84 Social Contracts for Development
Notes 1. Collected taxes being one of the possible sources of revenue for a government. 2. Tax data from World Development Indicators. 3. “Recovery and Peacebuilding Assessments (RPBA): FAQs” (https://www.worldbank .org/en/topic/fragilityconflictviolence/brief/recovery-peacebuilding-assessments -faqs). 4. See, for example, the Global Partnership for Social Accountability (www.thegpsa.org). 5. See “Recent Trends in Political Violence and Protests In Africa” (https://acleddata .com/2018/03/12/recent-trends-in-political-violence-protests-in-africa/); and The Economist, March 5, 2020, “Young Africans Want More Democracy” (https://www .economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2020/03/05/young-africans-want-more -democracy). 6. See “What’s behind the Wave of Protests in Africa?” Afrobarometer (https:// afrobarometer.org/blogs/whats-behind-wave-protests-africa). 7. Branch and Mampilly (2015) show that between 2005 and 2014 more than 90 popular protests occurred in 40 African states (not counting labor strikes and local labor strikes), and yet it was only when the revolts broke out in North Africa that Western media began to pay attention. 8. “Community protests refer to collective actions that take place within a highly localised geographic area, such as an informal shack settlement or a section of a township. They are popularly labelled as ‘service delivery protests,’ in reference to common demands for services such as water and electricity” (Paret 2015, 121). 9. The Economist, March 5, 2020, “Young Africans Want More Democracy” (https:// www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2020/03/05/young-africans-want -more-democracy). 10. “Y’en a Marre” means “We’re fed up.” “M-23,” or Mouvement du 23-Juin au Sénégal, is a coalition of political parties and civil society organizations, created in 2011, that mobilized against President Abdoulaye Wade's candidacy for a third term in 2012. 11. “Constitution Is a Social Contract—Gordhan,” News 24, April 4, 2016 (https://www .news24.com/News24/constitution-is-a-social-contract-gordhan-20160404). 12. The spotlight presented here is taken from background papers prepared for the report by Ordor (2020) and Bentley (2019); the work was financed by the Nordic Trust Fund. 13. The World Bank established the GPSA in 2012 with the purpose of bridging the gap between what citizens want and what governments actually do, enhancing citizens’ voice, and, just as important, supporting the capacity of governments to respond effectively to their voice. 14. Zoellick (2011) and World Bank (2012). 15. The funding agreement was signed by World Bank Group President Robert B. Zoellick and Director of Governance and Civic Engagement, CARE-Egypt, Amr Lashin, September 22, 2011. 16. State responsiveness in this context is linked more to state response to citizen demands for better services than actions associated with macro-level “civic space,” which require much more complex interventions.
