References

4. See the DHIS2 COVID-19 Surveillance, Response and Vaccine Delivery Toolkit (https://dhis2 .org/covid-19/). Open-source communities in collaboration with DHIS2 are also working on interoperable health information exchange architecture. See the OpenHIE COVID-19 Task

Force, https://wiki.ohie.org/display/SUB/COVID-19+Task+Force. 5. Tracxn, https://tracxn.com/explore/EdTech-Startups-in-Nepal. 6. In China, the highly competitive university examinations “are the most influential driver of

China’s US$50 billion after school tutoring and test preparation industry. China’s two largest education companies both began as offline tutoring centers, eventually offering an online component” (Omidyar Network 2019). 7. The system was built using the Sunbird digital infrastructure, an open-source, configurable, extendable, modular learning management infrastructure designed for scale and available under license from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (http://Sunbird.org). The

Education Stack is currently maintained by the EkStep Foundation in partnership with India's

Ministry of Education. The terms of the agreement are not publicly available. 8. DIKSHA is maintained by the EkStep Foundation. 9. The installation of QR codes by itself does not represent advanced instructional technology because it can lead to passive teaching-learning. 10. Work Bank, Global Findex, https://globalfindex.worldbank.org/sites/globalfindex/files /countrybook/Nepal.pdf; ADB (2020). 11. Affectiva, a leading facial emotion recognition company that is entering the education field, already had a database of more than 8 million faces in 2019. Intel and Microsoft Azure are also in the field of facial coding that could be used for education. Microsoft Azure is the platform used for storing the facial and biometrics features of Indian children in order to diagnose stunting, indicating how datasets from different products and services could be merged without the knowledge of users to develop new products and services and for broader goals such as “social scoring” and “conditioning behavior” for commercial or political purposes.

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