeffrey Wurgler. 2021. “What Do You Think about Climate Finance?” Journal of Financial Economics 142: 487–98.

POLICY PRIORITIES FOR THE RECOVERY | 257


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References

1min
pages 279-281

Managing interrelated risks across the global economy

3min
page 277

Managing domestic risks to the recovery

5min
pages 275-276

Tackling the most urgent sources of risk

2min
page 274

Introduction

6min
pages 272-273

Spotlight 5.1: Greening capital markets: Sovereign sustainable bonds

22min
pages 263-271

References

13min
pages 259-262

Notes

7min
pages 257-258

Looking ahead: Reforms to mobilize revenue, improve transparency, and facilitate debt negotiations

18min
pages 249-255

Spotlight 4.1: Public credit guarantee schemes

9min
pages 221-225

Conclusion

3min
page 256

References

23min
pages 213-220

Managing sovereign debt and resolving sovereign debt distress

35min
pages 236-248

The human costs of debt crises

9min
pages 229-232

Notes

3min
page 212

Improving risk mitigation

58min
pages 183-205

Conclusion

2min
page 211

Policies to enable access to credit and address risks

14min
pages 206-210

Solving the COVID-19 risk puzzle: Risk visibility and recourse

12min
pages 179-182

Spotlight 3.1: Supporting microfinance to sustain small businesses

15min
pages 171-177

Introduction

3min
page 178

References

13min
pages 167-170

Notes

6min
pages 165-166

Conclusion

3min
page 164

Promoting debt forgiveness and discharge of natural person debtors

2min
page 163

Facilitating alternative dispute resolution systems such as conciliation and mediation

4min
pages 156-157

Strengthening formal insolvency mechanisms

19min
pages 149-155

References

16min
pages 135-139

Notes

16min
pages 131-134

Conclusion

2min
page 130

Spotlight 2.1: Strengthening the regulation and supervision of microfinance institutions

10min
pages 140-145

Dealing with problem banks

23min
pages 122-129

Building capacity to manage rising volumes of bad debts

16min
pages 115-121

Identifying NPLs: Asset quality, bank capital, and effective supervision

27min
pages 105-114

Spotlight 1.1: Financial inclusion and financial resilience

12min
pages 96-101

Conclusion

2min
page 93

Why do NPLs matter?

3min
page 104

References

10min
pages 68-71

Interconnected financial risks across the economy

8min
pages 73-75

Introduction

5min
pages 102-103

Notes

7min
pages 66-67

Resolving financial risks: A prerequisite for an equitable recovery

29min
pages 30-41

Conclusion

3min
page 42

The economic impacts of the pandemic

7min
pages 25-27

References

9min
pages 44-47

Impacts on the financial sector

2min
page 60

The economic policy response to the pandemic: Swift but with large variation across countries

5min
pages 28-29

Introduction

4min
pages 23-24

Notes

3min
page 43
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