BOX 5.2 Beyond Border Restrictions: How Domestic Regulations Affect Potential for Competitiveness and Scale (continued) FIGURE B5.2.2 Product Market Regulation in Network and Professional Services Is Higher in LMICs Than in HICs—and Highest in Rail Transportation and Legal Services in Both Groups of Countries a. PMR scores in network sectors, HICs and LMICs, 2013–17a
6 5
Score
4 3 2 1 0
HICs LMICs Electricity
HICs
LMICs Gas
HICs LMICs Telecom
HICs LMICs Post
HICs
LMICs Rail
HICs LMICs Airlines
HICs LMICs Road
b. PMR scores in professional services, HICs and LMICs, 2013–17b 6 5
Score
4 3 2 1 0
HICs
LMICs Legal
HICs LMICs Accounting
HICs LMICs Architecture
LMICs HICs Engineering
Source: Calculations based on data from the 2013 OECD product market regulation (PMR) database and the 2013–17 World Bank– OECD PMR database. Note: The year of data varies by country, between 2013 and 2017. The product market regulations (PMR) scores for each sector are aggregate scores ranging from 0 (the most competition-friendly regulatory regime) to 6 (the least competition-friendly). White lines across bars indicate the median. Error bars indicate the range of country scores. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are classified by their 1994 income levels. High-income countries (HICs) are those whose gross national income per capita was at least US$8,955 in 1994. OECD = Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. a. “Network sectors” include electricity, gas, and water supply, transportation, and e-communications. b. “Professional services” include lawyers, notaries, accountants, architects, engineers, and real estate agents.
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